The sympathetic division is part of the autonomic nervous tissue, which, together with the parasympathetic, ensures the functioning of internal organs, chemical reactions responsible for the vital activity of cells. But you should know that there is a metasympathetic nervous system, a part of the vegetative structure, located on the walls of organs and capable of contracting, contacting directly with the sympathetic and parasympathetic, making adjustments to their activity.
The internal environment of a person is under the direct influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic division is located in the central nervous system. Spinal nerve tissue carries out its activities under the control of nerve cells located in the brain.
All elements of the sympathetic trunk, located on two sides from the spine, are directly connected with the corresponding organs through the nerve plexuses, while each has its own plexus. At the bottom of the spine, both trunks in a person are combined together.
The sympathetic trunk is usually divided into sections: lumbar, sacral, cervical, thoracic.
The sympathetic nervous system is concentrated near the carotid arteries of the cervical region, in the thoracic - cardiac and pulmonary plexus, in the abdominal cavity solar, mesenteric, aortic, hypogastric.
These plexuses are divided into smaller ones, and from them impulses move to the internal organs.
The transition of excitation from the sympathetic nerve to the corresponding organ occurs under the influence of chemical elements - sympathins, secreted by nerve cells.
They supply the same tissues with nerves, ensuring their interconnection with the central system, often having a directly opposite effect on these organs.
The influence exerted by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can be seen from the table below:
Together they are responsible for cardiovascular organisms, digestive organs, respiratory structure, excretion, smooth muscle function of hollow organs, control metabolic processes, growth, and reproduction.
If one begins to predominate over the other, symptoms of increased excitability of sympathicotonia (the sympathetic part predominates), vagotonia (the parasympathetic predominates) appear.
Sympathicotonia manifests itself in the following symptoms: fever, tachycardia, numbness and tingling in the limbs, increased appetite without the appearance of being deprived of weight, indifference to life, restless dreams, fear of death without a cause, irritability, absent-mindedness, decreased salivation, and also sweating, migraine appears.
In a person, when the increased work of the parasympathetic department of the vegetative structure is activated, increased sweating appears, the skin feels cold and wet to the touch, a decrease in heart rate occurs, it becomes less than 60 beats per minute, fainting, salivation and respiratory activity increase. People become indecisive, slow, prone to depression, intolerant.
The parasympathetic nervous system reduces the activity of the heart, has the ability to dilate blood vessels.
Functions
The sympathetic nervous system is a unique design of an element of the autonomic system, which, in the event of a sudden need, is able to increase the body's ability to perform work functions by collecting possible resources.
As a result, the design carries out the work of such organs as the heart, reduces blood vessels, increases the ability of muscles, frequency, strength of the heart rhythm, performance, inhibits the secretory, suction capacity of the gastrointestinal tract.
The SNS maintains such functions as the normal functioning of the internal environment in an active position, being activated during physical effort, stressful situations, illness, blood loss, and regulates metabolism, for example, an increase in sugar, blood clotting, and others.
It is most fully activated during psychological upheavals, by producing adrenaline (enhancing the action of nerve cells) in the adrenal glands, which enables a person to respond faster and more efficiently to sudden factors from the outside world.
Adrenaline is also able to be produced with an increase in load, which also helps a person to better cope with it.
After coping with the situation, a person feels tired, he needs to rest, this is due to the sympathetic system, which has most fully used up the body's capabilities, due to an increase in body functions in a sudden situation.
The parasympathetic nervous system performs the functions of self-regulation, protection of the body, and is responsible for emptying a person.
Self-regulation of the body has a restorative effect, working in a calm state.
The parasympathetic part of the activity of the autonomic nervous system is manifested by a decrease in the strength and frequency of the heart rhythm, stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with a decrease in glucose in the blood, etc.
Carrying out protective reflexes, it relieves the human body of foreign elements (sneezing, vomiting, and others).
The table below shows how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems act on the same elements of the body. 
Treatment
If you notice signs of increased sensitivity, you should consult a doctor, as this can cause a disease of an ulcerative, hypertensive nature, neurasthenia.
Only a doctor can prescribe the correct and effective therapy! There is no need to experiment with the body, since the consequences, if the nerves are in a state of excitability, are a rather dangerous manifestation not only for you, but also for people close to you.
When prescribing treatment, it is recommended, if possible, to eliminate factors that excite the sympathetic nervous system, whether it be physical or emotional stress. Without this, no treatment is likely to help, after drinking a course of medicine, you will get sick again.
You need a cozy home environment, sympathy and help from loved ones, fresh air, good emotions.
First of all, you need to make sure that nothing raises your nerves.
The drugs used in the treatment are basically a group of potent drugs, so they should be used carefully only as directed or after consulting a doctor.
The prescribed drugs usually include: tranquilizers (Phenazepam, Relanium and others), antipsychotics (Frenolone, Sonapax), hypnotics, antidepressants, nootropic drugs and, if necessary, cardiac drugs (Korglikon, Digitoxin) ), vascular, sedative, vegetative preparations, a course of vitamins.
It is good when using physiotherapy, including physiotherapy exercises and massage, you can do breathing exercises, swimming. They help to relax the body.
In any case, ignoring the treatment of this disease is categorically not recommended, it is necessary to consult a doctor in a timely manner, to conduct the prescribed course of therapy.
Content
To control metabolism, the work of the spinal cord and other internal organs of the body, a sympathetic nervous system is needed, consisting of fibers of the nervous tissue. The characteristic department is localized in the organs of the central nervous system, characterized by constant control of the internal environment. Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system provokes dysfunction of individual organs. Therefore, such an abnormal condition needs to be controlled, if necessary, regulated by medical methods.
What is the sympathetic nervous system
This is part of the autonomic nervous system, which covers the upper lumbar and thoracic spinal cord, mesenteric nodes, cells of the sympathetic border trunk, solar plexus. In fact, this department of the nervous system is responsible for the vital activity of cells, maintaining the functionality of the whole organism. In this way, a person is provided with an adequate perception of the world and the reaction of the body to the environment. Sympathetic and parasympathetic departments work in a complex, they are structural elements of the central nervous system.
Structure
On either side of the spine is the sympathetic trunk, which is formed from two symmetrical rows of nerve nodes. They are connected to each other with the help of special bridges, forming a so-called “chain” connection with an unpaired coccygeal node at the end. This is an important element of the autonomic nervous system, which is characterized by autonomous work. To ensure the required physical activity, the design distinguishes the following departments:
- chest, which includes 9-12 knots;
- area of the lumbar segment of 2-7 nodes;
- sacral, consisting of 4 nodes and one coccygeal.
cervical of 3 knots;
From these sections, impulses move to the internal organs, supporting their physiological functionality. The following structural bindings are distinguished. In the cervical region, the nervous system controls the carotid arteries; in the thoracic region, the pulmonary and cardiac plexuses; and in the peritoneal region, the mesenteric, solar, hypogastric, and aortic plexuses. Thanks to the postganglionic fibers (ganglia), there is a direct connection with the spinal nerves.
Functions
The sympathetic system is an integral part of the human anatomy, is closer to the spine, and is responsible for the proper functioning of internal organs. It controls the flow of blood through the vessels and arteries, fills their branches with vital oxygen. Among the additional functions of this peripheral structure, doctors distinguish:
- decrease in the suction and secretory capacity of the gastrointestinal tract;
- increase in sugar, cholesterol in the blood;
- regulation of metabolic processes, metabolism;
- providing increased strength, frequency and rhythm of the heart;
- the flow of nerve impulses to the fibers of the spinal cord;
- pupil dilation;
- innervation of the lower extremities;
- increased blood pressure;
- release of fatty acids;
- decreased tone of smooth muscle fibers;
- a surge of adrenaline in the blood;
- increased sweating;
- excitation of sensitive centers;
- expansion of the bronchi of the respiratory system;
- decrease in saliva production.
increasing the physiological abilities of muscles;
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
The interaction of both structures supports the vital activity of the whole organism, dysfunction of one of the departments leads to serious diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. The impact is provided by means of nerve tissues, consisting of fibers that provide excitability of impulses, their redirection to internal organs. If one of the diseases predominates, the choice of high-quality drugs is carried out by the doctor.
Any person must understand the purpose of each department, what functions it provides to maintain health. The table below describes both systems, how they can manifest themselves, what effect they can have on the body as a whole:
|
Nervous sympathetic structure |
parasympathetic nervous structure |
|
|
Department name |
Functions for the body |
Functions for the body |
|
cervical |
Pupil dilation, decreased salivation |
Constriction of the pupils, control of salivation |
|
Thoracic |
Bronchial dilatation, decreased appetite, increased heart rate |
Bronchial constriction, decreased heart rate, increased digestion |
|
Lumbar |
Inhibition of intestinal motility, the production of adrenaline |
Ability to stimulate the gallbladder |
|
sacral department |
Relaxation of the bladder |
Bladder contraction |
Differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic fibers can be located in a complex, but at the same time they provide a different effect on the body. Before contacting your doctor for advice, it is shown to find out the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in terms of structure, location and functionality in order to approximately realize the potential focus of pathology:
- Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short and small, while parasympathetic fibers are often elongated.
- The nerve endings are sympathetic - adrenergic, while parasympathetic - cholinergic.
- The sympathetic system is characterized by white and gray connecting branches, while those are absent in the parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nerves are located locally, while the parasympathetic fibers are more discrete.
What diseases are associated with the sympathetic system
With increased excitability of the sympathetic nerves, nervous conditions develop that cannot always be eliminated by autosuggestion. Unpleasant symptoms remind of themselves already in the primary form of pathology, require immediate medical attention. The doctor recommends to beware of the following diagnoses, in time to contact your doctor for effective treatment.
The parasympathetic nervous system "balances" the sympathetic. It provides adaptation of the eyes to vision at close range, a decrease in heart rate, activation of the secretion of saliva and other digestive juices, as well as an increase in intestinal motility. The most striking example of the coordinated activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems is their interaction during sexual intercourse.
The central part of the parasympathetic nervous system consists of the head (cranial) section and the spinal (sacral) section. Preganglionic fibers originate from the brain stem as part of four cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus) and from the sacral segments of the spinal cord.
The structure of the parasympathetic nervous system (ganglionic neurons and postganglionic fibers are highlighted in red).a) Cranial parasympathetic system. Preganglionic fibers are distributed as part of four cranial nerves:
1. As part of the oculomotor nerve, which forms a synapse with the ciliary ganglion. Postganglionic fibers are responsible for the innervation of the muscles involved in the accommodation reflex - the sphincter of the pupil and the ciliary muscle.
2. As part of the facial nerve, which forms a synapse with the pterygopalatine ganglion (responsible for the innervation of the lacrimal and nasal glands) and the submandibular ganglion (responsible for the innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands).
3. As part of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which forms a synapse with the ear ganglion ( responsible for innervation).
4. As part of the vagus nerve, which forms synapses with extramural (located near the innervated organ) and intramural (located in the wall of the innervated organ) ganglia of the heart, lungs, lower part of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, as well as ascending and transverse colon.
Cranial division of the parasympathetic system. E-V-kernel of Edinger-Westphal; STN is the posterior nucleus of the vagus nerve. The decoding of the remaining abbreviations is presented under the figure above (here we will duplicate them). RG-ciliary ganglion; SG-cardiac ganglia; IG-intramural ganglia; MG-myenteric ganglia (ganglia associated with the muscular membrane of the intestine);
UG-ear ganglion; TG-pelvic ganglia; KG-pterygopalatine ganglion; PG-submandibular ganglion.
b) Sacred division of the parasympathetic system. Behind the first lumbar vertebra, the sacral segments of the spinal cord form its terminal part, the medullary cone of the spinal cord. The gray matter of the lateral horns of the sacral segments S2, S3, and S4 of the spinal cord gives rise to preganglionic fibers, which, spreading caudally in the composition of the anterior roots of the spinal cord, pass into the cauda equina.
After leaving the pelvic sacral openings, some of the fibers branch off and form the pelvic splanchnic nerves. The fibers of the left and right splanchnic pelvic nerves form synapses either with ganglion cells located in the walls of the large (distal) and rectum, or with pelvic parasympathetic ganglia, located next to the pelvic sympathetic ganglia described above.
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are responsible for the innervation of the detrusor of the bladder, as well as the middle shell of the internal pudendal artery and its branches going to the cavernous tissue of the clitoris or penis.
Educational video of the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The sympathetic division is part of the autonomic nervous tissue, which, together with the parasympathetic, ensures the functioning of internal organs, chemical reactions responsible for the vital activity of cells. But you should know that there is a metasympathetic nervous system, a part of the vegetative structure, located on the walls of organs and capable of contracting, contacting directly with the sympathetic and parasympathetic, making adjustments to their activity.
The internal environment of a person is under the direct influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic division is located in the central nervous system. Spinal nerve tissue carries out its activities under the control of nerve cells located in the brain.
All elements of the sympathetic trunk, located on two sides from the spine, are directly connected with the corresponding organs through the nerve plexuses, while each has its own plexus. At the bottom of the spine, both trunks in a person are combined together.
The sympathetic trunk is usually divided into sections: lumbar, sacral, cervical, thoracic.
The sympathetic nervous system is concentrated near the carotid arteries of the cervical region, in the thoracic - cardiac and pulmonary plexus, in the abdominal cavity solar, mesenteric, aortic, hypogastric.
These plexuses are divided into smaller ones, and from them impulses move to the internal organs.
The transition of excitation from the sympathetic nerve to the corresponding organ occurs under the influence of chemical elements - sympathins, secreted by nerve cells.
They supply the same tissues with nerves, ensuring their interconnection with the central system, often having a directly opposite effect on these organs.
The influence exerted by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can be seen from the table below:
Together they are responsible for cardiovascular organisms, digestive organs, respiratory structure, excretion, smooth muscle function of hollow organs, control metabolic processes, growth, and reproduction.
If one begins to predominate over the other, symptoms of increased excitability of sympathicotonia (the sympathetic part predominates), vagotonia (the parasympathetic predominates) appear.
Sympathicotonia manifests itself in the following symptoms: fever, tachycardia, numbness and tingling in the limbs, increased appetite without the appearance of being deprived of weight, indifference to life, restless dreams, fear of death without a cause, irritability, absent-mindedness, decreased salivation, and also sweating, migraine appears.
In a person, when the increased work of the parasympathetic department of the vegetative structure is activated, increased sweating appears, the skin feels cold and wet to the touch, a decrease in heart rate occurs, it becomes less than 60 beats per minute, fainting, salivation and respiratory activity increase. People become indecisive, slow, prone to depression, intolerant.
The parasympathetic nervous system reduces the activity of the heart, has the ability to dilate blood vessels.
Functions
The sympathetic nervous system is a unique design of an element of the autonomic system, which, in the event of a sudden need, is able to increase the body's ability to perform work functions by collecting possible resources.
As a result, the design carries out the work of such organs as the heart, reduces blood vessels, increases the ability of muscles, frequency, strength of the heart rhythm, performance, inhibits the secretory, suction capacity of the gastrointestinal tract.
The SNS maintains such functions as the normal functioning of the internal environment in an active position, being activated during physical effort, stressful situations, illness, blood loss, and regulates metabolism, for example, an increase in sugar, blood clotting, and others.
It is most fully activated during psychological upheavals, by producing adrenaline (enhancing the action of nerve cells) in the adrenal glands, which enables a person to respond faster and more efficiently to sudden factors from the outside world.
Adrenaline is also able to be produced with an increase in load, which also helps a person to better cope with it.
After coping with the situation, a person feels tired, he needs to rest, this is due to the sympathetic system, which has most fully used up the body's capabilities, due to an increase in body functions in a sudden situation.
The parasympathetic nervous system performs the functions of self-regulation, protection of the body, and is responsible for emptying a person.
Self-regulation of the body has a restorative effect, working in a calm state.
The parasympathetic part of the activity of the autonomic nervous system is manifested by a decrease in the strength and frequency of the heart rhythm, stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with a decrease in glucose in the blood, etc.
Carrying out protective reflexes, it relieves the human body of foreign elements (sneezing, vomiting, and others).
The table below shows how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems act on the same elements of the body.
Treatment
If you notice signs of increased sensitivity, you should consult a doctor, as this can cause a disease of an ulcerative, hypertensive nature, neurasthenia.
Only a doctor can prescribe the correct and effective therapy! There is no need to experiment with the body, since the consequences, if the nerves are in a state of excitability, are a rather dangerous manifestation not only for you, but also for people close to you.
When prescribing treatment, it is recommended, if possible, to eliminate factors that excite the sympathetic nervous system, whether it be physical or emotional stress. Without this, no treatment is likely to help, after drinking a course of medicine, you will get sick again.
You need a cozy home environment, sympathy and help from loved ones, fresh air, good emotions.
First of all, you need to make sure that nothing raises your nerves.
The drugs used in the treatment are basically a group of potent drugs, so they should be used carefully only as directed or after consulting a doctor.
The prescribed drugs usually include: tranquilizers (Phenazepam, Relanium and others), antipsychotics (Frenolone, Sonapax), hypnotics, antidepressants, nootropic drugs and, if necessary, cardiac drugs (Korglikon, Digitoxin) ), vascular, sedative, vegetative preparations, a course of vitamins.
It is good when using physiotherapy, including physiotherapy exercises and massage, you can do breathing exercises, swimming. They help to relax the body.
In any case, ignoring the treatment of this disease is categorically not recommended, it is necessary to consult a doctor in a timely manner, to conduct the prescribed course of therapy.
Sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic nervous system- part of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system, the ganglia (nerve nodes) of which are located at a considerable distance from the innervated organs, regulates the activity of internal organs and metabolism in the body.
The name "sympathetic nervous system" was first used in 1732, and was used to refer to the entire autonomic nervous system. Subsequently, only part of the nervous system began to be called this term.
The sympathetic nervous system is divided into central located in the spinal cord and peripheral, which includes numerous nerve branches and nodes connected to each other. Centers of the sympathetic system(Jacobson's spinal center) are located in the lateral horns of the thoracic and lumbar segments. Sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord along the I-II thoracic to II-IV lumbar region. In their course, the sympathetic fibers are separated from the motor somatic, and then, in the form of white connecting branches, enter the nodes of the border sympathetic trunk.
Each node of the sympathetic trunk is connected with certain parts of the body and internal organs through the nerve plexuses. From the thoracic nodes come out the fibers that form the solar plexus, from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar - the renal plexus. Almost every organ has its own plexus, which is formed by further separation of these large sympathetic plexuses and their connection with parasympathetic fibers suitable for the organs. From the plexuses, where the transfer of excitation from one nerve cell to another, sympathetic fibers go directly to the organs, muscles, blood vessels and tissues. The transfer of excitation from the sympathetic nerve to the working organ is carried out with the help of certain chemicals (mediators) - sympathins released by the nerve endings. In terms of their chemical composition, sympathins are close to the [hormone of the adrenal medulla] - adrenaline [adrenaline \u003d epiniphrine]. For the sympathetic nervous system, the main mediator is norepinephrine.[a substance of catecholamine nature] secreted in the adrenal medulla (it is not a mediator for the sweat glands, their mediator is Acetylcholine). The main mediator secreted by preganglionic fibers is acetylcholine, and postganglionic fibers - norepinephrine.
The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's "fight or flight" response (increases the work of organs, mobilizes the body's forces in emergency situations, increases the waste of energy resources).
Effect on organs:
- On the heart - increases the frequency and strength of heart contractions.
- On the arteries - does not affect most organs, narrowing of the coronary arteries and arteries of the lungs.
- On the intestines - inhibits the production of digestive enzymes.
- On the salivary glands - inhibits salivation.
- On the bronchi and breathing - expands the bronchi and bronchioles, enhances ventilation of the lungs.
- On the pupil - dilates the pupils.
Parasympathetic
Parasympatheticandneragged systemema, part of the autonomic nervous system, the ganglia of which are located in close proximity to the innervated organs or in themselves. Centers P. n. with. are located in the middle and medulla oblongata (mesencephalic and bulbar sections), as well as in the sacral region of the spinal cord (sacral section). P.'s fibers n. with. sent to the internal organs as part of the oculomotor (III pair), facial (VII pair), glossopharyngeal (IX pair) and mainly vagus (X pair) cranial nerves, as well as as part of the pelvic nerve. In many cases of influence on bodies from P. of n. with. and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are directly opposed to each other. So, if under the influence of impulses coming through the sympathetic nerves, contractions of the heart become more frequent and intensified, blood pressure rises, the pupil expands, then the impulses coming through the fibers of P. n. with., cause a slowdown and weakening of the heartbeat, lower blood pressure, constrict the pupil. The last, efferent, neuron P. n. with. located, as a rule, in the innervated organ itself, and not in the so-called. boundary shaft, as is the case in the SNA.
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