Robinson was the third son in a middle-class family, he was spoiled and not prepared for any craft. Since childhood, he dreamed of sea voyages. The hero's brothers died, so the family doesn't want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. His father begs him to strive for a modest, dignified existence. It is abstinence that will protect a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate.
However, the young man still goes to sea.
Storms, sailor drinking bouts, the possibility of death and a happy rescue - all this is met with heroism and abundance already in the first weeks of the voyage. In London, he meets the captain of a ship heading to Guinea. The captain has developed friendly feelings towards his new acquaintance and invites him to be his “companion and friend.” The captain does not take money from his new friend and does not require work. But still, the hero learned some nautical knowledge and acquired physical labor skills.
Robinson later travels to Guinea on his own. The ship is captured by Turkish corsairs. Robinson turned from a merchant into a “pathetic slave” on a robber ship. One day the owner let his guard down and our hero managed to escape with the boy Xuri.
The fugitives' boat contains a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. They are eventually picked up by a Portuguese ship, which transports Robinson to Brazil. An interesting detail that speaks about the morals of that time: the “noble captain” buys a longboat and “faithful Xuri” from the hero. However, Robinson's savior promises in ten years - "if he accepts Christianity" - to return the boy's freedom.
In Brazil, the hero buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations. He works hard, and his plantation neighbors are willing to help him. But the thirst for wandering and the dream of wealth again call Robinson to the sea. By standards modern morality the business started by Robinson and his plantation friends is inhumane: they decide to equip a ship in order to bring black slaves to Brazil. Slaves are needed on plantations!
The ship was caught in a fierce storm and was wrecked. Of the entire crew, only Robinson makes it to land. This is an island. Moreover, judging by the inspection from the top of the hill, it is uninhabited. Fearing wild animals, the hero spends the first night in a tree. In the morning, he is happy to discover that the tide has driven their ship close to the shore. Robinson swims to it, builds a raft and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns, shot and gunpowder, saws, an ax and a hammer.
The next morning, the involuntary hermit goes to the ship, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks the ship into pieces. On the shore, a thrifty and smart merchant builds a tent, hides food supplies and gunpowder in it from the sun and rain, and finally makes a bed for himself.
As he foresaw, the storm wrecked the ship and he was unable to profit from anything else.
Robinson does not know how long he will have to spend on the island, but the first thing he did was set up a reliable and safe home. And definitely in a place where you can see the sea! After all, only from there can one expect salvation. Robinson pitches a tent on a wide ledge of a rock, fencing it with a palisade of strong, pointed trunks driven into the ground. He built a cellar in a hole in the rock. This work took many days. At the first thunderstorm, a prudent merchant pours gunpowder into separate bags and boxes and hides them in different places. At the same time, he calculates how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Robinson constantly calculates everything.
The islander first hunts goats, then tames one goat - and soon he is engaged in cattle breeding, milking goats and even making cheese.
Randomly, grains of barley and rice spill out of the bag along with dust onto the ground. The islander thanks divine Providence and begins to sow the field. A few years later he is already harvesting. In the flat part of the island he finds melon and grapes. He learns to make raisins from grapes. Catches turtles, hunts hares.
The hero makes a notch on a large pillar every day. This is a calendar. Since there is ink and paper, Robinson keeps a diary in order to “at least somewhat ease my soul.” He describes in detail his activities and observations, trying to find not only despair in life, but also consolation. This diary is a kind of island scales of good and evil.
After a serious illness, Robinson begins to read every day Holy Bible. His loneliness is shared by the rescued animals: dogs, a cat and a parrot.
My cherished dream remains to build a boat. What if you manage to get to the mainland? A stubborn man takes a long time to carve out a hollow pirogue from a huge tree. But he did not take into account that the pirogue is incredibly heavy! It is still not possible to launch it into the water. Robinson acquires new skills: he sculpts pots, weaves baskets, builds himself a fur suit: trousers, a jacket, a hat... And even an umbrella!
This is how he is depicted in traditional illustrations: overgrown with a beard, wearing homemade furry clothes and with a parrot on his shoulder.
In the end, they managed to make a boat with a sail and launch it into the water. It is useless for long journeys, but you can get around a rather large island by sea.
One day Robinson sees a bare foot print in the sand. He is scared and sits in the “fortress” for three days. What if they are cannibals, human eaters? Even if they don’t eat it, the savages can destroy the crops and disperse the herd.
Confirming his worst suspicions, having emerged from hiding, he sees the remains of a cannibal feast.
The islander is still worried. Once he managed to recapture a young savage from the cannibals. It was on Friday - that’s what Robinson called the rescued man. Friday turned out to be a capable student, a faithful servant and a good comrade. Robinson began to teach the savage, first of all teaching three words: “master” (meaning himself), “yes” and “no”. He teaches Friday to pray to “the true God, and not to “the old man Bunamooka who lives high on the mountain.”
The island, which had been deserted for many years, suddenly begins to be visited by people: they managed to recapture Friday’s father and the captive Spaniard from the savages. A team of rebels from an English ship brings the captain, mate and passenger to massacre. Robinson understands: this is a chance for salvation. He frees the captain and his comrades, and together they deal with the villains.
The two main conspirators are hanging on the yardarm, five more are left on the island. They are given provisions, tools and weapons.
Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey was completed: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago. Having gone to Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury. All income for this period was returned to the owner of the plantation. A rich traveler takes two nephews into his care, and designates the second as a sailor.
At sixty-one, Robinson marries. He has two sons and a daughter growing up.
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Since childhood, Robinson dreamed of sea voyages. He was youngest child in the family, and he did not need rationality. The father, a sedate and measured man, persuaded his son to come to his senses and begin to lead an ordinary, modest existence. But the admonitions of his father and mother do not help, and in September 1651 the hero sails to London.
From the very beginning sea travel the ship encounters several storms. The ship is sinking, and the crew is picked up by a boat. Such tests do not stop Robinson. In London, he meets an experienced captain who takes him on a trip to Guinea and even teaches him seamanship. Returning to England, Robinson decides to travel to Guinea on his own. But this expedition was very unsuccessful. The ship is captured by robbers. Robinson was a servant to the captain of a pirate ship for two years. The hero decides to escape, and together with the boy Xuri they steal a boat.
While sailing, they are picked up by a Portuguese ship. The ship's captain agrees to take Robinson to Brazil. There the hero stops thoroughly, he even acquires a plantation for growing tobacco. But then such a calm existence begins to remind him of his parents’ home. The desire for new travels forces Robinson to break this pattern.
The reason for a new expedition comes spontaneously; the planters want to get slaves for work. But bringing them from Africa is very expensive. Therefore, a ship is being equipped for Guinea. Robinson sails on it as a ship's clerk. The ship is caught in a severe storm and the entire crew dies. Only Robinson is thrown ashore on a desert island.
The first night he sleeps in a tree. On the second day, he finds the raft on which the crew tried to escape and, at the cost of threatening his own life, delivers him to the island. The hero also discovers his broken ship not far from the shore; he sails there 12 times for the most useful things - tools, gunpowder, food, clothing. At night, a new storm leaves nothing of the ship.
Robinson's main concern at first was the construction of housing. He finds a clearing and builds a tent there. The hero tries to survive by all available means. He masters farming. He hunts goats and then turns them into pets. Since Robinson is actually lost in time, he makes a kind of calendar from a pillar on which he puts a mark about each day he has lived. Then Robinson falls ill with a fever and even reads a prayer of repentance to survive.
After the earthquake, the hero moves his hut to the coast, still hoping for salvation from a random ship. Robinson then decides to build a boat to sail to the mainland. For several months he has been making big tree pie, but it is not possible to launch it. He sews himself a fur suit, even makes himself an umbrella from the rain and sun.
One day, Robinson discovers a human footprint on the sand. This discovery really frightens him. He suspects that they may be savages who will destroy his home and supplies or eat him. Robinson lives in fear for two years, looks at the sea with caution, it is from there that the savages come.
One day, cannibal savages come to the island to celebrate their cannibalistic funeral feast, but their captive escapes. Robinson kills his pursuers. The rescued one becomes a real comrade for Robinson. The hero calls him Friday. Robinson teaches him to speak English. According to Friday, his fellow tribesmen live on the mainland with Spaniards from a sunken ship. Their comrades are even plotting to free them. The plans are disrupted when the savages bring Friday's father and the Spaniard to the island for reprisals. Robinson and Friday free them.
New visitors visit the island every other week. The sailors of an English ship decide to kill their captain on the island. Robinson frees them by killing the villains. The captain agrees to take Robinson to England. The 28-year journey is coming to an end. The hero's parents died long ago. He becomes a wealthy man thanks to the income from a plantation in Brazil. The hero marries successfully and has a son and daughter.
Robinson dreamed of traveling since childhood. His parents tried their best to persuade him not to go to sea. They have already lost two sons. One of Robinson's brothers died in the battle with the Spaniards, the second went missing. But despite everything, on September 1, 1651, Robinson Crusoe sailed from Hull to London.
The first day of the voyage was marked by a severe storm, which awakened remorse in Robinson’s soul. But drinking with other sailors quickly relieved him of this feeling. The storm returned a week later. The ship sank. The crew miraculously escaped on a boat. But Robinson does not give up his intention to become a sailor.
As a friend of the captain, Robinson sails on another ship to Guinea. During the journey, he acquires some knowledge in maritime affairs and soon sets off on his own to Guinea. The expedition was unsuccessful. The ship was captured by a Turkish corsair, and Robinson had to go through a testing period. From a successful merchant he turned into a slave. Only two years later he managed to escape. He was picked up by a Portuguese ship bound for Brazil.
In Brazil it is being thoroughly established. Breaks up sugar cane and tobacco plantations. His business is going well, but his passion for travel does not leave him.
There were not enough workers on the plantations, and Robinson and his plantation neighbors decided to secretly bring slaves from Guinea on a ship and divide them among themselves. Robinson himself was supposed to act as a ship's clerk and be responsible for the purchase of blacks. And the neighbors promised to look after his plantations in his absence. On September 1, 1659 he sails. Two weeks later, Robinson, shipwrecked and miraculously surviving, finds himself on the shore of the island. He soon realizes that the island is uninhabited. Having reached his ship, which the tide washed ashore, he loads onto the raft everything he might need for life on the island. Having visited the ship several times, he brought food supplies, gunpowder, tackle and other necessary things on the raft.
Robinson arranges a safe and secure home on the hillside. Establishes agriculture and cattle breeding, maintains a calendar, making notches on the pillar. I live with him three cats, a dog from the ship and a talking parrot. He keeps a journal of his observations using paper and ink from the ship. So Robinson spends several years on the island in everyday worries and waiting for salvation. His attempt to build a boat and sail away from the island ends in failure.
During one of his walks, Robinson saw a footprint in the sand. Fearing that these are traces of cannibal savages, he does not leave his part of the island for two years, and his life gradually returns to normal.
Twenty-three years have passed since the day he arrived on the island. He is still waiting for salvation. Loneliness upsets him, and he comes up with a cunning plan. Decides to save a savage destined for slaughter and find a friend and ally in him. After another year and a half, he succeeds.
Robinson's life was filled with new worries. He named the rescued savage Friday. He turned out to be a loyal comrade and a capable student. Robinson teaches him to wear clothes, speak English and eradicates his savage habits. Friday tells Robinson that seventeen captive Spaniards live on the mainland. They decide to build a pirogue and rescue the prisoners. But their plans are disrupted by the savages who brought Friday’s father and one of the Spaniards to the island. Robinson and Friday free them and send them to the mainland. A week later, new guests appeared on the island. The ship's crew decided to deal with their captain, his assistant and the ship's passenger. Robinson saves them and together they deal with the villains. Robinson asks to deliver him and Friday to England.
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The ship on which Robinson Crusoe went on a journey suffered an accident during a storm: it ran aground. The entire crew died, except one sailor. This was Robinson Crusoe, who was thrown onto a desert island by a wave.
The events in the novel are narrated on behalf of the main character. It tells how Robinson Crusoe was able to save the things he needed from the ship, how he was struck by the thought: if the crew had not been afraid of the storm and had not abandoned the ship, everyone would have remained alive.
First of all, I put on the raft all the boards that I found on the ship, and on them I placed three sailor’s chests, having first broken their locks and emptied them. Having carefully weighed which items were needed, I selected them and filled all three boxes with them. In one of them I put food supplies: rice, crackers, three heads of Dutch cheese, five large pieces of dried goat meat, which was the main food on the ship, and the remains of grain for the chickens, which we took with us and had been eating for a long time. there was barley mixed with wheat; to my great regret, it later turned out that it was spoiled by rats...
After a long search I found our carpenter's box, and it was a precious find that I would not have traded at that time for a whole ship's worth of gold. I put this box on the raft without even looking into it, because I knew approximately what tools were in it.
Now all I had to do was stock up on weapons and ammunition. In the wardroom I found two wonderful hunting rifles and two pistols, which I transported onto the raft along with several powder flasks, a small bag of shot and two old rusty swords. I knew that there were three barrels of gunpowder on the ship, but I didn’t know where our gunner kept them1. But, after searching well, I found all three: one was wet, and two were completely dry, and I dragged them onto the raft along with the weapons...
Now I had to examine the surroundings and choose for myself comfortable spot for housing, where I could add up my property without fear that it would be lost. I did not know where I ended up: on a continent or on an island, in an inhabited or uninhabited country; I didn’t know whether predatory animals were threatening me or not...
I made another discovery: not a single piece of cultivated land was visible anywhere - the island, by all indications, was uninhabited, maybe predators lived here, but so far I have not seen a single one; but there were a lot of birds, though completely unknown to me...
Now I was more concerned about how to protect myself from savages, if any appeared, and from predators, if they were found on the island...
At the same time, I wanted to comply with several conditions that were extremely necessary for me: firstly, a healthy area and fresh water, which I have already mentioned, secondly - shelter from the heat, thirdly - safety from predators, both two-legged and four-legged, and finally, fourthly, the sea should be visible from my home so as not to lose chance to be freed, if only God had sent a ship, because I didn’t want to give up hope of salvation...
Before setting up the tent, I drew a semicircle in front of the depression, ten yards in radius and, therefore, twenty yards in diameter.
I filled this semicircle with two rows of strong stakes, driving them so deep that they stood firmly, like piles. I sharpened the upper ends of the stakes...
I didn’t break through the doors in the fence, but climbed over the palisade using a short ladder. Having entered my room, I took the stairs and, feeling reliably fenced off from the whole world, I could sleep peacefully at night, which under other conditions, as it seemed to me, would have been impossible. However, as it turned out later, all these precautions against imaginary enemies were unnecessary...
My situation seemed very sad to me. I was thrown by a terrible storm onto an island that lay far from the destination of our ship and several hundred miles from the trade routes, and I had every reason to believe that this was how heaven had judged that here, in this solitude and solitude, I would have to end my days. Copious tears streamed down my face as I thought about it...
Ten or twelve days passed, and it occurred to me that, in the absence of books, pen and ink, I would lose track of the days and finally cease to distinguish weekdays from holidays. To prevent this, I placed a large pillar on the spot on the shore where the sea had thrown me, and, having written the inscription on a wide wooden board in letters: “Here I set foot on the shore on September 30, 1659,” I nailed it crosswise to the post.
Each time I made a notch on this quadrangular pillar with a knife; every seventh day, made it twice as long - this meant Sunday; I celebrated the first day of each month even longer Zarubin. This is how I kept my calendar, marking days, weeks, months and years.
It is also impossible not to mention that we had two cats and a dog on the ship - I will tell you in due time interesting story the life of these animals on the island. I took both cats ashore with me; as for the dog, he jumped off the ship himself and came to me on the second day after I transported my first cargo. He has been my faithful servant for many years...
As already said, I took feathers, ink and paper from the ship. I saved them as much as I could and, while I had ink, I carefully wrote down everything; it happened that when he was gone, I had to give up writing, I didn’t know how to make my own ink and couldn’t figure out what to replace it with...
The time came when I began to seriously reflect on my situation and the circumstances in which I found myself, and began to write down my thoughts - not in order to leave them to people who would have to experience the same thing as me (I doubt there are many such people ), but to express everything that tormented and gnawed at me, and thereby ease my soul at least a little. And how hard it was for me, my mind slowly overcame despair. I tried my best to console myself with the thought that even worse could have happened, and contrasted good with evil. Quite rightly, as if profits and expenses, I wrote down all the troubles that I had to experience, and next to it - all the joys that befell my lot.
I was thrown onto a terrible, uninhabited island and I have no hope of salvation.
I would be singled out and separated from the whole world and doomed to grief.
I stand apart from all humanity; I am a hermit, exiled from human society.
I have few clothes, and soon I will have nothing to cover my body.
I am defenseless against attacks from people and animals.
I have no one to talk to and calm myself down.
But I’m alive, I didn’t drown like all my comrades.
But I am distinguished from our entire crew by the fact that death spared only me, and the one who so strangely saved me from death will rescue me from this bleak situation.
But I did not starve and did not die in this deserted place where a person has nothing to live from.
But I live in a hot climate where I would hardly wear clothes even if I had any.
But I ended up on an island where there are no such predatory animals as on the shores of Africa. What would happen to me if I were thrown out there?
But God worked a miracle by driving our ship so close to the shore that I not only managed to stock up on everything necessary to satisfy my daily needs, but also have the opportunity to provide myself with food for the rest of my days.
All this irrefutably testifies that it is unlikely that there has ever been such an evil situation in the world, where next to the bad there would not have been something good for which one should be grateful: the bitter experience of a person who suffered the most misfortune on earth shows that we will always find a consolation that must be capitalized in the calculation of good and evil. "
Robinson Crusoe's attention was drawn to the cannibal savages who brought prisoners to Robinson's island for a sacrificial ritual. Robinson decided to save one of the unfortunate people, so that this person would become a consolation in his lonely life, and also, possibly, a guide for crossing to the mainland.
One day, happiness smiled on Robinson: one of the captured cannibal savages ran away from his executioners, who were pursuing the prisoner.
I became convinced that the distance between them was increasing and that when he managed to run like this for another half hour, they would not catch him.
They were separated from my castle by a cove, which I had already mentioned more than once at the beginning of the story: the same one where I moored with my rafts when I was transporting Property from our ship. I clearly saw that the fugitive would have to swim across it, otherwise he would be caught. Indeed, without hesitation, he threw himself into the water, although it was just a tributary, in just thirty strokes he swam across the bay, climbed out to the opposite bank and, without slowing down, rushed on. Of his three pursuers, only two rushed into the water, and the third did not dare, because, apparently, he did not know how to swim. He stood hesitantly on the shore, looked after the other two, and then slowly walked back.
This is how Robinson made a friend, whom he named Friday in honor of the day of the week on which the event of the prisoner’s liberation took place.
It was good guy, tall, impeccably built, with straight, strong arms and legs and a well-developed body. He looked about twenty-six years old. There was nothing wild or cruel in his face. It was a manly face with the soft and gentle expression of a European, especially when he smiled. His hair was long and black, but not curly, like sheep's wool; the forehead is high and wide, the eyes are lively and brilliant; the color of the skin is not black, but dark, but not that nasty yellow-red hue like that of the Brazilian or Virginia Indians, but rather olive, very pleasant to the eye, although it is difficult to describe. His face was round and full, his nose was small, but not at all flattened, like that of blacks. In addition, he had a well-defined mouth with thin lips and regular shape, white, like Ivory, excellent teeth.
No one else, perhaps, had such an affectionate, such a faithful and devoted servant as my Friday: no anger, no stubbornness, no self-will; always kind and helpful, he leaned against me as if to my own father. I am sure that if necessary, he would give his life for me. He proved his loyalty more than once, and so: soon the slightest doubts disappeared from me, and I was convinced that I did not need warning at all."
However, Robinson Crusoe was a careful man: he did not immediately rush to the boat that moored from the ship to the shore.
Among the 11 people, three were prisoners, whom they decided to land on this island. Robinson learned from the prisoners that they were the captain, his assistant and one passenger; The ship is captured by rebels, and the captain entrusts Robinson with the role of leader in the fight against the rebels. Meanwhile, another boat lands ashore - with pirates. During the battle, some of the rebels die, while others appear to Robinson's team.
So the opportunity opened up for Robinson to return home.
I decided not to let the five hostages sitting in the cave go anywhere. Twice a day Friday gave them food and drink; two other prisoners brought food to a certain place, and from there Friday received them. I appeared to those two hostages, accompanied by the captain. He told them that I am the governor’s confidant, I am entrusted with looking after the prisoners, without my permission they have no right to go anywhere, and at the first disobedience they will be shackled and put in a castle...
Now the captain could easily equip two boats, repair a hole in one of them and select a crew for them. He appointed his passenger as commander of one boat and gave him four people, and he and his assistant and five sailors boarded the second boat. They timed it so precisely that they arrived at the ship at midnight. When they could already be heard from the ship, the captain ordered Robinson to call out to the crew and say that they had brought people and a boat and that they had to look for them for a long time, and also tell them something, just to distract attention with conversations, and meanwhile pester board. The captain and the first mate ran to the deck and knocked down the second mate and the ship's carpenter with the butts of their guns. With the support of their sailors, they captured everyone on deck and on the quarterdeck, and then began to lock the hatches to keep the rest below...
The captain's mate called for help, despite his wound, burst into the cabin and shot the new captain in the head; the bullet entered the mouth and exited the ear, killing the rebel outright. Then the entire crew surrendered, and not another drop of blood was shed. When everything was clear, the captain ordered seven cannon shots, as we had agreed in advance, to notify me of the successful completion of the matter. Waiting for this signal, I stayed on the shore until two o'clock in the morning. You can imagine how happy I was to hear him.
Having clearly heard all seven shots, I lay down and, tired from the worries of that day, fell soundly asleep. I was awakened by the sound of another shot. I instantly jumped up and heard someone calling me: “Governor, governor!” I immediately recognized the captain's voice. He stood above my fortress, on a hill. I quickly went up to him, he squeezed me in his arms and, pointing to the ship, said:
- My dear friend and savior, here is your ship! He is yours with all that is on them, and with all of us.
So I left the island on December 19, 1686, according to the ship's records, having stayed on it twenty-eight years, two months and nineteen days. I was released from this second captivity on the same date as when I fled on a longboat from the Salesk Moors.
After a long sea voyage, I arrived in England on June 11, 1687, having been absent for thirty-five years.
Gunner - a person who maintains cannons.
Translation by E. Krizhevich
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