Prepositions of speech. What are the prepositions in Russian? Prepositions of place, time and non-derivatives. How to write prepositions correctly

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A preposition is a functional part of speech. It plays an important role in establishing connections between words. But prepositions are not capable of constructing sentences on their own. To understand what a preposition is in Russian, you need to consider its functions and characteristics.

Why are prepositions needed?

A distinctive feature of prepositions is that they denote the dependent position of nouns, pronouns and numerals on the words next to them in a certain case. The preposition makes specific meaning case form:

I'm stopping by V newspaper – the preposition “in” specifies the meaning of the place, in in this case this is the direction inwards
Put it down on newspaper pencil - the preposition “in” concretizes the spatial meaning
Hid it under newspaper and pen - the preposition “under” indicates the meaning of place

So, the main role prepositions is to indicate the various relationships of certain words to a specific case form.

If you delve deeper into the essence and understand what a preposition means, you can conclude that prepositions express relationships between objects:

Object and action
Object and sign
Relationship between two different objects

Simple and compound prepositions

Prepositions are classified according to structure and origin.

According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two types:

Simple prepositions. They contain one word. For example, the prepositions “in”, “on”, “under”, “with”, “y”, “to” are considered simple.

Examples of using simple prepositions in a sentence:

I watched V window and smiled
The girl stood up on chair and started singing
I looked in under stool

Compound prepositions. They contain several words. For example, the prepositions “in connection”, “in contrast to”, “despite” are called compound prepositions.

Examples of using compound prepositions:

Unlike me
Despite good grades
Due to bad weather

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions

Based on their origin, prepositions are usually divided into two types:

Non-derivative prepositions. They are not formed from parts of speech, for example, “above”, “in”, “through”, “to”, “y”
Derivative prepositions. They appeared in our speech due to the successful transition from the category of other parts of speech. Depending on what part of speech the preposition comes from, they are divided into types:

Verbal. Formed from verbs by turning them into prepositions (despite, including, considering, thanks). By origin, verbal prepositions are forms of gerunds
Named. These are prepositions that represent the prepositional case form of nouns. This category includes the prepositions “by”, “during”, “due to”, “as”, “about”. These prepositions have lost their semantic connection with the nouns from which they originated
Adverbial. Formed from adverbs.

Students often make the grave mistake of mistaking such a preposition for an adverb. There is a simple rule according to which, if after the words “around”, “the day before”, “near” and the like there is a noun or pronoun, then we have a preposition. For example, consider the adverbial preposition “the day before”:

The day before holiday he decided to take up his studies

In this case, “the day before” is a preposition, since there is a noun nearby. In addition, it is impossible to ask a question about this word.

I was at the doctor's the day before

We see that in this sentence “the day before” is an adverb. From the verb “was” you can ask a question (when?) to this word. Therefore, we can conclude that “the day before” is an independent part of speech, and not a preposition.

Despite the fact that prepositions belong to the auxiliary parts of speech, they are very important for the Russian language, as they establish connections between words.

As you know, the Russian language is incredibly rich both from a lexical and morphological point of view. Therefore, foreigners have to spend more than one year studying at least it oral speech with all grammar and syntax. And, like any other language, in addition to independent parts of speech, it also needs service parts for linking words in a sentence, convenience of inflection, and correct formulation of questions. Therefore, in this article we will analyze one of these categories, namely: what a preposition is, why it is needed and how to use it correctly.

Concept and definition

As mentioned earlier, prepositions belong to the auxiliary parts of speech and serve to connect words in a sentence. More precisely, they express the dependence of nouns, pronouns and numerals on other words. Thus, they can show a relationship either between two objects (patterned fabric), or between an action and an object (walking to the pier), or between an attribute and an object (the most beautiful one in the class). Prepositions differ from conjunctions in that they connect words strictly within simple sentence; the exception to their use is homogeneous members, but otherwise their function is extensive. Their similarity with others service units speech is that their properties are limited, we will talk about this later.

Properties of prepositions as parts of speech

Firstly, they cannot act as independent members in a sentence and are always attached to the word with which they are used, being an integral member with it. For example, in the sentence “The river reflected full moon“The preposition “in” together with the word “river” is emphasized as an adverbial adverbial clause. Secondly, since we have found out what a preposition is, it, like other function words, cannot be changed by case, gender, tense and numbers, unlike the parts of speech with which they are used. However, they are always part of the question when declension of nouns, pronouns and numerals by case and even help to do this, simplifying the task for students. For example, let’s try to inflect the word “mother”.

I. p.: Who is standing at the stove? - Mother.
R.p.: Who has a new dress? - Mom.
V. p.: Who does dad love? - mom.
D. p.: Who will I go to for advice? - to Mom.
T.p.: Who is grandma proud of? - mom.
P. p.: I will write poems about whom? - about mom.

Location in offer

In addition, in order to understand what a preposition is as a part of speech, you need to learn how to quickly find them in the text. Most often they are adjacent to nouns and pronouns, and therefore are located in front of them. For example, on the desk, at the table, in front of me, etc. If there is a definition (adjective, numeral, possessive pronoun, participle) before the word with which they are used, then the preposition “skips” it forward and stands in front of it. For example: on a wooden desk, at my table, for a long time, etc. However, there are also some phrases in which prepositions are used after the word to which they refer. These are either established phrases, or stylistic features author. For example: for what?

Classification of prepositions

For the convenience of studying morphology, all parts of speech are divided into types, types, categories according to some unifying feature. A similar division exists in the case of function words; this helps to better understand what a preposition is in Russian and why it is used.

So, there are 3 classifications of this part of speech.

Firstly, according to their origin, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives (“primitive”, i.e. originally related to function words: to, from, on, under, for, for, etc.) and derivatives (were formed from another part speech). The latter, in turn, can be verbal (thanks to, after, despite, in spite of), denominative (due to, during, in continuation of, in view of, like, by virtue of) and adverbial (inside, near, behind, in front).

Secondly, in composition there are simple (consist of one word and have one root: to, on, from, for), complex (several words: during, despite) and compound (one word, several roots) prepositions (examples : from under, because of).

By semantic meaning

This classification of prepositions is the most comprehensive; it includes 6 main categories:

Spaces or “places” (with a qualifying word they answer the question “where?”): in the table, outside the window, on the carpet, under the closet.
Time - “when? how long?”: for half an hour, from morning to night, throughout the week.
Object - “about what? about what/who?”: write about love, talk about school.
Mode of action - “how?”: with feeling, with love, with concern.
Reasons - “why?”: from boredom, from shame, from fear.
Goals - “why? for whom?”: for pleasure, for mom.

Subtleties of the topic

So, we have studied what a preposition is and how it is classified by structure, origin and categories. For those who have not yet fully understood the complexities of this part of speech, we will explain some tricks. So, for example, a rather difficult topic: what is a derived preposition and how to distinguish it in a sentence. A question will always serve as an assistant in this, since it can be asked for an independent part of speech, but not for a service part. For example, in the sentence: “There were many bends in the flow of the river,” the second word is a noun (“where? - in the flow”). In another case (I couldn’t sleep for an hour), this is a pretext, since a single question is asked of the expression (“how long? - within an hour”). This also raises another difficulty, namely, it is necessary to correctly determine how prepositions are written - with “E” at the end or with “I”. To do this, you will have to learn them by heart: during, in continuation, as a result, but subsequently.

In Russian, specially designated parts of speech are used to connect words in a sentence. They perform only an auxiliary function and do not carry a semantic load in themselves, therefore they are called service. One of these “helpers” are prepositions. In the Russian language, their number, as well as their meaning, is clearly defined. In addition, they are divided into various groups. There are special rules for their use. What are prepositions in Russian? This is what our article is about.

What is a preposition?

In Russian, this part of speech expresses the existing dependence of nouns or pronouns that replace them on other words in a sentence or phrase. Those relationships that prepositions establish can be of a different nature. For example, they can be temporary (dancing throughout the evening), spatial (traveling through cities), conditional (in case of illness), causal (due to rain), comparative (like a fairy tale), concessive (contrary to expectations), and also objective (ask a friend). Prepositions are not used independently in speech. Therefore, they do not decline, do not conjugate, have no number, and cannot be asked a question. In addition, prepositions in the Russian language are connected with one or more indirect cases. They are not independent members of a sentence, but follow the fate of the word with which they are directly connected.

Types of prepositions

There are two reasons for classifying the part of speech we are considering. The first is origin. All prepositions in the Russian language according to this criterion are divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. The first include connectives formed from other parts of speech. The basis for them can be nouns (in view of), adverbs (about) and gerunds (despite). Others are primary and independent (for, in, on, etc.). The second basis for classification is structure. Prepositions in Russian can be simple (by), complex (from under) or compound (in connection with). Thus, determining the type of this part of speech is not so difficult.

Spelling prepositions

Despite the fact that most often the part of speech mentioned is a word consisting of only a couple of letters (or even one), there are still rules for their spelling.

Thus, prepositions of the Russian language are always written separately from the other parts of speech. They are often confused with consoles. To avoid making mistakes, you need to remember the following facts. Firstly, verbs do not use prepositions. Secondly, you can insert either a case question or an additional word before the preposition. There are also separate rules for writing composite and complex similar parts of speech. The first ones are written separately (during). The second ones - through a dash (because of). These are the basic rules for writing prepositions. They are not so complicated; on the contrary, they are very simple to understand, therefore, as a rule, they do not arise in practice. serious problems. A preposition is a small and pleasant part of speech designed to help connect some words, and at the same time it is easy to use.

They are divided by structure, meaning, composition, and method of formation: derivative and non-derivative prepositions, single-valued and polysemantic, simple, complex and compound prepositions, by category depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed.

Under meaning of prepositions, since they do not have independent meaning, understand the grammatical relations that they express in combination with the indirect cases of nouns. Prepositions serve as indicators of the syntactic connections of words with each other (for example, think about the future). They are directly connected in speech with case forms and are used with a certain case (or cases), being in connection with one or another case form. Together with case endings prepositions of nouns express different semantic meanings. In other words, the lexical meaning of a preposition depends on lexical meaning significant words (main and dependent) that it connects. Moreover, when combined with the same case form of a noun, prepositions convey different shades of adverbial meanings. By value prepositions are divided into categories:

spatial(point to the place): in, from, to, at, on, because of, over, under, about, around, in front of, near and etc.:
lives V village, working on factory, resting under Moscow, etc.
temporary(indicate time): to, in, through, by, from, to, before, during, on the eve, during:
charger By morning, rest on holidays, work behind month
causal(indicate the reason): from, from evil, for, due to, due to, by chance, thanks to, in view of, as a result of, due to and etc.:
error By inattention, trembled from fear
targeted(point to target): in, by, to, for, for, for, etc.:
say V joke, speech To occasion, go on rest
course of action(indicate the course of action): with, without, in, from and etc.:
work With hobby, laugh from souls
object(indicates the object to which the action is directed): about, about, about, with, on, regarding, regarding and etc.:
miss your son, find out about money (cf.: transfer money to the customer’s account)

Depending on with how many case forms prepositions are related, they are divided into:

unambiguous - prepositions that are used with one case:
at house (P.p.), To home (D.p.), from forests (RP);
polysemantic- prepositions that can express different meanings, used with several cases:
forgot on table (spatial meaning), absent on minute (time value), believe on word (meaning a manner of action).

That. in different case constructions and with different cases, prepositions can have different meanings. For example, the preposition By “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov identifies 15 meanings; The large academic dictionary of the Russian language lists more than 30 meanings of the preposition on .

By its structure prepositions are divided into:

Non-derivatives (or primitives) is a small and non-replenishing group of the simplest words that have always belonged to this part of speech (were not formed from other words):
without, in (in), before, for, for, from (iso), to (to), except, between, on, over (need), about (about, both), from (from), on, under ( under), before (before), with, about, for the sake of, with (with), through, at, through; from behind, from under; over, over, under.

Almost all such prepositions are ambiguous. Many can combine with more than one case form of a name. The meanings of prepositions depend on the meanings of the cases with which they are combined and on the meanings of the controlled nouns. A non-derivative preposition can be combined with three cases ( by, from), with two cases ( in, for, between, between. on, oh, under) or with one case ( without, for, before, from, because of, from under, to, over, from, in front of, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, for, over).
Derivatives (or non-primitive) are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Derived prepositions include words that are formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds. The meanings of derived prepositions are determined by the meanings of the adverbs, nouns and gerunds from which they were formed. There are significantly more derived prepositions than non-derivative ones. All of them are usually unambiguous, and each such preposition is connected with only one case. Derivative prepositions are divided into simple and compound. Simples coincide with adverbs, nouns and gerunds ( along, near, thanks), compounds formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds with non-derivative prepositions (close to, at the expense of, despite).

Derivative prepositions are divided into categories depending on those parts of speech from which they were derived:

adverbial , formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relationships:
- simple:
  near, close, deep, along, instead, instead, out, inside, near, around, in front, like, in spite of, after, past, above, towards, on the eve, except, on the contrary, about, on top, like, behind, besides, across, after, in the middle, in the middle, before, against, behind, above, over, through, among, accordingly, accordingly, etc.;
- compound:
  close to, (not) far from, far from, up to, henceforth to, regardless of, in relation to, along with, following, next to, together with, along with, next to, in accordance with, comparatively with.
denominate formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations:
- simple:
  by, through, type (people like Ivanov), order (temperature of about one hundred degrees);
- compound:
  in view of, by virtue of, during, in continuation of, as a consequence of, as, about, to the extent of, during, on occasion, in the case of, in connection with, for the reason of, on account of, on the part of, etc.
verbal formed from verb forms (gerunds) and express various adverbial relations:
- simple:
  thanks to, excluding, including, after, counting, ending, starting;
- compound:
  starting from, based on, judging by, despite, despite, etc.

By structure prepositions are divided into:

simple - prepositions - both non-derivative and derivative, which consist of one word, mostly one- and two-syllable. These are primarily non-derivative and some derivative prepositions, for example,
by, past, among, in, for, etc.

Good afternoon, dear student! Today I would like to pay attention to a topic that is not complicated, but causes difficulties for foreigners: prepositions. There are a lot of prepositions in the Russian language and each of them belongs to a specific group. We need prepositions to connect words in a sentence, in order to indicate a specific place, time, space, reason or purpose.

Today we will look at the prepositions that we use with interrogative words “where”, “where”, “from where”

With the question word “where” in Russian, two prepositions are usually used: “na” and “in”; how do you figure out when to use one of these prepositions? Usually, when talking about space, which implies that you need to be in it, inside, we use “in”, but if we are talking about space and mean something vast, wide, on the surface, usually not closed, then we use “on”, let's look at examples:

Where do you work? I work in a large office. Where do you work? I work in a big office

Where do you live? We live in a small apartment. Where do you live? We live in a small flat/appartment

Where was the concert? It took place at a large stadium in Moscow. Where was the concert? It has been held in a big stadium

Where kids play? They play on the playground near the house. Where the children play? They play on the playground near the house.

In these examples, the words “apartment” and “office” are closed spaces, so we use the preposition “in” in speech. And the words “stadium” and “ground” are open places on the surface of which people usually spend some time and usually not for that long, so we use the preposition “on.”

With the question word “where” we also use the prepositions “in” or “on”, but in this case the noun that comes after the preposition must be in the accusative case, for example:

Where are you going tonight with Anton? We are going to go to the new cafe Where are you going tonight with Anton? We are going to visit a new cafe.

Where did grandma go? She went to the street Where is granny? She went to the street

In these examples, the same principle of “closed” or “open” space is used, but if with the word “where” after the preposition there is a noun in the prepositional case, then in the case of the question “where”, we use nouns in the accusative case:

Went to the street (in Accusative case)
In a new cafe (in Accusative case)

In the case of the question word “from”, in Russian we usually use the prepositions “from” and “with”

In order to be able to correctly figure out which of these prepositions to use, let’s remember this rule:

If we talk about direction: where is it going? And then in the answer we use the preposition “in”, then the interrogative word “from where” will mean the opposite direction: go/return from where? Accordingly, in speech we must use the preposition “from”:

Where did she go? To Samara Where did she go? She went to Samara
Where did she come from? From Samara [Atkuda ana priekhala? Iz Samary] Where did she come from? From Samara

Remember that schematically these examples look like this: “in” - “from”

If the question is: Where did he go? The answer will contain the preposition “to”, then with the interrogative word “from”: Where did he come from? We must use the preposition "with". For example:

Where did he go so early? He went to work Where did he go so early? He went to work

Where did he come from so late? From work Where did he come so late? F rom work.

Schematically, these examples can be expressed as follows: “on” - “with”

Remember the words with which the preposition “from” is used:

From study room
From the restaurant
From the theater
From the city [Iz gorada] From the city

Words with which "s" is used:

From work
From the North
From the square

Remember that the word “stadium” with the preposition “with” and the question word “from” is not used; the letter “o” is added to the preposition:

Where are people coming from? From the stadium Wh here did this people come? From the stadium.