Sports Games of Ancient Greece Sports Games of Ancient Greece The first written mention of the ball game, which vaguely resembles modern football, dates back to 180 BC. Pollux's Greek dictionary gives the following data: The first written mention of the ball game, which vaguely resembles modern football, dates back to 180 BC. Pollux's Greek dictionary gives the following data: The players were divided into 2 teams (parties), each of which had to transfer the ball to the opponent's field. It is noted that a number of moments in this game to a large extent also resembled the modern game of rugby. However, at that time it was forbidden to play with hands. The players were divided into 2 teams (parties), each of which had to transfer the ball to the opponent's field. It is noted that a number of moments in this game to a large extent also resembled the modern game of rugby. However, at that time it was forbidden to play with hands. There were other ball games in ancient Greece. Today, of course, it is not possible to establish exactly which of the ancient ball games can rightfully be considered the foremother of modern football. There were other ball games in ancient Greece. Today, of course, it is not possible to establish exactly which of the ancient ball games can rightfully be considered the foremother of modern football.
Sports Games of Ancient China The history of the Han Dynasty (its reign fell on the period from 206 BC to 25 AD) keeps a description of the game "zhu-ka". "Zhu" means to kick, and "ka" means a leather stuffed ball. The history of the Khan dynasty (its reign fell on the period from 206 BC to 25 AD) keeps a description of the game "zhu-ka". "Zhu" means to kick, and "ka" means a leather stuffed ball. According to written sources, on the birthday of the emperor, the two strongest teams took part in the match, which was held in front of the imperial palace. According to written sources, on the birthday of the emperor, the two strongest teams took part in the match, which was held in front of the imperial palace. A playground was specially prepared for the game - a silk net was stretched between the bamboo poles, in which there was a hole. The players of both teams tried to drive the ball into this hole with their feet. The winners were presented with flowers, fruits, wine, awarded with silver goblets. And the most skillful players were waiting for career growth. A playground was specially prepared for the game - a silk net was stretched between the bamboo poles, in which there was a hole. The players of both teams tried to drive the ball into this hole with their feet. The winners were presented with flowers, fruits, wine, awarded with silver goblets. And the most skillful players were waiting for career growth. There is also a known case when one player was made a general because he could play the ball perfectly. At the same time, the captain of the team that lost was usually subject to public execution - flogging. There is also a known case when one player was made a general because he could play the ball perfectly. At the same time, the captain of the team that lost was usually subject to public execution - flogging.
Sports Games of Ancient Mexico Modern football has a lot of predecessor games. And yet Historians and journalists claim that the very first steps were taken by the game that, through the centuries, became exactly football, was created not in Europe and not in Asia, but on Mexican soil in 1300 BC. Here it originated under the name "pok-ta-pok". Modern football has many predecessor games. And yet Historians and journalists say that the very first steps were taken by the game that, after centuries, became exactly football, was not created in Europe and not in Asia, but on Mexican soil in 1300 BC Here it originated under the name "pok-ta-pok". The participants in this game very often received injuries, which sometimes ended in death - "pok-ta-pok" was played with a heavy rubber ball. Archaeological excavations show that despite the risk, the game was very popular among the inhabitants of this land. The participants in this game very often received injuries, which sometimes ended in death - "pok-ta-pok" was played with a heavy rubber ball. Archaeological excavations show that despite the risk, the game was very popular among the inhabitants of this land. From Mexico, the game "pok-ta-pok" gradually spread throughout Central America, until the 16th century, when it was banned by the Spanish colonialists. From Mexico, the game "pok-ta-pok" gradually spread throughout Central America, until the 16th century, when it was banned by the Spanish colonialists. Scientists believe that for the local population this game had a special meaning, which symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness, life over death. During the game, its participants represented different gods, and the round ball symbolized the sun. Scientists believe that for the local population this game had a special meaning, which symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness, life over death. During the game, its participants represented different gods, and the round ball symbolized the sun. The object of the game was to send the ball into a small hole in the stone wall. You can only do it with your feet! The object of the game was to send the ball into a small hole in the stone wall. You can only do it with your feet!
The development of football in the 19th century From the 19th century, especially from the second half, a new stage in the development of this game begins. It is from this period that the sports method is considered the most effective method of physical education, and sports and sports games become an effective means of physical development of young people. From the 19th century, especially from the second half, a new stage in the development of this game begins. It is from this period that the sports method is considered the most effective method of physical education, and sports and sports games become an effective means of physical development of young people. First of all, the ball game is spreading in English colleges and universities. The ball game improved, and in the second half of the 19th century. two directions were outlined in its content - one of them was supported by London and Cambridge colleges, which were organized in 1863. football association and decided to cultivate the game with a round ball, playing with their feet; First of all, the ball game is spreading in English colleges and universities. The ball game improved, and in the second half of the 19th century. two directions were outlined in its content - one of them was supported by London and Cambridge colleges, which were organized in 1863. football association and decided to cultivate the game with a round ball, playing with their feet; The other - the University of Rugby, whose representatives decided to play the oval ball, and with their hands and feet. The other - the University of Rugby, whose representatives decided to play the oval ball, and with their hands and feet. The first rules that have come down to us were published in 1863. Of course, comparing them with modern rules, one can note their imperfection and a strong difference from modern ones. But nevertheless, these rules acted, gradually gaining a modern look. The first rules that have come down to us were published in 1863. Of course, comparing them with modern rules, one can note their imperfection and a strong difference from modern ones. But nevertheless, these rules acted, gradually gaining a modern look.
In 1881, a referee first appeared on the football field. His duties included conducting the game in accordance with the established rules, determining the number of goals scored, etc. And since 1891, the referee began to enter the field with two assistants. In 1881, a referee first appeared on the football field. His duties included conducting the game in accordance with the established rules, determining the number of goals scored, etc. And since 1891, the referee began to enter the field with two assistants.
A significant impetus to the further development of this sports game was given by the creation in 1904 of the International Football Federation (FIFA). Currently, this organization includes more than 150 countries. A significant impetus to the further development of this sports game was given by the creation in 1904 of the International Football Federation (FIFA). Currently, this organization includes more than 150 countries. The most important event organized by FIFA is the World Cup. The first such championship was held in 1930, and the last in 1986. In total, FIFA organized 13 such tournaments, which are held every four years. Only national teams take part in them. The most important event organized by FIFA is the World Cup. The first such championship was held in 1930, and the last in 1986. In total, FIFA organized 13 such tournaments, which are held every four years. Only national teams take part in them.
It was played mainly by men, but women, if desired, could also practice. Regardless of gender, Greeks usually played naked. One of the granite reliefs of the Athens State Museum of Archeology depicts a Greek athlete holding a ball on his knee, possibly demonstrating this technique to a boy standing nearby.
Exactly the same image is engraved on the Champions League winners cup today. The ball depicted in the relief was probably called "follis" or "inflated ball". At first, balls were made from linen or wool, wrapped with rope and sewn together. They practically did not bounce. Later Greek models such as the "follis" were made from an inflated pig's bladder tightly wrapped in leather (of the same pig or suede). Another technique for making balls involved grinding sea sponges and wrapping them in cloth and rope. The Greek game epicyros was later adopted by the Romans, who modified it and renamed it harpastum.
In modern times, football became known and popular in Greece mainly with the help of the British. The first Greek teams were formed in Smyrna (now Izmir) during the 1890s. After the Greco-Turkish war of 1919-1922, the Panionios and Apollon Smyrnis teams were transferred to Athens.
Championship
The first professional football championship in Greece was officially founded in 1927 under the name Panhellenic Championship. In 1959, the Panhellenic Championship was replaced by Alfa Etniki. In contrast to the Panhellenic Championship, the number of teams in Alfa Etniki has increased, which is why the national interest in the tournament has increased. During the 53-year existence of the league, the Panhellenic Championship was administered by various organizations: from 1906 to 1913 - the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletes (SEGAS), the predecessor of the Hellenic Football Federation (EPO), from 1922 to 1927 - the Union of Hellenic Football Associations (EPSE), and since 1927 the league is led by the EPO. In addition, the Panhellenic Championship was considered an unofficial competition. The first official champion was announced in the year.
Cup
There is currently one major cup competition in Greek football, the Greek Cup, where teams from all football leagues in Greece compete, lower division teams have a chance of beating strong clubs, however lower division teams rarely reach the final. In addition, the Greek League Cup was held in the 1989-90 season. The only winner of the League Cup was AEK, defeating Panionios (3-3 and 4-2 on penalties), Aris (5-2), Levadiakos (0-0 and 1-0) and on June 2 of the year in the final in Athens at the Olympic Stadium - Olympiacos 3-2.
national team
The biggest success of the national team is the victory at the 2004 European Championship, where the Greeks won the tournament without conceding a single goal during 358 minutes of the game.
Write a review on the article "Football in Greece"
Notes
Link
- (gr.) (eng.)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing Football in Greece
- You are looking for truth in order to follow its laws in life; therefore, you seek wisdom and virtue, do you not? said the speaker after a moment's silence.“Yes, yes,” Pierre confirmed.
The rhetor cleared his throat, folded his gloved hands on his chest and began to speak:
“Now I must reveal to you the main goal of our order,” he said, “and if this goal coincides with yours, then you will profitably join our brotherhood. The first main goal and the foundation of our order, on which it is established, and which no human power can overthrow, is the preservation and transmission to posterity of some important sacrament ... from the most ancient centuries and even from the first person who has come down to us, from whom the sacraments can may depend on the fate of the human race. But since this mystery is of such a nature that no one can know it and use it, unless one prepares for a long-term and diligent purification of oneself, not everyone can hope to acquire it soon. Therefore, we have a second goal, which is to prepare our members, as far as possible, to correct their hearts, purify and enlighten their minds by those means that are revealed to us by tradition from men who have labored in the search for this mystery, and thereby make them capable of perception of it. Purifying and correcting our members, we try in the third place to correct the entire human race, offering it in our members an example of piety and virtue, and thus we try with all our might to oppose the evil that reigns in the world. Think about it, and I will come to you again,” he said and left the room.
“To resist the evil that reigns in the world ...” Pierre repeated, and he imagined his future activities in this field. He imagined the same people as he himself had been two weeks ago, and he mentally addressed them in an instructive, mentoring speech. He imagined vicious and unfortunate people whom he helped in word and deed; imagined the oppressors from whom he saved their victims. Of the three goals named by the rhetor, this last one, the correction of the human race, was especially close to Pierre. Some important sacrament mentioned by the rhetorician, although it aroused his curiosity, did not seem to him essential; and the second goal, the purification and correction of himself, interested him little, because at that moment he felt with pleasure that he was already completely corrected from his former vices and ready for only one good thing.
Half an hour later the orator returned to convey to the seeker those seven virtues, corresponding to the seven steps of Solomon's temple, which every Mason had to cultivate in himself. These virtues were: 1) modesty, observance of the secrets of the order, 2) obedience to the highest ranks of the order, 3) good nature, 4) love of humanity, 5) courage, 6) generosity and 7) love of death.
“Seventhly, try,” said the rhetorician, “by frequent thinking about death, bring yourself to such a point that it does not seem to you a more terrible enemy, but a friend ... who frees the soul, languishing in the labors of virtue, from this miserable life in the labors of virtue, to introduce it into the place of reward and calm.
“Yes, it must be so,” thought Pierre, when, after these words, the rhetorician again left him, leaving him to solitary reflection. “It must be so, but I am still so weak that I love my life, the meaning of which is only now being revealed to me little by little.” But the remaining five virtues, which Pierre remembered fingering on his fingers, he felt in his soul: courage, and generosity, and kindness, and love for humanity, and especially obedience, which did not even seem to him a virtue, but happiness. (He was so happy now to get rid of his arbitrariness and subordinate his will to that and those who knew the undoubted truth.) Pierre forgot the seventh virtue and could not remember it.
The third time, the rhetor returned sooner and asked Pierre if he was still firm in his intention, and whether he dared to expose himself to everything that was required of him.
“I am ready for anything,” said Pierre.
“I must also tell you,” said the rhetorician, “that our Order teaches its teachings not only in words, but by other means that, perhaps, have a stronger effect on the true seeker of wisdom and virtue than verbal explanations alone. This temple with its decoration, which you see, should have already explained to your heart, if it is sincere, more than words; you will see, perhaps, in your further acceptance of a similar way of explaining. Our order imitates the ancient societies that revealed their teachings with hieroglyphs. A hieroglyph, - said the rhetorician, - is the name of some thing that is not subject to feelings, which contains qualities similar to the one depicted.
Pierre knew very well what a hieroglyph was, but did not dare to speak. He silently listened to the rhetor, feeling in everything that the trials would immediately begin.
“If you are firm, then I must begin to introduce you,” said the rhetorician, coming closer to Pierre. “As a sign of generosity, I ask you to give me all your precious things.
“But I don’t have anything with me,” said Pierre, who believed that they were demanding that he hand over everything he had.
- What you have: watches, money, rings ...
Pierre hurriedly took out his wallet, watch, and for a long time could not remove the wedding ring from his fat finger. When this was done, the Mason said:
- As a token of obedience, I ask you to undress. - Pierre took off his tailcoat, waistcoat and left boot at the direction of the rhetor. Mason opened the shirt on his left chest, and, bending down, lifted his trouser leg on his left leg above the knee. Pierre hurriedly wanted to take off his right boot and roll up his trousers in order to save a stranger from this labor, but the mason told him that this was not necessary - and gave him a shoe on his left foot. With a childish smile of modesty, doubt and mockery of himself, which appeared on his face against his will, Pierre stood with his hands down and legs apart in front of his brother rhetorician, waiting for his new orders.
“And finally, as a sign of candor, I ask you to reveal to me your main passion,” he said.
- My passion! I had so many of them,” said Pierre.
“That addiction which, more than any other, made you waver in the path of virtue,” said the Mason.
Pierre was silent for a while, looking for.
"Wine? Overeating? Idleness? Laziness? Hotness? Malice? Women?" He went over his vices, mentally weighing them and not knowing which one to give priority to.
“Women,” Pierre said in a low, barely audible voice. The Mason did not move or speak for a long time after this answer. Finally, he moved towards Pierre, took the handkerchief lying on the table and again blindfolded him.
- For the last time I tell you: turn all your attention to yourself, put chains on your feelings and seek bliss not in passions, but in your heart. The source of bliss is not outside, but within us...
History does not know the year or place of birth football. But this "gap" speaks only in favor of football itself - it testifies both to the antiquity of playing the ball with the feet, and to its popularity among many peoples of the globe ...
For a very long time, people have been interested in the question: who invented this game? Archaeological excavations have convincingly proved that a certain "ancestor" football lived in ancient Egypt: scientists have found here not only images of ball players, but also the balls themselves.
Historians also claim that the ball game with their feet was loved by Chinese warriors two thousand years BC, and that the progenitors football should be sought in ancient Rome and in equally ancient Greece.
So, football is one of the oldest sports games, the origin of which dates back to the distant past. But of course, its most ancient varieties, such as, say, the Roman “harpastum” or the Georgian “delo”, sung by Shota Rustaveli, were significantly different from the game that won worldwide recognition in the 20th century.
The oldest source is the annals of the Han Dynasty, which in ancient China. They are over 2000 years old. The kicking game Tsu Chu (also spelled Tsu'Chu or Tsu-Chu) appeared in ancient China as early as 250 BC.
Chinese women playing soccer
"Tsu" means "kicking the ball", and "Chu" can be translated as "leather stuffed ball". According to the records, this game was usually played to celebrate the birthday of the Emperor.
A goal in Tsu-Chu was considered to be hitting the ball into the net through a small hole. The net was fixed by a vertically standing bamboo cane. Given that the hole was about 30 to 40 centimeters (1 foot) in diameter and 9 meters (30 feet) above the ground, a certain amount of skill was required to play.
A stamp depicting Tsú-Chú. Issued in the United Arab Emirates, it shows a gate made of silk with a hole in the center.
During the Qing Dynasty (255-206 BC), the Tsu-Chu variety was specially trained for soldiers. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), Tsu-Chu was already played everywhere. Treatises on the art of war of that time contain a description of a complex of physical exercises called Tsu-Chu.
These exercises included exercises with a leather ball filled with feathers and wool. There were also games similar to Tsu-Chu, the purpose of which was to prevent the opponent from scoring a goal, for which it was allowed to use all parts of the body, with the exception of the hands.
Doesn't lag behind Japan– a similar ball game was played here about 1400 years ago. According to historical data, between 300 and 600 years from the birth of Christ, the Japanese invented a game called Kemari (or Kenatt). It was played by up to 8 people. The ball, about 25 cm in diameter, was covered with soft leather and stuffed with sawdust.
The player had to prevent the ball from touching the floor by passing and juggling with his feet. The playing field in Kemari was called Kikutsubo. Traditionally, Kikutsubo was rectangular in shape with young trees planted in each of the corners of the field. The classic version was distinguished by the use of four different types of trees: cherry, maple, willow and pine.
The Japanese even had special slang for Kemari. At the introduction of the ball, the player shouted "Ariyaaaa!" (Let's go!), And during the pass to the partner - "Ari!" (Here!).
The gap between the 10th and 16th centuries became the Golden Age of Kemari. The game spread among the lower classes, became a muse for poets and writers. The Japanese epic claims that one of the emperors, together with his team, kept the ball in the air for more than 1000 strokes. The poets wrote that the ball "as if stopped and hovered in the air." Subsequently, that ball was hidden, and the emperor personally awarded him a high court title.
Around the 13th-14th century, special clothes began to be used for the game. Kemari players wore bright, hitatare-like uniforms with long sleeves.
Kemari is still played today. For the most part, these are Japanese enthusiasts who want to preserve the Tradition.
The earliest discovered in Central America Pok-A-Tok ("Paso de la Amada" in Mexico) ball game playgrounds date back to 1600 BC. The site on Paso de la Amada was maintained and expanded for 150 years. It was an 80-meter flat narrow field, surrounded by towering open stands.
Scientists believe that this separate site was part of a network of similar structures scattered throughout Mesoamerica. Based on wall paintings and ceramics, archaeologists believe that the ancient sport of Pok-A-Tok was similar to Tlachtli, a game described in documents from the Spanish Conquistadors from 1519. The playing field was in the shape of the letter "I"
Three round slabs called "markers" were installed at right angles into two sloping walls (subsequently, only one stone ring remained). A goal was considered to be hitting the marker or carrying the ball through the hoop. Markers and rings were several yards above the ground (up to 9 meters).
Players could only touch a small rubber ball (10-15 cm in diameter) with their elbows, knees or hips. The goal was such a huge achievement that after it the game often ended immediately.
Researchers believe that games like Pok-A-Tok'a were an inseparable part of the political, social and religious life of the Mokaya civilization (translated as "people of the corn") - the alleged ancestors of the Olmec and Mayan civilizations. The ball games that existed then could change status from simple recreational events to competitions with extremely high stakes, where the captains of the losing teams were beheaded, and the winners acquired the status of heroes.
In Olmec times (ca. 1200 BC), rulers were depicted as ball players wearing leather helmets. “They could have been helmets for both sports and war,” says a respected anthropology professor: “In ancient times, there was practically no difference between a great player, a great warrior, and a great leader.” Between 900 and 250 B.C. representatives of the Mayan civilization mastered Pok-A-Tok. And the Aztecs developed their own version between 1200 and 1521 AD.
It is believed that the Indians North America also had their kicking game called "pasuckuakohowog", which means "they gathered to play ball with their feet". The games were played in the early 17th century on beaches with gates half a mile wide, spaced a mile apart. In pasuckuakohowog, up to 1000 people took part. Played, often rough and traumatic.
The players wore all sorts of decorations and put on war paint, so it was almost impossible to take revenge on the offender after the game. It was common to postpone the end of the match to another day and lavish festivities at its conclusion.
Little known is Askaktuk, a game played by the Eskimos that involved kicking a heavy ball filled with grass, caribou hair and moss. According to legend, two villages once played Askaktuk with gates 10 miles apart.
AT australia balls were made from the skins of marsupial rats, the bladders of large animals, from twisted hair, the description of the rules of the game has not been preserved.
AT Ancient Egypt ball game has been known for the longest time.
All sorts of artifacts from Egyptian tombs built no later than 2500 BC testify to the fact that football-like games existed during that period in this region.
The picture shows a linen ball found in an Egyptian tomb. For a better rebound, the balls also included catgut wound around a sphere, after which they were wrapped in leather or suede. Very little is known about Egyptian balls. Historians believe that during the "rites of fertility" in ancient Egypt, balls with seeds wrapped in bright fabrics were kicked in the fields.
AT Ancient Greece The ball game has been popular in various forms since at least the 4th c. BC e. According to legend, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, saying to him these words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this ball is fast flying, you won’t get any better fun from the hands of Hephaestus.” Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the aurora.
Among the warriors of Sparta, the epikyros ball game was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. It was played mainly by men, but women, if desired, could also practice.
Regardless of gender, Greeks usually played naked. One of the granite reliefs of the National Museum of Archeology in Athens depicts a Greek athlete holding a ball on his knee, possibly demonstrating this technique to a boy standing next to him.
Exactly the same image is engraved on the Champions League winners' cup (European Cup trophy) today. The ball depicted in the relief was probably called "follis" or "inflated ball". At first, balls, as in Egypt, were made of linen or wool, wrapped with rope and sewn together. They practically did not bounce.
Later Greek models such as the "follis" were made from an inflated pig's bladder tightly wrapped in leather (of the same pig or suede). Another technique for making balls involved grinding sea sponges and wrapping them in cloth and rope.
The Greek game Epipyros was later adopted Romans, who changed it and renamed it "Garpastum" ("handball") and slightly modified the rules.
Garpastum (translated as "playing with a small ball") remained popular for 700 years. It was played with a relatively small but heavy ball, similar to a follis or paganicus [a ball stuffed with down].
In this game, which was one of the types of military training of legionnaires, it was necessary to pass the ball between two posts. From 5 to 12 people from each side took part in the matches. The games were played on a rectangular field with delineated borders, divided into two equal halves by a central line. Each team had to keep the ball in their own half for as long as possible, while the opponent tried to capture it and break through to their own side.
The game was brutal. “The players are divided into two teams. The ball is placed on a line in the center of the court. On both edges of the court behind the backs of the players, each of whom stands in the place allotted to him, they are also drawn along the line.
For these lines it is supposed to bring the ball, and to accomplish this feat is handy, only pushing the players of the opposing team. According to a contemporary of Ancient Rome, this is a description of a gaspartum - a game vaguely reminiscent of football.
An important rule of Garpastum was that only the player with the ball was allowed to block. This limitation has led to the development of complex passing combinations. The players have developed special roles on the field. Probably, there were many tricks and tactical schemes.
Legs were practically not used in Garpastum. Rather, there was a resemblance to rugby. Emperor Julius Caesar (who presumably played the game himself) used the Harpastum to keep his soldiers fit and ready.
This is a Roman mosaic from Ostia. It shows a "saw", stitched in the manner of modern balls. Given that the scene depicts a gymnasium, it could also be a "paganicus" or practice ball [in the text medicine ball].
There are references to Roman boys playing ball in the streets. Cicero describes a court case in which a man was killed while shaving because a ball hit the barber. This is probably the first historically recorded case of a person dying while playing football (at least in Europe, since it is believed that in Mesoamerica, losing teams were often sacrificed to the gods).
Athenaeus (Atheneaus) wrote about Garpastum: “Garpastum, also called Faininda, is my favorite game. Great is the effort and fatigue that accompanies the ball game, the violent twisting and breaking of the neck." Hence the words of Antithenes: "Damn, how my neck hurts."
He describes the game like this: “He grabs the ball, passes it to a friend while dodging another, and laughs. He pushes it to another. He lifts his friend to his feet. All the while, the crowd outside the field is screaming. Far away, right behind him, overhead, on the ground, in the air, too close, passing into a bunch of players.
It is also believed that the Romans brought Harpastum to the British Isles during their expansion. True, by the time they appeared, uncomplicated ball games already existed there. There is evidence of a Harpastum match between the Romans and the inhabitants of Britain - the Britons and the Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they first defeated a team of Roman legionnaires.
But even despite the victory of the conquerors, Garpastum eventually disappeared and it is very unlikely that he could give impetus to the further development of English "crowd football" (mob football).
But undoubtedly, it was the Roman gaspartum that was the immediate predecessor of European football.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire, this game remained under other names in France (“pa soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and many other states that formed in its place.
Ball game Calcio (Florence) appeared in Italy around the 16th century. Piazza della Novere in Florence is considered to be the cradle of this mesmerizing sport. Over time, the game became known as "giuoco del Calcio fiorentino" (Florentine foot game) or simply Calcio.
The first official rules of Calcio were published by Giovanni Bardi in 1580. Similar to the Roman Harpastum, two teams of 27 people played with hands and feet. Goals were counted after throwing the ball through the points marked on the perimeter of the field.
Initially, Calcio was intended for aristocrats who played it every evening between Epiphany and Lent (Epiphany and Lent). In the Vatican, Popes Clement VII, Leo IX and Urban VIII (Clement VII, Leo IX and Urban VIII) even played themselves!
Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a closed person, restrained in the manifestation of emotions, did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biography of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “if he wanted to excel, he found himself not only in painting or sculpture, but competed in the football game, which was beloved by Florentine youths.”
Since Calcio attracted enterprising people from the very beginning, it also had an impact on the international level. The director of an English private school, Richard Mulcaster, in his 1561 treatise on the education of youth, recalls the British version of "crowd football" influenced by Calcio. Calcio was forgotten for almost two hundred years, until it was revived already in the twentieth century.
The Games started again in the thirties. Now, three matches are played every year in Piazza Santa Croce in Florence in the third week of June. Modern rules allow the use of headbutts, punches, elbows, and chokes, but forbid sneaky kicks and kicks to the head.
When in the 17th century supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they got acquainted with this game there, and after the accession to the throne in 1660, Charles II brought it in England, where she became a game of courtiers.
The most popular and violent English version of the ball game was called "crowd football" and was played between teams from different villages on celebrations and holidays.
Mob football was so popular in England that even Shakespeare mentions it in his Comedy of Errors:
"Yes, if I'm such a fool already round,
To kick me like a ball?
From there he drives, and you - there;
At least sheathe it in leather! (Leaves.)"
So, according to contemporaries, in 1565 football was openly played on the streets of England. Medieval football in England was extremely reckless and rough, and the game itself was, in fact, a wild dump in the streets.
The degree of insanity is characterized by the fact that during the matches people living nearby boarded up the windows of their houses. Both "teams" tried to drive the ball into the central square of the enemy village or played against other areas of their city, gathering in the market or main square.
There are many theories about how crowd football came about. Some early versions of it, such as Shrovetide football, had rather vague rules that prohibited only killing people. Some legends (of the city of Derby) say that the game appeared in Britain around the third century during celebrations over the victory over the Romans.
Others (Kingston upon Thames and Chester) claim that it all started with the kicking of the severed head of a defeated Danish prince. The game could also have been a pagan ritual where the ball, symbolizing the sun, had to be captured and carried over the fields, which guaranteed a good harvest.
In addition, there is evidence (in Scotland) of early rugby matches played between married and single men, probably also as some kind of heretical rite.
It is possible that crowd football appeared in England during the Norman Conquest. It is known that a similar game existed in that region shortly before its appearance in England. The exact origins of the game cannot be specified, but judging by the references to prohibitions, it did drive people to extreme frenzy.
The English and the Scots played not for life, but for death. At that time, football rules did not yet exist, so the games ended with severe injuries to players and fans, often fatal. No wonder so many people hated this game.
There are records of unpleasant and even fatal incidents that occurred due to the fault of football and the crowd. Two cases, dated 1280 and 1312, describe deaths resulting from playing football with a knife on the belt. Such examples may have stimulated the development of unwritten rules and principles, but they all subsequently gave way to prohibitions.
It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; even royal orders were issued to ban the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read out to the inhabitants of London: “Because of the crush and crush, from running after big balls, there is noise and anxiety in the city, from which much evil occurs, objectionable to the Lord, I command by the highest decree from now on in the city walls ungodly This game should be banned on pain of imprisonment.
In 1365 it was Edward III's turn to ban "futeball" (futeball), due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improvement in archery. Richard II in his ban mentioned in 1389 football, dice, and tennis. Football did not like the subsequent English monarchs - from Henry IV to James II.
As you probably understood, the ban on football did not mean the end of playing it. During the Middle Ages, crowd football was practiced in many European countries. Football was played despite the bans ;-)
In Russia there have also been ball games reminiscent of football for a long time. One of these games was called "shalyga": the players tried to kick the ball into the opponent's territory with their feet. They played in bast shoes on the ice of rivers or in market squares with a leather ball stuffed with feathers. V. G. Belinsky wrote that “the games and amusements of the Russian people reflected the ingenuous severity of their morals, the heroic strength and the wide scope of their feelings.”
This drawing depicts residents of one of the cities of the Russian Empire playing ball.
Russian people went to the ball game more willingly than to the church, so it was the clergy who first of all called for the eradication of folk games. Most of all, the head of the Old Believers-schismatics, Archpriest Avvakum, who furiously urged ... to burn the participants in the games, raged the most!
However, many years of attempts by kings and kings to stop this "dangerous" game failed. Football turned out to be stronger than prohibitions, lived and developed safely, acquired a modern form and became an Olympic sport.
Football becomes... football
By the early 17th century, Richard Carew of Cornwall, in his Survey of Cornwall, attempted to introduce some sound ideas, such as the prohibition of low attacks and forward passes. These innovations, however, were not widely adopted and violence continued to be enjoyed.
Over time, rules appeared in football: players were not allowed to kick, trip, kick in the legs and below the waist. Nevertheless, power moves and all sorts of brawls were then considered an interesting feature of football, for which they loved it. Football stirred the blood.
In 1801, Joseph Strutt described football in his book Sports and Other Pastimes: “When football is started, the players are divided into two groups, so that each has the same number of players. The game is played on a field where two goals are set up eighty or one hundred yards apart.
Usually the gates are two sticks dug into the ground at a distance of two or three feet from each other. The ball - an inflated bubble covered with leather - is placed in the middle of the field. The goal of the game is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal. The first team to score a goal wins. The skill of the players is manifested in attacks on other people's gates and in the defense of their own gates.
It often happens that, being overly carried away by the game, opponents kick without ceremony and often simply knock each other down, so that the pile is small.
Then, at the beginning of the 19th century in the UK, there was a transition from "crowd football" to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined at Cambridge. And in 1857 the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield.
The year 1863 is considered the moment of the birth of the football that we know. Then representatives of already 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.
Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of handplay in various situations. It wasn't until 1871 that the goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the goal (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged).
Until the end of the 19th century. the English Football Association made a number of changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick introduced (1872); since 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; since 1891, a net appeared on the gate and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to break through. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And nets for gates were applied and patented by the Englishman Brody from Liverpool in 1890.
The oldest footage of a football match, 1897, Arsenal
The referee on the football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, the judges began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules, of course, influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873 and it began with a match between the teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0.
Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to be played in the British Isles (such tournaments are held annually even now).
At the end of the 19th century football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America. In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created. In 1908, football was included in the program of the Olympic Games.
Since then, football has spread around the world in the way we know and love it. England is considered the birthplace of football, and it really deserves this title. First of all, for centuries of loyalty to this sport. Despite any restrictions.
Yes, the game originated in the British Isles. But it was there that the first element of politics was introduced into it. There are Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland on the football map of the world. Many Scots and Welsh love their teams not for results, but only because they are a symbol of at least some kind of political independence. And in the presence of their own, separate from England, football team, local nationalists see the first step towards political independence.
Football is closely intertwined with politics in Spain. The famous club "Barcelona" is the flagship of those who are fighting for the expansion of the autonomy of Catalonia. And "Athletic" from the capital of the Basque Country, Bilbao, has been associated with the local national, and even nationalist movement since the day of its foundation. For political reasons, only ethnic Basques played in its composition during all the years of its existence.
in Italy football and political preferences are split along the lines of "left club - right club". So, among the fans of teams bearing the name of a major city (Roma, Milan, Torino), leftists prevail. And their fellow countrymen, who support Lazio, Inter and Juventus, are mostly supporters of right-wing parties.
When the right-wing politician and tycoon Silvio Berlusconi bought AC Milan, he killed two birds with one stone - sports and politics. Don Silvio also won football trophies, and won over many fans who sympathized with the left. By the way, he is a living embodiment of the fusion of politics and football. When he went to the 1994 parliamentary elections, his slogan was: "Milan won - and you will win!" Yes, and the name of the party Berlusconi "Forward, Italy!" - nothing more than the cry of the Italian tiffosi.
However, Berlusconi was not the first to politicize Italian football. Before him, it was in the 20-30s. made by dictator Benito Mussolini. Duce was a fan of the Roman "Lazio", and in 1922-1943. this club played with fascist symbols on t-shirts. At the same time, the leader got into the affairs of other teams. By Mussolini's decision, "Inter" was renamed "Ambrosiana" - it is not appropriate, they say, to have a club with that name in a national state. Only after the war, the Milan club returned to its former name.
Before the 1938 World Cup, Mussolini either jokingly or seriously promised to shoot the national team players if they did not win gold. It was not possible to check the seriousness of his intentions: the victory went to the representatives of the Apennine Peninsula.
After World War II, politics continued to infiltrate football. At the forefront of this process for some time was Soviet Union. At the 1952 Olympics, the USSR national team lost to the team of Titov's Yugoslavia. Relations between the two countries were terrible, Joseph Stalin and his entourage called the leadership of the rival country nothing more than "Tito's clique".
In Moscow, that defeat was recognized as political. Organizational conclusions followed. The multiple champion of the USSR CDSA (the base club of the national team, the predecessor of CSKA) was disbanded. A number of players and coach Boris Arkadiev lost the title of master of sports. Fortunately, no one was jailed.
In the early 60s. in terms of the politicization of football, Nikita Khrushchev and the leader of Spain, Francisco Franco, distinguished themselves twice. In those years, there were not even diplomatic relations between the countries. In 1960, by decision of the Spanish caudillo, the national team did not come to Moscow to play the quarterfinal match of the European Cup (later renamed the European Championship), and they were credited with a forfeit defeat.
When the USSR national team later won this prestigious tournament, Khrushchev commented on the event as follows: "It was he [Franco] who, from the position of the right defender of American imperialism, scored an own goal."
Four years later, the national teams of the USSR and Spain played in the final of the same Cup. Success accompanied the Spaniards. The headquarters of coach Konstantin Beskov was dispersed. It is impossible, they say, to lose to ideological opponents ...
Football has been politicized not only in Europe. So, in 1969 between the Central American states of Honduras and El Salvador happened so far the only "football" war in history. The reason was the loss of the Hondurans in the fight for a ticket to the 1970 World Cup.
From July 14 to July 20, bloody battles were fought on the border. There were no winners, the parties lost a total of six thousand people. The peace treaty was concluded only ten years later.
He stood out in terms of the politicization of football and Iran. In 1979, immediately after the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini banned the national team from participating in international tournaments. Iranian footballers, who were among the strongest in Asia, have been waiting for several years to return to the world stage. In 1998, their team finally made it to the Championship and outplayed the US team. On the occasion of the victory over the worst political enemy in Iran, a national holiday was arranged.
Let's go back to Europe. In 1974, the GDR authorities distinguished themselves. That year the World Cup was held in Germany, and the teams of the two Germanys met in a little meaningful match. East Germans scored the only goal, which was then shown on TV for a long time in the GDR for ideological purposes. The fact that the West Germans became world champions, and the author of the East German goal, Jurgen Sparwasser, defected to Germany, made the creators of the "football-ideological clip" look extremely ridiculous.
In April 1990, the championship match Yugoslavia between the Belgrade "Partizan" and the Zagreb "Dynamo" has grown into an inter-ethnic massacre of Serbs and Croats. Many political scientists believe that it was that duel that became the prologue to the upcoming war. A year later, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence, and players from these republics defiantly left the Yugoslav national team.
The team, where only Serbs, Montenegrins and Macedonians remained, for political reasons (international sanctions were imposed on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which consisted of Serbia and Montenegro), was suspended from the 1992 European Championship.
The last major surge of "football-political" passions took place in October 2002, when the teams of Georgia and Russia met in the Euro-2004 qualifying tournament in Tbilisi. Relations between the two states were not ideal even during the years of Eduard Shevardnadze's rule. That is why Georgian fans brought to the game posters with political anti-Russian slogans.
Foreign objects were flying on the field, endless insults against the Russians were heard from the stands. In addition to everything, in the middle of the first half, the lights went out. With difficulty bringing this half to an end, the referee refused to continue the match. We had to carry out a replay with half-empty stands.
Fortunately, politics and football have coexisted in more peaceful forms in recent years. For example, the presidents of Brazil and France, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (in 2007) and Nicolas Sarkozy (in 2010), personally presented their countries' bids for the 2014 World Cup and Euro 2016, respectively. I must say, both succeeded - their states received the coveted tournaments, and a holiday came to the streets of local football players and fans.
So politics can not only harm, but also help football!
1. Gymnasium and palestra
Sport played a huge role in the life of the ancient Greeks. Children went in for gymnastics under the guidance of a teacher - a gymnast and his assistants (pedotribes). These were people familiar with the rules of nutrition and the basics of medical science. From the age of 16, young ephebes began to attend an adult gymnasium, where they trained on their own, but under the supervision of special caretakers.
The gymnasium was an open sports ground, surrounded on all sides by porticos, and included the following main premises: efbeyon (room for young men to exercise); bath; apoditherion (dressing room); eleotesion (room for rubbing with oil); konisterion (a room where they showered with fine sand); spheristerion (hall for ball games); korikeion (the place where the exercises with the bag took place); indoor and outdoor corridors (drome) designed for walking and running.
Gymnastics was complemented by palestry. This was the name of a special category of physical exercises that combines military-applied sports and various types of martial arts. Classes were held in the palaestra, a building with a vast courtyard surrounded by a colonnade. In the center of the courtyard there was a platform for wrestling. The earth at this site was dug up with a pickaxe, leveled and sprinkled with sifted clean sand.
Like a gymnasium, the palestra included many rooms: eskedra (rest rooms with benches and chairs); ephebeion, korikei (fist fighters trained here); conisterion; bath; eleotesion. A mandatory accessory of the palestra was a covered portico - xist, where athletes practiced during the winter months. However, in good weather, all training sessions were held outdoors.
The athletes were served by slave boys who swept the palestra after class.
2. Oiling and ablution
Before starting training, the young men took off all their clothes in the apoditherion and went to the eleotesion, where they rubbed themselves with olive oil. The purpose of this procedure was to make all the muscles of the body supple and flexible.
We can judge how this happened from the images on ancient Greek vessels (). In the conisterion, they were sprinkled with fine sand, mined in special sand pits or even specially crushed for this purpose. The entire palestra was also strewn with soft sand.
After finishing the training, the young men returned to the rooms of the palestra, where they cleaned sweat and dirt from themselves with strigil scrapers, and then washed in the bath. However, this name is conditional, since there was no hot water in the palestra of that time. The young men again smeared the body with oil, sprinkled it with wood ash powder and rubbed it until a soap-like foam appeared. The foam was removed with a scraper, and the body was washed with cold water (). After bathing, they did a massage, and also lubricated the body and hair with olive oil.
In connection with the above, one should not be surprised that the usual items when visiting the palestra and the gymnasium, in addition to the bag (in which the disc was carried), were a sponge and a round vessel for olive oil.
3. Wrestling and fisticuffs
The art of wrestling consisted in the ability to slip away or escape from the enemy, to free hands, neck or body from his grips. This required strong muscles and a strong neck. In training, each young man was taught, first of all, simple throws and tricks, they were taught to fall quickly, quickly jump to their feet and throw the enemy into the air. Sometimes wrestlers during training sprinkled their oiled body with sand, which was stored in baskets in the conisterion. The body after that became hard and rough, and then it was especially difficult to escape from the hands of the enemy. The techniques of wrestling and fisticuffs were studied to the sound of a flute.
To protect the hands upon impact, they were wrapped with a leather belt, the length of which was 3–3.5 m. They made a small loop into which they passed all the fingers of the hand, except for the thumb. Then the fingers were wrapped several times with a belt, but not too tight so that they could be clenched into a fist. The belt was twisted on the palm and the back of the hand, twisting it tightly around the hand.
To develop strength, athletes lifted large stones and carried them from place to place. To strengthen the muscles of the legs, they ran on the sand, which was especially difficult. Fist fighters used a leather bag filled with fig stones or sand for training. It was hung on a tree branch or on a crossbar. For "stuffing" the hands, special sandbags or wooden boards were used. For balance training, a large basket with stones was used, which was gradually emptied (the student walked along its edge). Logs were hung on chains in the yard, used to practice the stability of the position. The log was moved to the side, and the subject took his blow to the chest.
4. Orchestral. ball games
One of the types of Greek gymnastics was orchestral. It was in the nature of sports games and included exercises to develop dexterity and strength. There were several specific directions here.
Kgbistes - the art of somersaulting with a run-up and reliance on hands. Even women were given this exercise. The danger was increased by somersaulting among the daggers stuck into the ground with hilts.
Cricomachia is a bag game. The bag was attached to the ceiling and lowered to the level of the player's stomach. The exercise consisted in rocking the bag strongly with both hands, and then deftly pushing it away with your hands or chest. For the weaker, it was filled with fig grains or flour, for the stronger, with sand.
However, the most common were exercises and ball games - spheristics (balls in Ancient Greece were made of multi-colored leather and stuffed with wool, down or fig grain; there were also large hollow balls). In some cases, it was supposed to catch the ball bouncing off the ground, in others - to juggle several balls. In the rooms of the palestra, the young men hit the ball with force against the wall, and when the ball bounced, they hit it with straight palms. The one who first dropped the ball was called the donkey, and he had to follow the order of the winner in this competition.
The value of spheristics in some policies (for example, in Sparta) was extremely high. Their winners were celebrated as winners in the Olympic Games. Timocrates of Sparta wrote a famous ball game manual.
The favorite Spartan game was epicyros. The players were divided into two equal teams separated by a line of pebbles. In the same way, at a certain distance on both sides, a border was drawn, beyond which neither one nor the other team had the right to cross. One of the players threw the ball, placed on the middle line, towards the opponents, who were supposed to catch it, without crossing the border drawn behind them.
Another popular game, efetinda, was based on cheating a partner. The one who threw the ball aimed it at one of the players, but actually threw it to another, so each participant had to be on the alert so that the thrown ball did not take him by surprise.
Urania. The ball was thrown high into the sky, and the other participant in the game had to jump up and catch it on the fly.
Trigon. Each of the three participants had to catch the flying ball with one hand and, quickly throwing it to the other hand, send it to one of the partners.
Harpaston. Team play: two teams tried to take the ball from each other, and the players pushed the partners from the places where they were standing. This game required dexterity and strength, as well as quick orientation in the environment.
There was also a game reminiscent of the current bandy - the partners threw the ball to each other with the help of curved sticks.
Civilization and culture of ancient Greece
Loading...