This examination is comprehensive and aimed at assessing the antioxidant properties of the patient's blood. The study consists of the following tests:
- erythrocyte superoxide dismutase;
- erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase;
- erythrocyte glutathione reductase;
- overall serum antioxidant status.
As a result of the most important physiological processes in the human body, the formation of various reactive oxygen species occurs. These compounds are formed as a result of the following processes:
- impulse transmission and control of hormones, cytokines, growth factors;
- implementation of the processes of apoptosis, transcription, transport, neuro- and immunomodulation.
Oxygen compounds are formed during mitochondrial respiration and are the result of the activity of the enzymes NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase and NO synthase.
Highly reactive molecules containing unpaired electrons are called free radicals. Their formation in the human body occurs constantly, but this process is balanced by the activity of endogenous antioxidant systems. This system is distinguished by the property of self-regulation and increases its activity as a result of the growth of the effect of prooxidant structures.
Enhanced formation of oxygen in reactive forms occurs due to the following diseases:
- chronic inflammatory processes;
- ischemia;
- the influence of unfavorable environmental factors;
- smoking;
- irradiation;
- taking a certain group of medications.
Excessive formation of free radicals due to the influence of provoking factors or weak activity of the antioxidant system leads to the development of an oxidative process that stimulates the destruction of proteins, lipids and DNA.
As a result of the activity of free radicals, the following negative phenomena can occur:
- mutagenesis;
- degradation of cell membranes;
- violation of the receptor apparatus;
- deviations in the normal functioning of enzymes;
- destruction of the structure of mitochondria.
These violations of the normal physiological state of a person can cause the development of a number of pathologies:
- ischemic heart disease;
- diabetes;
- arterial hypertension;
- atherosclerosis;
- metabolic syndrome;
- malignant tumors;
- conditions associated with immunodeficiency.
These processes can be aggravated by a decrease in the performance of the antioxidant systems of the human body. The activity of reactive oxygen species provokes the aging process of the body, causing diseases of the cardiovascular system, carcinogenesis and degeneration of the nervous system.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD in erythrocytes).
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the toxic superoxide radical. This radical is formed during energetic oxidative reactions. SOD cleaves a toxic radical with the formation of hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
SOD can be found in every cell in the body that can consume oxygen. This enzyme is a key link in the protection against oxidation. The composition of human SOD contains zinc and copper. There is also a form of this enzyme that contains manganese.
SOD is paired with the enzyme catalase to form an antioxidant pair that prevents chain oxidation by free radicals. SOD allows maintaining the level of superoxide radicals in cells and tissues within the physiological norm, due to which the body is able to exist in an oxygen environment and utilize it. If we compare the activity of SOD and vitamins A and E, then the ability to resist oxidation of SOD is thousands of times higher.
SOD has a protective effect on the cells of the heart muscle, preventing their destruction during oxygen deficiency (ischemia). By how the concentration of SOD is increased, one can judge the degree of myocardial damage.
An increase in the concentration of SOD in red blood cells is noted under the following conditions:
- anemia;
- hepatitis;
- Leukemia (significant increase in SOD);
- Sepsis (high SOD values in this case are associated with the development of respiratory distress syndrome).
A decrease in the concentration of SOD in red blood cells is noted under the following conditions:
- Weakening of the immune system (susceptibility of patients to respiratory infectious diseases with complications in the form of pneumonia);
- Hepatic failure in acute form;
- Rheumatoid arthritis (SOD level in this case correlates with the effectiveness of the therapy).
Glutathione peroxidase of erythrocytes (Glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px in erythrocytes).
When free radicals act on cells, their damaging effect is expressed in the destruction of fatty acids, which are an integral component of cell membranes. This process is called lipid peroxidation or LPO. This process makes the cell membrane permeable, which negatively affects its vital activity and leads to death. LPO is the cause of the pathogenesis of a large group of diseases: heart ischemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic angiopathy, etc.
Fatty acids are most susceptible to oxidation. Therefore, their membranes contain a high concentration of fat-soluble vitamins - antioxidants A and E. These vitamins are included in the protection mechanism against LPO. There are also a number of specific antioxidant enzymes. They constitute an autonomous glutathione-enzyme complex, which is formed by:
- tripeptide glutathione;
- antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase.
Glutathione peroxidase (GP) catalyzes the reduction by means of glutathione peroxide lipids, significantly accelerating this process. Also, HP is capable of destroying hydrogen peroxide and is sensitive to lower h3O2 concentrations.
In the tissues of the brain and heart, due to the absence of catalase, HP is the main antioxidant. By its nature, HP is a metalloenzyme and contains 4 selenium atoms. With an insufficient concentration of selenium in the body, another enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase, is formed, which is only capable of cleaving hydrogen peroxide and is not an adequate substitute for HP. The maximum content of HP is observed in the liver, adrenal glands and erythrocytes. A significant concentration of HP is also noted in the lower respiratory tract, where it performs the function of neutralizing ozone, nitric oxide and other active oxidants entering the body from the environment.
With liquefaction of HP activity, the dynamics of pathological processes increase:
- the protective function of the liver decreases (from alcohol, toxic substances, etc.);
- the risk of the formation of oncological diseases increases;
- the likelihood of infertility and arthritis increases, etc.
A decrease in the level of HP in erythrocytes is observed when:
- iron deficiency anemia;
- lead intoxication;
- selenium deficiency.
An increase in the level of HP in erythrocytes is observed when:
- eating polyunsaturated fatty acids;
- deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase;
- acute lymphocytic leukemia;
- alpha thalassemia.
Glutathione reductase in erythrocytes (GSSG-Red).
Glutathione reductase (GR) belongs to the class of oxidoreductases. This enzyme promotes the release of bound glutathione. Glutathione plays a significant role in the functioning of the human body:
- is a coenzyme of biochemical processes;
- actively participates in the process of protein assembly;
- leads to an increase in the pool of vitamins A and C.
GR is often considered in conjunction with HP because the activity of the latter enzyme significantly depends on the concentration of the reduced form of glutathione. The complex activity of the two enzymes is part of the body's defense mechanism against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides. In the composition of the GR subunits, a residual form of the coenzyme of vitamin B12 is found.
An increase in GH levels occurs in the following cases:
- hereditary deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (in this case, GH is used for diagnostic purposes);
- diabetes;
- after intense physical activity;
- when taking nicotinic acid.
A decrease in GH levels occurs in severe hepatitis, cancer, sepsis, and other diseases.
The GH test can be used to determine liver pathologies, cancer, vitamin B12 status and genetic enzyme deficiency.
Total antioxidant status of serum (TAS, serum).
The ability and degree of activity of blood serum for antioxidant action is assessed by the presence of the following components:
- antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, etc.);
- non-enzymatic antioxidants (transferrin, metallothioneins, albumin, uric acid, glutathione, lipoic acid, ubiquinol, vitamins E and C, carotenoids that make up the structure of polyphenols (including flavonoids) that enter the body with plant foods, etc.)
Evaluation of the working capacity of the body's antioxidant defense is reduced not only to determining the content of antioxidants of an enzymatic and non-enzymatic nature, but also involves measuring the total antioxidant capacity of serum components. This study allows the attending physician to adequately and most fully assess the patient's condition, as well as identify the factors influencing the dynamics of the disease and make appropriate adjustments to the therapy.
The following samples are taken as material for the study:
- erythrocytes (whole blood with added heparin);
- blood serum.
Preparation
In the absence of special instructions from the doctor, it is recommended to take a blood sample for the study of the antioxidant status on a lean stomach (an 8-hour night break is mandatory with the admission to drinking water). Additional consultation with a doctor is also required if the patient is taking various medications: antibiotics, vitamins, immunostimulating agents, due to the fact that they can distort the test result.
Indications
Determination of the antioxidant status is assigned to the patient in the following cases:
- determination of the presence of a deficiency of antioxidants in the body, identification of the risk of developing pathologies against the background of a deficiency of antioxidants;
- determination of vitamin deficiencies, micronutrient deficiencies;
- determination of enzyme deficiency of genetic condition;
- assessment of the patient's actual antioxidant status in order to optimize the means and methods of his treatment.
Interpretation of results
Only the attending physician can interpret the results of this study, who uses this information in conjunction with the history and other available data of the patient. It is the medical specialist who is able to make an accurate and definitive diagnosis. The patient should not use the information provided in this section for self-diagnosis, and even more so for self-medication.
In the independent laboratory Invitro, the following antioxidant status items are carried out:
A decrease in antioxidant status indicators may indicate the following conditions:
- lung pathology;
- diabetes;
- dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
- diseases of the heart and blood vessels; neurological and psychiatric diseases;
- the implementation of chemotherapy;
- chronic intestinal inflammation;
- Rheumatoid arthritis;
- some types of infection;
- insufficient inclusion in the diet of food rich in antioxidants (vitamins, microelements), which leads to a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant system.
It is worth noting the complexity of the clinical interpretation of quantitative changes in antioxidant status indicators in the context of specific types of pathology.
Call the clinic and we will tell you how to properly prepare for the tests you need. Strict adherence to the rules guarantees the accuracy of the research.
On the eve of the tests, it is necessary to refrain from physical activity, drinking alcohol and significant changes in diet and daily routine. Most studies are taken strictly on an empty stomach, that is, at least 12 and no more than 16 hours after the last meal should pass.
For two hours before delivery, you should refrain from smoking and coffee. All blood tests are taken before ultrasound x-rays and physiotherapy procedures. If possible, refrain from taking medications, and if this is not possible, warn the doctor who prescribes your tests.
Blood tests
General blood analysis
Blood comes from a finger or a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Before taking the analysis, avoid physical activity, stress. Time and place of material collection: during the day, at the clinic.
Blood chemistry
Blood is donated from a vein. Determination of biochemical parameters allows you to evaluate all metabolic processes in the body, as well as the function of organs and systems. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: up to 14:00, at the clinic (electrolytes - on weekdays until 09:00).
Glucose tolerance test
Compliance with the rules of preparation for the delivery of the analysis will allow you to obtain reliable results and correctly assess the work of the pancreas, and therefore, prescribe adequate treatment. Preparation: You must follow the preparation rules and dietary recommendations given by your healthcare professional. The amount of carbohydrates in food should be at least 125 g per day for 3 days before the test. Physical activity is not allowed for 12 hours before and during the test. Time and place of material sampling: daily until 12.00, at the clinic.
Hormonal research
Hormones are substances whose concentration in the blood changes cyclically and has daily fluctuations, so the analysis should be taken in strict accordance with physiological cycles or on the recommendation of your doctor. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: daily until 11.00, at the clinic.
Study of the hemostasis system
Blood is donated from a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: on weekdays until 09.00, at the clinic.
Determination of blood group
Determination of antibodies to pathogens
Blood is donated from a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: up to 2 pm, at the clinic.
Hepatitis (B, C)
Blood is donated from a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: up to 2 pm, at the clinic.
RW (syphilis)
Blood is donated from a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material sampling: up to 2 pm, at the clinic.
Rapid HIV test
Blood is donated from a vein. Preparation: blood is donated on an empty stomach. Time and place of material collection: during the day, at the clinic.
Nomenclature of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Order No. 804n): A09.05.238.001 "Determination of the total antioxidant activity"
Biomaterial: Whole blood with heparin
Term of completion (in the laboratory): 7 w.d. *
Description
Determination of antioxidant activity plays a critical role in assessing the body's defense against oxidative stress. This allows you to: identify individuals with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, retinopathy; identify premature aging, monitor the course of diseases, evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.
Also, the determination of antioxidant activity helps to identify the amount of antioxidants entering the human body, and whether there is a need for their additional introduction. Antioxidant activity is determined by the presence of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathioperoxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamins E, C, carotenoids, lipoic acid, ubiquinone).
Determination of antioxidant activity plays a critical role in assessing the body's defense against oxidative stress. This allows you to: identify persons with povIndications for appointment
- Assessment of the antioxidant status of the body and assessment of the risk of developing diseases associated with a deficiency of antioxidants (cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, early aging)
- Patients suffering from hypertension, atherosclerotic vascular lesions, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease - as monitoring the course of the disease and assessing the effectiveness of the therapy received; determination of the antioxidant defense of the body, and solving the issue of the need for additional intake of antioxidant drugs.
- Elderly patients, with poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol abuse, stress - to assess the antioxidant defense of the body, and to decide on the need for additional intake of antioxidant drugs.
- For patients on the background of chemotherapeutic treatment - to assess the antioxidant defense of the body, and to resolve the issue of the need for additional intake of antioxidant drugs.
- For patients on a diet and nutritional restriction - to assess the antioxidant defense of the body, and to resolve the issue of the need for additional intake of antioxidant drugs.
Most often ordered with this service
* The site indicates the maximum possible term for the study. It reflects the time it takes to complete a study in the laboratory and does not include the time it takes to deliver the biomaterial to the laboratory.
The information provided is for reference only and is not a public offer. For up-to-date information, contact the Contractor's medical center or call-center.
Antioxidant status is a measure of overall health that reflects the quantification of reactive oxygen species. These are chemical forms of oxygen that are not involved in cellular respiration, but are needed for various reactions - signal transmission from molecules, regulation of hormones, for transport. They take part in the life of almost all cells of the human body and are responsible for many important physiological processes.
Antioxidants are substances that help balance the effects of free radicals. The latter are constantly formed in the body and normally have little effect on the work of cells - precisely because of the antioxidants.
When determining the status, four main indicators are measured: general status (TAS), as well as oxygen erythrocyte indicators - the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzyme glutathine reductase (GPR) and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GP). Behind the abbreviations are the names of enzymes - substances that react most actively to various changes in the body, and, therefore, make it possible to identify pathology.
This is a new research method that allows you to assess the general condition of the body. It is not used for differential diagnostics, but it gives good results as an auxiliary method when making a wide variety of diagnoses, as well as when choosing a treatment.
What does the analysis give?
A serious increase in performance can be observed in chronic diseases and poisoning with toxins or in the presence of bad habits. Also, an increase may indicate the presence of radiation, ischemic heart disease, or taking certain medications. A decrease is typical for diseases of the heart, skeletal system and nerves. Decrease in indicators is observed much more often than increase.
If there is no correct correction, and the patient has a reduced level of antioxidants for a long time, then the so-called oxidative stress occurs - this is an increase in the number of free radicals. Normally, antioxidants destroy them, thereby protecting the most important molecular structures from damage. During oxidative stress, proteins, lipids and DNA molecules are destroyed.
Prolonged exposure to free radicals does not pass without leaving a trace: cell membranes are destroyed, mutagenesis processes are triggered, cell receptors are damaged, enzyme activity changes, and the cell's energy stations - mitochondria - are damaged.
Damage at the cellular level can trigger the development of many serious diseases, from cardiovascular to cancer. If there is a predisposition, then the disease begins.
Antioxidant assay detects a decrease in the protective activity of the antioxidant system. If there are no diseases yet, you can start treatment on time and prevent the loss of health. And when diagnosing existing diseases, the results of the analysis will tell you how high the probability of the disease is.
Total antioxidant status (TAS) - 2,300 rubles.
Deadlines
3 business days.
Taking blood from a vein is paid separately - RUB 300(If several analyzes are performed at a time, the biomaterial collection service is paid for once)
Indications for research
- To assess the risks of developing diseases associated with a decrease in antioxidant protection.
- For the diagnosis of various hereditary metabolic diseases.
- To assess the level of antioxidants and diagnose their deficiency in the diet.
Material for analysis
Erythrocytes (whole blood, heparin);
Preparation for research
Preparation consists of avoiding alcohol and night fasting. It is customary to take blood in the morning. Fasting should continue for at least 8 hours. If the patient is taking any medications or dietary supplements, it is necessary to warn the attending physician about this even before the appointment of an analysis.
Reference values:
TAS mmol / l, norm 1.50 - 2.75
GP U / g Нb, norm 50 - 100
GPR U / g Hb, norm 2.5 - 6.0
SOD Unit / g Hb, norm 1200 - 2000
In addition, a change in indicators is observed with a pronounced deficiency of basic vitamins, micro- and macroelements in the daily diet. In this case, only dietary correction is required.
Antioxidant indicators are not used in the context of making a specific diagnosis, but are important along with the clinical picture and the results of other instrumental studies and laboratory tests. Analysis results should not be interpreted on your own.
For the analysis and selection of the optimal treatment, contact the CELT clinic. Competent specialists, high-tech equipment and a friendly atmosphere are the keys to a quick recovery.
Total antioxidant status (TAS)- an indicator of the antioxidant system of the body. Research determines the ability of enzymes, proteins and vitamins to suppress the negative effects of free radicals at the cellular level.
The formation of free radicals is a constant process in the body, physiologically balanced due to the activity of endogenous antioxidant systems. With an excessive increase in the production of free radicals due to prooxidant effects or failure of the antioxidant defense, oxidative stress develops, accompanied by damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. These processes are significantly enhanced against the background of a decrease in the activity of the body's antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (HP), vitamin E, vitamin A, selenium), which protect cells and tissues from the harmful effects of free radicals. In the future, this leads to the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, immunodeficiency states, malignant neoplasms and premature aging.
The general antioxidant status of serum is determined by the presence of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, etc.) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (including: albumin, transferrin, metallothioneins, uric acid, lipoic acid, glutathione, ubiquinol, carotenoids, components of the polyphenol structure that come from plant food, including flavonoids, etc.). To assess the state of antioxidant defense, in addition to determining the level of the most important antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the blood, a measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of serum components is used. Determination of the general antioxidant status helps the clinician to better assess the patient's condition, the factors influencing the development of the current disease, and, taking this into account, to optimize the therapy.
Indications:
- identification of the deficiency of antioxidants in the body and assessment of the risk of diseases associated with a lack of antioxidants;
- identification of the deficiency of trace elements and vitamins associated with the antioxidant systems of the body;
- identification of genetic forms of enzyme deficiency;
- assessment of the antioxidant status of the body in order to optimize therapy.
It is recommended to donate blood in the morning, from 8 to 12 hours. Blood sampling is performed on an empty stomach or after 2–4 hours of fasting. Drinking water without gas and sugar is allowed. On the eve of the test, food overloads should be avoided.
Interpretation of results
A decrease in the general antioxidant status and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, due to various reasons, can be observed under the following conditions:
- pulmonary pathology;
- diabetes;
- dysfunction of the thyroid gland;
- cardiovascular diseases;
- neurological and psychiatric diseases;
- oncological pathology;
- chemotherapy;
- chronic inflammatory bowel disease;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- some infections;
- a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant system with a deficiency of antioxidants supplied with food (including vitamins, microelements).
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