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Pollution of fresh groundwater occurs practically unimpeded both from above - through the aeration zone, and from below - by pressure water from deep-lying aquifers. The penetration of polluted water from above is controlled by the degree of natural protection of groundwater. The inflow of water from the bottom is due to the disturbance of natural water-resistant strata by numerous wells and artificially created disturbances in the continuity of the covers of oil deposits. Forced increase in reservoir pressure intensifies the penetration of brines, oils, gases into the upper horizons through tectonic faults and lithological windows of various genesis.
Industrial wastewater of high salinity can also be a significant source of pollution of fresh groundwater. Their number can reach 3 m3 per 1 ton of produced oil. The main pollutant is chlorides, less often sulfates, sodium, calcium and hydrocarbons of crude oils. During well flooding, the same waters can become contaminants of fresh (artesian) horizons, penetrating through the annular space of wells, as well as due to ascending flows into the overlying aquifers during the ejection mode of field operation.
Surface waters are a significant source of fresh groundwater pollution in oil and gas and gas condensate fields, since part of industrial wastewater is discharged into surface water bodies and streams. In addition, the components of the considered effluents enter the aquifers of subzone I as a result of infiltration from their reservoirs. Industrial wastewater is the associated produced1 formation water of the II subzone of technogenic pressure on the underground hydrosphere. Their number depends on the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the field, the rate and technology of hydrocarbon extraction, and the period of its operation. The main polluting components of industrial wastewater are chlorides (rarely sulfates), sodium, calcium, and crude oil hydrocarbons.
The final and unambiguous conclusion was made about the prevailing (82 - 90%) pollution of fresh groundwater as a result of surface spills of highly mineralized formation waters and oil products due to depressurization of oil field facilities and communications. The basis for the design of systems for forced desalination of contaminated springs has been prepared.
The final and unambiguous conclusion is made about the prevailing (82 - 90%) pollution of fresh groundwater as a result of surface spills of highly mineralized formation waters and oil products due to depressurization of oil field facilities and communications. The basis for the design of systems for forced desalination of contaminated springs has been prepared.
The results of hydrogeological studies carried out in the areas of oil fields in the Cis-Urals allow us to conclude that fresh groundwater pollution occurs mainly from above, that is, through the aeration zone. The vulnerability of the upper production aquifers to pollution, high concentrations of pollutants in them, high rates of migration of the latter vertically and laterally in a number of oil fields are explained by the high filtration properties of the rocks of the aeration zone and reservoir horizons by downward flows through clay layers. As a result, the fresh water zone for its entire thickness (up to 250 m) turns out to be saline within several years from the moment of the entry of pollutants.
In this work, the issue of water quality at the water intake is considered primarily in connection with natural substandard waters, which are hereinafter referred to for brevity as salt waters. However, the solutions presented can also be used to predict water quality due to pollution of fresh groundwater, although in this case additional questions related to the field of physicochemical hydrodynamics may arise and require special consideration.
If it is impossible to continue drilling for geological and technological reasons, plans for conservation and liquidation are also coordinated with the emergency rescue service and Gosgortekhnadzor. In case of revealing oil, gas or formation waters in the area of the wellheads subject to liquidation, as well as contamination of fresh groundwater with oil products, measures are taken to eliminate sources of pollution according to an additional plan.
Technogenic pollution of groundwater is considered to be the appearance of harmful impurities in them in an amount that violates the ability of the environment to self-purify, which makes this water partially or completely unusable. Certain MPC standards for individual components serve as a quantitative characteristic of pollution. Pollution of fresh groundwater is expressed in an increase in their mineralization, an increase in the content of components atypical for them (chlorides, sulfates, calcium, iron, etc.), the appearance of substances unusual for them (inorganic and organic) in the waters, a change in temperature, pH value, the appearance of odor, coloring, microorganisms.
Assessment of the natural protection of groundwater from pollution is one of the important hydrogeological problems. At present, the processes of technogenic impact on groundwater in Bashkortostan have turned from local to regional. In this regard, the threat of fresh groundwater pollution is many times greater than the threat of their quantitative shortage. Under these conditions, the assessment of the natural protection of groundwater from pollution is not only theoretical, but also of great practical interest.
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, groundwater. Occurs when contaminants enter the water directly or indirectly in the absence of quality measures to purify and remove harmful substances.
In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible because the pollutants are dissolved in the water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as oil products floating on the surface and untreated wastewater. There are several natural pollutants. Aluminum compounds found in the ground enter the freshwater system as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wash out magnesium compounds from the soil of meadows, which cause enormous damage to fish stocks.
However, the amount of natural pollutants is negligible compared to that produced by humans. Thousands of chemicals with unpredictable effects enter water bodies every year, many of which are new chemical compounds. High concentrations of toxic heavy metals (such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium), pesticides, nitrates and phosphates, petroleum products, surfactants (surfactants), drugs and hormones that can also get into drinking water can be found in water. water. As you know, up to 12 million tons of oil gets into the seas and oceans every year.
Acid rain also makes a certain contribution to the increase in the concentration of heavy metals in water. They are able to dissolve minerals in the soil, which leads to an increase in the content of heavy metal ions in the water. From nuclear power plants, radioactive waste gets into the water cycle in nature.
Discharge of untreated wastewater into water sources leads to microbiological contamination of the water. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of diseases in the world are caused by inappropriate quality and unsanitary water conditions. In rural areas, the problem of water quality is especially acute - about 90% of all rural residents in the world constantly use contaminated water for drinking and bathing.
Sources of pollution:
- Pollutants enter freshwater in a variety of ways: through accidents, deliberate waste disposal, spills and leaks.
- The largest potential source of pollution is farming, which occupies almost 80% of the land in England and Wales. Some of the untreated animal manure that covers the soil enters fresh water sources.
- In addition, farmers in England and Wales apply 2.5 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the soil annually, and some of this fertilizer ends up in fresh water. Some of them are persistent organic compounds that enter the food chain and cause environmental problems. Today, the UK is curtailing the production of organochlorine compounds produced in large quantities in the 1950s.
- An increasing threat to freshwater reservoirs is posed by wastewater discharged by fish farms, due to the widespread use of pharmaceuticals to combat fish diseases.
- Rapid pollution of groundwater around cities. The source is the increasing number of contaminated wells due to improper operation.
- Forestry and open drainage are sources of large quantities of substances that enter freshwater, primarily iron, aluminum and cadmium. With the growth of trees, the acidity of the forest soil increases, and torrential rains form very acidic runoffs that are detrimental to wildlife.
- Once in a river, slurry can cause a serious environmental disaster, since its concentration is 100 times higher than that of wastewater treated at sewage treatment plants.
- Atmospheric pollution of fresh water is especially harmful. There are two types of such pollutants: coarse (
The chemical properties of natural water are determined by the amount and composition of foreign impurities that are present in it. With the development of modern industry, the issue of global freshwater pollution is becoming more and more urgent.
According to scientists, in the near future water resources suitable for use in household activities will become catastrophically small, since water pollution sources, even in the presence of treatment facilities, negatively affect surface and ground waters.
Drinking water pollution is a process of changing physical and chemical parameters and organoleptic properties of water, which provides for some restrictions in the further exploitation of the resource. Of particular relevance is the pollution of fresh water, the quality of which is directly related to human health and longevity.
Water quality is determined taking into account the degree of importance of resources - rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs. When identifying possible deviations from the norm, the reasons that led to the pollution of surface and ground waters are determined. Based on the analysis obtained, prompt measures are taken to eliminate the pollutants.
What causes water pollution
There are many factors that can lead to water pollution. This is not always the fault of people or the development of industry. Man-made disasters and cataclysms, which can lead to a violation of favorable environmental conditions, have a great influence.
Industrial companies can cause significant harm to the environment by polluting water with chemical waste. A special danger is posed by biological pollution of domestic and economic origin. This includes wastewater from residential buildings, utilities, educational and social institutions.
The water resource can be polluted during periods of heavy rainfall and snowmelt when rainfall comes from agricultural land, farms and pastures. The high content of pesticides, phosphorus and nitrogen can lead to an environmental disaster, since such wastewater cannot be treated.
Another source of pollution is air: dust, gas and smoke from it settle on the water surface. Refined products are more dangerous for natural reservoirs. Polluted runoffs appear in oil production zones or as a result of man-made disasters.
What pollution are underground sources subject to?
Sources of groundwater pollution can be roughly divided into several categories: biological, chemical, thermal, radiation.
Biological origin
Biological contamination of groundwater is possible due to the ingress of pathogenic organisms, viruses and bacteria. The main sources of water pollution are sewer and drainage wells, inspection pits, septic tanks and filtration zones, where wastewater is treated as a result of household activities.
Groundwater pollution occurs on agricultural land and farms, where people actively use strong chemicals and fertilizers.
No less dangerous are vertical cracks in rocks, through which chemical contaminants penetrate into the pressure water layers. In addition, they can seep into the autonomous water supply system in the event of deformations or insufficient insulation of the water intake column.
Thermal origin
It occurs as a result of a significant increase in groundwater temperature. This often occurs due to the mixing of underground and surface sources, the discharge of process wastewater into treatment wells.
Radiation origin
Groundwater can be contaminated as a result of bomb explosion tests - neutron, atomic, hydrogen, as well as in the process of manufacturing nuclear reactors and weapons.
Sources of pollution - nuclear power plants, storage of radioactive components, mines and mines for the extraction of rocks with a natural level of radioactivity.
Sources of drinking water pollution can cause significant harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, we need to save the water we drink in order to ensure a long and happy existence for ourselves.
Water is the most valuable natural resource. Its role is to participate in the metabolic process of all substances that are the basis of any life form. It is impossible to imagine the activities of industrial, agricultural enterprises without the use of water, it is irreplaceable in the everyday life of a person. Water is necessary for everyone: people, animals, plants. For some, it is a habitat.
The rapid development of human life, the careless use of resources led to the fact that environmental problems (including water pollution) have become too acute. Their solution is in the first place for humanity. Scientists, ecologists around the world sound the alarm and try to find a solution to the world's problem
Sources of water pollution
There are many reasons for pollution, and not always the human factor is to blame. Natural disasters also harm clean water bodies and upset the ecological balance.
The most common sources of water pollution are:
nuclear weapons testing;
dumping of radioactive waste;
major accidents (ships with nuclear reactors, ChNPP);
burial at the bottom of the oceans, seas of radioactive waste.
Industrial, domestic waste water. Having not passed the system of cleaning from chemical harmful substances, they, falling into the reservoir, provoke an ecological catastrophe.
Tertiary refining. Water is processed with powders, special compositions, filtered in many stages, killing harmful organisms and destroying other substances. It is used for the household needs of citizens, as well as in the food industry, in agriculture.
- radioactive contamination of water
The main sources that pollute the oceans include the following radioactive factors:
Environmental problems and water pollution, including those directly related to the contamination of radioactive waste. For example, French and British nuclear plants have infected virtually the entire North Atlantic. Our country has become the culprit for the pollution of the Arctic Ocean. Three nuclear underground reactors, as well as the production of Krasnoyarsk-26, littered the largest Yenisei River. Obviously, radioactive products ended up in the ocean.
Pollution of the world's waters with radionuclides
The problem of pollution of the waters of the World Ocean is acute. Let's briefly list the most dangerous radionuclides that get into it: cesium-137; cerium-144; strontium-90; niobium-95; yttrium-91. All of them have a high bioaccumulative capacity, move along food chains and concentrate in marine organisms. This creates a danger for both humans and aquatic organisms.
The waters of the Arctic seas are heavily polluted by various sources of radionuclide intake. Humans recklessly dump hazardous waste into the ocean, thereby rendering it dead. The man has probably forgotten that the ocean is the main wealth of the earth. It has powerful biological and mineral resources. And if we want to survive, we urgently need to take measures to save him.
Solutions
Rational consumption of water, protection from pollution are the main tasks of mankind. Ways of solving environmental problems of water pollution lead to the fact that, first of all, great attention should be paid to the discharge of hazardous substances into rivers. On an industrial scale, it is necessary to improve wastewater treatment technologies. In Russia, it is necessary to introduce a law that would increase the collection of fees for discharges. The proceeds should be directed to the development and construction of new environmental technologies. For the smallest emissions, the fee should be reduced, this will serve as a motivation for maintaining a healthy environmental situation.
The upbringing of the younger generation plays an important role in solving environmental problems. From an early age, it is necessary to teach children to respect and love nature. To instill in them that the Earth is our big home, for the order in which every person is responsible. Water must be protected, not pouring it thoughtlessly, trying to prevent foreign objects and harmful substances from entering the sewer system.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to say that environmental problems of Russia and water pollution excite, perhaps, everyone. Thoughtless squandering of water resources, littering of rivers with various garbage has led to the fact that there are very few clean, safe corners left in nature.Environmentalists have become much more vigilant, multiple measures are being taken to restore order in the environment. If each of us thinks about the consequences of our barbaric, consumerist attitude, the situation can be corrected. Only together mankind will be able to save water bodies, the World Ocean and, possibly, the life of future generations.
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