The structure of teeth, dental care, dental disease. How to properly care for teeth tooth structure Differences in the structure of molars from baby teeth

Slightly different in structure from the permanent one. It is these differences that are fundamental when choosing methods for treating dental diseases in children and adults. It should be understood that the same dental disease is reflected differently on milk and permanent teeth.

First of all, the crowns of baby teeth are much smaller in size, although they do not differ from permanent teeth in shape. This should be taken into account when treating children’s teeth damaged by caries.

Differences in the structure of baby teeth

Most structural parts of the primary tooth are significantly smaller in size. If we take enamel, then its thickness is only 0.3-1 mm, and the thickness of dentin is from 0.5 to 1.5 mm.

However, one should not think that a baby tooth is just a smaller copy of a permanent tooth. The fact is that the pulp in a baby tooth is quite large, and the root canals are disproportionately wide and short. It is because of this difference in the structure of a baby tooth that microbes easily make their way into the pulp.

Taking this into account, it is necessary to accustom children to brushing their teeth and proper personal oral hygiene from early childhood. Only attentive care will protect your child from most dental problems. Of course, in the future you can do implantation - http://www.astraclinic.ru/treatment/implantation/ - but it is better to take care of your teeth from the very beginning and you will not have to deal with their complex treatment in the future.

Hard tissues of primary teeth not saturated with useful and necessary minerals. This leads to an increased risk of developing caries under favorable conditions. In this case, the disease develops much faster than it does in damaged permanent teeth.

Milk teeth differ slightly in shape. These changes are often only visible to dentists. The incisors of baby teeth have the greatest deformations. They are always more convex, and the roots of such teeth are slightly expanded.

Prevention of caries in baby teeth

After the first baby tooth erupts, you should especially carefully monitor the condition of the baby’s oral cavity. Do not let him fall asleep with a bottle in his mouth, this is what causes the development of bottle caries in children.

It should be understood that during the period when a child’s primary bite is formed, up to 80% of all dental pathologies usually develop, which affect them later. That is why you should immediately treat all diseases of baby teeth that are noticed.

In the period from 1 to 3 years, the child gradually loses the immunity factors received from the mother and begins to form its own protective barrier. At this time, the child’s oral cavity may be attacked by infectious diseases and stomatitis. To avoid most troubles, try to monitor the diet, moderate the intake of sweets and teach your child to regularly and constantly brush his teeth.

MILK TEETH After about six months, the baby's first teeth begin to appear. The period of eruption of baby teeth lasts approximately up to 2 years. There are 20 of them in total. Milk teeth form a place for molars until they fall out. An adult has 32 permanent teeth.

WHY TO CARE YOUR TEETH Proper dental care is a sign of culture. Bad breath interferes with communication. Individual oral hygiene is the removal of food debris and plaque from the surfaces of teeth, gums and tongue using special-purpose products. Oral hygiene is the basis of our health, since an infection that is localized in diseased teeth and periodontal tissues can cause exacerbations of chronic diseases of any organs. Therefore, even in ancient times, people chewed resin, which cleaned their teeth and gave freshness to their breath.

RESULTS OF IMPROPER ORAL CARE If your teeth are not properly cared for, plaque forms on them, which is a source of infection (inflammation of the hard and soft tissues of the tooth, periodontal tissues). Plaque is mainly deposited in the area of the transition of the tooth crown to the root (neck of the tooth) and in the interdental spaces, so careful cleaning is required in these hard-to-reach places. But even with regular careful care, poor oral health sometimes persists. This suggests that the oral care products were selected incorrectly. In this case, it is better to contact a dentist who will advise what is best for you.

INDIVIDUAL DENTAL CARE PRODUCTS Basic: Toothbrush Toothpaste Additional: Dental floss Mouthwashes Whiteners

A TOOTHBRUSH IS A MAN'S BEST FRIEND A toothbrush helps cleanse teeth from plaque. Brushes come in different degrees of hardness: very hard, medium hard, soft, very soft. Toothbrushes with hard and very hard bristles are used to clean dentures; soft and very soft ones are recommended for young children and for exacerbation of gum disease. It is better for healthy people to use brushes of medium hardness and soft ones. For cleaning hard-to-reach places, brushes with cone-shaped trimming of bristles are more suitable. The contour of the brush should be concave; this is more convenient and better for cleansing. The bristles of brushes can be natural or artificial. Artificial bristles clean the surface of teeth better; brushes made from it should be changed after 1-2 months, brushes made from natural bristles - after 3-4. A new toothbrush must be washed with soap and doused with boiling water, then rinsed thoroughly with water each time and placed in a glass with the bristles up.

HOW TO USE ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSHES CORRECTLY In addition to regular toothbrushes, there are currently electric toothbrushes that can be used to not only brush your teeth, but also massage your gums.

PROCEDURE FOR BRUSHING TEETH Teeth should be brushed 2 times a day: in the morning after breakfast and in the evening before bed. The duration of the procedure is about 3 minutes.

CHANGE YOUR TOOTHBRUSH ON TIME

During a person's life, two sets of teeth develop; the first to appear are milk teeth, which are gradually replaced by permanent teeth, that is, molars. At the same time, teeth have different sizes, shapes and chewing surfaces.

The total number of permanent human teeth is 32, 8 of them are incisors located in the front of both jaws. The incisors have sharp, smooth edges and are used mainly for biting off food. The four fangs, located two on each jaw, are cone-shaped. Compared to carnivores, which need fangs to capture live food, in humans these teeth are very poorly developed.

Small molars, or, if we use special terminology, premolars, are designed for grinding food; for this purpose, their chewing surface has two rounded tubercles. The 12 molars, called molars, have several roots - two at the bottom and three at the top, and 4-5 cusps on the chewing surface. The human dentition contains all types of teeth except molars, which are used for crushing food.

Structure of teeth

The crown, that is, the visible part of the tooth, is covered with enamel, which is the hardest substance of the human body and has a high degree of resistance to mechanical stress. The enamel does not have the ability to recover, so if damaged, only its artificial extension is possible. The bulk of the tooth is formed by dentin, which is located directly under the enamel and is significantly inferior to it in strength and resistance to destruction. Inside the tooth there is a cavity filled with pulp. It is called the pulp cavity; it contains blood vessels that provide nutrients to the living tissues of the tooth, as well as numerous nerve endings.

The root of an already formed tooth is covered with cement, that is, a substance that looks like bone tissue, with the help of which the tooth is firmly held on the root membrane. The structure of the connecting material is quite elastic, due to which the likelihood of a tooth fracture during chewing is negligible. Dental cement is of organic origin and has no resemblance to the building material of the same name.

Like any organ of the human body, teeth are susceptible to many diseases that arise both as a result of mechanical stress, that is, various types of injuries, and for other reasons. There are more than a hundred different dental diseases, among which the most common are caries, pulpitis, paro- and periodontitis.

Caries is one of the most common dental diseases found in humans. This is the gradual destruction of tooth enamel, which arises and develops as a result of the impact of infection on bone tissue. Clinical manifestations of caries, as a rule, are the presence of a stain on the tooth enamel that has a rough structure and a clearly defined dirty gray or yellow-brown color; pain is possible when eating too hot or, conversely, cold food or drinks. Treatment is carried out by filling.

Pulpitis, that is, inflammation of the pulp of the tooth, popularly called the nerve, occurs due to the influence of pathogenic microbes penetrating into the pulp from the carious cavity. Thus, it can be reliably stated that pulpitis is an inevitable consequence of untreated caries. However, it is not uncommon for pulpitis to develop after a tooth injury. The main symptom is severe, sometimes even unbearable pain, which usually worsens at night.

Treatment of pulpitis involves removing the pulp from the dental tubules and then filling them.

The most severe and dangerous complication of the carious process is a disease called periodontitis. Unlike pulpitis, the inflammatory process in this case extends not only to the teeth, but also to the bone tissue around the root. Without timely treatment, there is a risk of cyst formation, the elimination of which is impossible without surgical intervention. Typically, periodontitis is manifested by acute pain in the area of the affected tooth, which intensifies with slight touching of it, as well as the formation of swelling on the gum and lip.

Treatment of periodontitis is carried out in several stages, including treatment of the dental canals. In especially severe cases, complete tooth extraction is possible.

Periodontitis occurs due to inflammation of the gums and destruction of the periodontal junction. The main signs of the disease are excessive mobility of the tooth, that is, its “looseness,” bleeding of the gums in the area of inflammation, and bad breath. In some cases, an abscess may develop, that is, suppuration of the gums and acute pain.

Periodontitis threatens tooth loss, so if you have its characteristic symptoms, you should immediately seek dental care. Treatment of periodontitis, in addition to basic methods, includes taking measures aimed at restoring the tooth.

Tooth extraction

Tooth extraction is an extremely painful procedure due to the presence of a large number of nerve endings in it, therefore it is performed with anesthesia, and nowadays it is often possible to use both local and general anesthesia, that is, anesthesia. Tooth extraction surgery is usually performed in exceptional cases when treatment does not bring a positive result.

Indications for tooth extraction are a disease such as complicated periodontitis, including chronic periodontitis, significant exposure of the roots of the tooth, as well as the presence of atypically located or supernumerary, that is, “extra” teeth that deform the bite and cause injuries to the oral mucosa.

Baby teeth

Milk teeth, which are often called temporary, erupt in children from 6 months to 2.5 years. This is the first set of teeth that a person develops. 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars, that is, 20 in total. At the age of 5–7 years, the child begins the process of resorption of the roots of milk teeth, and they are gradually replaced by permanent ones.

Changes in the color of teeth, that is, their yellowing, occurs due to thinning of the tooth enamel, so whitening is not only a cosmetic, but also a medical procedure. In dental practice, the laser whitening method is most often used using specialized gels containing hydrogen peroxide. The whitening procedure is absolutely painless, therefore it is performed without the use of anesthesia, the result lasts for a long time, provided you quit smoking and use coloring products.

Prevention of dental diseases and dental care

Salts contained in excess in saliva form dense deposits on the teeth, called tartar, which can cause bleeding gums and various inflammations. To avoid the development of periodontitis and other pathologies, tartar should be removed regularly. This procedure is performed by a dentist on an outpatient basis and usually does not cause any discomfort or pain.

Despite the hardness of teeth, they are highly sensitive and require special care. So, you need to brush your teeth at least twice a day, observing a certain sequence, first cleaning the surface of the upper and then the lower teeth. Eating sugar, flour and viscous foods in their pure form is extremely harmful to tooth enamel. For preventive purposes, it is recommended to use fluoride supplements, which can be purchased with a dentist's prescription.

Dentures

The only way to compensate for the loss of absolutely any number of teeth is prosthetics. In the conditions of modern orthopedic dentistry, prosthetics make it possible to preserve the roots of the teeth with subsequent artificial restoration. When all teeth are completely lost, a removable denture is used, which is held in the mouth using various mechanisms.

Fixed prosthetics involves the installation of structures that cannot be removed from the mouth. The most famous type of this technology is durable crowns that are placed on the affected teeth.

The choice of the type of prosthetics and the materials used for this is determined individually by the treating orthopedic dentist.

, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Presentation for the lesson

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target: expanding students' knowledge about the structure and prevention of dental disease

Tasks:

introduce the structure of teeth and how to care for them;
promote a healthy lifestyle;
promote the development of basic self-care skills and respect for one’s health

Work plan.

What types of teeth do humans have and what is their significance?
How is a tooth structured?
What foods help keep your teeth healthy?
How to properly care for your teeth.
Topics for future projects.
Bottom line. (Reflection)

Progress of the lesson

“If a boy likes soap and tooth powder,
This boy is very nice and is doing well.”
(V.V. Mayakovsky).

What can you say about these lines from the poem?
What do they have to do with our work? What will we talk about?

Gaining new knowledge.

What do you know about teeth? (Answer options are listened to)
What types of teeth do humans have and what is their purpose?
How many teeth does an adult have?

32 teeth, 16 on each jaw.

What is another name for primary teeth? (Dairy)
What teeth grow to replace them? (Indigenous)

Practical work.

Look at your teeth in the mirror. Are all teeth the same shape? What groups can teeth be divided into? - Incisors, canines, molars: premolars, molars.

What role do you think the incisors play? fangs? permanent teeth?

Processing food in the mouth. Children are invited to observe the process of chewing food (bread, apple, carrots). Observe and feel how the incisors, molars and tongue work. Tell us about your observations. - We bite off with incisors, gnaw off with fangs, and grind and grind food with molars. Yes, indeed, we grind food with our teeth. Therefore, normal digestion is impossible without teeth. Teeth also contribute to the clear pronunciation of sounds and decorate the face.

Tooth structure

Teeth are the hardest parts of our body. On top they are covered with enamel - a durable, shiny substance. A drill, or even a saber, cannot take healthy enamel.

Inside the tooth there is a bone substance that fills the teeth, but it is softer than the enamel - this is the pulp. It is given to give the tooth strength. At the bottom of the tooth there is a root that holds the tooth in the jaw. A nerve passes through the tooth, which transmits signals to the brain and back. With destruction and disease of the pulp, the nerve transmits the sensation of pain.

Why does tooth decay occur?

How can our teeth get sick and from what? (Mechanical damage, caries)
Dental caries is caused by bacterial plaque.
What are bacteria? (Small destructive organisms).
What is plaque? (This is a sticky thin film on the surface of the teeth).

Plaque bacteria feed on sugars and produce acid. Special substances contained in saliva deal with acid. But when there are too many of these bacteria, saliva cannot cope with its task and the acid begins to corrode the top layer of the crown - the enamel. And then caries forms on the tooth.

(Working with information on a slide)

Causes of dental disease.

It is necessary to brush your teeth regularly and thoroughly in the morning and evening; choose toothpaste and change your toothbrush.
Due to sudden temperature changes, the enamel on the teeth cracks.
Low fluoride content in water.
It is not allowed to chew nuts and other objects with your teeth, open bottles, or bite wire; etc.
A common cause of caries development is the regular consumption of sweets and sugary, carbonated drinks such as Fanta, Pepsi-Cola, etc.

How to brush your teeth correctly.

Practical work. Show how you brush your teeth. (Children use a toothbrush to show how they brush their teeth.) Do you want to know how to brush properly? Let's look at the drawing on the stock. Drawing work.

What is floss? Do any of you floss?

Conclusion.

Proper brushing of teeth with a toothbrush and paste can remove plaque from the outer, inner and chewing surfaces of the teeth.
Using floss helps to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from between teeth, especially hard-to-reach areas, and directly above the gum line.

What foods help keep your teeth healthy?

Look at the picture on the slide. What foods help strengthen teeth?

The most favorable way is for vitamins to enter the body naturally, i.e. with food. Of the microelements, fluorine and calcium are of particular importance. Teeth love foods with calcium. Milk and dairy products are richest in it. Fish, which contains a lot of phosphorus, is also necessary to strengthen teeth.
Vegetables and fruits also contain calcium. Cabbage, potatoes, plums and gooseberries are especially rich in it. But this calcium is absorbed by the body worse than the calcium in dairy products.
Tea contains fluoride, which is essential for teeth. It is also important what area a person lives in and what water he drinks. Where water contains little fluoride, teeth are destroyed more quickly.

Rules for keeping teeth healthy:

Brush your teeth 2-3 times a day for 3 minutes.
Change your toothbrush 4 times a year.
Choose quality toothpaste.
Eat 3-4 times a day, eating more vegetables, fruits, and greens.
Limit your consumption of sweets.
Finish your meal with unsweetened foods.
Rinse your mouth after eating.
Use floss.
Visit the dentist at least 2 times a year.

Our country has achieved a high supply of dentists to the population. However, the problem of providing dental care does not lose its relevance. The doctor treats already diseased teeth. It is also necessary for each person to take care of the preservation of teeth, remembering their extremely important role in the life of the whole organism. Dental care is not only of preventive value in preventing dental diseases, but also in reducing diseases of the entire body.

Today, an increasing number of people understand that beautiful, white teeth are an element of culture that defines a modern person, a symbol of health and prosperity.

Topics for future projects.

Today we looked at a hot topic. Our health and appearance depend on how we take care of our teeth. You and I are starting to work on projects that we can build on our knowledge. What do you think the project topics could be?

(Children's answer options.)

What kind of smile can be called beautiful?

(Children's answer options). Working on a slide.

Reflection.

You can start your answer like this:

It was interesting…
I was surprised...
I found out…
I wanted…

Literature:.

1. Home Medical Encyclopedia. Moscow “Medicine” 1993

2. Yu.F. Sukharev. Educational and methodological manual for natural history textbooks. Chapaevsk, 1998

3. A.M. Tsuzmer “Biology. Man and his health.” Moscow “Enlightenment” 1992

4. Encyclopedia for girls. St. Petersburg “Golden Age” 1999 Pakhomov, G.N., Dedeyan, S.A., How to keep teeth healthy and beautiful. / M:, Medicine, 1987, - P.79

5. M.K. Aipesheva “Classroom hour”

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target: expanding students' knowledge about the structure and prevention of dental disease

Tasks:

introduce the structure of teeth and how to care for them;
promote a healthy lifestyle;
promote the development of basic self-care skills and respect for one’s health

Work plan.

What types of teeth do humans have and what is their significance?
How is a tooth structured?
How to properly care for your teeth.
Topics for future projects.
Bottom line. (Reflection)

“If a boy likes soap and tooth powder,
This boy is very nice and is doing well.”
(V.V. Mayakovsky).

What can you say about these lines from the poem?
What do they have to do with our work? What will we talk about?

Gaining new knowledge.

What do you know about teeth? (Answer options are listened to)
What types of teeth do humans have and what is their purpose?
How many teeth does an adult have?

- 32 teeth, 16 on each jaw.

What is another name for primary teeth? (Dairy)
What teeth grow to replace them? (Indigenous)

Look at your teeth in the mirror. Are all teeth the same shape? What groups can teeth be divided into? — Incisors, canines, molars: premolars, molars.

What role do you think the incisors play? fangs? permanent teeth?

Teeth are the hardest parts of our body. On top they are covered with enamel - a durable, shiny substance. A drill, or even a saber, cannot take healthy enamel.

Why does tooth decay occur?

How can our teeth get sick and from what? (Mechanical damage, caries)
Dental caries is caused by bacterial plaque.
What are bacteria? (Small destructive organisms).
What is plaque? (This is a sticky thin film on the surface of the teeth).

(Working with information on a slide)

Causes of dental disease.

It is necessary to brush your teeth regularly and thoroughly in the morning and evening; choose toothpaste and change your toothbrush.
Due to sudden temperature changes, the enamel on the teeth cracks.
Low fluoride content in water.
It is not allowed to chew nuts and other objects with your teeth, open bottles, or bite wire; etc.
A common cause of caries development is the regular consumption of sweets and sugary, carbonated drinks such as Fanta, Pepsi-Cola, etc.

How to brush your teeth correctly.

What is floss? Do any of you floss?

Conclusion.

Proper brushing of teeth with a toothbrush and paste can remove plaque from the outer, inner and chewing surfaces of the teeth.
Using floss helps to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from between teeth, especially hard-to-reach areas, and directly above the gum line.

What foods help keep your teeth healthy?

Look at the picture on the slide. What foods help strengthen teeth?

The most favorable way is for vitamins to enter the body naturally, i.e. with food. Of the microelements, fluorine and calcium are of particular importance. Teeth love foods with calcium. Milk and dairy products are richest in it. Fish, which contains a lot of phosphorus, is also necessary to strengthen teeth.
Vegetables and fruits also contain calcium. Cabbage, potatoes, plums and gooseberries are especially rich in it. But this calcium is absorbed by the body worse than the calcium in dairy products.
Tea contains fluoride, which is essential for teeth. It is also important what area a person lives in and what water he drinks. Where water contains little fluoride, teeth are destroyed more quickly.

Rules for keeping teeth healthy:

Brush your teeth 2-3 times a day for 3 minutes.
Change your toothbrush 4 times a year.
Choose quality toothpaste.
Eat 3-4 times a day, eating more vegetables, fruits, and greens.
Limit your consumption of sweets.
Finish your meal with unsweetened foods.
Rinse your mouth after eating.
Use floss.
Visit the dentist at least 2 times a year.

Today, an increasing number of people understand that beautiful, white teeth are an element of culture that defines a modern person, a symbol of health and prosperity.

What kind of smile can be called beautiful?

(Children's answer options). Working on a slide.

You can start your answer like this:

It was interesting…
I was surprised...
I found out…
I wanted…

1. Home Medical Encyclopedia. Moscow “Medicine” 1993

2. Yu.F. Sukharev. Educational and methodological manual for natural history textbooks. Chapaevsk, 1998

3. A.M. Tsuzmer “Biology. Man and his health.” Moscow “Enlightenment” 1992

4. Encyclopedia for girls. St. Petersburg “Golden Age” 1999 Pakhomov, G.N., Dedeyan, S.A., How to keep your teeth healthy and beautiful. / M:, Medicine, 1987, - P.79

source

Teeth are a part of the human body, closely connected with other organs. Dental disease is evidence of a violation of certain vital functions of our body and the cause of the disease should be sought within ourselves, especially since it begins completely unnoticed and for various reasons. The most common are caries disease, periodontitis, periodontal disease or alveolar pyorrhea.

For a long time, scientists have been looking for the cause of the development of dental caries, conducted numerous studies, but a clear answer to this question has not yet been found, however, no one denies the fact that the occurrence of caries is associated with poor nutrition and lack of vitamins C, D and other substances in food .

Caries, as you know, not only destroys teeth, but also negatively affects the entire body. Microbes and their toxins can enter the bloodstream through the “hollow” of a carious tooth and spread throughout the body. In this way, sometimes a chronic focus of infection occurs in the human body.

Scientists believe that caries often contributes to the occurrence of rheumatic, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. It was noted that long-term treatment of frequent sore throats and other diseases of internal organs in some cases did not give the desired effect until the source of infection, located in teeth destroyed by caries, was eliminated. And only after completion of treatment or removal of diseased teeth, the condition of the patients improved and they recovered.

Caries most often occurs unnoticed by a person. Initially, a small chalky or dark-colored spot appears on the tooth. Then the enamel and underlying dentin are destroyed in this place. This forms a carious cavity, which is a breeding ground for many different microbes that contribute to the softening and destruction of hard tooth tissues.

The initial stage usually proceeds without painful phenomena. But the small cavity formed in the tooth continues to grow. Destruction of enamel and dentin to a shallow depth is called medium caries. During this period, pain appears from cold and hot foods, sweet, salty, sour.

Dental treatment damaged by caries, in the initial stage it passes without sharp pain, and sometimes completely painlessly. But if you do not consult a doctor in time and do not fill the cavity, the destruction process will develop further. The carious cavity will turn into a deep one, and long-term pain will arise from the most minor irritations. In the future, this can lead to a serious illness - pulpitis.

Pulpitis is an inflammation of the dental pulp, accompanied by severe spontaneous excruciating attacks of pain, especially at night. The pain radiates to the ear, temple, and eye. At the same time, a person cannot accurately indicate which tooth hurts.

To alleviate suffering, many people use dental drops or painkillers, but all these temporary remedies cannot eliminate the cause of the disease.

With periodontitis, there is a constant aching pain that intensifies when you tap on the tooth, press on it, or even touch it with your tongue. Next, the inflammation spreads to the bone and periosteum of the jaw. In such cases, the lip and cheek swell, and the so-called flux.

Pus that has accumulated at the top of the tooth can come out through a canal into the oral cavity or form a passage through the jaw bone in the gum - the so-called fistula.

This disease can develop into a long-term chronic process, which sometimes leads to the appearance of a so-called granuloma. It forms at the apex of the tooth root and is surrounded by a dense membrane containing pus. A cyst can form from a granuloma.

If such a tooth is not treated, purulent inflammation of the jaws and soft tissues of the face may occur. This serious disease is accompanied by high fever and ends with surgery. It is much more difficult to treat dental periodontitis in the presence of pus.

An equally serious disease of the teeth and surrounding tissues is periodontal disease, or alveolar pyorrhea. It leads to the gradual loosening and loss of apparently healthy teeth.

At the beginning of the disease, the neck of the tooth is exposed and it becomes sensitive to temperature changes and chemical irritations. The gums become red, swollen, bleed, and when pressure is applied, pus is released from their edges. Appears bad breath and a constant specific taste in the mouth. Increased tooth mobility and pain when chewing food. There are cases when the disease develops quickly and leads to complete loss of teeth. In other cases, it proceeds slowly, and mobile teeth persist for several years. It depends on the general condition of the body.

Treatment of patients suffering from periodontal disease should begin with sanitation - cleansing the oral cavity. Good results are achieved by complex therapy followed by strengthening of teeth with dentures.

Periodontal disease is a chronic disease that can last for years, so its treatment requires great care from the patient and must be carried out systematically.

The patient needs to see a doctor 3-4 times a year. Always eat fresh vegetables, fruits and other foods containing large quantities of vitamins. To generally strengthen the body, it is necessary to maintain a normal daily routine: sleep promptly and sufficiently, rest and exercise. All this strengthens the human nervous system and significantly increases the body’s resistance to disease.

Diseases of teeth and periodontal tissues can be prevented!

In this regard, it is very important to diversify your diet so that the body receives nutritious food rich in vitamins. If there are not enough vitamins, then normal metabolism and the normal functioning of organs and tissues are disrupted, the body’s endurance decreases, and it is less resistant to various diseases.

Vitamins D, C, and A are especially important for preserving teeth. If there are not enough of them in food, which happens in winter and especially in early spring, you need to take preparations containing these vitamins. They are always sold in pharmacies.

In order to teeth were healthy, they need to be strengthened. Some people do not like to eat bread crust and refuse vegetables such as carrots, believing that it is “too tough” for them. Of course, if you do not exercise your teeth, then the blood circulation in the periodontal and dental tissues will be insufficient, they will receive few nutrients and will weaken. Teeth should be constantly given work, but they should not be used to crack nuts or chew bones.

In order not to scratch the enamel, you should not pick your teeth with hard and sharp objects - pins, needles.

You should constantly take care of the cleanliness of your mouth, consult a dentist in a timely manner, and ensure that incurable teeth and roots are removed and tartar deposits are removed. To do this, you need to systematically, at least twice a year, go to the clinic for a preventive check. Minor damage to teeth, noticed in time by a doctor, can be easily corrected and thereby prevent further destruction.

It is important that the right and left halves of the jaws participate evenly in chewing food, otherwise tartar, which contains many microbes, will appear on the teeth. After lunch and dinner, it is useful to eat something solid, for example, an apple, turnip, rutabaga, carrots - such food mechanically cleanses the teeth and oral cavity.

It is better to brush your teeth at night before going to bed, and in the morning just rinse your mouth with water. The toothbrush should be made of natural, not very hard bristles - this is necessary in order not to injure the mucous membrane of the gums or damage the enamel.

source

A tooth is an organ that has a characteristic shape and structure, is built from special tissues, has its own nervous system, blood and lymphatic vessels. The teeth are located in the alveoli of the jaws, take part in the mechanical processing of food, articulation of speech and perform an aesthetic function.

The following anatomical parts of the tooth are distinguished [Fig. 1]:

· crown is the part of the tooth protruding from the dental alveolus, covered with enamel;
neck - part of the tooth between the crown and root;
· root - part of the tooth located inside the dental alveolus, ending at the apex of the root.

Figure 1. Anatomical structure of the tooth

Inside the tooth there is a dental cavity, which is filled with dental pulp. The pulp is the most sensitive tissue of the tooth, consisting of a plexus of nerve fibers and blood vessels. They enter the tooth through an opening at the top of each root. Inflammation of the pulp is called pulpitis.

The basis of the tooth is dentin (dentinum), which is covered with enamel in the crown area and cement in the root area. Dentin makes up the bulk of the tooth and is less calcified than enamel. It contains 70% inorganic substances and 30% organic substances and water. The basis of the inorganic substance is calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), calcium carbonate and calcium fluoride. Dentin contains tubules containing the endings of sensory fibers.

Enamel (enamelum) is the hardest part of the human body, consisting of 95-98% minerals. Enamel is the tissue that covers the crown of the tooth. On the chewing surface its thickness is 1.5 - 1.7 mm. On the lateral surfaces, the enamel is much thinner and disappears towards the neck, to the junction with the root cement. The main components of enamel crystals are calcium and phosphorus. Cementum is a layer of tissue covering the root of a tooth and consisting of 68% inorganic and 32% organic substances. The chemical composition of cement resembles bone tissue. Unlike bone, cement does not have blood vessels and is nourished by the periodontium. The periodontium is a layer of connective tissue located between the bone alveolus and cement, consisting of dentogingival, dentoalveolar and interdental bundles of fibers [Fig. 2]. These bundles maintain the continuity of the dentition and participate in the distribution of chewing pressure within the dental arch. Inflammation of the periodontium - periodontitis.

The set of parts of the tooth that provide attachment of the tooth to the dental alveolus makes up the supporting apparatus of the tooth, called periodontium. It consists of: cementum of the tooth root, periodontium, the wall of the dental alveolus and gums. Periodontal inflammation - periodontitis.

Figure 2. Periodontal fibers

From a chemical point of view, the elements of a mature tooth consist of inorganic, organic components and water [Table. 1].

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A tooth resembles a tree: only part of it is on the surface, while the roots are hidden under the gum in the jaw bone. The tooth consists of several layers: the outer layer - enamel (a hard crystalline substance), softer dentin and pulp, which is located in the core of the tooth and is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

Crown (anatomical crown)- the part of the tooth protruding above the surface of the gum, covered with hard enamel. The anatomical crown does not grow in the literal sense, but sometimes it becomes taller, making the teeth look longer. With age or as a result of periodontitis, the gums begin to shrink, exposing the neck, and the tooth often begins to become loose. And sometimes the crown, on the contrary, decreases in size due to the gradual abrasion of the enamel. Often this process is accelerated by malocclusion and bruxism (teeth grinding).
Neck– the area of the tooth where the crown meets the root.
Root- part of the tooth that is located directly in the thickness of the jaw. Different types of teeth have different numbers of roots, for example, incisors and canines have only one root, but molars can have from one to three roots. At the top of each root there is a so-called apical foramen, through which the blood vessels and nerve fibers of the tooth pass.
Enamel- a hard, translucent outer covering of the tooth crown that can withstand heavy loads during the process of biting and chewing food. At the same time, tooth enamel can easily crack or chip as a result of mechanical stress. Therefore, if you are fond of contact sports or have a habit of clenching your teeth tightly, you need to use a special mouthguard. The shade of enamel depends on the color of the underlying dentin (the hard substance of the tooth), but it can also change under the influence of dyes such as tea, coffee, tobacco, or due to poor oral care, increased fluoride consumption or use of antibiotics, in particular the tetracycline group . It is possible to restore the color of enamel using various dental procedures.
Cement- a kind of bone tissue, but not as strong and white as enamel. Cement covers the neck and root of the tooth, and also firmly secures the tooth in its socket.
Dentine- a type of bone tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth and gives it color. Therefore, in order to radically change the shade of enamel, it is necessary to change the color of dentin using hardware bleaching.
Pulp (pulp chamber)- loose fibrous tissue in the cavity of the tooth, containing the nerve and blood vessels that nourish the tooth and keep it in a “living” state. The pulp follows the external anatomical contours of the tooth. The part of the pulp chamber located in the root is called the root canal, and the part located in the coronal part is called the pulp horn.
Root canal- this is a free space that is located along the axis of the tooth root, starting at its apex and ending in the pulp chamber. Sometimes the pulp filling the canal becomes infected and inflamed. To avoid losing a tooth, root canal treatment should be performed.
Apical foramen- a tiny hole at the top of the root through which blood vessels and nerve fibers pass.