Auxiliary verbs(auxiliary verbs) These are helping verbs. They express only different grammatical meanings. Auxiliary verbs are very important because they show tense, number, person and voice. They are used together with semantic verbs that express the action itself.

What auxiliary verbs are there in English?

First of all, of course, to be, to have And to do, which are used almost everywhere, as well as modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought to, will and would.

To be, to do and to have differ from other auxiliary verbs in that they can also be used in a sentence as semantic verbs.

Let's take a closer look at the verbs to be, to do and to have. (We will talk about modal verbs in a separate article).

Auxiliary verb TO BE

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary to be used in both affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences in the tenses of the Continuous group, as well as in the formation of all tenses in the passive voice.

Shape Features:

In the table below you can see all forms of the verb to be in the Present Simple. It is these forms that participate in the formation of time Present Continuous.

I	am (=’m)	am not ('m not)
We/You/They	are (= 're)	are not (aren’t / ‘re not)
He/She/It	is (= 's)	is not (isn’t / ‘s not)

The forms of the verb to be in the Past Simple can be found in the table below. It is these forms that are involved in the formation of the Past Continuous. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.

I/He/She/It	was	was not (= wasn’t)
We/You/They	were	were not (=weren’t)

In interrogative sentences, the verb to be is used before the subject. In short answers to general questions (= questions that can be answered with “Yes” or “No”) - after the subject. This applies to both Present Simple and Past Simple (and, accordingly, Present Continuous and Past Continuous).

For example:

—Is he writing a letter now?

-Yes, he is./ No, he isn't.

—Was he doing his homework at 6 p.m. m. yesterday?

-Yes, he was./ No, he wasn't.

N.B.: in a short affirmative answer it is used full form the verb to be (are, was etc.), and in a short negative answer, as a rule, abbreviated (aren’t, wasn’t etc.).

Negative form imperative mood is formed with the help don't (don't), i.e. according to the general rule.

For example:

Don't be sad. = Don't be sad.

Also to be participates in the formation of tenses in the passive voice.

For example:

The dinner is being served now.

The book was read yesterday.

AuxiliaryTO DO

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary to do used in interrogative and negative sentences, in short answers to general questions, as well as in affirmative sentences to enhance the emotional coloring of the statement in the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses.

Shape Features:

IN Present Simple verb has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for He /She / It in both affirmative and negative sentences. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not. In the table below you can see what forms the verb to do has in the Present Simple.

In interrogative sentences, the verb to do (in the appropriate form) is used before the subject in both the Present Simple and Past Simple. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.

—Do do you work long hours?

— Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

-Did he tell you about it?

— Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.

Also to do used to enhance emotional coloring in affirmative sentences. In such sentences, after to do, the first form of the semantic verb is used (infinitive without the particle ‘to’).

For example:

I do love yoga! = I really / really love yoga!

He does appreciate it! = He really appreciates it!

We did try to help! = We really tried to help!

In such sentences it is very important to place emphasis on the verb to do(= say it louder and in a higher pitched voice than usual).

Auxiliary verb TO HAVE

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary tohave used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences, as well as in short answers to general questions in group tenses Perfect.

Shape Features:

Let's look at how the verb is used in tenses Present Perfect and Past Perfect.

In time Present Perfect verb to have has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for pronouns he / she / it. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not.

I/You/We/They	have	have not (=haven’t)
He/She/It	has	has not (= hasn’t)

NB: it is important to remember that if the verb have used as semantic in Present Simple time, then the negation is constructed by adding a particle not to auxiliary verb do, not have.

For example:

She doesn't have any time.

However, if the sentence uses the construction have got, then the negation is constructed according to the rule described in the table above. For example: She hasn't got a car.

In the Past Perfect tense, the verb to have has the same form for all persons and numbers. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.

I / You / We / They / He / She / It

had

had not (=hadn’t)

In interrogative sentences, the verb to have is used before the subject in both the Present Perfect and Past Perfect. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.

For example:

-Has she bought a car yet?

-Yes, she / No, she hasn't.

—Had he made dinner before 6 p.m.?

Yes, he had./ No, he didn't.

Auxiliary verbs in English language not translated, but fulfilled important function. It is the auxiliary verbs that tell us how to correctly translate a sentence. For example, the presence of the auxiliary verb do is a sure sign of an interrogative or negative sentence. And the verb will tells us that the sentence is in the future tense.

To have a general idea of English auxiliary verbs, take a look at the table. This table shows with examples how to use auxiliary verbs in English (the verbs to DO, WILL, to BE, to HAVE and WOULD).

Help telny verb	When is it used?	Example
to DO	In interrogative sentences	Do do you like cats? You love cats?
to DO	In negative sentences	I do n"t like cats. I do not like cats.
	To form the future tense	I will read book.
to BE	As a formal predicate (when in the Russian version of the sentence the predicate is omitted)	I am a doctor. I am doctor.
to BE	To form tenses of the Continuous group (long action)	We are watching a good film now.
	For the formation of tenses of the Perfect group (completed action)	I haven't played this computer game before. I haven't played this one computer game previously.
	To form the tenses of the group Perfect Continuous	I have been playing this musical composition for two hours. I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now.
	To form the tense Future in past (when the first part of the sentence is in the past tense, and the second in the future).	I knew that she would come here. I knew she would come here.
SHALL/SHOULD	Not used in modern English. Previously, in certain cases, it was used as a replacement for the verbs WILL/WOULD.

For each auxiliary verb from this table there will be detailed analysis and many examples.

How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?

Let's look at what auxiliary verbs there are in English and what each of them means. There are five such verbs:

to be
to have
to do
will (would)
shall (should)

Particular attention should be paid to the first three (to be, to have, to do) of auxiliary verbs. There are several reasons for this:

These verbs are used more often.
They change according to their faces.
They have abbreviated forms
They are “two-faced” - they can be either an auxiliary verb or a semantic one.

How do auxiliary verbs change by person?

The auxiliary verbs to be, to be and to have change according to persons. All present tense forms for these three verbs are collected in the table:

Pronoun	to be	to do	to have
I	im	do	have
He, She, It	is	does	has
They, we, you	you	do	have

In the past tense, only the verb to be changes:

I, he, she, it - was
They, we, you - were

The auxiliary verbs to do and to have in the past tense will be did and had in all persons, respectively.
The verbs will, would, shall, should do not change by person.

Auxiliary verb to do.

To do is the most important of all auxiliary verbs in the English language. It is used to construct negative and interrogative sentences. For example, many people love cats and say about themselves:

I like cats.
I love cats.

But what if you don’t share this love? Everything must be denied:

I do not like cats.
I do not like cats.

That is, we put the auxiliary verb do with the negative particle not immediately after the subject and get a negation instead of an affirmative sentence. Instead of don't for brevity they often write don't.

You can also easily construct a question that will allow you to identify avid cat lovers in a crowd of people:

Do do you like cats?
You love cats?

Simply put the auxiliary verb do before the subject and you get an interrogative sentence.

More examples of interrogative and negative sentences:

I don't know it.
I do not know that.

She didn't watch this cartoon.
She didn't watch this cartoon.

Do do you speak English?
Do you speak English?

But we must always remember that general rule There is an exception to the construction of negative and interrogative English sentences. The verb do is not substituted in sentences containing modal verbs. Read more about the correct handling of modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to have

As a rule, the verb have is translated directly - as a semantic verb. Its meaning is to have, to possess. If we talk about to have As an auxiliary verb, it is used to form complex temporary constructions, the names of which contain words such as Perfect/Perfect Continuous. These temporary structures, it must be said, are not the most common. And beginners can easily do without them. However, these are almost half of the English "times" and it is advisable to have an idea of how they are formed.

For clarity, I will briefly explain what Perfect/Perfect Continuous is.

If the action you describe is typical:

completion of the action (optional);
the importance of the message for the interlocutor;
the opportunity for the interlocutor to use a message about the action performed;

then it's Perfect.

If a sentence reports an action that occurs over a period of time, which is stated explicitly or implied, then it is a Perfect Continuous.

The predicate in such sentences is constructed according to one of the 3 formulas given in the table:

Each of these formulas contains the auxiliary verb to have. And instead of asterisks you need to substitute the infinitive of the main verb. But what is important is that if we want to put a sentence in the past or future tense, then we need to apply these tenses to the verb to have, and not to the main verb. That is, in the past tense we put had instead of have, and in the future – will have.

I haven't played this computer game before.
I have not played this computer game before (Present Perfect)

I have been playing this musical composition for two hours.
I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now (Present Perfect Continuous)

I have finished reading this book by 3 o’clock today.
Today by 3 o'clock I finished reading this book (Past Perfect)

I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called.
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called (Past Perfect Continuous).

The verb have can also be used as a modal verb. Read about this in the article “Modal verb have to”.
Also, do not forget that the verb have changes according to persons - see the table at the beginning of the article.

Auxiliary verb to be

As a semantic verb, to be means “to be”, “to appear”. The point is that in English sentence There must always be both a subject and a predicate. In Russian we can say:

I am doctor.

As you can see, there is no predicate here, and when translating into English, we will have to cram some kind of verb into this sentence. In such situations, the verb to be is used. The correct translation of this sentence would be:

I am a doctor.

Literally this means “ I am a doctor.”

And so always, when a predicate is missing in a Russian sentence, when translating into English, we add the required form of the verb to be after the subject.

I am doctor.
I am a doctor.

She is a student.
She is a student.

They are idiots.
They are idiots.

To be is used as an auxiliary verb when constructing sentences that describe an action that requires a certain amount of time. These are the so-called Present/Past Continuous.

The following sentences are constructed according to a simple scheme:

Subject + Required form to be + Main verb with –ing added

We are watching a good film now.
We are looking interesting film Now.

They are loudly discussing the results of competitions.
They loudly discuss the results of the competition.

Tom was reading a magazine when the telephone rank.
Tom was reading a magazine when the phone rang.

By the way, if you’re not very good at navigating English times, read the answer to main question English grammar“What is the difference between present indefinite and present continuous?” continuous

Auxiliary verb will

With this verb everything is simple. It is never used by itself, but as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form the future tense. Just use an auxiliary verb will after the subject and you get the future tense. For example:

I read a book.
I am reading a book.

I will read book.
I will be reading a book.

Auxiliary verb would

Verb would used to construct sentences called future in the past. This is when the main clause is in the past tense, and the subordinate clause is in the future. In this case, in subordinate clause To form the future tense, the auxiliary verb would is used rather than will. For example:

I knew that she would come here.
I knew she would come here.

You can read more about this verb in the article “Will and shall.” The rule for forming the future tense in English." .

Auxiliary verb shall/should

The main thing you need to know about these verbs is that they are not used in modern English. In case you have to read texts from the 19th century, remember that when translating shall is similar to will, and should is similar to would.

This lesson will cover a fairly difficult topic to remember, so you should concentrate as much as possible. Auxiliary verbs in English, the table of which will be presented below, are parts of speech that do not have individual meaning in terms of vocabulary, but act as assistants. Their main function is to help correctly compose a construction for a complex verb form. Verbs considered:

to do,
will (would),
to be
shall (should),
to have.

We will look at the topic in detail so that you do not have any questions.

Why are auxiliary verbs needed?

Auxiliary verbs in English are used when there is a need to express gender, number or time period of an action. In this case, this part of speech is added.

It should be noted that some parts of speech from the topic under consideration can be used as semantic ones, these include: to be (to be), to have (to possess), to do (to do). In addition, in many cases, to be is used in construction as a connective, and the verbs shall (should) and will (would) are used as modals. The parts in question are a universal assistant, but are not translated into Russian. When translating, no questions are even asked to them.

Examples:

She is at the hospital now. - She's in the hospital now.
She swims here every morning. – She swims here every morning.
You were young and didn’t understand your father. – You were young and did not understand your father.

Example with a semantic verb:

I'm a teacher. - I'am a teacher.

Verb to have

This part of speech can be used as a semantic verb in its main meaning.

For example,

I don't have time. - I have no time.
I have a big family. - I have a big family.

To form the Perfect of any tense, use this part of speech.

For example,

I will have read the article by nine. – I will have read the article by nine o’clock.
You have done a lot of work. – You did a lot of work.
We had finished the task by two o’clock. – We completed the task before two o’clock.

Verb to be

The auxiliary verb that will be considered is the only one, having a special form in the singular, plural and persons. It can be used as a link, used as a semantic one, or used as an auxiliary part of speech in a construction.

As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of “to appear” and “to be.”

Examples of declarative sentences and those using questions:

I have to be at home now. - I should be home now.
Do you want to be our friend? – Do you want to be our friend?

As a linking verb, this part of speech is part of the predicate (this verb + definition or actor). In a sentence, it corresponds to the place where the verb “to be” should logically be located (as a rule, in Russian such omitted).

For example,

He is a doctor. - He is a doctor.
I am your friend. - I am your friend.

The verb to be as an auxiliary is used to form everything Continuous tenses and Perfect Continuous in the active voice.

For example,

We were expecting a better result. -We expected a better result.
I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.
I have been waiting for you for two hours. - I've been waiting for you for two hours.

Just like an auxiliary, this verb is used to form all forms of the passive (passive) voice.

For example,

The building is being constructed now. - The building is currently under construction.
The newspapers have been delivered. - The newspapers have been delivered.

Verb to do

As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of “to engage”, “to do”.

For example, Just do it! - Just do it! He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.

The verb to do is used as an auxiliary when the Present Simple and Past Simple forms of all verbs, in addition to modal and auxiliary, are formed. But this only applies to negative and interrogative sentences.

For example,

Do you listen to me? -Are you listening to me?
My sister doesn't trust her husband. – My sister doesn’t trust her husband.
We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.

Also, as an auxiliary, this part of speech helps to form the negative form of the imperative mood.

For example,

Don't be late. - Do not be late.

In addition, this verb, acting as an auxiliary part of speech, enhances the meaning of the verb in the form of Present Simple or Past Simple, when the speaker proves his point of view.

For example,

Why did you say I don’t know your sister? I do know her. - In connection with what, you said that I don’t know your sister? I know her.

Verb will (would)

This verb is used as an auxiliary and modal.

The auxiliary (will) is used to make up all forms of the future tense.

For example,

The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.
I will be walking with my dog this evening. - I will walk the dog this evening.

Would is used when constructing a future form in the past.

For example,

My friend told me he would watch this film at the weekends. My friend said that he would watch this film at the weekend.

Verb shall (should)

Modern English classifies the verb shall (should) only as modal, however, in textbooks published during the Soviet era one can find information that:

Instead of will, the verb shall is used as an auxiliary when it is necessary to create a future tense construction with the 1st person singular and plural. For example, We shall talk about it. - We'll talk about this later.
With the same parameters, but in order to create the form of the future tense in the past, the verb should can be used instead of would. Eg, I said that we should discuss it later. - I said we'll discuss this later..

In modern British language this verb is replaced by will and would. The verb shall (should) can be found in old English textbooks, old books and films in the original language.

English is not particularly rich in auxiliary verbs , however, one should keep in mind in what cases one or another verb is used. The main thing to do is to learn these verbs, in what cases and in what forms they are used. And do not confuse them with semantic ones, which carry lexical load in the constructed construction.

Auxiliary verbs in English table

To summarize the information, you can use the table below.

Time	A sentence that contains a statement	A sentence containing a negation	Sentences that use questions
Present Simple		don't / doesn't	do/does
Past Simple		didn't	did
Future Simple	will	won't	will
Present Continuous	am/is/are	am not /isn’t /aren’t	am/is/are
Past Continuous	was/were	wasn't/weren't	was/were
Future Continuous	will be	won't be	will be
Present Perfect	have / has	haven't/hasn't	have/has
Past Perfect	had	hadn't	had
Future Perfect	will have	won't have	will have
Present Perfect Continuous	have / has been	haven't/hasn't been	have / has been
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	hadn't been	had been
Future Perfect Continuous	will have been	won't have been	will have been

This concludes the analysis of the topic. We have explained the material to you clearly, now it’s up to you to learn all the rules and verbs. If you have any questions, review auxiliary verbs in English , presented in the table. This is a summary of the material.

Auxiliary verbs in English cause difficulties for all students without exception. This is primarily due to the fact that the structures of our native language that are familiar to us do not work, and the imposed system is alien and incomprehensible. However, as the most successful translators say, to learn to speak a foreign language well, you need to understand how native speakers think. We'll figure out.

What are they needed for

Auxiliary verbs, as their name clearly implies, help with the grammatical design of speech. These are “assistants” that indicate categories - such as time, number, person, voice, etc. It is important to understand that in this function they do not indicate an action, which, for example, in Russian is the main characteristic of a verb.

Let's take the question, “Do you like oranges?” as an example? Please note that in Russian, in speech, only intonation indicates that this sentence is a question. That is, if you pronounce it evenly, the interlocutor will decide that this is a statement. What else can we say about the grammatical formatting of the example? The pronoun “you” and the form of the verb “love” tell us that we are addressing one specific person in the present tense. The form of the verb is important for us: we do not use the main one - “to love”, but specifically select the grammatically correct one.

This question is translated into English as follows: “Do you like oranges?” And from the first word - the auxiliary verb - we can determine that:

it is a question (in English only questions begin with a verb);
we are interested in action in the present tense;
we certainly do not refer to “him” or “her”, since in this case the verb would take the form does.

All subsequent words do not carry a grammatical load, only a semantic one. Notice how the grammar is “spread out” throughout the Russian sentence and densely concentrated in one English word, which we don’t even mention when translating. That is, the exact understanding of our speech directly depends on which auxiliary verbs are used in a sentence.

Verb to do

The auxiliary verbs do and does are most often used to construct questions and negatives in the present simple tense. The form depends on the subject of the sentence - if it is “he”, “she” or “it” (scientifically speaking, 3rd person singular), then the form does is used (and the main action verb is deprived of the ending -s/-es), in all in other cases the basic do form is used.

Did forms questions and negatives in the simple past tense. Its form does not change depending on the subject.

Affirmative sentences are also sometimes used different shapes do as auxiliary verbs - in order to emphasize something, to emphasize an action, imperative or adverb, etc. For example, passionately proving your love for porridge, you can say: “I do like porridge, is it so unbelievable? "

Verb to have

And its other forms - has and had - are most often used as auxiliaries to express action in specific English tense categories: Perfect and Perfect Continuous, expressing the “perfection” of the action. Thus, have and has express the present tense, and in combination with will - the future; had is used if the action happened in the past.

In addition, have and its forms followed by the infinitive particle to express the need to perform an action and have a similar meaning to the modal and auxiliary verb must.

Verb to be

To be is one of the most common auxiliary verbs in English tenses. It has a very wide range of shapes.

Thus, to express the present simple tense (Present Simple) in questions and negations, depending on the subject of the sentence, am (for the first person singular - “I”), is (for the third person singular - “he”) are used. she", "it") or "are" (second person and all persons in plural). Don't forget that in sentences like "I am a doctor" - the verb to be (in the form am) is semantic, not auxiliary; in this case, it can independently be used to construct questions and denials.

If the action takes place in this moment, that is, the Present Continuous tense is used, the forms am/is/are are also used (in all types of sentences), and the semantic verb takes on the ending -ing.

Questions and negations in the past simple tense (Past Simple) are constructed using the forms was (for the singular) and were (for the plural, including you), and will is used to express actions in the future in all types of sentences.

Another form of the verb in question - been - is part of the auxiliary construction of the group of so-called perfect continuous tenses (Perfect Continuous Tense) and, in combination with the main verb with the ending -ing, expresses precisely this duration. This group of tenses traditionally causes big problems for English language learners, but the theoretical description of grammar sounds more complicated than it actually is: “I have been learning English my whole life and still have no clue on how to deal with the Tense System!” “I’ve been studying English all my life, but I still don’t fully understand the tense system.”

All forms of the verb to be also help express the passive voice - the choice depends on the time in which a particular action occurs.

Other auxiliary verbs

The verbs must, should, can, could, may, might, ought and others are also known as modal auxiliaries and are used to express the necessity, possibility or permission of some action. For the most part, they do not change either over time or depending on the subject of the story.

Notes from beginning linguists

All famous linguists once began to study foreign language. Success depends on many factors, including understanding the subtle nuances that often make understanding a foreign system easier. We consider it necessary to mention the following factors:

If a question begins with an auxiliary word (rather than an interrogative such as "What..." or "When..."), the answer to it can be a simple monosyllabic "yes" or "no", and to maintain literacy in style, so called Perfect English, you can add the appropriate pronoun and the same verb that came at the beginning. "Does Anna like porridge?" - "Yes (she does)." Pay attention to the form - it may need to be negative if you use no in your answer.
In order to avoid misunderstandings, it is necessary to remember that all auxiliary verbs in English (except modal ones) can also be semantic. At the same time, you should not be frightened or puzzled by the double representation of any word in a sentence, as, for example, in the question: “Do you do cleaning every day?” - “Do you clean every day?” - in the first case, the verb do is auxiliary, and in the second it is semantic.

It is worth noting that the system of auxiliary verbs in English is so complex that even native speakers sometimes make mistakes when using them. However, students should be diligent and study this topic deeply in order to be able to accurately convey the necessary information and correctly understand the interlocutor.

Auxiliary verbs in English are verbs that do not have their own lexical meaning, with the help of which various complex forms of the verb are formed. Auxiliary verbs include: to be, to have, to do, will (would), shall (should).

Auxiliary verbs themselves do not have lexical meaning, they only participate in the construction of complex forms, but note that the verbs to be, to have, to do can be used as semantic ones (in the meanings of “to be”, “to have”, “to do” ), in which case they will have lexical meaning. The verb to be can also be used as a linking verb, and the verbs will (would), shall (should) can be used as modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to be

The verb to be is the only verb that has special forms in different persons and numbers. It can be used as a linking verb, an auxiliary verb and a semantic verb. Read more about the forms of the verb to be (all forms are given in the form of tables and cards).

As a semantic verb, to be is used in the meaning of “to be”, “to be”:

Do you want to be our friend? - You want be our friend?

I have to be at home now. - I have to now be Houses.

Like a linking verb– in a compound predicate (consisting of to be + noun, adjective or pronoun) in the place where the verb “to be” or “to appear” can be used in Russian (in Russian it is usually omitted).

I am your friend. - I am your friend.

He is a doctor. - He is a doctor.

We are not rich. - We are not rich.

As an auxiliary the verb to be is used:

1. For the formation of all tenses Continuous and Perfect Continuous in the active (active) voice.

I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.

We were expecting a better result. – We expected a better result.

I have been waiting for you for two hours. - I've been waiting for you for two hours.

2. For the formation of all forms.

The newspapers have been delivered. - The newspapers have been delivered.

The building is being constructed now. - The building is currently under construction.

Auxiliary verb to have

The verb to have can be used as semantic in his direct meaning“have”, “possess”:

I have a big family. - I have a big family.

I don't have time. - I have no time.

As an auxiliary, the verb to have is used to form all Perfect tenses:

You have done a lot of work. – You did a lot of work.

We had finished the task by two o’clock. – We completed the task before two o’clock.

I will have read the article by nine. – I will have read the article by nine o’clock.

Auxiliary verb to do

The verb to do is used as a semantic in the meaning of “to do”, “to engage in”:

Read more about the forms of the verb to do in the article.

He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.

Just do it! - Just Do It This!

As an auxiliary, the verb to do is used:

1. For the formation of interrogative and negative forms and all verbs, except auxiliary and.

Do do you understand me? - Do you understand me?

My sister doesn't trust her husband. – My sister doesn’t trust her husband.

Did did you see that? -Did you see this?

We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.

2. To form a negative form of the imperative mood.

Don't touch the button! - Don't touch the button!

Don't be late. - Do not be late.

3. To enhance the meaning of a verb in the form or in the affirmative form.

Why did you say I don’t know your sister? I do know her. - Why did you say that I don’t know your sister? I know her.

You don’t believe that I helped them, but I did help them. “You don’t believe that I helped them, but I really helped them.”

Auxiliary verb will (would)

The verb will (would) can be used both modal and auxiliary.

As an auxiliary it is used:

1. The verb will – to construct all forms of the future tense.

The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.

I will be walking with my dog this evening. – I will walk the dog this evening.

2. The verb would – to construct forms of the future tense in the past (Future in the Past).

He said that the winter would be cold. - He said that the winter would be cold.

She said that she would be walking with her dog. She said she would be walking her dog.

Auxiliary verb shall (should)

1. The auxiliary verb shall is used to construct forms of the future tense (that is, instead of will) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I shall meet you at the gate. - I'll meet you at the gate.

We shall discuss it later. - We'll discuss this later.

2. The auxiliary verb should is used to construct forms of the future in the past (that is, instead of would) with the 1st person singular and plural:

I told him that I should meet him at the gate. “I told him I would meet him at the gate.”

They said that we should discuss it later. “They said we would discuss it later.”

In modern English, will and would are used in all these cases. Auxiliary (not modal, namely auxiliary) verbs shall, should can be found in books about good old England, films about Sherlock Holmes and Soviet English textbooks.