Name: Alexander Tvardovsky
Age: 61 years old
Place of Birth: Zagorye village, Smolensk region
A place of death: Podolsky district, Moscow region
Activity: writer, poet, journalist
Family status: was married to Maria Gorelova
Alexander Tvardovsky - biography
The Zagorye farm in the Smolensk province was just an inconspicuous piece of land for everyone, but Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky proudly called it “my estate.” Here his second son, Sashka, was born on June 21, 1910. He loved the boy, but did not allow tenderness. In this part there was a mother - Maria Mitrofanovna, a woman of the kindest soul.
Since childhood, Tvardovsky’s biography included a love of writing. Sashka grew up as an impressionable child, loved nature, living creatures, and wrote poetry from childhood. The family's house was small, but the farm was growing. In order not to disturb anyone, Sasha ran to the bathhouse, where he wrote down his poems. When he grew up, he began sending them to Smolensk newspapers. The talented boy was willingly published, but he himself could not fully believe in himself. It’s like when he sees his poem in the newspaper, he’ll be happy. And the next day he will receive a slap in the face from his father and the insulting: “Darmoed, poetic weaver!”
Tired of his father's scolding, at the age of 17 the young man left home. He arrived in Smolensk, where, as he hoped, he would finally be able to live like a human being. Besides - what luck! - he was noticed by Mikhail Isakovsky, editor of a local newspaper. Seeing talent in the young man, he sent Tvardovsky’s works to Moscow. There they were also greeted with a bang and invited young man to the capital.
But Moscow did not accept the poet and put him in his place. Unable to find shelter, he was forced to return to Smolensk.
Alexander Tvardovsky - kulak son...
Bitter news always comes at the wrong time. Only Tvardovsky met the woman he loved, only she gave him a daughter and they established family life, personal life, as he learns, his parents are in trouble.
When collective farms began to be created in 1931 and wealthy peasants were dispossessed, the head of the family, Trifon Gordeevich, could not even think that this would affect him too. What kind of a fist is he, because he worked all his life without straightening his back? But the authorities thought differently. All the property of the Tvardovsky family was taken away, and the father himself, his wife and the rest of the children were sent into exile to the Urals.
Alexander, having learned about this, rushed to the secretary of the regional committee. There was a pounding in my head: I need to save, I need to help! His ardor was cooled by the words: “You will have to choose: either the revolution, or father and mother. But you are a reasonable person, you can’t go wrong. .."
Tvardovsky paced the room for a long time, thinking. The wife understood everything, but could not help: her husband’s experiences were too personal. A few days later he sent a letter to his parents with the words: “Take courage! Unfortunately, I won’t be able to write to you. Alexander".
Having distanced himself from his “unenviable” past and relatives, Tvardovsky was never able to get rid of the stigma of “son of the kulak.” Because of him, the poet was expelled from the Writers Association and a case was opened.
In 1936, Tvardovsky completed work on the poem “The Country of Ant,” glorifying collectivization. The work turned out to be powerful, and most importantly, Stalin liked it. The noose around Tvardovsky's neck loosened. They immediately forgot that he was a “kulak son,” and the poet was even able to bring his relatives back from exile. Finally his conscience was silent! After all, only now was he able to settle them in a Smolensk apartment without fear for his fate. He and his family moved to the capital - now they could afford it.
Life was getting better. His wife soon gave Tvardovsky a son. His father doted on him and spoiled him. And then... he buried him - the one-and-a-half-year-old baby caught pneumonia.
The loss in Tvardovsky’s biography was irreparable; Alexander Trifonovich could not find a place for himself. It seemed that he was a little distracted only on June 22, 1941, when he heard from his daughter Valya: “Dad, the war has begun!” The very next day he rushed to Kyiv, where he was sent as a war correspondent. Tvardovsky preferred to cover events not from the side, but by getting into the very thick of it, where the fire was blazing and shells were exploding. I kept waiting for when they would wound him and physical pain will crowd out the soul?..
Alexander Trifonovich returned from the war unharmed and not empty-handed. His friend and hero Vasily Terkin was invisibly present next to him. He and his comrades came up with this soldier back in 1939, when the Soviet-Finnish war was going on. It was necessary to cheer up our own people, so the correspondents began to write a humorous column in the magazine. During the Great Patriotic War, Terkin became a real talisman for soldiers. “Well, at least this way I can make my contribution to this war,” Alexander Trifonovich thought to himself.
But the war ended, and with it Terkin. But Tvardovsky did not want to part with him and decided to send him... to the next world.
Alexander Tvardovsky - my friend, Nikita Khrushchev
In the fall of 1961, the poet received a parcel from the Ryazan teacher Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Inside was a manuscript, on the first page the heading “One day of one prisoner.” It sounds controversial, but it’s worth reading... In the morning, Tvardovsky woke up a different person.
Alexander's comrades dissuaded him from publishing the story in the magazine " New world", of which he was the editor. They recalled his recent dismissal due to an attempt to publish the political-satirical poem “Terkin in the Other World.” But Tvardovsky had already decided for himself: “Why do I need a magazine if I don’t publish this in it?”
At that moment, Alexander Trifonovich had someone to rely on. Nikita himself was his unspoken protector. Khrushchev. The Secretary General happily let both Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky and his new Terkin pass.
But Brezhnev, who came to power, categorically did not like the “upstart” Tvardovsky. The New World magazine, considered cutting-edge at the time, was a thorn in Leonid Ilyich’s side. The publication was persecuted mercilessly. The editorial staff also suffered - one fine day, four employees, close friends of Tvardovsky, were fired at once. The poet's opponents were put in their place. Alexander Trifonovich could not work with them and wrote a letter of resignation.
Many people who knew Alexander Tvardovsky closely noted in his biography an extraordinary thirst for justice. A sincere believer in the communist idea, he often opposed the party line. For example, he condemned the entry of troops into Czechoslovakia and refused to sign a letter in support of these actions. A little later, he stood up for the disgraced scientist Zhores Medvedev, who was first fired and then sent to mental asylum. Tvardovsky personally went to save Medvedev. To all the warnings - “Your 60th anniversary is coming up. They won’t give you a Hero of Socialist Labor!” he answered: “This is the first time I’ve heard that we give a Hero for cowardice.”
Alexander Tvardovsky - long-awaited peace
The patient was brought to the Kuntsevo hospital on time. A little more and it would have been impossible to save him. The diagnosis is disappointing: stroke, partial paralysis. “I was probably worried,” the doctor thought. And so it was. No matter how much Alexander Trifonovich’s wife asked him not to worry, no matter how much she persuaded him to think about himself, it was all in vain. Later, doctors reported: the poet had advanced lung cancer, which had metastasized, and he did not have long to live. And so it happened. Alexander Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 in the holiday village of Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow Region and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
- Soviet writer and poet, winner of many awards, Chief Editor magazine "New World".
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born June 8 (21), 1910 in the Smolensk province on the Zagorye farm in a peasant family. Alexander began writing poetry quite early. At the age of 14, he was already leaving his notes in newspapers. M. V. Isakovsky liked his works, who became good friend and mentor to the young poet.
In 1931, his first poem entitled “The Path to Socialism” appeared in print. He married M.I. Gorelova, they had two daughters. By that time, the writer’s entire family was dispossessed, and his native farm was burned. Despite this, he supported collectivization and Stalin's ideas. Since 1938, he became a member of the CPSU (b).
In 1939 he received a diploma from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. Then he was drafted into the Red Army, and also participated in Finnish war as a war correspondent. During the Great Patriotic War, the writer’s most famous poem, “Vasily Terkin,” was published. This poem became the embodiment of Russian character and national patriotism.
In 1946, Tvardovsky completed work on the poem “House by the Road.” In the 1960s, the writer wrote the poem “By Right of Memory,” where he told the whole truth about the life of his father and the consequences of collectivization. This poem was banned from publication by censorship until 1987. Along with poetry, the writer was also fond of prose. So, in 1947, his book about the past war, “Motherland and Foreign Land,” was published. In the 1960s, the poet showed himself as a professional critic and wrote articles about the works of S. Marshak, M. Isakovsky, I. Bunin.
In front of you short biography Tvardovsky. From it you will understand why this man was such a popular people's favorite. However, read any outstanding people, regardless of the time and place of their birth, is extremely interesting.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky is one of the most iconic writers of the Soviet era. The immortal poem “Vasily Terkin” belongs to his pen, which, after its appearance, immediately and forever won the love of Soviet citizens.
Brief biography of Tvardovsky
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 21, 1910 in the Zagorye farmstead, Smolensk province. The boy grew up in a simple working-class family.
The head of the family was a blacksmith, but despite this he was a very educated person. He was fond of Russian literature, which is why works by and other writers were often read in the house.
Childhood
Tvardovsky's childhood took place in the post-revolutionary period of Russia. IN adolescence he saw and felt the consequences of collectivization with his own eyes, because in the 1930s his father was dispossessed and expelled from the village.
Alexander began writing his first poems as a child. In 1925, he began working as a correspondent for a rural newspaper. Thanks to this, he was able to publish his works there, which were the first in his biography.
The next year, the promising young man was already collaborating with city publishing houses. Soon, several poems by the 17-year-old poet were published in a Smolensk publication.
In 1927, Alexander Tvardovsky decided to stay in Smolensk. In 1929, he sent his poems to, where they were later published in the magazine "October".
Not counting on such success, he experienced genuine joy that his work did not go unnoticed. As a result, Tvardovsky decided to go and try his luck in Moscow.
However, there, along with financial problems, other difficulties awaited him. And although he periodically managed to publish in some publications, he got a job Good work he still couldn't.
Education
Having stayed briefly in the capital, he had to return to his native Smolensk again. There he entered the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. In it educational institution They agreed to enroll him without exams, but on the condition that he learn and pass all school subjects in a year.
The diligent and responsible student did not let the teachers down and kept his promise to them.
Tvardovsky's creativity
While studying, he continued to compose poems, and soon such works as “The snow melts, the earth moves away,” “Brothers,” and “Forest in Autumn” came out of his pen.
From the beginning of the 30s he experienced a creative upsurge. One by one his poems and stories were published. In 1936, he published the poem “The Country of Ant,” which reflected all the difficulties and misfortunes of the peasants after the October Revolution.
Following this, several more collections of his poems were published.
Tvardovsky’s work received increasing recognition in the territory Soviet Union. From this time on, he did not have any problems with publishing his works.
In 1939, immediately after graduation, Alexander Trifonovich was drafted into the army.
During his six years of service, he went through several wars, working as a war journalist. Having seen and experienced all the hardships of life at the front, he managed to collect a large amount of material on military topics.
As a result, a collection of poems “In the Snows of Finland” came out from his pen. At the same time, he wrote the immortal poem “Vasily Terkin,” so beloved by all Soviet citizens. It took about 4 years to write it.
After the end of the war, in his writings he describes people gradually returning to a normal way of life.
Without giving himself time to rest, the writer works long and hard on the poem “By Right of Memory.” In it, he presents the reader with the horrors of collectivization in a direct and truthful manner, without forgetting to mention the example of his father.
However Soviet authority couldn't allow it to happen this work fell into the hands of ordinary citizens, so it was not printed immediately, but lay on the shelf for several decades.
In 1947 he wrote a book dedicated to past war and called “Motherland and Foreign Land”.
Tvardovsky's works were highly appreciated by writers and awarded various honorary awards. In 1939 he was awarded the Order of Lenin, and in 1941 he was awarded the State Prize.
In 1961 Tvardovsky became a laureate Lenin Prize for the poem “Beyond the Distance - the Distance.”
In 1950-1954. He served as secretary of the board of the USSR Writers' Union. In 1963-1968. was vice-president of the European Writers' Society.
During 1950-1970, he was an editor at the Novy Mir publishing house. Perhaps it was best time his biography.
However, his life cannot be called calm and comfortable, since Tvardovsky did not always adhere to the “correct” views.
So, for example, when in 1961 he published the story of the disgraced Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” in the magazine, he was immediately subjected to strong pressure from the authorities.
This led to his dismissal in 1970 and the editorial office being closed.
Tvardovsky suffered his dismissal hard and painfully. Alexander Trifonovich began to complain about his health and soon suffered a stroke.
For this reason, he decided to leave writing for a while and take some rest at his dacha in the Moscow region. It was there that he was destined to live the rest of his life.
He was married to Maria Gorelova, who bore him 2 daughters - Olga and Valentina. We can safely say that Tvardovsky had a rich, rich and vibrant biography.
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Alexander was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, which is located in the Smolensk province. The father of the future poet, Trifon Gordeevich, worked as a blacksmith, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, was from a family of farmers who lived on the outskirts of the country and guarded its borders.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky
The future poet studied at a rural school. He began writing poetry quite early, and at the age of 14, Alexander sent small notes to Smolensk newspapers and some of them were published.
M. Isakovsky from the editorial office of the newspaper “Rabochy Put” helped the young poet and had a great influence on him.
Smolensk-Moscow
After graduating from school, Alexander moves to Smolensk in order to find a job or continue his studies. However, nothing worked out for him.
Tvardovsky began to live on inconsistent literary earnings, which he received for beating the thresholds of the editorial office. One day, the magazine “October” publishes the poet’s poems and he goes to Moscow, but even here the young guy doesn’t succeed, so he goes back to Smolensk. He stayed here for 6 years, and in 1936 he was admitted to MIFLI.
In 1936, his poem “The Country of Ant” was published, after which the poet himself believed that his path as a writer began with it. After the book was published, Alexander moved to Moscow and graduated from MIFLI in 1939. In the same year, his first collection of poems by Tvardovsky, “Rural Chronicle,” was published.
War years and creativity
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army in 1939. His work and biography in this moment changes greatly as he finds himself at the center of hostilities in Western Belarus. When the war with Finland began, he already had an officer rank, and also worked as a special correspondent for a military newspaper.
During the war he wrote the poem “Vasily Terkin”, and after it he created a sequence of poems “Front Chronicle”. In 1946, Tvardovsky therefore completed “House by the Road,” which mentions the initial tragic months of the Great Patriotic War.
Poem by Vasily Terkin
In 1950-60, the book “Beyond the Distance, the Distance” was written, and in 1947 he published a poem about the past war, which he gave the title “Motherland and Foreign Land.
For attempting to publish the book “Terkin in the Next World” and publishing journalistic articles by V. Pomerantsev, F. Abramov, M. Lifshits, M. Shcheglova in the “New World”, Alexander Tvardovsky was removed from the post of editor-in-chief of the magazine in the fall of 1954 by decree of the CPSU Central Committee "New world".
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Death and legacy
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 from lung cancer. The famous poet was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Alexander Tvardovsky left behind a great literary legacy; some streets in Voronezh, Moscow, Smolensk, Novosibirsk were named after him.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky (1910-1971) - Soviet writer and poet, public figure.
Born in the Smolensk province, on the Zagorye farm in the family of the village blacksmith Trifon Gordeevich Tvardovsky. Tvardovsky’s mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, came from the same household. Trifon Gordeevich was a well-read man, and in the evenings in their house they often read aloud Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Nekrasov, A.K. Tolstoy, Nikitin, Ershov. Alexander began to compose poems early, while still illiterate, and not being able to write them down. The first poem was an angry denunciation of the boys who destroyed birds' nests.
While studying at school, Tvardovsky at the age of 14 became a village correspondent for Smolensk newspapers, and in 1925 his poems were published there.
In 1929, Tvardovsky left for Moscow in search of permanent literary work; in 1930 he returned to Smolensk, where he entered the Pedagogical Institute and lived until 1936. This period coincided with difficult trials for his family: his parents and brothers were dispossessed and exiled. Nevertheless, it was precisely during these years that a series of essays by Tvardovsky “Across the Collective Farm Smolensk Region” and his first prose work “The Chairman’s Diary” (1932) were published.
A serious stage in Tvardovsky’s poetic work was the poem “The Country of Ant” (1934-36), dedicated to collectivization. Nikita Morgunk's search for the fabulous Country of Ant leads him to certain conclusions about the good or evil of the “great turning point”; the open ending of the poem is based on the contradictory fate of the poet himself and his family.
In 1936, Tvardovsky moved to Moscow, where he entered the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature to study. During these years, he translated a lot of classics of the peoples of the USSR. While still a student, he was awarded the Order of Lenin for his services in the field of literature. All-Union recognition and literary fame allow the poet to achieve the return of his relatives from exile.
Tvardovsky's military career began in 1939. As a military officer, he took part in the campaign in Western Belarus, and later in the Finnish campaign of 1939-40.
Alexander Tvardovsky's true fame comes from the works created during the Great Patriotic War, especially the poem "Vasily Terkin", the hero of which truly gains people's love. The horrors of war, its cruelty and senselessness are described in the poem “House by the Road”, in the poems “Two Lines”, “I Was Killed Near Rzhev”...
In 1947, a book of essays and stories was published under the general title “Motherland and Foreign Land.” In the same year he was elected deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR for the Vyaznikovsky district of the Vladimir region; in 1951 - in Nizhnedevitsky, Voronezh region.
Since 1950, Tvardovsky has been editor of the New World magazine and holds this post (with a short break) almost until his death.
In the 1960s, Tvardovsky, in the poems “By the Right of Memory” (published in 1987) and “Terkin in the Next World,” reconsidered his attitude towards Stalin and Stalinism. At the same time (early 1960s), Tvardovsky received Khrushchev’s permission to publish the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Solzhenitsyn in the magazine.
The new direction of the magazine caused discontent among the so-called “neo-Stalinists” in Soviet literature. For several years, there was a literary controversy between the magazines “New World” and “October” (editor-in-chief V. A. Kochetov).
After the removal of Khrushchev, a campaign was carried out in the press against the “New World”. Glavlit waged a fierce struggle with the magazine, systematically not allowing the most important materials to be published. Since the leadership of the Writers' Union did not dare to formally dismiss Tvardovsky, the last measure of pressure on the magazine was the removal of Tvardovsky's deputies and the appointment of people hostile to him to these positions. In February 1970, Tvardovsky was forced to resign as editor, and the magazine staff left with him.
Soon after the defeat of his magazine (December 18, 1971), Tvardovsky fell ill and died. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
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