Fenistil what generation. What are antihistamines in simple words: classic formulations and antiallergic drugs of new generations. Antihistamines of the 1st generation

Spring. Nature is awakening… Primroses are blooming… Birch, alder, poplar, hazel let out coquettish earrings; buzzing bees, bumblebees, collecting pollen ... The season begins (from lat. pollinis pollen) or hay fever - allergic reactions to plant pollen. Summer is coming. Cereals bloom, tart wormwood, fragrant lavender ... Then autumn comes and ragweed becomes the “mistress”, the pollen of which is the most dangerous allergen. During the flowering of the weed, up to 20% of the population suffers from lacrimation, cough, allergic. And here is the long-awaited winter for allergy sufferers. But here many are waiting for a cold allergy. Spring again ... And so all year round.

And also off-season allergies to animal hair, cosmetics, house dust and more. Plus drug allergies, food. In addition, in recent years, the diagnosis of "allergy" is made more often, and the manifestations of the disease are more pronounced.

Alleviate the condition of patients with drugs that relieve the symptoms of allergic reactions, and above all - antihistamines (AHP). Histamine, which stimulates H1 receptors, can be called the main culprit of the disease. It is involved in the mechanism of occurrence of the main manifestations of allergies. Therefore, antihistamines are always prescribed as antiallergic drugs.

Antihistamines - blockers of H1 histamine receptors: properties, mechanism of action

The mediator (biologically active mediator) histamine affects:

Skin, causing itching, hyperemia.
Respiratory tract, causing edema, bronchospasm.
Cardiovascular system, causing increased vascular permeability, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension.
Gastrointestinal tract, stimulating gastric secretion.

Antihistamines relieve symptoms caused by endogenous histamine release. They prevent the development of hyperreactivity, but do not affect either the sensitizing effect (hypersensitivity) of allergens, or the infiltration of the mucosa by eosinophils (a type of leukocyte: their content in the blood increases with allergies).

Antihistamines:

It should be borne in mind that the mediators involved in the pathogenesis (mechanism of occurrence) of allergic reactions include not only histamine. In addition to it, acetylcholine, serotonin and other substances are “guilty” of inflammatory and allergic processes. Therefore, drugs that have only antihistamine activity stop only acute manifestations of allergies. Systematic treatment requires complex desensitizing therapy.

Generations of antihistamines

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According to the modern classification, there are three groups (generations) of antihistamines:
H1 histamine blockers of the first generation (tavegil, diphenhydramine, suprastin) - penetrate through a special filter - the blood-brain barrier (BBB), act on the central nervous system, exerting a sedative effect;
H1 histamine blockers II generation (fencarol, loratadine, ebastine) - do not cause sedation (in therapeutic doses);
H1 histamine blockers of the III generation (Telfast, Erius, Zyrtec) are pharmacologically active metabolites. They do not pass through the BBB, they have a minimal effect on the central nervous system, therefore they do not cause sedation.

The characteristics of the most popular antihistamines are shown in the Table:

	loratadine CLARITINE	cetirizine
comparative efficiency
Efficiency
Duration actions
Time effect
Frequency dosing
unwanted phenomena
Elongation QT interval
Sedative action
Gain the effects of alcohol
Side effects erythromycin
Increase weight
application
Opportunity use in children
Application in pregnant women	maybe		contraindicated
Application during lactation	contraindicated	contraindicated	contraindicated
Need
Need
Need			contraindicated
price treatment
Price 1 day of treatment, c.u.
Price

	astemizole HISMANAL	terfenadine	fexofenadine
comparative efficiency
Efficiency
Duration actions		18 - 24 hours
Time effect
Frequency dosing
comparative efficiency
Elongation QT interval
Sedative action
Gain the effects of alcohol
Side effects when used together with ketoconazole and erythromycin
Increase weight
application in specific patient populations
Opportunity use in children	> 1 of the year
Application in pregnant women	maybe	contraindicated	maybe
Application during lactation	contraindicated	contraindicated	contraindicated
Need dose reduction in the elderly
Need dose reduction in renal failure
Need dose reduction in hepatic impairment	contraindicated	contraindicated
price treatment
Price 1 day of treatment, c.u.
Price monthly course of treatment, c.u.

Benefits of 3rd generation antihistamines

This group includes pharmacologically active metabolites of some drugs of previous generations:

fexofenadine (telfast, fexofast) - an active metabolite of terfenadine;
levocetirizine (ksizal) - a derivative of cetirizine;
desloratadine (erius, desal) is the active metabolite of loratadine.

The latest generation drugs are characterized by significant selectivity (selectivity), they act exclusively on peripheral H1 receptors. Hence the benefits:

Efficiency: rapid absorption plus high bioavailability determine the rate of removal of allergic reactions.
Practicality: do not affect performance; the absence of sedation plus cardiotoxicity eliminates the need for dose adjustments in elderly patients.
Safety: not addictive - this allows you to prescribe long courses of therapy. There is practically no interaction with concomitantly taken drugs; absorption does not depend on food intake; the active substance is excreted “as is” (unchanged), i.e., target organs (kidneys, liver) do not suffer.

Prescribe medications for seasonal and chronic rhinitis, dermatitis, allergic bronchospasm.

3rd generation antihistamines: names and dosages

note: dosages are for adults.

Feksadin, telfast, fexofast take 120-180 mg x 1 time per day. Indications: symptoms of hay fever (sneezing, itching, rhinitis), idiopathic (redness, pruritus).

Levocetirizine-teva, xyzal are taken 5 mg x 1 time per day. Indications: chronic allergic rhinitis, idiopathic urticaria.

Desloratadin-teva, Erius, Desal are taken 5 mg x 1 time per day. Indications: seasonal hay fever, chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Third generation antihistamines: side effects

With their relative safety, third-generation H1 histamine receptor blockers can cause: agitation, convulsions, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, myalgia, dry mouth, insomnia, headache, asthenic syndrome, nausea, drowsiness, dyspnea, tachycardia, visual impairment, weight gain , paronyria (unusual dreams).

Antihistamines for children

Xyzal drops are prescribed for children: over 6 years old at a daily dose of 5 mg (= 20 drops); from 2 to 6 years in a daily dose of 2.5 mg (= 10 drops), more often 1.25 mg (= 5 drops) x 2 times a day.
Levocetirizine-teva - dose for children over 6 years old: 5 mg x 1 time per day.

Erius syrup is allowed for children aged 1 to 6 years: 1.25 mg (= 2.5 ml of syrup) x 1 time per day; from 6 to 11 years: 2.5 mg (= 5 ml of syrup) x 1 time per day;
adolescents from 12 years old: 5 mg (= 10 ml of syrup) x 1 time per day.

Erius is able to inhibit the development of the first phase of an allergic reaction and inflammation. In the case of a chronic course of urticaria, the reverse development of the disease occurs. The therapeutic efficacy of Erius in the treatment of chronic urticaria was confirmed in a placebo-controlled (blinded) multicenter study. Therefore, Erius is recommended for use in children from one year old.

Important: A study of the effectiveness of Erius lozenges in the pediatric group has not been conducted. But the pharmacokinetic data revealed in the study of the determination of drug doses with the participation of pediatric patients indicate the possibility of using lozenges of 2.5 mg in the age group of 6-11 years.

Fexofenadine 10 mg is prescribed for adolescents from 12 years of age.

The doctor tells about allergy drugs and their use in pediatrics:

Prescribing antihistamines during pregnancy

During pregnancy, third-generation antihistamines are not prescribed. In exceptional cases, the use of telfast or fexofast is allowed.

Important: Information on the use of drugs of the fexofenadine (Telfast) group by pregnant women is not enough. Since studies conducted on experimental animals have not revealed signs of an adverse effect of Telfast on the overall course of pregnancy and intrauterine development, the drug is considered conditionally safe for pregnant women.

Antihistamines: from diphenhydramine to erius

Many allergy sufferers owe the first generation of antihistamines an improvement in well-being. "Side" drowsiness was taken for granted: but the nose does not flow and the eyes do not itch. Yes, the quality of life suffered, but what to do - the disease. The latest generation of antihistamines has made it possible for a large cohort of allergy sufferers not only to get rid of allergy symptoms, but also to live a normal life: drive a car, play sports, without the risk of falling asleep on the go.

4th generation antihistamines: myths and reality

Often in the advertising of drugs for the treatment of allergies, the term “new generation antihistamine”, “fourth generation antihistamine” slips. Moreover, this non-existent group often ranks not only anti-allergic drugs of the latest generation, but also drugs under new trademarks belonging to the second generation. This is nothing more than a marketing gimmick. In the official classification, only two groups of antihistamines are indicated: the first generation and the second. The third group is pharmacologically active metabolites, for which the term "H1 histamine blockers of the III generation" has been assigned.

Allergy symptoms worry more and more people every year. Often the disease is not episodic, but permanent. There are many remedies for getting rid of allergies, but only second and third generation antihistamines have a minimal amount of side effects.

An allergic reaction refers to complex biochemical processes, in which a biologically active substance, histamine, plays an important role. The number of patients forced to resort to the use of antihistamines is increasing every year. The reasons for the increase in the consumption of antihistamines and other antiallergic drugs include the aggravation of the environmental situation in the world, the uncontrolled use of drugs, the daily use of household chemicals with an unexplored effect on the human body.

Allergy sufferers notice a decrease in the potency of drugs that were previously effective. There are also those that fix an undesirable side effect from antiallergic drugs. It was these factors that prompted scientists to find more effective allergy drugs with a minimum number of side effects: second and third generation antihistamines.

How the drugs work

The first antihistamines appeared in the first third of the last century. At that time, they coped with the tasks set, namely: they quickly blocked the effect of histamine on specific H1 - histamine receptors, thereby reducing the severity of allergic reactions ( skin itching, rashes, rhinitis, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock). These drugs also had a number of disadvantages.

First generation

They acted for a short time, penetrated the blood-brain barrier. Such side effects forced the patient to take the medicine several times a day in sufficiently large doses, and the antihistamine itself caused sedation, drowsiness, and the inability to engage in activities that require a high reaction rate and concentration. It is known about the adverse effect of such drugs on the gastrointestinal tract.

Long-term use of the first generation antihistamine was undesirable. Many representatives of this pharmacological group are contraindicated in children and pregnant women.

Research in the field of studying the increased reaction of the body to a particular substance made it possible to establish the cause of allergies, the mechanism of its development and the main biochemical components that are involved in it. Thus, it was possible to synthesize the second and third generations of antihistamines with somewhat different pharmacological effects.

The undoubted advantages of these drugs include the absence or minimal manifestation of a calming effect, there is no addiction, the simultaneous intake of food does not affect the therapeutic effect of drugs. In addition, these drugs exhibit a high degree of specificity for blocking H1-histamine receptors without affecting other types of receptors. A few hours after taking these drugs, the maximum therapeutic effect occurs.

Second generation

The second generation of antihistamines appeared relatively recently. . Their essential advantage is that they do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, drowsiness, dizziness and weakness are mild. The mechanism of action of representatives of the second generation of antiallergic drugs is based on a specific blocking effect on H1 receptors.

At the same time, these drugs do not affect other receptors; after their use, tachyphylaxis does not develop (a decrease in the therapeutic effect with repeated use). A single dose of a representative of this group of drugs is enough for the pharmacological effect to last for a day. And after stopping the course of therapy, the effect persists for a week.

Representatives of second-generation antihistamines include Astemizol (Gismanal), Loratadin (Lorano, Claritin, Erolin, Tyrlor, Lomilan), Terfenadine (Teridin, Trexil, Tofrin, Tamagon, Bronal), Acrivastine (Semprex), Azelastine (Allergodil), Ebastin ( Ebastel, Clover, Kestinlio, Kestin), Desloratadine (Eden, Erius).

Desloratadine in the form of a suspension can be prescribed to children from one year old, astemizole and loratadine - from the second year, the rest - from an older age.

third generation

The third generation of antihistamines can be described as prodrugs or intermediates that are converted into an active form in the body and have a therapeutic effect. And only cetirizine was obtained by modifying hydroxyzine, a representative of the first generation of antiallergic drugs. Thanks to these chemical changes, the third generation of antihistamines got rid of unwanted side effects, and the pharmacological effect increased significantly. It is representatives of the third generation that can rightly be considered metabolites of previous generations.

This group of antiallergic drugs includes Fexofenadine (Telfast, Fexofast, Gifast, Allegra) and Cetirizine (Cetrin, Zodak, Zirtek, Zincet). Cetirizine can be used in children from the age of six months, fexofenadine - from the age of six.

Main Side Effects

Compared with the first generation of antihistamines, the second and third generations have fewer side effects. However, there is no need to talk about their maximum safety.

Thus, it has been proven that drugs of the 2nd and 3rd generations of antihistamines can accumulate and not be excreted from the body for a long time. This fact can also be considered as an undesirable effect due to the fact that the simultaneous use of several drugs can negatively affect the internal systems and organs of a person.

It is known that the violation of the liver and kidneys must be taken into account by the doctor to adjust the therapeutic dose. The combined use of antiallergic drugs with ketoconazole or erythromycin increases the manifestation of side effects.

When using almost all antihistamine drugs, an unpleasant sensation of dryness of the mucous membranes, nausea, vomiting, headache, and fatigue may occur.

Second-generation antihistamines may exhibit cardiotoxic effects due to their ability to block potassium channels in the myocardium. In this regard, ECG monitoring should be carried out periodically in order to timely cancel the use of antiallergic drugs. Many doctors avoid prescribing such drugs in people with heart conditions.

Despite the selectivity of the action of modern antihistamines, side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, impaired concentration, nervousness, distortion of sound perception, visual disturbances are not excluded.

The adverse effect of second and third generation antihistamines on the developing fetus when used in pregnant women has not been fully proven, therefore, under certain circumstances, they can be used to a limited extent under the supervision of a physician. These medicines should not be used by breastfeeding women.

Application area

The most correct solution in the treatment of conditions associated with allergies is the complete exclusion of the patient's contact with a substance that causes unpleasant symptoms in the form of bronchospasm, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and allergic dermatosis. To do this, conduct a series of studies that determine the allergen - the cause of the disease. It is allergens that cause swelling and spasm of the respiratory tract, skin itching, characteristic rashes, unpleasant symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract in the form of spasms and colic, expansion and increased permeability of capillaries, lowering blood pressure, and heart rhythm disturbance.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely eliminate the effect of substances that cause an allergic reaction in most cases. The influence of substances that cause allergic reactions can be both short-term, episodic, and long-term, throughout the season or all year round.

The most acceptable way to cope with allergies today is the use of special medicines that block the effect of the allergen on sensitive receptors. That is why in such situations, antihistamines of the second and third generations are used.

Rhinitis seasonal and throughout the year, allergic dermatoses, an integrated approach to the treatment of bronchial asthma, prevention of spasms of the upper respiratory tract - these are the main areas in which the second and third generations of antiallergic drugs are used. Long-term and continuous use of such anti-allergic groups does not reduce the manifestation of the necessary therapeutic effects, does not aggravate the patient's condition, does not cause a new side effect.

Most antihistamine medicines are categorized as over-the-counter drugs. However, self-medication with the use of such drugs is not justified. Together with the doctor, it is necessary to find out the cause of the increased sensitivity of the body to a particular substance, to determine the main directions of therapeutic measures.

Currently, in the special literature, opinions regarding which antiallergic drugs should be attributed to the second and third generation diverge. In this regard, the list of 2nd generation antihistamines will have its own characteristics, depending on what point of view modern pharmacists adhere to.

What are the criteria for classifying antihistamines in the second group?

According to the first point of view, second-generation drugs are all those anti-allergic drugs that are devoid of sedation, because they do not penetrate the brain through the blood-brain barrier.

The second and most common point of view is that the second generation of antihistamines should include only those that, although they do not affect the nervous system, are capable of causing changes in the heart muscle. Medicines that do not act on the heart and nervous system are classified as third-generation antihistamines.

According to the third point of view, only one drug with antihistamine properties, ketotifen, belongs to the second generation, because it has a membrane-stabilizing effect. And all those drugs that stabilize the mast cell membrane, but do not cause sedation, make up the third generation of antihistamines.

Why are antihistamines given this name?

Histamine is the most important substance, which is mainly found in mast cells of the connective tissue and blood basophils. Being released under the influence of various factors from these cells, it connects to the H 1 and H 2 receptors:

H 1 receptors, when interacting with histamine, cause bronchospasm, contraction of smooth muscles, dilate capillaries and increase their permeability.
H 2 receptors stimulate an increase in acidity in the stomach, affect the heart rate.

Indirectly, histamine can cause severe itching by stimulating the release of catecholamines from adrenal cells, increase the secretion of the salivary and lacrimal glands, and also accelerate intestinal motility.

Antihistamines bind to H 1 and H 2 receptors and block the action of histamine.

List of drugs of the second group

According to the most common classification of antihistamines, the second generation includes:

dimethindene,
loratadine,
ebastine,
cyproheptadine,
azelastine,
acrivastine.

All these drugs do not penetrate the brain, so they do not cause a sedative effect. However, the possible development of cardiotoxic action limits the use of this group of drugs in the elderly and those who suffer from heart disease.

Increases myocardial damage in the treatment of second-generation antihistamines, the simultaneous use of antifungal agents and some antibiotics, for example, clarithromycin, erythromycin, itraconazole and ketoconazole. You should also refrain from drinking grapefruit juice and antidepressants.

Dimetinden (Fenistil)

Available in the form of drops, gel and capsules for oral administration. It is one of the few drugs that can be used in children of the first year of life, with the exception of the neonatal period.

Fenistil is well absorbed inside and has a pronounced anti-allergic effect, lasting after 1 dose for about 6-11 hours.

The drug is effective for skin itching, eczema, drug and food allergies, insect bites, itchy dermatoses and exudative-catarrhal diathesis in children. Its other purpose is the removal of household and mild sunburns.

Application features. It is one of the few second-generation drugs that still crosses the blood-brain barrier, so it can slow down the reaction when driving. In this connection, it should be prescribed with extreme caution to drivers, and even more so not to be used during work that requires a quick reaction.

When applying the gel to the skin, it is necessary to protect this area from exposure to direct sunlight.

Dimetindene is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy and in the neonatal period. It is used with caution in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, with prostate adenoma, angle-closure glaucoma.

Loratadine (claritin, lomilan, lotaren)

Like other drugs in this group, it effectively treats all kinds of allergic diseases, especially allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, nasopharyngitis, angioedema, urticaria, endogenous itching. The drug is available in the form of tablets and syrup for oral administration, and is also part of multicomponent antiallergic gels and ointments for local treatment.

Effective for pseudo-allergic reactions, pollinosis, urticaria, itchy dermatoses. As an aid, it is prescribed for bronchial asthma.

Application features. May cause sedation in the elderly and is not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Many drugs reduce the effectiveness of loratadine or increase its side effects, so you should always consult with your doctor before taking it.

Ebastin (Kestin)

It also belongs to the group of second-generation antihistamines. Its distinguishing feature is the absence of interaction with ethanol, so it is not contraindicated in the use of drugs containing alcohol. Simultaneous administration with ketoconazole increases the toxic effect on the heart, which can lead to fatal consequences.

Ebastin is prescribed for allergic rhinitis, urticaria and other diseases accompanied by excessive release of histamine.

Cyproheptadine (peritol)

This drug for the treatment of allergic reactions can be prescribed to children from 6 months. Like other drugs in this group, cyproheptadine has a strong and lasting effect, eliminating allergy symptoms. A distinctive feature of peritol is the relief of migraine headaches, a calming effect, and a decrease in the excess secretion of somatotropin in acromegaly. Cyproheptadine is prescribed for toxicoderma, neurodermatitis, in the complex therapy of chronic pancreatitis, serum sickness.

Azelastine (allergodil)

This drug copes well with such types of allergy manifestations as allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Available as a nasal spray and eye drops. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 4 years old (eye drops) and from 6 years old (spray). The duration of the course of treatment with azelastine on the recommendation of a doctor can last up to 6 months.

From the nasal mucosa, the drug is well absorbed into the general circulation and has a systemic effect on the body.

Acrivastine (semprex)

The drug penetrates poorly through the blood-brain barrier, therefore it does not have a sedative effect, however, drivers of vehicles and those whose work requires quick and accurate actions should refrain from taking it.

Acrivastine differs from other representatives of this group in that it begins to act within the first 30 minutes, and the maximum effect on the skin is observed already 1.5 hours after administration.

Drugs of the second group, about which there is disagreement in the scientific community

Mebhydrolin (diazolin)

Most experts attribute diazolin to the first generation of antihistamines, while others, due to the minimally pronounced sedative effect, classify this agent as the second. Be that as it may, diazolin is widely used not only in adults, but also in pediatric practice, being considered one of the most inexpensive and affordable medicines.

Desloratadine (Eden, Erius)

It is most commonly referred to as a third-generation antihistamine because it is an active metabolite of loratadine.

Cetirizine (Zodak, Cetrin, Parlazin)

Most researchers classify this drug as a second-generation antihistamine, although some confidently classify it as a third, because it is an active metabolite of hydroxyzine.

Zodak is well tolerated and rarely causes side effects. Available in the form of drops, tablets and syrup for oral administration. With a single dose of the drug, it has a therapeutic effect throughout the day, so it can be taken only 1 time per day.

Cetirizine relieves allergy symptoms, does not cause sedation, prevents the development of spasm of smooth muscles and swelling of surrounding tissues. It is effective for hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, hives, eczema, itching is well removed.

Application features. If the drug is prescribed in large doses, then you should refrain from driving vehicles, as well as work that requires quick response. When combined with alcohol, cetirizine can enhance its negative effect.

The duration of the course of treatment with this drug can be from 1 to 6 weeks.

Fexofenadine (Telfast)

Most researchers also belong to the third generation of antihistamines, because it is an active metabolite of terfenadine. It can be used by those whose activities are related to driving vehicles, as well as those suffering from heart diseases.

To suppress the development of an allergic reaction, it is necessary to take an antihistamine. Currently, there are a huge number of medicines from this group. All of them are divided by generations. The list of new generation antihistamines is quite wide and allows you to choose the best medicine for treatment. In the article we will take a closer look at the most effective medicines in this category.

General concept

Most people have heard of antihistamines, but not everyone knows what they are and how they work. This is the name of a group of drugs that can act on histamine receptors, a mediator of allergic reactions. Upon contact with an irritant, the human body begins to produce specific substances, among which histamine is the most active. When this substance “meets” with certain receptors, symptoms such as tearing, reddening of the skin, itching, and a rash develop.

Antiallergic drugs are able to block these receptors and, as a result, resist the appearance of unpleasant symptoms. Without them, negative processes in the body will continue.

Currently, there is a significant increase in the number of people suffering from this or that type of allergy. An inadequate reaction of the immune system can develop against the background of disorders of the endocrine or nervous system, but most often the cause is external irritants: plant pollen, wool, dust, chemicals, some foods.

Treatment with antihistamines

In most cases, allergies cannot be completely cured. Medicines that affect histamine receptors will help get rid of unpleasant symptoms or prevent their occurrence.

To date, there are several generations of these medicines. And if the first antiallergic drugs brought not only long-awaited relief, but also many side effects, then the new generation antihistamines, the list of which we will consider below, are practically devoid of drawbacks and have practically no contraindications for use.

Medicines of this category are prescribed in the following cases:

with year-round or seasonal rhinitis;
with a negative reaction to flowering plants;
when symptoms of food and drug allergies occur;
with atopic dermatitis;
with urticaria and itching of the skin;
with bronchial asthma;
with angioedema;
with allergic conjunctivitis.

New generation antihistamines: an overview

Among all antiallergic medicines, the latest generation of drugs are considered the safest. They belong to prodrugs, which means that when they enter the body, the substances contained in the composition are converted into active metabolites. Such agents act only on histamine H-1 receptors and do not adversely affect the central nervous system.

The list of new generation antihistamines is small, however, compared with the precursor drugs, they can be prescribed to almost all patients suffering from various types of allergic reactions. Such funds allow you to quickly stop the already manifested symptoms and do not have a toxic effect on the heart. The following drugs are popular:

"Cetirizine".
"Fexofenadine".
"Erius".
"Fexofast".
"Ksizal".
"Levocetirizine".
"Desal".
"Caesera".
"Desloratadine".
"Kestin".

Features of drugs

The most common antiallergic drugs of the latest generation are those that contain fexofenadine in their composition. The substance belongs to selective inhibitors of H-1 histamine receptors and is able to stabilize mast cell membranes. The component inhibits the process of migration of leukocytes to the focus of the inflammatory process.

4th generation antihistamines based on cetirizine are considered one of the most effective. They are able to quickly stop the development of skin allergic reactions. They have a pronounced antipruritic and antiexudative effect.

Each of the modern anti-allergy drugs is prescribed only after the examination. The dosage regimen and duration of use is determined strictly individually.

"Erius": a description of the medication

An antihistamine based on desloratadine is produced by a branch of the pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough Corporation / USA in Belgium. You can buy medicines in tablet form and in the form of syrup. In addition to the main active ingredient, the tablets contain titanium dioxide, talc, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, lactose monohydrate, white wax, corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose.

The syrup contains such auxiliary components as citric acid, sorbitol, sodium benzoate, propylene glycol, sodium citrate dihydrate, sucrose. Tablets are packaged in packs of 7 and 10 pieces per blister. The syrup has the appearance of a yellow liquid and is available in 60 and 120 ml bottles.

Indications for appointment

Tablets "Erius" instructions for use recommend taking with seasonal rhinitis, lacrimation, itching of the nasal mucosa, seasonal pollinosis, chronic idiopathic urticaria. As prescribed by a specialist, the medication can also be used for other allergic conditions. For example, many patients say that "Erius" copes well with signs of neurodermatitis, food allergies, atopic dermatitis.

As part of complex therapy, an antihistamine can be taken for chicken pox, pink lichen, scabies and pseudo-scabies. "Erius" will effectively eliminate severe itching and help you fall asleep.

In pediatric practice, an antiallergic drug is used in the form of a syrup. The manufacturer claims that it can be given to babies older than 1 year. The dosage will depend on the age category. Erius tablets are suitable for adult patients and children from 12 years of age. Instructions for use recommends taking 1 tablet (5 mg) per day.

"Cetirizine": reviews

Modern antiallergic drugs are able to stop the development of the disease at the earliest stages. This is extremely important in severe allergic reactions. That is why many experts in the list of new generation antihistamines in the first place is "Cetirizine". An agent based on the active ingredient of the same name quickly relieves bronchospasm, attacks of bronchial asthma, and prevents the development of Quincke's edema. In addition, the medication will be effective for hives, pollinosis, hay fever, eczema, allergic dermatitis.

The antihistamine drug "Cetirizine" is available in the form of drops for oral administration, syrup and tablets. 1 ml of liquid solution contains 10 mg of cetirizine. One tablet contains the same amount of active substance. A noticeable effect from the use of a histamine H-1 receptor blocker can be seen an hour after administration. The duration of action is 24 hours. In bronchial asthma, it is used in combination with the bronchodilator drug Fenspiride.

Contraindications and side effects

Treatment with "Cetirizine" should be abandoned in case of hypersensitivity to the main component and hydroxyzine. It is forbidden to prescribe an antihistamine to people who are on hemodialysis or have kidney failure, during breastfeeding and pregnancy. Contraindications are also conditions associated with lactase deficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance. With caution take "Cetirizine" simultaneously with barbiturates, ethanol-containing drugs and opioid analgesics.

Excellent tolerance is a huge advantage of the drug. Side effects while taking tablets, drops or syrup are extremely rare. This is mainly due to an overdose of the active substance. In such cases, the following symptoms may develop:

dizziness;
migraine;
nervous excitement;
tachycardia;
insomnia;
urinary retention;
myalgia;
skin rashes, eczema.

What is Kestin?

Another effective histamine receptor blocker is Kestin. It is produced by the pharmaceutical company Nycomed Danmark ApS (Denmark). Modern antiallergic agent is quite expensive. The average price of tablets (10 pieces per pack) is 380-400 rubles.

What is the composition of this medicine? Ebastine is the main component that blocks histamine H-1 receptors. The substance quickly eliminates spasms of the smooth muscles of the bronchi, reduces exudation, stops the manifestation of skin allergic reactions. "Kestin" is available in the form of tablets, which may contain various amounts of ebastine (10 or 20 mg) and syrup. The manufacturer also offers lozenges containing 20 mg of the active substance.

Who suits?

Any 4th generation antihistamines, including Kestin, can be taken only after consultation with an allergist. Most often, the drug is prescribed to adult patients. The instruction allows the use of tablets in pediatric practice, but only if the child is over 12 years old. Lozenges are prescribed only from the age of 15. The syrup can be used to treat children from 6 years of age.

"Kestin" effectively eliminates the symptoms of year-round and seasonal rhinitis of various origins, conjunctivitis, urticaria, Quincke's edema. The drug relieves symptoms caused by drug, food, insect allergies.

It is worth refraining from using "Kestin" during pregnancy, lactation, with intolerance to ebastine or other components of the drug. Lozenges are not prescribed for patients suffering from phenylketonuria. Under the supervision of a physician, an antihistamine is used for ischemic disease, hypokalemia, renal and hepatic insufficiency.

Description of the drug "Ksizal"

If necessary, symptomatic treatment of allergic skin reactions, urticaria, rhinorrhea, Quincke's edema, hay fever, many prefer the modern remedy "Ksizal". The cost of one package is 420-460 rubles. The drug is produced at pharmaceutical factories in Belgium, Switzerland and Italy.

The main active component of Xyzal is levocetirizine. The substance has pronounced anti-allergic properties. The active metabolite is able to prevent the development of allergies or significantly alleviate the course of the pathological condition. The substance reduces the permeability of the vascular walls, blocks the activity of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, and inhibits the movement of eosinophils. The clinical effect of the drug persists for 24 hours.

When are they assigned?

In the list of new allergy drugs, Xyzal occupies the first position due to its quick effect and safety. A modern drug has practically no contraindications to the appointment and rarely provokes the development of side effects. It is recommended to use it for a variety of allergic reactions: Quincke's edema, pollinosis, allergic dermatitis, itching, sneezing, nasal congestion against the background of seasonal or year-round rhinitis.

In the form of drops, "Ksizal" can be prescribed to babies from 2 years old. The tablets are suitable for use in children from 6 years of age and adults. The drug received many positive recommendations related to ease of use. One tablet of "Ksizal" can relieve allergy symptoms for a whole day.

"Levocetirizine" for allergies

The drug "Levocetirizine" is a cheaper analogue of "Ksizal". The cost of one package (10 tablets) ranges from 230-250 rubles. Also, the medicine can be purchased in the form of syrup and drops.

The active substance of the drug is able to block the endings of H-1 histamine receptors, thereby preventing the development of an inadequate response of the immune system. Allergy tablets "Levocetirizine" will be effective for hay fever, allergic dermatitis, seasonal and chronic rhinitis, lacrimation, sneezing, angioedema, urticaria.

The drug is not used to treat children under 6 years of age, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with increased sensitivity to the components in the composition and severe renal failure.

The drug "Bamipin"

The list of new generation antihistamines includes agents intended for systemic use. However, in some cases, local medication is also required. To cope with skin manifestations of allergies, you should use special gels. One of these external medicines is Bamipin. It can be used already with the appearance of the first symptoms of urticaria, an allergic reaction to insect bites, itching of the skin, thermal burns. The drug is also available in the form of tablets.

Content

A small number of people are fortunate enough to never experience allergic reactions in their lives. Most people have to deal with them from time to time. Effective antihistamines will help to cope with allergies for both an adult and a child. Such funds help to eliminate negative reactions on the body to certain stimuli. There is a wide range of anti-allergic drugs on the market. It is desirable for every person to be able to understand them.

What are antihistamines

These are drugs whose work is aimed at suppressing the action of free histamine. This substance is released from the connective tissue cells that enter the immune system when an allergen enters the human body. When histamine interacts with certain receptors, swelling, itching, and rashes begin. All of these are symptoms of an allergy. Drugs with an antihistamine effect block the aforementioned receptors, alleviating the patient's condition.

Indications for use

You must be prescribed antihistamines by a doctor, having made an accurate diagnosis. As a rule, their administration is advisable in the presence of such symptoms and diseases:

early atopic syndrome in a child;
seasonal or year-round rhinitis;
negative reaction to plant pollen, animal hair, household dust, some medications;
severe bronchitis;
angioedema;
anaphylactic shock;
food allergies;
enteropathy;
bronchial asthma;
atopic dermatitis;
conjunctivitis caused by exposure to allergens;
chronic, acute and other forms of urticaria;
allergic dermatitis.

Antihistamines - list

There are several generations of antiallergic drugs. Their classification:

New generation drugs. The most modern medicines. They act very quickly, and the effect of their use lasts for a long time. Block H1 receptors, suppressing allergy symptoms. Antihistamines in this group do not worsen the functioning of the heart, therefore they are considered one of the safest.
3rd generation drugs. Active metabolites with very few contraindications. They provide a fast stable result, they are gentle on the heart.
2nd generation drugs. Not sedative drugs. They have a small list of side effects, give a big load on the heart. Do not affect mental or physical activity. Antiallergic drugs of the second generation are often prescribed for the appearance of a rash, itching.
1st generation drugs. Sedative drugs that last up to several hours. Well eliminate the symptoms of allergies, but have many side effects, contraindications. From their use always tends to sleep. At the present time, such drugs are prescribed very rarely.

New generation antiallergic drugs

It is not possible to list all the drugs in this group. Let's take a look at some of the best ones. This list opens with the following drug:

name: Fexofenadine (analogues - Allegra (Telfast), Fexofast, Tigofast, Altiva, Fexofen-Sanovel, Kestin, Norastemizol);
action: blocks H1-histamine receptors, relieves all allergy symptoms;
pluses: acts quickly and for a long time, is available in tablets and suspensions, is well tolerated by patients, does not have too many side effects, is dispensed without a prescription;
cons: not suitable for children under six years of age, pregnant women, nursing mothers, incompatible with antibiotics.

Another drug that deserves attention:

name: Levocetirizine (analogues - Aleron, Zilola, Alerzin, Glenset, Aleron Neo, Rupafin);
action: antihistamine, blocks H1 receptors, reduces vascular permeability, has antipruritic and antiexudative effects;
pluses: there are tablets, drops, syrup on sale, the drug acts in just a quarter of an hour, there are not many contraindications, there is compatibility with many drugs;
cons: a wide range of strong side effects.

name: Desloratadine (analogues - Lordes, Allergostop, Alersis, Fribris, Edem, Eridez, Alergomax, Erius);
action: antihistamine, antipruritic, decongestant, relieves rash, runny nose, nasal congestion, reduces bronchial hyperactivity;
pluses: the new generation allergy medicine is well absorbed and works quickly, relieves allergy symptoms for a day, does not have a negative effect on the central nervous system and reaction rate, does not harm the heart, joint use with other drugs is allowed;
cons: not suitable for pregnancy and lactation, prohibited for children under 12 years of age.

Antihistamine 3 generations

The following drug is popular and has many good reviews:

name: Desal (analogues - Ezlor, Nalorius, Elyseus);
action: antihistamine, relieves swelling and spasms, relieves itching, rash, allergic rhinitis;
pluses: it is available in tablets and solution, does not give a sedative effect and does not affect the rate of reactions, it works quickly and acts for about a day, it is quickly absorbed;
cons: bad effect on the heart, many side effects.

Experts respond well to this drug:

name: Suprastinex;
action: antihistamine, prevents the appearance of allergic manifestations and facilitates their course, helps with itching, peeling, sneezing, swelling, rhinitis, lacrimation;
pluses: it is available in drops and tablets, there is no sedative, anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effect, the drug acts in an hour and continues to work for a day;
cons: there are a number of strict contraindications.

The group of third-generation drugs also includes the following:

name: Ksizal;
action: pronounced antihistamine, not only relieves allergy symptoms, but also prevents their occurrence, reduces the permeability of vascular walls, fights sneezing, lacrimation, edema, urticaria, inflammation of the mucous membranes;
pluses: sold in tablets and drops, does not have a sedative effect, is well absorbed;
cons: has a wide list of side effects.

2nd generation antiallergenic drugs

A well-known series of drugs, represented by tablets, drops, syrups:

name: Zodak;
action: prolonged anti-allergic, helps against itching, skin peeling, relieves swelling;
pluses: subject to dosages and rules of administration, it does not cause drowsiness, quickly begins to act, is not addictive;
cons: prohibited for pregnant women and children.

The next second generation drug:

name: Cetrin;
action: antihistamine, well helps with edema, hyperemia, itching, peeling, rhinitis, urticaria, reduces capillary permeability, relieves spasms;
pluses: there are drops and syrup on sale, low cost, lack of anticholinergic and antiserotonin effects, if the dosage is observed, it does not affect concentration, is not addictive, side effects are extremely rare;
cons: there are a number of strict contraindications, an overdose is very dangerous.

Another very good drug in this category:

name: Lomilan;
action: systemic blocker of H1 receptors, relieves all allergy symptoms: itching, peeling, swelling;
pluses: does not affect the heart and central nervous system, is completely excreted from the body, helps to overcome allergies well and quickly, suitable for continuous use;
cons: many contraindications and side effects.

Means of the 1st generation

Antihistamines of this group appeared a very long time ago and are now used less often than others, however, they deserve attention. Here is one of the most famous:

name: Diazolin;
action: antihistamine, blocker of H1 receptors;
pluses: gives an anesthetic effect, acts for a long time, helps well with dermatosis with itchy skin, rhinitis, cough, food and drug allergies, insect bites, is cheap;
cons: there is a moderately pronounced sedative effect, many side effects, contraindications.

This one also belongs to the drugs of the 1st generation:

name: Suprastin;
action: anti-allergic;
pluses: available in tablets and ampoules;
cons: a pronounced sedative effect, the effect does not last long, there are a lot of contraindications, side effects.

The last member of this group:

name: Fenistil;
action: histamine blocker, antipruritic;
pluses: available in the form of a gel, emulsion, drops, tablets, relieves skin irritation well, relieves pain a little, inexpensive;
cons: the effect after application passes quickly.

Allergy pills for children

Most antihistamines have strict age contraindications. The question would be quite reasonable: how to treat very small allergies, who suffer at least as often as adults? As a rule, children are prescribed drugs in the form of drops, suspensions, and not tablets. Means approved for the treatment of infants and persons under 12 years of age:

Diphenhydramine;
Fenistil (drops are suitable for babies older than a month);
Peritol;
Diazolin;
Suprastin (suitable for babies);
Clarotadine;
Tavegil;
Tsetrin (suitable for newborns);
Zyrtec;
Claricens;
Cinnarizine;
Loratadine;
Zodak;
Claritin;
Erius (allowed from birth);
Lomilan;
Fenkarol.

Mechanism of action of antihistamines

Under the action of an allergen, an excess of histamine is produced in the body. When it is associated with certain receptors, negative reactions are caused (edema, rash, itching, runny nose, conjunctivitis, etc.). Antihistamines reduce the release of this substance into the blood. In addition, they block the action of H1-histamine receptors, thereby preventing them from binding and reacting with histamine itself.

Side effects

Each drug has its own list. The specific list of side effects also depends on which generation the remedy belongs to. Here are a few of the most common:

headache;
drowsiness;
confusion;
decreased muscle tone;
fast fatiguability;
constipation;
concentration disorders;
blurred vision;
abdominal pain;
dizziness;
dry mouth.

Contraindications

Each antihistamine drug has its own list, specified in the instructions. Almost every one of them is forbidden to be taken by pregnant girls and nursing mothers. In addition, the list of contraindications for therapy may include:

individual intolerance to the components;
glaucoma;
stomach or duodenal ulcer;
prostate adenoma;
obstruction of the bladder;
childhood or old age;
diseases of the lower respiratory tract.

Best Allergy Remedies

TOP 5 most effective drugs:

Erius. A fast-acting medicine that well eliminates a runny nose, itching, rashes. It's expensive.
Eden. Drug with desloratadine. Does not give a hypnotic effect. It copes well with lacrimation, itching, swelling.
Zyrtec. A drug based on cetirizine. Fast acting and efficient.
Zodak. An excellent allergy medicine that instantly eliminates symptoms.
Tsetrin. A drug that rarely gives side effects. Quickly eliminates allergy symptoms.

The price of antihistamines

All medicines are available for purchase, and you can easily choose the most suitable one. Sometimes they give good discounts on funds. You can buy them in pharmacies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, order their delivery by mail in online pharmacies. For an approximate price range for antihistamines, see the table:

Name of the drug, form of release, volume	Approximate cost in rubles
Suprastin, tablets, 20 pcs.
Zyrtec, drops, 10 ml
Fenistil, drops, 20 ml
Erius, tablets, 10 pcs.
Zodak, tablets, 30 pcs.
Claritin, tablets, 30 pcs.
Tavegil, tablets, 10 pcs.
Cetrin, tablets, 20 pcs.
Loratadine, tablets, 10 pcs.