The French are not so much nationalists as they have a reputation for nationalism associated with their mentality. They can call themselves anti-patriots, complain that France has irretrievably lost its former glory and splendor, and, spitting, cover their ears as soon as they hear “Marseillaise.” But even such conservatives who believe that France is disgraced by petty and unworthy rulers and modern morals, such as same-sex marriage, will not renounce great history of his homeland. They will certainly agree with the thesis that France long time was the most advanced country in the world, a pillar of civilization and law. In the USA, a young country that began life with clean slate, smart and talented leaders wrote the Constitution and built a statehood according to the behests of the French enlighteners. French cuisine and French perfumes are recognized as the best all over the world. The French not only believe that they gave the world many great scientists and writers - in their view, they literally laid the foundations of the world, creating everything that is most important and advanced in it, be it pasteurization, Braille, the common European market or human rights. The French have many other reasons for national pride, which there is no point in listing here.
Of course, an extremely important facet of the French national character is the colonial mentality, which has not yet been completely eliminated. But, unlike the colonial mentality of other Western nations, the French mentality also assumes a dominant role in Europe. After all, the conquest of Europe by Napoleon differs from its conquest by Hitler in that Europe bowed to Napoleon as a civilizer and educator, and not as a bloody savage - according to at least, in the understanding of the French, who consider Napoleon a planetarily important and extremely positive figure. From these shades it is clear why the main component of the colonial mentality of the French is precisely French: France has always laid claim to cultural and ideological dominance, and not so much dominance as “recognized and undeniable” superiority of ideas and tastes, intellectual primacy. By the way, the emergence of the term “chauvinism”, also in France, dates back to Napoleonic history.
In the modern political dimension, the phenomenon of French nationalism is usually associated with the party " National Front"led by Marine Le Pen. This is not entirely accurate. On the one hand, Le Pen's main promise, which makes her and her party so popular - to give the French people jobs - is based on a nationalist approach: she plans to do this by leaving the European Union and expelling immigrants. The first will require a complete restructuring of the economy, focusing it on domestic producers, who under Le Pen, as she promises, will receive all kinds of guarantees and privileges, the second will free up jobs and relieve the burden on the budget. In the upcoming presidential elections, those who have suffered from unemployment and have seen with their own eyes that neither the left nor the right wing of the political mainstream will be able to cope with this problem will vote for Marine Le Pen. In addition, there are also those who cherish the dream of returning to France the status of the locomotive of Europe, which passed to Germany, and the reputation of a prosperous and advanced country, with relative world indicators of living standards and purchasing power of the memorable era of the “glorious thirty years”. Of course, Marine Le Pen is the most successful French politician playing the card of economic protectionism.
At the same time, the figure of Marine Le Pen and especially her father very clearly demonstrates the difference between political nationalism and nationalism as a national character trait. Why is Le Pen's party considered marginal, not a handshake, if the French are nationalists? It’s very simple: she wants to isolate France from the world and Europe, and this will not please many of those who believe that France should be an open country spreading its ideas and achievements, in which lies the main national superiority of the French. This is a classic interpretation of French nationalism, equally shared by the right and left of the political mainstream, while Lepen's nationalism is associated with fascism by a large part of the population.
The finest hour of virgin soil
Reforms and people in the USSR
On August 16, 1956, the USSR adopted a resolution “On the irrigation and development of virgin lands.” More than one and a half million people went to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals.
“This is how the harvest leaders are honored at the Leninsky virgin state farm” / Photo: Iosif Budnevich
The development of virgin lands in color photographs from the archives of the Ogonyok magazine - in the Kommersant photo gallery. The development of virgin lands began back in 1954, when there was a grain shortage in the USSR. 50 thousand Komsomol members from the central part of the country went to the Aktobe region (Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) to plow the steppe and plant grain crops.
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During the program for the development of virgin lands, more than 45 million hectares of land were plowed and planted with new crops: 25.5 million hectares in Kazakhstan, in the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals - 17 million hectares.
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Labor to provide new lands was attracted from the western part of the USSR. Mobilized Komsomol members were entitled to free travel and benefits of about a thousand rubles. In addition, for 10 years they were provided preferential loan for the amount of 20 thousand rubles. for housing construction. Over five years, 20 billion rubles have been allocated from the state budget for these purposes.
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In total, 1.7 million people took part in the campaign to develop new agricultural land in 1954-1959.
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“In 1956, the finest hour of the virgin lands struck. The harvest in the steppe was rich: instead of the promised 600 million, 1 billion poods of grain were handed over to the state,” Leonid Brezhnev wrote in his book “Virgin Land”.
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In 1956, the USSR harvested a record harvest of 125 million tons of grain, half of which was obtained on virgin lands.
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“People have to reckon with natural processes and adapt to them, opposing their invention wildlife. But no matter what happened and despite all the difficulties, virgin bread remained the cheapest,” wrote Nikita Khrushchev in his memoirs.
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In the virgin regions, leisure activities familiar to young people were organized: clubs, cinemas, libraries.
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To get quick results and high yields, virgin lands were fertilized with chemicals. Their consumption, and accordingly, production in the country has doubled.
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Experts ignored the peculiarities of the climate of the steppe zone - the active use of fertilizers led to frequent dust storms, erosion and loss of soil fertility.
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The sharp outflow of labor from the central part of the USSR had a negative impact on agricultural production in these areas. In 1974, the country's authorities declared a “second virgin soil” - this time in the non-black earth European part of Russia.
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The plowing of gigantic lands in Kazakhstan has led to a reduction in pastures and hayfields. This has affected the traditional industry Agriculture in the region - livestock farming, which found itself in crisis in the early 1960s.
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The virgin epic was so captivating Soviet Union that in 1961 the city of Akmolinsk in Kazakhstan was renamed Tselinograd (now the capital of the republic - Astana), in 1963 the Ust-Uysky district of the Kurgan region was renamed Tselinny.
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About 4 thousand virgin soil workers were awarded orders and medals, five of them received the title of Heroes of Socialist Labor.
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Despite all the successes of the virgin lands program, the pioneers did not remain to live on the developed lands. From 1965 to 2000, 280 thousand residents left only 10 virgin districts of the Orenburg region. This is four times more than the number of people who came to the region for agricultural work.
Now it’s 2014, but many young people now don’t remember, and most likely don’t know, that back in 1954, young people and girls flocked to our steppe region from all over the country on Komsomol vouchers to raise the country's agricultural sector, to grow bread and grains, which were so lacking in the post-war hard times. In the first years of the development of virgin lands, 11.5 thousand Komsomol members arrived in the Orenburg region, including 4.5 thousand from the cities of our region, and the rest from the Astrakhan, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Penza regions, Udmurtia, etc. The living conditions of the first virgin land inhabitants were not terrible: they lived in tents under open air until late autumn, there was not enough housing, which began to be built overnight in the eastern Orenburg region, there was no necessary medicine, personal hygiene items, and food. According to the stories of my grandmother’s sister, who was the first of our family to come to the Orenburg region, they lived in tents, it was cold, freezing, the conditions were inhuman... By the way, thanks to her, who then came to the “Red Shepherd” state farm in the now Dombarovsky district, our family, ancestors who are natives of the Penza region, now lives in the Orenburg region. According to Wikipedia, developmentvirgin lands- a set of measures to eliminate the backlog agriculture and increased grain production in the USSR in 1955- 1965, by bringing into circulation vast land resources in Kazakhstan, Volga region, Urals, Siberia, Far East. On March 2, 1954, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Soviets of the RSFSR “On the organization of new grain state farms of the Ministry of State Farms of the RSFSR,” 4 new state farms were created in the Adamovsky district of the Chkalov region: Adamovsky, Vostochny, Ozerny, Tobolsk with an area of 25 thousand hectares each. Hundreds of hectares of hitherto untouched virgin steppe lands were plowed up, new towns, villages, villages were erected in the endless scorching steppe. For the most part the settlement of the Dombarovsky, Adamovsky, Svetlinsky districts began precisely in the 50s of the 20th century. This is especially true for the Svetlinsky district, since previously on the territory of the modern municipality until the 50s there were only steppes, steppes, and living indigenous people- Kazakhs. Russians began to appear here after 1954. For example, the village of Vostochny is practically located on the very border with Kazakhstan; it turns 60 this year!
It would seem like a very short time for the village, but it is already looking at everyone with the empty eye sockets of its dilapidated buildings. Times have changed... Collective and state farms have collapsed, equipment has been stolen, so residents cannot put up with the lack of wages, normal level lives and they go their separate ways. There are empty two-story buildings in the village; they used to be elite housing, but now they are semi-abandoned ruins. It’s hard to believe that virgin lands once stood in line for apartments in these buildings. During the years of perestroika, they abandoned all this and left, fled, abandoned everything. That is, the process that began in the 50s is becoming reversed, the village is dying out, and only this tractor can remind of its former glory:
It was on this tractor that the first furrow was laid on the Vostochny state farm on May 18, 1954. This iron horse became a kind of monument to the pioneers of the virgin lands.
What is Vostochny now? According to the stories of local residents, this is a dying man locality, in which only those who value their land and home remained, and asocial families coming from Orsk, who sold apartments in the city for next to nothing and moved to the free steppe “bread”. Maybe another twenty or thirty years, and there will be nothing left of the stronghold of the virgin lands? Although I watched local TV, there is information about the celebration of the anniversary of the development of virgin lands. In particular, it is said that in the village of Komsomolsky repair work is being carried out in full force to celebrate such a grandiose event. Yes, in the same Komsomolsky, where they filmed the famous Soviet film"Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands."
But what about Tselinny, Vostochny, Light, who will help them? ABOUT current state You can judge the East by several videos kindly provided to me by one of the former residents of the village. You can get acquainted with them in my group “In contact” - Local history of the Orenburg region.”
On June 7, 2014, a grand celebration of the development of virgin lands, its 60th anniversary, took place in the village of Komsomolsky. Let us not forget the heroic daily exploits of our fellow countrymen in the development of new lands, the pioneers of the earth, hard workers and unknown heroes. Here is what is written about this on the official United Russia page:
In the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district, ceremonial events were held dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the development of virgin lands, reports an ER.RU correspondent.
The guests of honor of the holiday were the Acting Governor - Chairman of the Government of the Orenburg Region, member of the Presidium of the Regional Political Council of the United Russia Party, Yuri Berg, deputy State Duma RF, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Committee Viktor Zavarzin, Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Orenburg Region, member of the Presidium of the Regional Political Council of the Party Sergei Grachev, Vice Speaker of the regional parliament, Deputy Secretary of the Regional Branch of the Party Alexander Salo, deputies of the United Russia faction in the Legislative Assembly of the Ildar region Nasybullin, Alexander Bornikov, Andrey Gerasimenko and Evgeny Malyushin, managers regional ministries, members of the regional Government and representatives of federal structures.
“In the post-war period, when there was no bread, it was necessary to feed the country, and by any means,” emphasized Sergei Grachev. “Therefore, the decision was made to develop virgin lands, and the goal was achieved. It was really hard work, people were going into the unknown, and they accomplished a feat.”
The history of the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district, began on December 23, 1954, when hundreds of people began to arrive in the bare steppe, to an empty place. For the development of virgin and fallow lands, 44 grain growers were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and 10 thousand people were awarded orders and medals for their labor exploits. Thousands of people not only fought for bread, they built state farms and villages from scratch here, and created the infrastructure of the eastern Orenburg region. Their contribution to the development of the region will never be forgotten.
“The lands that were plowed gave a good harvest,” said Alexander Salo. — Our region was awarded two Orders of Lenin for its high performance. Those veterans, those people who worked here are an example for us today, and we, following them, must ensure food security, establish ourselves on the world stage in order to supply our bread. And virgin bread is the best!”
“Given our relations with the West, with America, we definitely need to be autonomous, self-sufficient in terms of food. In this regard, a lot of work is being done in the State Duma. And I think that by joint efforts we will have to help the peasants,” says State Duma deputy Viktor Zavarzin.
I would like to believe that these are not empty promises before the next elections, not the slogans of political parties. How is it possible to restore at once everything that has been stolen and taken away brick by brick over the last twenty years?
On June 7, in the village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district, anniversary events were held to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the development of virgin and fallow lands in the Orenburg region.
Sixty years ago, thousands of workers and peasants, hundreds of engineers, agronomists, livestock specialists and other specialists from all over the Soviet Union came to our steppe region.
The first Komsomol envoys, about 400 young men and women, arrived in the Novoorsky district in March 1954. In a deserted place, it was necessary to organize and rebuild two new state farms, “Iriklinsky” and “Tanalyksky” (in the early 60s, in connection with the reorganization of the districts, the Tanalyksky state farm was transferred to the subordination of the Kvarkensky district).
In the same year, 71 thousand hectares of virgin land were raised in the region, including 19,720 hectares on the Iriklinsky state farm and 12,710 hectares on the Tanalyksky state farm. In the first year, 40 DT-54 and S-80 tractors and 20 and 25 trailed combines worked in the field. Two years later, the power supply of the Iriklinsky state farm increased threefold!
Virgin and fallow lands were actively developed on state farms already existing in the region. The sown area expanded significantly: before 1954, it was only 80 thousand hectares; in two years it increased to 173 thousand. In 1956, the Iriklinsky state farm alone handed over 180 thousand centners of grain to the state, which is four times more than what was handed over by all state and collective farms in the region in 1953. The labor feat of the pioneers of the Virgin Lands was highly appreciated by the state, and many of them were awarded orders and medals.
The development of virgin lands in the Kvarken region in 1954 and 1955, only if the planned yield was met, allowed the collective and state farms of the region to receive an additional 3.5 million poods of grain.
Virgin lands in Adamovsky, Kvarkensky, Svetlinsky, Dombarovsky, Pervomaisky, Novoorsky, Yasnensky, Akbulaksky and a number of other areas were brought into circulation.
The most large-scale development of virgin and fallow lands occurred in the Adamovka lands, it was on them that the virgin lands epic began, so Adamovka is rightfully considered the capital Orenburg virgin soil. More than 5 thousand young men and women arrived on Komsomol vouchers alone to conquer the untouched feather grass steppe. During 1954 and 1955, 7 new state farms were created in the Adamovsky district. In total, 531 thousand hectares of virgin lands were developed. Often the furrows stretched for many kilometers. Thus, the length of the tractor run on the state farm named after. XIX Party Congress was 20 kilometers.
For services in the development of virgin and fallow lands, in increasing bread production, 4,387 people from the Adamovsky district alone were awarded orders and medals, 7 people were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
In total, in the region, 44 Heroes of Socialist Labor were raised by virgin lands, 10 thousand people were awarded orders and medals for their labor feats. In 1956, the Orenburg region was awarded the first Order of Lenin for its success in developing virgin lands and increasing grain production.
And today the festive event was attended by Acting Governor Yuri Berg, Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Viktor Zavarzin, Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Orenburg Region Sergei Grachev, Acting First Vice-Governor Sergei Balykin, Acting Vice-Governor-Deputy Chairman of the Regional Government for Financial Policy Natalya Levinson, Acting Deputy Chairman of the Government n Minister of Agriculture, Food and Processing Industry Mikhail Maslov, members of the regional Government and regional departments federal departments.
Yuri Berg addressed the audience with congratulations.
“It is a great joy for me to meet with the people who revived the deserted steppe, with the generation who mastered the virgin lands. Those years that made the Orenburg region a grain granary, a large agricultural region, and the golden ear an inexhaustible source of abundance and prosperity, became our worthy biography. Today, the pioneers of virgin lands, heroes of labor, those who fed the country with plenty of bread have gathered here. I know many of you personally, and I am proud of this acquaintance. Thank you, dear virgin land veterans!
Leonid Markovich Potekhin, a pioneer of virgin lands, spoke about how they raised virgin soil.
- We are the older generation, we came to this uninhabited region 60 years ago. We did not know fatigue, we worked with and endured heat and cold, but we fulfilled our duty to the country n We gave virgin bread! We were young, daring, and just like you, we loved and created families! We raised children and the main asset of the Country is Bread! May life not dry up in this harsh land, may FAT FIELDS always ear and there will be bread on the table!
Today, just over two thousand virgin soil inhabitants live in our region, but the traditions laid down by the first virgin soil inhabitants find a worthy continuation in the deeds and achievements of new generations of rural workers. They develop the agro-industrial potential created by the heroes of the virgin lands and increase the efficiency of agricultural production in new economic conditions.
Yesterday in the east of the Orenburg region there was a grand celebration dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the development of virgin and fallow lands.
The Orenburg region is second in terms of the volume of new arable land after Altai. Now it’s hard to imagine, but in the first year of 1954 alone, 1 million one hundred and thirty thousand hectares of steppe were plowed in our region.
Disputes about the need to raise virgin soil continue to this day. However, we should not forget that at that time the country was in dire need of bread. The first famine post-war decade has not yet ended. The international situation was such that the USSR had to rely primarily on own resources and ensure what is now called the country's food security.
As the newspapers wrote then, the youth of the entire country responded to the call of the March plenum of the CPSU Central Committee. Tens of thousands of young people, some at the call of their hearts, some in pursuit of a long ruble, and some on urgent recommendation, arrived in the Orenburg steppe. Reality immediately put everything in its place. The weak left, and those who withstood difficult field conditions remained forever faithful to the choice of their youth.
Tselina raised 44 Heroes of Socialist Labor in the Orenburg region. More than 10 thousand people were awarded orders and medals for their labor feats.
First of all, it was for them that a regional holiday was held on June 7 in the famous village of Komsomolsky, Adamovsky district.
More than three hundred delegates from all virgin regions of the Orenburg region gathered for it. They were the most honored guests.
A representative delegation headed by Acting Governor of the Orenburg Region Yuri Berg, Chairman of the Legislative Assembly Sergei Grachev, and State Duma Deputy Viktor Zavarzin arrived to congratulate them. The delegation included ministers of the regional government, heads of cities and districts, and deputies of the regional legislative body.
The ceremonial events began with the opening of a unique rural settlement Virgin Lands Museum.
The main celebrations took place on large field, not far from the village. Each virgin land region - and these are Dombarovsky, Gaisky, Yasnensky, Kvarkensky and, of course, Adamovsky - created unique exhibitions from the history of the development of virgin lands. There was a dance floor, a drive-thru, a movie theater, and a radio center.
Those gathered were reminded that the virgin lands had become a multinational region, and improvised national farmsteads were located not far from the stage: Kazakh, German, Tatar, Ukrainian, Mordovian and Cossack kuren. The arriving delegation of regional leaders was warmly welcomed in each of them. And in Mordovian acting the governor began to dance.
A special exhibition of virgin land equipment, including rare specimens, was open for guests and participants of the holiday. A friendly match was held on the football field between the teams of the agricultural technical school and the village of Komsomolsky.
The main theatrical action took place on the main stage.
Opening the holiday, Yuri Berg reminded the audience that the development of virgin lands was a grandiose project of the twentieth century, which had no analogues in world history. But first of all, his speech was addressed to veterans.
“Present here,” he said, “are the heroic order bearers from the galaxy of those who were the first to set foot on the steppe lands and survived the hottest days.” Thank you, dear virgin land veterans! And a low bow!
For an entire hour, an enchanting theatrical and musical performance unfolded on stage with the help of the Orenburg Russian Folk Choir and the regional philharmonic, with songs, dances, and scenes from the life of the virgin lands.
A very unexpected continuation of the virgin history was the wedding of the driver and accountant from the village of Komsomolsky, Dmitry and Lyudmila Pisnyaev. Congratulating them, Yuri Berg said:
“You and your children are the future of the virgin land,” and he presented the newlyweds with a gift - a Lada Granda car from the regional government.
After this, performances by groups from cities and districts throughout our region continued for several hours.
The holiday was a success. This is the general opinion of the owners, veterans and guests of special events.
At the end of the holiday, journalists did not miss the opportunity to ask the members of the delegation about their attitude to the film “Ivan Brovkin in the Virgin Lands,” which made the village of Komsomolsky famous throughout the country. Of course, everyone recognized this kind and cheerful film as one of their favorites. The story of the film was continued. Operators of a possible remake of this film, which will presumably be filmed, worked together with journalists. creative Group from Chelyabinsk.
It is still unknown who will play Ivan Brovkin and Zakhar Silych. But preliminary agreements on the production of the film have already been reached.
The development of the Orenburg virgin lands is already history, and behind it is our present life.
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