Society has faced people with disabilities and the need, one way or another, to solve the many problems that they face throughout its history. As humanity socially and morally “matured,” public views and sentiments changed significantly regarding who disabled people are, what place they should occupy in social life, and how society can and should build its system of relationships with them. An analysis of the history of social mores and ideas suggests that these views changed as follows.
The first idea of how the healthy and strong could and should treat the physically weakened and inferior members of society was the idea of their physical destruction. This was explained, first of all, by the extremely low level economic development society, which did not allow supporting those who could not make a feasible contribution to providing for the tribe, clan and family. Subsequently, such ideas were consolidated by other factors, for example, religious and political. This attitude of society towards the disabled, seriously ill and simply physically weak people lasted for quite a long time. Even in late antiquity one can find echoes of these ideas.
As society develops socially and spiritually, its ideas about man and people change. The emergence and spread of Christianity leads to changes in ideas about the value of human life. However, it is too early to talk about full and unconditional recognition of equal rights for disabled people as healthy people. Medieval society was characterized by the idea of disabled people as “cursed by God,” which became the basis for the formation of ideas of social isolation of disabled people and hostility towards them.
The next step in the development of ideas about the attitude towards disabled people on the part of healthy people is the idea of the need to attract them to work, if only in order to give disabled people the opportunity to earn a living and, partially, remove this “burden” from society. To a certain extent, these ideas are still quite widespread and authoritative in the public and mass consciousness today.
The current stage of social development is characterized by the formation and rooting in the public consciousness of the understanding that disability cannot and should not be a basis for social isolation and, especially, for social discrimination of a person. Today, in society, the point of view is becoming increasingly authoritative, according to which constant and effective work on the social reintegration and resocialization of persons with disabilities is necessary. Today, society views the problems of disabled people not only as problems of narrow group significance, but as problems that affect the entire society, as universally, socially significant.
The main reasons for this genesis of social thought and public sentiment are:
Increasing the level of social maturity of society and improving and developing its material, technical and economic capabilities;
Increasing intensity of development of human civilization and the use of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the social “price” of many disorders in human life.
The most important causes and factors of disability in modern society are:
Poverty;
Low level of healthcare development;
Harmful and dangerous working conditions;
Failed socialization process;
Conflicting norms and values and others.
The sociogenic nature of the causes of disability also gives rise to a lot of problems for this category of people. The main and main one among them is the problem of numerous social barriers that do not allow people with disabilities to actively engage in the life of society and fully participate in it.
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in December 1971 and ratified by most countries of the world, gives the following definition of the concept of “disabled person”: this is any person who cannot independently provide fully or partially his needs for normal social and personal life due to lack of physical or mental capabilities. This definition can be considered as a basic one, which is the basis for developing those ideas about people with disabilities and disability that are inherent in specific states and societies.
In modern Russian legislation, the following definition of the concept of disabled person has been adopted - “a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activity and necessitating his social protection."
Thus, according to the law Russian Federation, the basis for providing a disabled person with a certain amount of social assistance is the restriction of his life activity system, i.e., the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability to self-care, movement, orientation, control of his behavior and employment.
Disability is a term that combines various impairments, limitations on activity and possible participation in society. Disorders are problems that occur in the functions or structures of the body; activity restrictions are difficulties experienced by a person in performing any tasks or actions; while participation restrictions are the problems experienced by an individual when engaging in life situations. Thus, disability is a complex phenomenon that reflects the interaction of the characteristics of the human body and the characteristics of the society in which this person lives.
The organization of a system of social assistance, support and protection of people with disabilities requires taking into account the “internal” characteristics of this category of people: age, ability to work, ability to move, etc. This defines the main types of disability, which pose quite specific tasks for social workers, doctors, teachers and other specialists. Types of disability can be distinguished and analyzed on a number of grounds.
According to age characteristics:
Disabled children and disabled adults.
By origin of disability:
Disabled people from childhood, war, labor, general illness, etc.
According to the ability to move:
Mobile, immobile and immobile.
By degree of work ability:
Those who are able to work (disabled people of the 3rd group), those with limited ability to work and temporarily disabled (disabled people of the 2nd group), those who are disabled (disabled people of the 1st group).
In accordance with this intra-group stratification of people with disabilities as a social category, society develops and implements appropriate social policies aimed at protecting the interests of this group of people. The main objective of social policy in relation to people with disabilities is to ensure that they have equal opportunities with all citizens to realize their rights and freedoms, eliminate restrictions in their life activities, and create conditions for a normal and fulfilling life. The solution to this problem involves relying on certain fundamental foundations. The basic principles of implementing social policy regarding people with disabilities include:
Social partnership, joint activities for social support and protection of people with disabilities by both state and non-state organizations (public, religious, political);
Social solidarity, which involves the formation and education of healthy and able-bodied citizens to help and support people with disabilities;
Participation aimed at involving people with disabilities themselves in the development of appropriate social and government programs and in solving their own problems;
Social compensation, creating an accessible and comfortable living environment for people with disabilities, providing them with certain benefits and advantages compared to other members of society;
State and public guarantees, suggesting that, regardless of their economic, socio-political and technological state, society and the state will never abandon people with disabilities to their fate and will not deny them social support and assistance.
As noted above, modern society little adapted for the normal and comfortable life of disabled people. Along with purely material and material restrictions, people with disabilities have many difficulties in accessing such social opportunities and benefits as obtaining a prestigious education, highly paid jobs that are in demand on the labor market, and the opportunity to be elected to local government or state authorities. As a result, a disabled person is forced to isolate himself in a rather limited environment, which gives rise to additional problems and difficulties, which social work technologies with this category of the population are aimed at overcoming. The main purposes of their use are:
Overcoming a person's state of helplessness;
Assistance in adapting to new conditions of existence and life;
Formation of a new, adequate living environment for a disabled person;
Restoration and compensation of lost human capabilities and
Functions
These goals determine social technologies that can be used for effective social support and assistance to people with disabilities.
Firstly, it's technology social rehabilitation, allowing you to restore lost functions, capabilities and psychological state and, if possible, return a person to normal, full and active life. The system of social rehabilitation of disabled people includes such varieties as medical and social, psychological and pedagogical, socio-economic, professional and domestic rehabilitation. The implementation of these types of social rehabilitation allows not only to cure a person and overcome, completely or partially, physical infirmity and weakness, but also to form in him ideas about the need to lead an active life, a new system of labor and professional skills, an adequate everyday and objective environment of existence and to overcome the psychological consequences injury, injury or illness.
Secondly, this is a technology of social security, which represents the participation of the state in the maintenance of its citizens, including disabled people, when they are socially significant reasons do not have independent means of subsistence, or receive them in an amount insufficient to meet the necessary needs.
Thirdly, this is the technology of social services, i.e., activities for organizing and implementing work aimed at meeting the needs of a disabled person in various social services Oh. In the structure of social assistance, we can distinguish such elements as systematic care for a disabled person, assistance in obtaining the necessary social services, in vocational training and employment, in obtaining an education, assistance in organizing leisure time and communication, etc. This social technology is closely related to the technology of providing social assistance, which is one-time or short-term actions aimed at eliminating or neutralizing critical and negative life situations.
Social assistance can be provided to a disabled person as emergency or urgent, in the form of social or socio-medical patronage, in hospitals, homes or centers day stay and at home.
In modern science, there are a significant number of approaches to theoretical understanding of the problems of social rehabilitation. The term rehabilitation comes from the Late Latin rehabilitatio (re - again, again, habilitas - ability, fitness) and means restoration of ability, fitness. There is no unambiguous definition of this concept.
The semantic load of the concept of “rehabilitation” implies a goal and a process, a method and a result, a concept and a system. Thus, rehabilitation as a process includes activities and steps aimed at achieving specific goals. Rehabilitation as the restoration of ability and fitness is also the goal of this process. Rehabilitation can also be considered as a method, that is, a way to achieve a goal. Rehabilitation is also the result that is achieved in the process of restoration activities.
Historically, the content of the concepts of “disabled person” and “social rehabilitation of disabled people” has changed repeatedly. The term “disabled person” goes back to the Latin root (valid - effective, full-fledged, powerful) and literally means “unfit”, “inferior”. In ancient times, a person with anatomical defects was considered disabled.
In the Middle Ages, this symptom was supplemented by mental disorders, and in the 20th century, disability was identified with impaired body function and loss of ability to work.
Currently, social rehabilitation of disabled people includes a set of measures aimed at restoring the social connections and relationships that have been destroyed or lost by an individual due to health problems. The goal of social rehabilitation is to restore the social status of the individual, ensure social adaptation in society, achieve material independence, and the fastest and most complete restoration of the ability to socially function.
Understanding the process of social rehabilitation requires consideration of those fundamental, basic processes that introduce people into society, make them capable of participating in social life, or doom individuals to maladjustment and loneliness. The mechanism for including an individual into a social community is known as socialization.
Socialization can be considered as the entry of an individual into society, his introduction to social life. In this process, the inseparability of the dual nature of man, the dualism of the biological and the social, is realized. The introduction of social principles into the biological basis of the human personality includes three elements: education as the purposeful transmission of social values, unconscious perception (internationalization) of social information, the formation of character, emotional structure and other personality traits.
Socialization is a multifaceted process of familiarization with human culture and the life of society, the assimilation of its norms, rules, knowledge; occurs both in conditions of spontaneous influence of various circumstances of life in society, and in conditions of education - the purposeful formation of personality.
Social adaptation is a specially organized process or system of measures aimed at adapting a person in a difficult life situation to the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society and the environment around him by restoring lost functions and social connections.
To conduct the research, it is also necessary to pay attention to the following concepts and definitions:
Disability group – is established for persons recognized as disabled, depending on the degree of impairment of body functions and limitations in life activity (three disability groups are established); Persons under the age of 18 are assigned the category “disabled child”.
Limitation of the vital activity system is a complete or partial loss of a person’s ability to self-care, movement, orientation, control of one’s behavior and employment.
People with special needs are people who, due to certain problems, physical and mental disorders, cannot fully participate in the activities of social institutions and receive the support they are entitled to without the intervention of professionals and other helpers.
Disability means social harm to an individual resulting from limited body functions or disability that prevents the ability to perform a role that is considered normal (depending on age, gender, social and cultural factors).
Social needs are objectively expressed needs and types of interest of social subjects in something necessary for normal life and successful development.
Intellectual defect is an irreversible impairment of thinking (mental retardation).
Mental retardation is a violation of general development, mental and intellectual, caused by insufficiency of the central nervous system, has a persistent, irreversible character.
Young disabled people as an object of social work.
Social work to promote a healthy lifestyle.
Social rehabilitation as a technology of social work with young disabled people.
2.1. Adaptive physical education as a means of developing a healthy lifestyle.
The International Classification of Defects, Disabilities and Disabilities adopted by the World Health Organization in 1980 in Geneva defines disability as any limitation or inability, due to impairment of health, to carry out a particular activity in a manner or within a framework that is considered normal for a person.
Disability is understood as the degree of limitation of a person’s life activity due to a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions.
Health disorders with persistent impairment of body functions
Disability
The degree of limitation of human activity
Disability is manifested in the fact that, due to health problems, a person has barriers to full existence in society, leading to a deterioration in his quality of life.
These barriers can be overcome through implementation social function a state that establishes legal norms aimed at replacing or compensating for the consequences of a deteriorating quality of life.
Disability includes medical, legal and social components.
Disability
Social
Legal
Medical
The legal component provides a member of society with a special legal status in the form of additional rights and social benefits.
The social component consists in the implementation of the social function of the state, which, within the framework of the powers granted, redistributes material benefits in favor of needy members of society.
Standard Rules for Equal Opportunity
Persons with Disabilities (1993) define disability as a function of “the relationship between persons with disabilities and their environment” (para. 6) and indicate that “the term disability” includes a significant number of different functional limitations<…>People may become disabled due to physical, mental or sensory defects, health conditions or mental illness. Such defects, conditions or diseases may be permanent or temporary in nature” (paragraph 17)
(WHY ARE NOT OPPORTUNITIES EQUAL?
Legal problems of realizing the right of people with disabilities to education
in modern Russia)
Currently, there are two main approaches to disability: the medical model of disability (traditional approach) and the social model of disability.
The medical model of disability defines disability as a medical phenomenon (“sick person”, “person with severe physical injuries”, “person with insufficient intellectual development”, etc.). Based on this model, disability is considered as an illness, disease, pathology. The medical model defines a methodology for working with people with disabilities, which is paternalistic in nature (i.e., the restrictive and patronizing position of society) and involves treatment, occupational therapy, and the creation of special services to help a person survive (for example, in the case of a child receiving education in boarding institutions or forced long-term stay of a disabled person in medical institution). Education, participation in economic life, and recreation are closed to people with disabilities. Specialized educational institutions, specialized enterprises and sanatoriums isolate people with disabilities from society and make them a minority whose rights are discriminated against. Changes in the socio-political and economic life of the Republic of Kazakhstan make it possible to integrate people with disabilities into society and create the prerequisites for their independent life.
The semantic center of the new view was the social model of disability, which considers disability problems as a result of society’s attitude to their special needs. According to the social model, disability is social problem. At the same time, limited capabilities are not “part of a person”, not his fault. Instead of paying more attention to people's disabilities, proponents of the social model of disability focus on their degree of health.
The authorship of the social model (sometimes referred to as the “interaction model” or “interaction model”) belongs mainly to people with disabilities themselves. The origins of what was later called the “social model of disability” can be traced back to an essay written by British disabled man Paul Hunt. Hunt, in his work, argued that people with disabilities posed a direct challenge to conventional Western values, since they were perceived as “miserable, useless, different, oppressed and sick.” This analysis led Hunt to conclude that people with disabilities face “prejudice that results in discrimination and oppression.” He identified the relationship between economic and cultural relations and people with disabilities, which is a very important part of understanding the experience of living with handicaps and disabilities in Western society.
The problem of disability in the social model is taken beyond the scope of individual existence and is considered in terms of the relationship between the individual and elements of the social system, focusing on social pressure, discrimination and exclusion. This model is not only popular in many civilized countries, but is also officially recognized at the state level, for example, in the USA, Great Britain, and Sweden. The importance of the social model is that it does not view disabled people as people with whom something is wrong, but sees the causes of disability in an unsuitable architectural environment, imperfect laws, etc. According to the social model, a person with a disability should be an equal subject of social relations, to whom society should provide equal rights, equal opportunities, equal responsibility and free choice, taking into account his special needs. At the same time, a person with a disability should have the opportunity to integrate into society on his own terms, and not be forced to adapt to the rules of the world of “healthy people”.
The social model of disability does not deny the presence of defects and physiological differences, defining disability as a normal aspect of an individual's life, and not a deviation, and points to social discrimination as the most significant problem associated with disability.
(http://www.rusnauka.com/3_ANR_2012/Pedagogica/6_99670.doc.htm)
There is an international classification of disabilities that was published by the World Health Organization in 1980:
Biological aspect: loss or any abnormality of physiological, psychological or anatomical structure or function of the body;
Personal aspect: any impairment or lack of ability to function within the range considered normal for an individual;
Social aspect: a disadvantage in which an individual finds himself due to impairment or inability to act and which limits the performance of normal roles depending on age, gender, social and cultural factors. The concepts of insufficiency, incapacity and incapacity were developed by WHO to differentiate between different disease outcomes and to select therapy that corresponds to such an outcome.
In Russia, the term “disabled person,” in contrast to European and global standards for defining disability, traditionally remains prevalent in relation to people with disabilities. Does this mean that the content of the concept of “disabled person” remains unchanged? To answer this question, it is necessary to analyze what meaning was given to this concept in different historical eras.
Until the middle of the 19th century. In Russia, military personnel who suffered during wars were called disabled. IN AND. Dahl, interpreting the word “disabled,” uses the following definition: “a served, honored warrior, unable to serve due to injury, wounds, or decrepitude.”
Subsequently, the category of people whose condition fell under the definition of disability expanded. This was due primarily to the emergence and development of capitalism, when a person’s social significance began to depend on his ability to participate in the production process. The main criterion was partial loss of ability to work as a result of illness or injury, and later also as a result of mental illness and congenital disorders. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova, a disabled person is “a person who is completely or partially deprived of the ability to work due to some anomaly, injury, mutilation, or illness.” Official documents also defined disability as “prolonged or permanent total or partial loss of ability to work.” In turn, such a part of the population as disabled children did not fall into the category of disabled people at all. This interpretation remained until 1995, when the Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” was adopted, which proposed the following definition: “A disabled person is a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activity and necessitating the need for social protection.” Disability is defined as a complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, learn and engage in work.
Depending on the degree of dysfunction of the body’s functions and limitations in life activity, persons recognized as disabled are assigned a disability group, and persons under the age of 18 are assigned the category “disabled child.”
Recognition of a person as disabled is carried out by the federal institution of medical and social examination. The procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as disabled are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Of all the proposed concepts, we will take as a basis the definition of “disabled person” from the Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN, 1975) - this is any person who cannot independently fully or partially meet the needs of a normal personal and (or) social life due to a disability, whether congenital or acquired, his (or her) physical or mental capabilities.
According to the nature of the disease, people with disabilities can be classified into mobile, low-mobility and immobile groups. Characteristics in the table of concepts
The level of disability in people is influenced by a number of factors: the state of the environment, the demographic situation, the economic and social level of development in their places of residence, the level of morbidity, the level and amount of treatment and preventive care in the health care system (medical factor).
Among young people, the bulk are people who have become disabled due to mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system, as well as due to injuries. In the structure of morbidity leading to childhood disability, psychoneurological diseases predominate; then diseases of internal organs; musculoskeletal disorders; visual and hearing impairments. It should be separately noted that in relation to disabled children, there are four groups of risk factors leading to disability: prenatal (hereditary), perinatal (sick mother), neonatal (intrauterine) and acquired pathology.
Self-care ability – the ability to independently satisfy basic physiological needs, perform daily household activities and personal hygiene skills;
Ability to move – the ability to move in space, overcome obstacles, maintain body balance within the framework of everyday, social, and professional activities;
Ability to work – the ability to carry out activities in accordance with the requirements for the content, volume and conditions of work;
Orientation ability – the ability to locate oneself in time and space;
The ability to communicate is the ability to establish contacts between people by perceiving, processing and transmitting information;
In modern Russia, people with disabilities are among the most vulnerable people. In the media, there is a lot of discussion about the infringement of the rights of sexual minorities, or conflicts on ethnic grounds, but it is not customary to talk much about people with disabilities. We don't seem to have any disabled people. Indeed, it is difficult to meet a person in a wheelchair or a blind person on the street. The point here is not that we have few people with disabilities, it’s just that our cities are not adapted for such people. A disabled person in Russia does not have the opportunity to work normally, move around normally and lead a full life. Today I want to tell you about an amazing center where young disabled people study. Unfortunately, this is the only such center in all of Moscow.
“The Center for Leisure and Creativity for Youth “Russia” opened in 1990, and 2 years ago it was reconstructed. Now there are wide ramps leading into the center building; disabled people can climb to the third floor using special lifts. In the courtyard there are bright sports fields for mini-football, basketball, volleyball, which can easily be converted for the disabled to play. For example, basketball baskets are lowered - especially for wheelchair users. After reconstruction, “Russia” least of all resembles the old kindergarten in whose building the center was located.
As Tatyana Prostomolotova, director of the Center for Leisure and Creative Youth, said, disabled people come here from all over Moscow and even the Moscow region. Anyone can visit the center - place of residence does not matter, the main thing is to get there. Approximately 150-160 disabled people and 400 ordinary children from the surrounding Perovo district study here. They get there - some by metro, some by their own transport, but the center also has its own car for delivering disabled people from remote areas. The center operates a “Volunteer Service”. These are eight youth organizations that are ready at any time to organize support for events involving people with disabilities.
01. There are 12 experimental sites - leisure, sports and games. The building has two elevators for wheelchair users. 
02. It’s clean and “fun” inside. Of course, this design is not very close to me, the main thing is that everything is done with high quality. 
03. Everything here is adapted for people with disabilities. A white circle - for those who have difficulty seeing, it marks the beginning of the floor. Also, these circles are duplicated with bright indicators. 
04. Evacuation scheme for the blind and visually impaired. 
05. The doors are all 90 centimeters wide so that strollers can easily pass through them. There are special halls in the corridors for people in wheelchairs. 
06. Special equipment for people with disabilities. On the right is a Braille monitor. Also, a special system sounds through headphones everything that happens on the monitor. 
07. Denis, the head of the first Moscow integration center "Sports billiards for young disabled people", showed a class in playing billiards. 
08. There are two billiard tables in the center. The guys are supported by both the Moscow government and the professional community. 
09. In addition to people with disabilities, ordinary children go to the center. This helps people with disabilities adapt faster and lead a full life outside the center. 
10. Music class. Drums and tambourines, synthesizer and dozens of others musical instruments for every taste. Mostly hearing-impaired children study here. 
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13. Studio of historical costume and beadwork. 
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15. Last year, an icon created by the hands of the students was presented to Patriarch Kirill. 
16. It takes about a year to make one costume! Here they master all beading techniques and even create new ones. 
17. But I was especially struck by the work of the ceramics school and pottery studio. There are kilns and a potter's wheel here. Children with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, Down syndrome work here... 
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20. “Our main mission,” says Tatyana Vladimirovna, “is to introduce young disabled people to active social and professional life through creativity. The center employs 60 employees - psychologists, teachers, specialists in working with youth - to provide assistance to young disabled people.” 
21. Young disabled people come to the center from the age of 4 to 32. After the age of 32, people usually either settle down and live a normal life, or go to other adult centers. 
22. Works of pupils. 
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24. Exhibition of works by students. Soon the Rossiya center plans to open an online store and sell some of its works. Discos and costume balls are also held here. The 1812 Christmas ball will take place in December. Discos are held mainly for the hearing impaired. 
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26. There is also a theater here. 
27. The director himself is deaf, they act here without words. 
28. And there is also such a magical relaxation room. 
29. A gym equipped with exercise equipment specially adapted for wheelchair users. 
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31. There is a children's playground outside. 
32. This is probably the only playground for disabled people in Moscow. 
This center, opened under the auspices of the city department of family and youth policy, is also unique because it develops methods for organizing leisure and creativity for people with disabilities in Moscow. But, of course, one center is not enough for a city of ten million. Such centers should be in every district of Moscow and in all major cities of Russia. Disabled people should have the opportunity to lead a full life, work, relax, go to the cinema and meet with friends. Now for people with disabilities, any of this action is a big test. It would be good if society and human rights activists would pay more attention to the problems of people with disabilities, who now seem to not exist.
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Disability is a social phenomenon that no society in the world can avoid. At the same time, the number of disabled people increases annually by an average of 10%. According to UN experts, people with disabilities make up an average of 10% of the population, and approximately 25% of the population suffers from chronic diseases.
In Russia today there are 13 million people with disabilities, and their number tends to further increase. Some of them are disabled from birth, others became disabled due to illness or injury, but all of them are members of society and have the same rights and responsibilities as other citizens.
In accordance with the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation,” a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activities and causing the need for his social protection.
The main signs of disability are the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to perform self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, learn and engage in work.
The main factors determining the growth of disability are the degree of economic and social development region, determining the standard of living and income of the population, morbidity, quality of activity of medical institutions, the degree of objectivity of examination in the bureau of medical and social examination, state of the environment (ecology), industrial and household injuries, road traffic accidents, man-made and natural disasters, armed conflicts and other reasons.
In general, disability as a problem of human activity in conditions of limited freedom of choice includes several main aspects: legal, social-environmental, psychological, socio-ideological, production-economic, anatomical-functional.
Where the legal aspect involves ensuring the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of people with disabilities. It is worth noting three fundamental provisions that form the basis of legislation on persons with disabilities. The first is that disabled people have special rights to certain conditions for education, for provision of means of transportation, for specialized living conditions and others. The second important provision is the right of people with disabilities to be active participants in all those processes that relate to decision-making regarding their life activities, status, etc. The third provision proclaims the creation of specialized public services: medical and social examination and rehabilitation. They are designed to form a system of ensuring the relatively independent life of disabled people.
The social-environmental aspect includes issues related to the microsocial environment (family, work collective, home, workplace, etc.) and the macrosocial environment (city-forming and information environments, social groups, labor market, etc.). The following types of activities acquire a certain relevance: awareness of the population about the possibility of wider use of the services of a social worker, formation of the population’s needs for the protection of rights and interests disabled citizens, implementation of moral and psychological support for the family, etc.
The psychological aspect reflects both the personal and psychological orientation of the disabled person himself, and the emotional and psychological perception of the problem of disability by society. Disabled people belong to the category of the so-called low-mobility population and are the least protected, socially vulnerable part of society. This is due, first of all, to defects in their physical condition caused by diseases that led to disability, as well as to the existing complex of concomitant somatic pathologies and reduced motor activity. In addition, to a large extent, the social vulnerability of these population groups is associated with the presence of a psychological factor that shapes their attitude towards society and complicates adequate contact with it. All this leads to the emergence of emotional-volitional disorders, the development of depression, and behavioral changes.
The socio-ideological aspect determines the content of practical activities state institutions and the formation of public policy regarding people with disabilities and disabilities. In this sense, it is necessary to abandon the dominant view of disability as an indicator of the health of the population, and perceive it as an indicator of the effectiveness of social policy, and realize that the solution to the problem of disability lies in the interaction of the disabled person and society.
The production and economic aspect is associated mainly with the problem of forming an industrial basis for social protection of the population and the market for rehabilitation products and services. This approach allows us to focus on increasing the proportion of disabled people capable of partial or full independent professional, household and social activities, creating a system of targeted satisfaction of their needs for rehabilitation means and services, and this in turn will contribute to their integration into society.
The anatomical and functional aspect of disability involves the formation of a social environment (in the physical and psychological senses) that would perform a rehabilitation function and contribute to the development of the rehabilitation potential of a disabled person. Thus, taking into account the modern understanding of disability, the focus of the state’s attention when solving this problem should not be violations in the human body, but the restoration of its social role function in conditions of limited freedom. The main emphasis in solving the problems of people with disabilities is shifting towards rehabilitation, based primarily on social mechanisms of compensation and adaptation. Thus, the meaning of rehabilitation of disabled people lies in a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to restoring a person’s abilities for everyday, social and professional activities at a level corresponding to his physical, psychological and social potential, taking into account the characteristics of the micro- and macro-social environment. The ultimate goal of complex multidisciplinary rehabilitation, as a process and system, is to provide a person with anatomical defects, functional disorders, and social disabilities with the opportunity to live relatively independently. From this point of view, rehabilitation prevents disruption of a person’s connections with the outside world and performs a preventive function in relation to disability.
However, the discrimination that exists in society towards people with disabilities, and especially young people with disabilities, is clearly visible in all characteristics.
The level of education of young people with disabilities is much lower than that of non-disabled people. Almost everyone who has only elementary education those over 20 years of age are disabled. On the contrary, the share of young people with higher education among disabled people is 2 times lower. Even the share of vocational school graduates among 20-year-old disabled people is lower. The monetary income of young disabled people is twice as low as compared to their non-disabled peers.
The lower incomes of young people with disabilities are a direct consequence of barriers to access to income-generating activities, including well-paid employment. Employment statistics for this category are not published. At the same time, according to a sample survey of the population on employment problems, the average duration of job search for all disabled people consistently exceeds the same indicator for all unemployed people.
More low level The education of young disabled people is reflected in the professional structure of their employment: among young disabled people there are significantly more people employed in blue-collar professions than among their healthy peers, including many unskilled workers.
Forming a marriage is a huge challenge for many young people with disabilities. Among them, 2-3 times more are single and half as many are married. There are also half as many of them living alone (separately from parents or other relatives). This indicates their significant lack of independence and dependence on the care of their relatives.
This is also the lower social mobility of people with disabilities, which is manifested in the less intense separation of people with disabilities from the family of their parents and relatives. Accordingly, there is lower mobility of relatives of disabled people. Due to the need to care for a disabled person, one or more of his relatives are also limited in their ability to leave the family to one degree or another. Exaggerating, we can say that the disability of one of the spouses “increases” several times the likelihood that the other spouse will also be disabled. In fact, this may indicate social isolation of people with disabilities, which results in them marrying primarily with each other.
All of the above social characteristics indicate that young disabled people in Russia are a completely specific group not only in the population, but also among adult disabled people, because in older generations the social differences between disabled and non-disabled people are smoothed out and even disappear. From this brief analysis The following conclusions can be drawn regarding the construction of an effective policy for the social inclusion of young people with disabilities:
- 1. Signs of social discrimination are especially pronounced in relation to young people with disabilities. Age should be taken into account as one of the most important dimensions when developing a strategy aimed at equal opportunities disabled people.
- 2. It is the Social Service Centers that are a real support for the disabled. While they are the main object of the current social policy regarding disabled people, it is necessary to develop an individual approach to determining targeted social support for a disabled person, taking into account his microsocial environment - the family.
- 3. The low educational and professional status of such disabled people requires special programs for vocational training and retraining, as well as to improve their education and qualifications.
- 4. A significant (over a quarter) proportion of disabled people of the first, most severe, group, as well as the extremely high mortality rate among young disabled people (exceeding by 3 or more times the mortality rate of non-disabled people at these ages) requires a special medical rehabilitation program.
Social work with young disabled people is built on the basis of a system of social protection of the population, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with opportunities to realize civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The main tasks of social protection of disabled people:
- -to develop as much as possible the individual abilities and moral and volitional qualities of disabled people, encouraging them to be independent and take personal responsibility for everything;
- -promote the achievement of mutual understanding between the disabled person and the social environment;
- -carry out work to prevent socially undesirable phenomena;
- -promote the dissemination of information about the rights and benefits of people with disabilities, responsibilities and opportunities of social services;
- -provide legal advice legal aspects social policy.
Thus, disability is a social phenomenon that no society can avoid, and each state, in accordance with its level of development, priorities and capabilities, forms a social and economic policy towards people with disabilities. It should be taken into account that the scale of disability depends on many factors, such as: the state of health of the nation, the development of the healthcare system, socio-economic development, ecological environment, historical and political reasons, in particular, participation in wars and military conflicts, etc. In Russia, all of these factors have a pronounced negative orientation, which predetermines a significant spread of disability in society.
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