Spiritual life in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. at the beginning of the XXI century. Cultural and spiritual life in the late XIX - early XX century. Construction of the Soviet school

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Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. 1.Combating illiteracy.2. Power and intelligentsia. 3. Party control. 4. "Smenovekhovism." 5. Bolsheviks and the Church. The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. liquidation of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the liquidation of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in native or Russian. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. "Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program. Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had been largely overcome. Power and the intelligentsia: the question of attitudes towards the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 major scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific areas: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K. . BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD... IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE LEADING INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY ARE MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T GET A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION IS COMING, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION...” Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A.A. Blok) Remained in the Motherland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A. Remained in the homeland of M. Voloshin. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. MayakovskyM. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy, etc. "Change of Vekhovism" is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovvekhovites set themselves the task of revising the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was to abandon the armed struggle against the new government, recognizing the need for cooperation with her in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland. "Smenovekhovstvo" (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: The attitude of the Bolsheviks: A class approach to culture The party and the state established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). - expulsion from the country of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers. 1922. - Establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship). From the Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925. Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society, there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must stress the need to create fiction designed for a truly mass reader, worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature. The Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. On January 21, 1918, a decree was published on the complete separation of church from state and for the confiscation of all church property.” The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and was not accompanied by infringement on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship. More and more bans fell upon the Church: Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education. http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http:// mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: A.A .Danilov, History of Russia XX - beginning of the XXI century M., "Prosveshchenie", 2008. Internet resources.

slide 2

The main tasks of the cultural revolution:

the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.

slide 3

"Down with illiteracy!"

In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.

slide 4

Public education.

On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had largely been overcome.

slide 5

Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution.

S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 major scientists who headed departments and entire scientific areas: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K. Agafonov, S.N.

slide 6

“The intelligentsia has always been revolutionary. Bolshevik decrees are symbols of the intelligentsia. Abandoned slogans that require development. The land of God... isn't this a symbol of the progressive intelligentsia? True, the Bolsheviks do not pronounce the word "God's", they curse more, but you can't erase a word from a song. The anger of the intelligentsia against the Bolsheviks is on the surface. It seems to be already gone. A person thinks differently than he speaks. There comes reconciliation, musical reconciliation ... "

Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A.A. Blok)

Slide 7

Stayed at home

V.I.Vernadsky K.E.Tsiolkovsky N.E.Zhukovsky I.P.Pavlov N.I.Vavilov V.M.Bekhterev K.A.Timiryazev N.D.Zelinsky

Slide 8

M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilyov V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold and others.

Slide 9

"Smenovehovstvo"

ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhovites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.

Slide 10

"Smenovekhovstvo" (results)

A.N. Tolstoy S.S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A.I. Kuprin The movement suited the leaders of the Bolsheviks, because it made it possible to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government. Returned to their homeland: The attitude of the Bolsheviks:

slide 11

Class approach to culture

The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 - expulsion from the country of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers. 1922 - Establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).

slide 12

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925

Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, so it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

slide 13

Bolsheviks and the Church.

On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and on the confiscation of all church property.

Slide 14

The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and was not accompanied by infringement on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship.

slide 15

More and more bans fell upon the Church

Widespread closure of temples; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clerics; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education.

slide 16

http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http:// mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: A.A .Danilov, History of Russia XX - beginning of the XXI century M., "Prosveshchenie", 2008 Internet resources:

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The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin.

"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.

Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had largely been overcome.

Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 major scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific areas: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others Abroad were: Lowering the spiritual and intellectual level

“INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD... IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE LEADING INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DO NOT SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T ERROR A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION IS COMING, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION...” Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A. A. Blok)

"Smenovekhovstvo" is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1990s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhovites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.

"Smenovekhovstvo" (results) A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin Returned to their homeland: The attitude of the Bolsheviks:

Class approach to culture The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society d. - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (well-known scientists and cultural figures) d. - the expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country d. - the establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom ( censorship).

From the Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925 Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - A decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and on the confiscation of all church property.

More and more bans fell upon the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clerics; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education.

Books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID= Sources: A. A. Danilov, History of Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries M., “Prosveshchenie”, 2008 Internet resources:

If we go back to the first years after the revolution, then it should be noted that almost immediately a new central agency was formed on the basis of the Ministry of Public Education - the People's Commissariat of Education, headed by A.V. Lunacharsky. Its terms of reference were much broader than the previous ministry. The People's Commissariat kept in its field of attention all spheres of the spiritual life of society, all cultural institutions.

This department concentrated the management of preschool education and school (primary, secondary and higher), political "enlightenment" of the population and publishing, vocational training of workers and scientific institutions, theaters and museums, libraries and clubs. Narkompros boldly and categorically invaded even such a subtle area of human creative activity as literature and art.

Simultaneously with the creation of a new intelligentsia loyal to the ideas of communism, the Bolshevik government made desperate attempts to establish a dialogue with representatives of the old intelligentsia - a small (about 2.2% of the population), but a particularly significant social group, the main bearer of knowledge and national cultural traditions.

At first, the policy towards the old intelligentsia was ambivalent. On the one hand, conditions were created for the creativity of scientists, the improvement of their life, on the other hand, executions and arrests were used against representatives of the old bourgeois school. In the early 20s. this policy has become more consistent. The authorities supported those representatives of science and art who accepted the revolution. There was some revival of the social life of the creative and scientific intelligentsia, various associations of writers, artists, and scientists began to operate again.

Repressions unfolded against the intelligentsia, which openly took anti-Soviet positions. Many prominent philosophers (the "philosophical steamboat" of 1922), artists and writers were exiled. Some were forced to emigrate. After 1924, the deportations stopped, but arrests and imprisonment in camps began again. A partial or complete ban was introduced on the publication of the work of some authors (N.S. Gumilyov).

Less brutal was the fight against "fellow travelers" - representatives of the creative intelligentsia, who accepted the revolution, but declared their apolitical nature, the independence of artistic creativity from ideological convictions.

Ever since October 1917, the new government also sought to subjugate the Russian Orthodox Church, which was authoritative among the people (as well as other religious denominations, by the way), and consistently, in spite of everything, moved towards its goal.

On the basis of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church (January 20, 1918), freedom of conscience, church and religious organizations, the right to conduct religious and anti-religious propaganda were introduced. Also in 1918, the patriarchate was restored, and Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow became patriarch. However, on the direct instructions of V.I. Lenin, confiscations were carried out (1922) under the pretext of fighting the famine of the values of the church, as well as the subsequent mass terror against its ministers. Beginning in the 1920s, various literary publications and various organizations and unions began to appear. The largest of these organizations was the union of "militant atheists", which by 1930 consisted of 3.5 million people. Many church holidays were replaced by Soviet ones, and religious intelligentsia were arrested.

As a result, in 1927, the Soviet government liquidated the patriarchate, which could be restored only in 1943, after which another massive attack on all religions began. And if we run a little ahead, to the beginning of the 30s, it should be noted that in 1932 the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the Godless Five-Year Plan” was adopted, which set the task of forgetting the “name of God” by May 1, 1937 THE USSR".

Mass illiteracy was a heavy legacy of pre-revolutionary Russia and was exacerbated by the Civil War. But since 1919, when the Decree “On the Elimination of Illiteracy Among the Population of the RSFSR” was adopted, an attack on this “age-old evil” began. This Decree obligated all children and adults from 8 to 50 years old to learn to read and write. A network of educational institutions began to be created: literacy schools, reading rooms, circles. In 1920, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Elimination of Illiteracy was established, and in 1923, a mass voluntary society "Down with illiteracy!"

Thus, by the end of the 1920s about 50% of the population could read and write (against 30% in 1917). At the same time, the USSR continued to remain only 19th in Europe in terms of literacy.

The new government set the task of radically transforming the entire system of public education in order to create unified labor school, the main principles of which were:

- Communication of training with production;
- Continuity in upbringing and education;
- Cooperative learning.

The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church" became the first step towards transformation. The teaching of the "Law of God" in schools was abolished. The Constitution of the RSFSR secured the right to "complete, comprehensive and free education." A special decree of the People's Commissariat of Education "On Schools of National Minorities" established equal rights for all non-Russian schools in the education system.

Based on the regulation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On a unified labor school", a two-stage school was created (I stage - 5-year education; II stage schools were created on the basis of grades 4-7 of gymnasiums and commercial schools). At the end of 1920, curricula and programs appeared that included the compulsory study of the Russian language, physics, chemistry, mathematics and literature. In 1925, a decree was adopted on the introduction into the RSFSR universal primary education, calculated for 10 years.

The goal of the reforms in higher education was to form a new worker-peasant intelligentsia. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of August 2, 1918 "On the rules for admission to higher educational institutions of the RSFSR" granted every person over the age of 16 (regardless of citizenship, gender, religion) the right to enter universities without exams. Tuition has been cancelled. All academic degrees and titles of the teaching staff were abolished. During admission, the class principle was respected, providing an advantage to people from the working people.

Later, in 1919. Were created workers' faculties- faculties of working youth to prepare for entering the university. In 1921 The regulations "On higher educational institutions of the RSFSR" eliminated the autonomy of higher education. They were placed under the vigilant supervision of party and state bodies. Professors and teachers who did not share communist beliefs were fired. The faculties of law, history and philology were also abolished, and faculties of social sciences (FONs) were created instead. In addition, since 1921 Compulsory study of Marxism-Leninism was introduced.

The leaders of the Soviet government were faced with the task of restoring the scientific potential of the country and putting it at the service of socialist construction.

After the revolution, a network of scientific institutions was preserved - the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1925 - the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), university departments, at the same time new research institutes and societies were established.

The membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences in international organizations was renewed. Domestic scientists participated in international conferences, in foreign scientific expeditions. The first official speech of scientists of Soviet Russia abroad was the report of N.I. Vavilov and A.A. Yachevsky at the International Congress on the Control of Cereal Diseases in 1921 in the USA.

In 1920 About 200 scientists took part in the development of the GOELRO plan (State Plan for the Electrification of Russia). In connection with the needs of production, oil exploration began in different parts of the country.

In the post-revolutionary years, the situation in the field of Russian literature and art has seriously changed. Many representatives of artistic culture emigrated or were subjected to repressions, some of those who remained continued to work in the old way, but a significant part of writers and artists accepted the tasks of the cultural revolution. In this direction, the creativity of the pre-revolutionary avant-garde developed, whose representatives were impressed by the idea of creating a new reality by means of art. In the 20s. a new generation of creative intelligentsia appeared, "returned by the revolution." In conditions of revolutionary enthusiasm, the first successes of the NEP and a certain creative freedom. Among the old and new creative intelligentsia, a struggle began for the ways and methods of building a new literature and art.

In accordance with the concept of revolutionary art, literature was called upon to "serve the working people." The main hero of literature and art was the "man of labor" with new moral foundations.

As for literary associations and organizations, such organizations as Proletkult, RAPP participated in the struggle for the proletarianization of art. Also in the first years of the NEP, such literary and artistic groups as "October" (1922), "Left Front of the Arts" (LEF, 1922) in 1923 were created. The Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers (MAPP) was created.

However, not all organizations were in favor of the formation of a new proletarian culture. The literary societies "Serapion Brothers" (1921), "Pass" and others were also looking for ways to new art, but they took a position that caused sharp criticism from the Rappovites and Lefovites as "fellow travelers"

During this period, there are significant changes in the visual arts. Despite the fact that in the 1920s the Association of Traveling Exhibitions and the Union of Russian Artists continued to exist, new associations appeared in the spirit of the time - the Association of Artists of Proletarian Russia, the Association of Proletarian Artists. Avant-garde artists supported the idea of art serving the state and the revolution, state management of art and ideological control over it. They substantiated the concept of mass art as a tool for "constructing the psyche"

The classics of socialist realism in the visual arts were the works of B.V. Ioganson, and in particular the painting "Interrogation of a Communist". Ceremonial portraits of the leaders of the people were widely spread.

In the first half of the 20s. plans were drawn up for the orderly development of large cities - Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, Yerevan, etc. The architects who worked on these plans were representatives of the pre-revolutionary architectural school.

The leading stylistic direction of Soviet architecture was constructivism. Architects, continuing the traditions of Russian Art Nouveau, saw their task in the development of artistic forms based on the functional purpose of things, buildings, materials used, and technical structures. The constructivists put forward the slogan industrial socially useful art. Striving for simplicity, geometric forms, a combination of imagery and functionality of aesthetic forms, they were looking for creative expressiveness in new designs and materials.

By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars in 1919, all theaters in the country were declared national property. The theater was an important site of the "struggle for folk art" and the most decisive changes took place here. The revolution contributed to the development of a new director's theater.

Numerous theatrical groups sprang up. The Bolshoi Drama Theater in Leningrad, the first artistic director of which was A. Blok, played an important role in the development of theatrical art. V. Meyerhold, the theater. E. Vakhtangov, Moscow Theater. Moscow City Council. soviet intelligentsia art literary

By the mid-20s, the emergence of Soviet dramaturgy, which had a huge impact on the development of theatrical art, dates back. The major events of the theatrical seasons of 1925-1927. steel "Storm" V. Bill-Belotserkovsky in the theater. MGSPS, “Love Yarovaya” by K. Trenev at the Maly Theater, “The Rupture” by B. Lavrenev at the Theater. E. Vakhtangov and at the Bolshoi Drama Theatre, “Armored Train 14-69” by V. Ivanov at the Moscow Art Theater. The classics occupied a strong place in the theater repertoire. Attempts to read it again were made both by academic theaters (A. Ostrovsky's Hot Heart at the Moscow Art Theater) and by the "leftists" ("The Forest" by A. Ostrovsky and N. Gogol's "Inspector General" at the V. Meyerhold Theater).

In August 1919 the film industry was nationalized, which played a big role in the development of Soviet propaganda. “Cinema is the most important form of art for us until illiteracy is eliminated,” Lenin emphasized. CM. Eisenstein (the author of the films "Battleship Potemkin", "October") laid the foundation for the development of revolutionary themes in feature cinema.

In the early years of Soviet power, the development of music was closely connected with songwriting. The Internationale became the party and state anthem of the USSR.

The musical life of the country in those years is associated with the names of S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian, T. Khrennikov, D. Kabalevsky, I. Dunaevsky and others. Young conductors E. Mravinsky, B. Khaikin came to the fore. Musical ensembles were created, which later glorified the domestic musical culture: the Quartet. Beethoven, the Big State Symphony Orchestra, the State Philharmonic Orchestra, etc.

The 1920s went down in the history of our country as a period of the "cultural revolution", which meant not only a significant increase, compared with the pre-revolutionary period, in the educational level of the people and the degree of their familiarization with the achievements of culture, but also the undivided triumph of the Marxist-Leninist teachings , the transformation of literature and art into an institution of influence on the masses.

The cultural development of this period is very ambiguous, which leaves questions for reflection to this day:

On the one hand, the revolution made all the treasures of culture and art the property of the working people. The doors of palaces, museums, theaters and concert halls opened wide for the people. Unusual spectators and listeners came here: - workers and peasants, Red Guards and sailors. Some progress has also been made in raising the general intellectual level.

On the other hand, one of the main features of this period is the all-encompassing party-state control over the spiritual life of society in order to form a communist-type person, to introduce into the mass consciousness the only unified ideology that justifies and justifies all the actions of the regime.

Although the party established complete control over the spiritual life of society, its goal was to raise the spirit of culture among the masses, to awaken a craving for art, while at the same time not letting go of control. V.I. Lenin said: "It should awaken artists in them and develop them."

The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin.

"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.

Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR. It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had largely been overcome.

Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. Abroad were: S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin and others. The lowering of the spiritual and intellectual level of 500 prominent scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific areas: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others

“INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD. . . IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY ARE MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T GET A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION COMES, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION. . . » Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A. A. Blok)

Remained at home V. M. Bekhterev N. D. Zelinsky N. I. Vavilov K. A. Timiryazev N. E. Zhukovsky V. I. Vernadsky I. P. Pavlov K. E. Tsiolkovsky

Remained at home M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilyov V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold and others.

"Smenovekhovstvo" is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhites set themselves the task of revising the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.

“Smenovekhovstvo” (results) Returned to their homeland: A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin authorities.

Class approach to culture The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 - 160 prominent scientists and philosophers were expelled from the country. 1922 - establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925 Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and on the confiscation of all church property.