Whether the pretext is by. Non-derivative and derivative prepositions: rule, list, examples

Of course, in terms of uniqueness, any language is worthy of high marks. But can each of them boast of its richness of vocabulary, a gigantic set of grammatical forms, deep complex and simple syntax, majestic morphology? Prepositions in Russian provide a high rate of uniqueness.

Special part of speech

Prepositions in Russian are a separate part of speech. Their classes and ranks also require close attention.

In modern Russian language there are 6 independent parts of speech:

1. Noun.
2. Verb.
3. Adjective.
4. Numeral.

In addition to this group, linguists identify another one, which they called service parts of speech (p.p.). Its elements perform “minor” functions, but in higher language formations (syntax) their role is significantly higher, since without them it will not be possible to compose a sentence. This includes 3 main groups:

• Union.
• Particle.
• Preposition (a special group of interjections is additionally distinguished).

Of all the above, h.r. The third one is the most interesting. The preposition cannot answer any of the questions and is always written before the noun. At its core, it is a kind of glue or solution used to construct a syntactic whole (sentence). The text is built from sentences, which means that prepositions perform very important function in the text. Thus, a definition can be formulated.

The preposition is service part speech, which serves to connect words in a sentence.

Basic classifications

Based on their origin and structure, derivative and non-derivative prepositions are distinguished. Non-derivatives have never been other parts of speech or their morphemes. Derivatives were formed by the transition of an independent part of speech into auxiliary ones. For the Russian language, this phenomenon is not rare and often happens when one part of speech gradually acquires the morphological characteristics of another. The phenomenon of part-time transition is constantly being studied by scientists. The main tool for such analysis is the identification of patterns in modern language processes.

Based on their structure, there are groups of simple ones: in, under, on; and components: despite, in conclusion.

To understand the writing of derivative prepositions and their homonymous forms, you need to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of their formation. You should find out with examples how homonymous forms should be written, how they are emphasized and how they differ from each other in writing. To do this you need to create a table.

The data in the table indicate that it is necessary to distinguish between independent h.r. and derived prepositions, since this determines which part of the sentence the words are. If you determine the h.r. incorrectly, you can make a mistake in the end. This means that there is a risk of violating the rules for separating additions and circumstances.

There are three types of derivatives:

• Formed from a noun (by, in continuation).
• Formed from an adverb (around, during, as a result of, in view of, about).
• Formed from the gerund (thanks to, despite).

It should be noted that when moving from a noun, adverb or gerund, the word is deprived morphological features independent h.r. It changes one morphological category to another. For example, gender, number, case, etc. are lost.

Morphological analysis is a way to prove which h.r. is the word. Any of them has morphological characteristics (categories). You need to look at an example of such analysis.

Morphological analysis consists of 3 actions:

1. Definition of part of speech. General meaning.
2. Determining the type of preposition - simple or compound, derivative or non-derivative.

This is how an oral discussion is built. In practice (in writing) it looks like this:

The earth is buried under the tall grass.

1. Under - pretext.
2. Buried (x) (under what?) underground.
3. Morphological characteristics: simple, non-derivative.

Until now, not everyone knows how a preposition is emphasized in a sentence, and it is graphically highlighted incorrectly. According to the generally accepted rule, it can only be denoted as a noun associated with it.

If in a sentence the noun is an object (underlined by a dotted line), then the clause will be underlined in the same way (above the forest). If the noun in the sentence is a circumstance, then the item will be emphasized in the same way.

Many people underline a clause in the same way as an adjective (with a wavy line) if it stands between a noun and a preposition. This is not true. It is always associated only with a noun and reflects the case form of this part of speech, but it is only connected with an adjective by its dependence on the noun.

With what h.r. not used

Since only nouns can be used with p., we can say that this quality extends to p. p., the morphological characteristics of which similar to a noun:

• Pronoun (except adjective pronouns).
• Participle.
• Quantitative nouns.

With these ch.r. a preposition can be combined, but there is never a connection with adjectives, adverbs, ordinal numbers. This is due to the fact that the above ch.r. in their morphological categories they are similar to the adjective, and the preposition does not depend on it.

It should be noted that this is a function word. It expresses the dependence of pronouns or nouns on other words in a sentence or phrase.

Why do you need a pretext?

It may seem that prepositions, which by their nature do not convey anything when taken away from the context, are absolutely unnecessary in speech. However, if you try to remove these small words from the conversation, the connection in the sentence will be broken. The phrase will simply crumble, like beads on a torn thread, into separate components! And to assert the fact that prepositions do not carry any information is, to say the least, absurd. For example, the sentence “The hospital is located... by a bridge” without this dependent part of speech carries absolutely no information. After all, the hospital, based on the incomplete information received due to the lack of a pretext, may be located as under the bridge, so behind the bridge. So, especially if the bridge is quite large, this incomplete indication may be of poor service. And the error will be caused by the fact that there is no preposition in the sentence. Which part of speech adds additional information to speech and ensures the connection of words in a sentence? Already in elementary school, students know the answer to this question. As a part of speech, it is not independent, but without it the verb cannot be combined with nouns and pronouns in some cases.

Connection of words in a sentence

Nouns and pronouns to which the preposition refers are declined. The preposition, as an auxiliary part of speech, is included in the question, which establishes the type of connection between words. For example, in the sentence “Nikolai was fishing on the river,” there is a relationship between the verb “fished” and the noun “on the river.” The connection between them is defined as follows: fished (where?) on the river or fished (on what?) on the river. And in the sentence “He put the fish in the fish tank,” using the question, you can establish the following construction: put (where?) in the fish tank or put (in what?) in a fish tank. When defining the members of a sentence, the preposition is related to the noun. And it is also part of the question that is asked to the secondary member of the sentence. Thus, the preposition cannot act as a member of a sentence in a sentence; it cannot be asked a question; it is not used separately from a noun or pronoun.

Spatial relations that express prepositions

In each individual case, the connection between words is ensured by changing the forms of nouns. Each case is governed by certain prepositions. Examples: I run along the path, I run next to the path. That is, if a word is used in the instrumental case, then the auxiliary part of speech “with”, “under”, “above”, “next to” and others are used. IN different situations The meanings of prepositions differ. There are spatial semantic relationships between the members of the sentence: “The girls happily worked out on the crossbar.” The preposition is included in the case question: practiced (on what?) on the crossbar, where the preposition “on” is included in itself. Although this construction can be represented in this way: practiced (where?) on the crossbar.

Temporary relations expressed by preposition

In the sentence “It was already evening” you can establish a connection using a case question: it was (when?) in the evening. And in the sentence “Valentina returned home at half past four,” the temporary relationship is established by the question: returned (when?) at half past four. Such a connection as control in a phrase is provided by a preposition. An independent part of speech - the noun “half” - in this context can be used with the word “in”. But if you use the preposition “about”, then both the meaning of the statement and the case in which the word dependent on the verb will appear will change. Indeed, the phrase “Valentina returned home around half past four” differs from the original version. And the preposition “about” will put the noun in the genitive case instead of the prepositional case, as was the case in the first version.

Object semantic relations expressed by a preposition

In the sentence “The note wrote about a young cyclist who came to the finish line first,” there is a connection between the words: wrote (about whom?) about a cyclist. In a phrase, a preposition as a part of speech establishes an object relationship between verbs and nouns. In a phrase, the predicate controls the object in the prepositional case.

Object relations are also manifested when using the preposition “y” - “The athlete had quite bright equipment.” Here the connection is due to the placement of the noun in genitive case: was (who?) an athlete. There is an option to use the preposition “over” when placing the controlled word in the prepositional case. Example: “The guys laughed loudly at their friend who had fallen into the mud.” IN this option object relations are noted in the phrase laughed (at whom?) at the fallen. Here the object is not a noun, but a participle, which is an addition and does not have a defined word with it. One can observe the use of the preposition “from” in this type of semantic relationship. For example, this can be seen in the example of the phrase “Cyclists were recruited from children who live in the fifth microdistrict,” which demonstrates a similar connection in the phrase recruited (from whom?) from children.

Semantic relations of the mode of action expressed by a preposition

Considering the sentence “The guys watched the camel with pleasure,” we can establish a connection between the predicate and the object. It will look like this: watched (how?) with pleasure or watched (with what feeling?) with pleasure. The meaning of prepositions in phrases is great, since the verb can control the dependent word only if the noun is placed in the required case.

Relationships of manner of action can appear when other prepositions are used.

Causal semantic relations expressed by preposition

In the sentence “Because of her love for animals, Tanyusha created a real living corner at home where the family lived guinea pigs"The verb "arranged" controls the noun "out of love." The control relationship is established using the question (because of what?) and looks like this: arranged (for what? why?) because of love.

Causal semantic relationships can be established using the preposition “from”. For example, in the sentence “The rabbit was trembling with fear” in the phrase trembled (from what? why?) from fear the noun is in the genitive case. Causal relationships can also arise when using the auxiliary part of speech “at”. For example, in the sentence "When sunburn special ointments should be used" in the phrase apply (for what reason?) to a burn the connection is established using the preposition "at". Most often, a verb-controlled word plays the role of an adverbial adverb. Causal relationships are sometimes established by using the preposition “by”. For example: “I was not at work due to illness.” Here there is a connection of control in the phrase wasn't (why?) for a reason, which demonstrates causal relationships.

Target semantic relations expressed by preposition

In the sentence “Natalya was engaged in floriculture for her own pleasure,” the verb “was engaged” controls the noun “for pleasure” with the help of a question (why? for what?). Target semantic relationships are established between these words.

A similar connection can be seen in the use of other prepositions, for example, “s”. An example of this would be the sentence: “Victoria bought a laptop with the goal of using it for work,” where the target relationship is traced twice: bought (why? for what?) for the purpose And use (how? for what?) for work. In the first case, the control connection is determined using the preposition “with”, and in the second case the already discussed option with “for” is present.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

The origin of these function words allows us to divide them into two large groups. Non-derivative prepositions include those that were not formed from other parts of speech. These are through, in, on, before, without, between, for, over, under and others. Derivatives appeared as a result of the transition of independent parts of speech into prepositions. They were formed from adverbs, gerunds and nouns.

Simple prepositions - dividing them by composition

Representatives of this auxiliary part of speech are divided into two groups based on the number of words included in it. For example, simple prepositions consisting of one word are distinguished: between, in, on, from, under, near. Examples of their use include the following sentences:

1. Crocodiles are raised on special farms.
2. These reptiles are then used to make luxurious handbags, belts, and shoes.

In the first case, the control connection can be traced in the phrase grown (where? on what?) on farms using the preposition "on". There are spatial relationships between words. In the second option, you can see the control verb - noun in the form of a participle made (from whom?) from reptiles using the preposition "from". These relations are characterized as object relations.

Complex prepositions

Complex prepositions consist of two or three words. For example, these will be in connection with, despite, in contrast to and others. Examples of their use:

1. Despite her deteriorating eyesight, Natalya continued to sit at night checking notebooks.
2. In connection with the onset of fifty-five years, Maria went to the city to apply for a pension.
3. Unlike the rich daughters of the merchant Malakhov, Nastasya had neither a dowry nor a future.

Thus, we can conclude that a preposition as a part of speech cannot be used without other words - nouns, participles, adjectives. Also, they cannot be members of a sentence; they cannot be asked a question. However, being a service part of speech, prepositions play an important role in a sentence.

They are divided by structure, meaning, composition, and method of formation: derivative and non-derivative prepositions, single-valued and polysemantic, simple, complex and compound prepositions, by category depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed.

Under meaning of prepositions, since they do not have independent meaning, understand the grammatical relations that they express in combination with the indirect cases of nouns. Prepositions serve as indicators of the syntactic connections of words with each other (for example, think about the future). They are directly connected in speech with case forms and are used with a certain case (or cases), being in connection with one or another case form. Together with case endings prepositions of nouns express different semantic meanings. In other words, lexical meaning preposition depends on the lexical meaning of the significant words (main and dependent) that it connects. Moreover, when combined with the same case form of a noun, prepositions convey different shades of adverbial meanings. By value prepositions are divided into categories:

• spatial(point to the place): in, from, to, at, on, because of, over, under, about, around, in front of, near and etc.:

  lives V village, working on factory, resting under Moscow, etc.

• temporary(indicate time): to, in, through, by, from, to, before, during, on the eve, during:

  charger By morning, rest on holidays, work behind month

• causal(indicate the reason): from, from evil, for, due to, due to, by chance, thanks to, in view of, as a result of, due to and etc.:

  error By inattention, trembled from fear

• targeted(point to target): in, by, to, for, for, for, etc.:

  say V joke, speech To occasion, go on rest

• course of action(indicate the course of action): with, without, in, from and etc.:

  work With hobby, laugh from souls

• object(indicates the object to which the action is directed): about, about, about, with, on, regarding, regarding and etc.:

  miss your son, find out about money (cf.: transfer money to the customer’s account)

Depending on with how many case forms prepositions are related, they are divided into:

1. unambiguous - prepositions that are used with one case:

   at house (P.p.), To home (D.p.), from forests (RP);

2. polysemantic- prepositions that can express different meanings, used with several cases:

   forgot on table (spatial meaning), absent on minute (time value), believe on word (meaning a manner of action).

That. in different case constructions and with different cases, prepositions can have different meanings. For example, the preposition By “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov identifies 15 meanings; The large academic dictionary of the Russian language lists more than 30 meanings of the preposition on .

By its structure prepositions are divided into:

1. Non-derivatives (or primitives) is a small and non-replenishing group of the simplest words that have always belonged to this part of speech (were not formed from other words):

   without, in (in), before, for, for, from (iso), to (to), except, between, on, over (need), about (about, both), from (from), on, under ( under), before (before), with, about, for the sake of, with (with), through, at, through; from behind, from under; over, over, under.

   Almost all such prepositions are ambiguous. Many can combine with more than one case form of a name. The meanings of prepositions depend on the meanings of the cases with which they are combined and on the meanings of the controlled nouns. A non-derivative preposition can be combined with three cases ( by, from), with two cases ( in, for, between, between. on, oh, under) or with one case ( without, for, before, from, because of, from under, to, over, from, in front of, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, for, over).

2. Derivatives (or non-primitive) are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Derived prepositions include words that are formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds. The meanings of derived prepositions are determined by the meanings of the adverbs, nouns and gerunds from which they were formed. There are significantly more derived prepositions than non-derivative ones. All of them are usually unambiguous, and each such preposition is connected with only one case. Derivative prepositions are divided into simple and compound. Simples coincide with adverbs, nouns and gerunds ( along, near, thanks), compounds were formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds with non-derivative prepositions ( close to, at the expense of, despite).

Derivative prepositions are divided into categories depending on those parts of speech from which they were derived:

1. adverbial , formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relationships:
   • simple:

     near, close, deep, along, instead, instead, out, inside, near, around, in front, like, in spite of, after, past, above, towards, on the eve, except, on the contrary, about, on top, like, behind, besides, across, after, in the middle, in the middle, before, against, behind, above, over, through, among, accordingly, accordingly, etc.;

   • compound:

     close to, (not) far from, far from, up to, henceforth to, regardless of, in relation to, along with, following, next to, together with, along with, next to, in accordance with, comparatively with.

2. denominate formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations:
   • simple:

     by, through, type (people like Ivanov), order (temperature of about one hundred degrees);

   • compound:

     in view of, by virtue of, during, in continuation of, as a consequence of, as, about, to the extent of, during, on occasion, in the case of, in connection with, for the reason of, on account of, on the part of, etc.

3. verbal formed from verb forms (gerunds) and express various adverbial relations:
   • simple:

     thanks to, excluding, including, after, counting, ending, starting;

   • compound:

     starting from, based on, judging by, despite, despite, etc.

By structure prepositions are divided into:

1. simple - prepositions - both non-derivative and derivative, which consist of one word, mostly one- and two-syllable. These are primarily non-derivative and some derivative prepositions, for example,

   by, past, among, in, for, etc.

§1. general characteristics prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
• spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
• Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
• target: come For participation in competitions and others.
  But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological characteristics of words are lost. Examples:
  Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
  During hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

• Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
• Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Places by value

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.

• Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are prepositions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • For contact simple sentences as part of complex
   • To express emotions

2. Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

4. There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in Russian there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

   Characteristics of derived prepositions

   All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own eigenvalue and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

   Features of this part of speech

   1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

   

   2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

   3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

   4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

   Types of derivative prepositions

   All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

   1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

   2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

   3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

   What meanings do they have?

   Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

   They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

   Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

   They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

   How to learn to write prepositions correctly

   

   The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

   Ways to search for prepositions in text

   1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

   2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

   3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

   4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

   

   What derivative prepositions are written together

   Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

   

   Compound derivative prepositions

   

   Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not connected with separately written these words, and most often with a letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

   The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

   You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

   There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

   In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.