They write together:
1. Words with connecting vowels o and e, as well as words with the initial elements auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro -, moto-, neo-, pan-, pseudo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-.
For example: reservoir, healthcare, agriculture, bird catcher, bus station, agricultural technology, airport, biocurrents, cycling, hydrobiology, livestock specialist, quasi-Marxist, projectionist, macro object, weather report, microcosm, motorboat, neo-Darwinism, pan-Germanist, pseudo-gothic, radio broadcasting, stereo cinema, television, camera, electric welding.
Notes
1. The connecting vowel o is written after stems on a hard consonant, e - after stems on a soft consonant, hissing and c: water supply, armored train, pedestrian, heartbeat, etc. However, in some cases, after final soft stems, a connecting vowel o is also possible: rangefinder (although distant, cf.: Far Eastern), hitching post (although horse, cf.: horse breeder), bloodthirstiness (although blood, cf.: blood filling), etc.; The spelling of such words is determined by the dictionary.
2. In words with the initial avia, the letter is not a connecting vowel, but the final sound of the abbreviated word aviation: aircraft factory, aircraft carrier, etc.
2. Words without connecting vowels, but with the first part in initial form: time calculation, cotyledons, etc.; with the first part standing in shape genitive case: insane, seven days, etc.; with the verbal first part in and: fidgety, daredevil, etc.; with the first part half- and half-, if the latter does not come before a vowel, consonant l or any capital letter: half-platoon, half-year, half-bun, half-kilometer, etc. (about the hyphenated spelling of words with the element half-; with the second part -grad, - city, -abad, -akan: Kaliningrad, Uzhgorod, Kirovabad, Leninakan, etc.
Exception: tumbleweeds.
3. All complex abbreviated words and abbreviations, for example: city council, district military registration and enlistment office, college, TASS.
Note.
Letter abbreviations connected to numbers are written with a hyphen: TB-3, TU-104, etc.
They are written with a hyphen!
1. Compound nouns without connecting vowels, which are socio-political, scientific, technical and other terms, including words with initial foreign language elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, unter-, franco-, headquarters and staff-, ex-.
For example: anarcho-syndicalism, prime minister, press attaché, vacuum pump, gram molecule, man-day, viceroy, chamberlain, medical officer, chief quartermaster, secretary of state, non-commissioned officer, ex-warehouse, headquarters, staff captain, ex-chairman.
Exceptions: workday, workhour.
Notes
1. Words are written together with the first part - board -, with the second part - meter: flight attendant, vacuum gauge, etc.
2. Articles and particles in foreign personal names are written, as a rule, separately (and with a lowercase letter), for example: Don Basilio, Ludwigvan Beethoven, de Broglie, le Chapelier, von Scheneausen. These elements are written with a hyphen (and with a capital letter) in cases where names are not used without them, for example: Don Quixote, Van Gogh.
2. Geographical names made up of two nouns or a noun and an adjective, for example: Alsace-Lorraine, Mogilev-Podolsky.
Note.
Complex geographical names, which are in origin the first, patronymic and surnames of people, as well as names formed from adjectives and nouns, are written separately: Erofey Pavlovich and Lev Tolstoy stations, the city of Golaya Pristan, etc.
3. Words formed with the help of a particle, conjunction or preposition, for example: love-not-love, don’t-touch-me, Ivan-da-Marya, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.
Note.
Foreign names formed with the particles Le-, La-, Los-, San-, etc. are also written with a hyphen, for example: Le Port, La Rochelle, Los Banos, San Marino.
4. Double Russian and foreign surnames, for example: Sholokhov-Sinyavsky, Joliot-Curie.
Note.
Foreign language surnames formed with the particles -bey, -zade, Ibn-, -pasha, Sen-, Saint-, etc. are written with a hyphen, for example: Izmail-bey, Tursun-zade, Ibn-Sina, Osman-pasha, Sen -Juste, Sainte-Beuve.
5. Complex formations, in which a word with estimated value, for example: boy-woman, good boy-boy.
6. Compound words with the initial part half-, if it is followed by a vowel, consonant l or a capital letter, for example: half a cucumber, half a spoon, half a Kyiv.
7. Complex names of geographical directions (intermediate countries), for example: northwest, southeast, north-east, south-west.
Exercise 152. Form complex nouns from the given phrases, indicate what determines the choice of one or another connecting vowel. Check the spelling of the formed words in a dictionary and explain under what bases the connective o and v can be used.
Drive shelves, drive deer, carry bombs, carry timber, eat leather, dig potatoes, dig earth, mow hay, water treatment, mud treatment, catch birds, catch mice, wear a crown, carry letters, plow the ground, write fables, conduct gas , store vegetables; cook porridge, cook steel; crush a stone, break a stone; blood circulation; to sing songs.
Exercise 153. Write 1-3 from the spelling dictionary compound nouns with the initial elements auto-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, moto-, neo-, pan-, pseudo-, radio , stereo, television, photo, electro.
Exercise 154. Write out words with initial avia from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 155. Write out words with initial half- and semi- from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 156. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the initial elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex-.
Exercise 157. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the prefixes anti-, archi-, ipfra-, counter-, super-, ultra-, extra-.
Exercise 158. Write down from the spelling dictionary the names of geographical directions that begin with the elements north, south, south, north.
Exercise 159.
Motor transport, airmail, Aeroflot, spinner, pastime, orphanage, bunker, housewife, dredger, quasi-scholarship, film, Kirovakan, root vegetable, lekpom, Lengaz, Leningrad, macrostructure, meteorological service, aviation meteorological service, microrelief, Mosselmash, neo-romantic, NIIS, vegetable storehouse, half a bucket, half-megra, half-garden, half-circle, half-turn, pseudo-acids, fiftieth anniversary, village council, hay harvesting, hoarder, overalls, stereoscope, crazy, telephoto lens, motor ship, workday, photo reporter, electric record player, electric light and water treatment clinic.
Exercise 160. Explain the spelling of compound nouns.
Alpha rays, White Church, Baudouin de Courtenay, flight mechanic, vacuum dryer, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, lieutenant general, gop-company, Gus-Khrustalny, di-Vittorio, diesel engine, Don Juan, quixoticism, Don Juanism, Don Pedro, south-west, reading room, Ilya Muromets, chamberlain, rear admiral, counter-offensive, Leonardo da Vinci, coltsfoot, Moscow-Tovarnaya, chief master, tumbleweed, half-arshin, half-inch, half-America, half-tape, half-minute, half-China, press bureau, paperweight, Rostov-on-Don, Saint-San, Sergeev-Tsensky, dust jacket, non-commissioned officer, von der Goltz, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (region), human dose, philanthropy, miracle fish, ex-champion, Yasnaya Polyana.
Exercise 161. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Write down nouns with connecting vowels in one column, and without connecting vowels in another.
1. I stand near the handrail of a staircase that runs steeply down, I watch the steam... carts jumping, and I see there, in the distance, a paper-blue sea and a sail cut at an angle, as if glued on. And suddenly the mother’s voice bursts into this half-sleep. (Andreev) 2. Dubrovsky’s sudden madness had a strong effect on his imagination and poisoned his triumph. (P.) 3. Skripkin entered the bread ... plant. (Gin) 4. Can thousands of gas furnaces compare with at least one missile equipped with a nuclear warhead? (Gin.) 5. “What are you talking about, you miserable penny... love!” - Grandfather got angry. (Stelm.) 6. In America, it takes one person...an hour of working time to produce a hundredweight of grain. (Iv.) 7. Arriving home, Varya turned on the electric stove.. (Iv.) 8. It’s bad, we don’t have root... fruits. (Iv.) 9. Our floor is ready, and there are these verts ... tails. (Iv.) 10. Three years ago, on his fifth...tenth...anniversary, Artamonov received the Order of Lenin. (Koch.) 11. Life in the High...Mountains was in full swing, the high...mountainers were constantly written about in the newspapers; In illustrated magazines, photographs from Vysok...mountains flashed every now and then. Kin...these people have taken hold of the screens even more firmly - now the animals...water in front of you, now the masters of corn, now the birds...water, then themselves...activity. (Koch.)
Exercise 162. Rewrite, opening the parentheses and adding a hyphen where necessary.
1. The day before, a group of virgin lands returned from (logging) logging. (Iv.) 2. The duty of the “mechanized shepherd” is to look after the milking equipment and move (electric) fences. (Iv.) 3. There, among the antique furniture, lives Vyacheslav Vinokurov, who, as you, of course, remember, was the artistic director of our theater and who has now become the (vice) burgomaster of the city. (Field.) 4. Having looked at them, a visiting person could immediately get a complete picture of how the local people live: “(Procured) grain”, “(Procured) flax”, “(Union) fruit”, “(Procured) fur " (Combat.) 5. The arrows indicated: “Reading room”, “(Cinema) hall”, “Cabinet of (jun) natov”. (Combat) 6. Utilities- these are urban transport, (water) supply systems, sewerage and (storm) drainage systems, (heat) infrastructure networks, (bath) laundry trusts and hotels. (Zalyg.) 7. (Franco) cutting area - seven rubles. Seven and a half. What about delivery? Roads in the mountains - what kind of roads? Only by tug. And to get there by horse-drawn horse, to load there, to come from there, to unload—it takes a (man) day and a (horse) day. Total - forty-three rubles. Direct. Plus the care of the horses, the wages for the grooms - once. (Hay) preparations - two. (Special) clothing - three. (Zalyg.) 8. The day came when Lydia finished work in the giant house that was being completed, which looked like Small town with its own (electrical) substation, (cinema) theater, department store, fashion studio. (Sh.-S.) 9. Swarms of crimson (fireflies) signals (auto) cars flew up and down Kutuzovsky Prospekt. (Sh.-S.) 10. It was necessary to walk along long corridors and halls filled with different things- refrigerators, washing machines, (dust) extractors, (radios, (TVs. (Sh.-S.)
- Repetition of the same word: new-new, small-small, etc.
- Repetition of the same word, but with a change in ending: a long time ago.
- Two synonyms: quietly and quietly.
- Shortened compound adjectives (few people know about this): railway. - railway. And if they wrote... etc., then it meant the railway.
- Compound words with a numeral at the beginning: 2nd, 40-year-old. And also ordinal numbers: 3-thousandth, 5-millionth.
- All sorts of terms and abbreviations that consist of individual letters and numbers: A-321 (aircraft), B-rays.
The use of a hyphen is associated with a huge number of cases.
Let's try to highlight the key ones.
So, a hyphen is written in compound nouns:
- where there is no connecting union, for example, mother-heroine;
- borrowed complex words, for example, life guards;
- cardinal directions (southeast), units of measurement (kilowatt-hour), names of some plants (leeks);
- compound surnames (Sidorov-Petrov);
- a number of cities, for example, St. Petersburg.
A separate story with the prefixes half- and half-. For clarity, I will attach a picture with the rule:
But there is an exception word: this is half a liter.
In adjectives, the use of a hyphen is associated with:
- designation of color combination (red-black);
- those cases when the adjective is formed from a compound noun (St. Petersburg);
- those cases where the word ends in iko (historical-cultural);
- equal parts (English-French).
The hyphen is often used in writing numerals (five or six; where the first is a number, for example, 2).
The hyphen is also found in adverbs, those that have the prefix po- and the ending -emu, -ski, -i, -omu, -ki, -tski. There should also be a hyphen when the word consists of the prefix v- or vo-, and the second part of the word is a numeral (firstly). This also applies to repetition (for example, exactly, barely).
A whole series of prepositions are written with a hyphen: from under, because of... And particles, where there are such constructions as -some, -coy, -tka, -de, -or, -taki, -s, - something, something.
As for the spelling of words with a hyphen, then such spelling, as we can see from the table, is subject to words that have in their composition a foreign borrowed part, which, due to its foreignness, cannot correlate with the part that is originally Russian , since their merger will be clean water eclecticism.
In addition, it is also worth noting that part of the nouns to which, due to the evolution of language, independent parts of speech have grown, such as prepositions or conjunctions, which thus demonstrate partial compatibility with them. Often these are proper names. For example: Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
There are a lot of words that are usually written with a hyphen and I definitely won’t be able to list them all, but the most general principles I'll try to remember.
First of all, complex nouns are written with a hyphen, which are either formed by two whole words, Film-Catastrophe, or which contain the prefix FLOOR, half-Moscow, as well as other foreign language prefixes: Vice-Champion. Also, the names of plants are written with a hyphen, Ivan-tea. And also the names of cities: New Delhi.
Complex adjectives are written through a hyphen, denoting either colors, blue-blue, or other equal parts, scientific research. In addition, adjectives whose first part ends in IKO: Medico-pharmaceutical.
Numerals can also be written with a hyphen if they speak of an assumption or inaccuracy: two to three hours.
In adverbs, a hyphen is used in the presence of the prefix PO-, the particle -TO and the prefix B (VO).
Some compound prepositions are written with a hyphen, From under.
There are other cases of using a hyphen, and if you have any doubt about the spelling of a word, it is better to immediately consult a spelling dictionary.
First of all, I want to note the hyphenated spelling of words with gender. But exactly in what cases and what words:
We will also write the following words with a hyphen in the following cases:
Here are all the basic rules for writing a hyphen.
Let's look at examples and rules for writing words with a dash and hyphen.
1) Compound nouns are written with a dash in the following cases:
First. The phrase does not have a connecting vowel. Example: Prime Minister.
Second. Words-terms in which the name begins with the same letter. Example: no-spa (no-spa).
Third. Borrowed foreign words. Example: non-commissioned officer.
Fourth. Units. Example: kilowatt-hour.
Fifth. Side directions on the map. Example: southeast.
Sixth. Plant names (several). Example: coltsfoot.
Seventh. Political parties. Example: Social Democrats.
Eighth. Double surnames. Example: Soltykov-Shchedrin.
Ninth. Names of cities. Example: New York.
Tenth. Words with an evaluative meaning. Example: good boy.
2) Adjectives are written with a dash in the following cases:
First. Hue, color combination. Example: red-orange.
Second. Formed from compound nouns. Example: Costa Rican.
Third. Borrowed from foreign languages and ending with iko. Example: historical and philosophical.
Fourth. Consisting of equal parts. Example: research.
Fifth. Prefixoid gender. Example: half a window.
3) Numerals are written with a hyphen in the following cases:
First. When there are no specifics. Example: five or six rubles.
Second. When first written in numbers. Example: 200 thousandth.
4) An adverb is written with a dash (hyphen) in the following cases:
First. They end in him, omu, tski, ski, ee, ki with the prefix po. Example: the old way.
Second. Prefix in (in). Example: firstly.
Third. Where there are synonyms with the same root. Example: any-expensively, quietly-quietly.
5) Prepositions are written with a dash and a hyphen in the following case:
There are prepositions - from under, because of, by, over.
6) Particles are written with a dash and hyphen in the following case:
Ends with -something, -that, -tka, -s, -something, -or, -taki, -koy, -de, -tka.
The names of the cardinal directions are written with a hyphen:
- northwest,
- southeast.
The names of the color shades are written with a hyphen:
- light blue,
- blue-black,
- pale pink,
- dark chestnut.
Words formed by adding the stems are written with a hyphen:
- little by little,
- sour-pre-sour.
Adjectives that are formed using a coordinating connection are written with a hyphen. These are compound adjectives. Between the parts of such adjectives you can substitute a coordinating conjunction and:
- Russian-English,
- convex-concave,
- scientific and technical (revolution).
Words with the prefix half- are written through a hyphen, if followed by a vowel, letter l, capital letter:
- half a watermelon,
- half a lemon,
- half of Moscow.
Adverbs formed with the prefix po and the suffix om (him) and others are written through a hyphen. For example:
- in a new way,
- in German,
- Firstly,
- Thirdly.
Pronouns and adverbs with the suffixes -to, -or, -something, as well as with the prefix some-.
- Somehow,
- ever,
- someone,
- sometime,
- anyone.
Some prepositions are written with a hyphen. For example:
- because of,
- from under.
Hyphenated spelling covers many parts of speech.
Let's start with nouns. They are written with a hyphen
1) complex nouns formed by addition, without a connecting vowel: restaurant car, sofa bed, raincoat tent;
2) words with foreign language elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-: non-commissioned officer, life hussar;
3) names of clothes with foreign elements: midi, mini, maxi: maxi coat, mini skirt;
4) names of units of measurement: ton-kilometer, but workday (exception);
5) names of political parties and movements, scientific titles, professions: social democrat, corresponding member;
6) names of cardinal directions: north-west;
7) scientific terms with Greek letters at the beginning of them: alpha radiation, beta particles;
8) names of plants: ivan-da-marya.
And here we recall the exception word, in the first part of which the form imperative mood verb: tumbleweed. Other such words are written together: derzhidereva, skopid, redstart, etc.
9) complex words with an evaluative meaning: sadness, melancholy, thunder-woman;
10)proper names (double surnames, complex geographical names): Saint-Exupéry, Los Angeles, Orekhovo-Zuevo, East China Sea.
All words with the prefix counter- are written together (counterattack, counterattack, counteragent), except for the exception word rear admiral and words derived from it.
Adjectives formed from the same root compound nouns with hyphenated spelling retain this spelling: south-east - south-east; but here we should distinguish between adjectives with the first part of the direction of light, and in the second part the usual adjective name, for example: North Russian dialects, South Ural flora, West Germanic languages. But as soon as such an adjective is a complex geographical name, we immediately write it with a capital letter and with a hyphen. Compare: East Siberian frosts - East Siberian Sea.
If between parts compound adjective you can put a union and, therefore, equality between them (coordinating connection), and then feel free to write this word with a hyphen: legumes and cereals, chess club.
Shades of colors are written with a hyphen, but again you need to make sure that the name of the color comes second: snow-white, marble-gray. It is worth swapping these parts of a complex word, and this is what happens: snow-white -- white snow, gray marble - gray marble ( subordinating connection), and then we write together.
For adverbs, we write words with a hyphen 1) with the prefix v/vo-, formed from numerals, with the suffix -yh/their: firstly, thirdly;
2) adverbs with the prefix po- and na -mu/-emu, -ski, -tski, -i, -ii: humanly, differently, miner-style, Latin, bearish;
3) repeated synonymous words: at the very least, sewn and covered, willy-nilly.
We distinguish them from the spelling of words consisting of nouns in the form of the nominative + instrumental case: eccentric with eccentric, snake with snake, which, as you can see, are written separately.
Adverbs with a preposition inside are usually written in three words: side by side, track after track, except for exception words: exactly the same, tete-a-tete.
4) with the prefix something and postfixes -something, -that, -or: somewhere, somehow, sometime, somewhere; also written with a hyphen and pronouns: someone, something, some;
The particles -ka, -s, -tka, -de are written through a hyphen: he-de, well-s, well-tka.
Prepositions: because of, from under, on-over, by.
Words with the part gender, starting with a vowel, with a capital letter and with the consonant l: half-lemon, half-orange, half-Moscow. Exception: half-liter and half-liter.
Good afternoon, such words can be found a large number of, here are the main ones:
1) Complex nouns (without connecting vowels, terminology, foreign words, units of measurement, intermediate cardinal directions, surnames consisting of two parts, names of cities, etc.);
2) Adjectives (shades and combinations of colors formed from complex nouns, foreign words, with the particle gender, etc.);
3) Numeral (5-hundredth, etc.);
4) Prepositions (because of, by, etc.);
5) Particles: either, either, etc.
Thus, in Russian one can find great amount words containing a hyphen.
Adverbs are written with a hyphen: firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc., as well as adverbs formed from adjectives and pronouns, starting with po- and ending with -ki, -ts, -mu, -emu, for example: in Russian, in German (and also in Latin), in a bird's way, in a nightingale's way, differently, in my opinion, in an empty way, as before, apparently, etc...
Many words are written with a hyphen, for example, adverbs, pronouns. then, - either, - either. For example, somehow, someone, someone, something and so on.
A hyphen is also written between repeated words, for example, between adjectives with the meaning of strengthening the attribute: white-white (meaning very white), as well as between adverbs and pronouns, for example, who-who, a little, and so on.
Some adverbs that are formed from adjectives that end in him, -tski, -ski, - omu, -i are written with a hyphen. For example, in Russian, in a new way, in German, and so on.
Detailed rules can be found on the website gramata.ru.
Little-known cases of words that are written with a hyphen:
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Spelling difficult words
The basic principle of fused and separate writing– highlighting words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is complicated by the fact that in the language there is not always a clear contrast between word combinations and whole words (for example, combinations with the particle Not and words with a prefix Not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).
There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fluid. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, firstly, someone) and, conversely, to connect parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning, cunning, unexpectedly, two or three).
The basic rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech.
General rules
The following categories of words are written together
1. Words with prefixes , For example:
A) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, along the coast, extracurricular, intraspecific, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, greatest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not uninteresting, talented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroika, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superman, ultra-distant, co-editor, Mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;
b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avantitol, anticyclone, anti-historical, archivally, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counter-offensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.
Words with a prefix the ex- in the meaning 'former' ( ex-champion, ex-Soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The word is spelled the same way rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- has special meaning.
Complex words with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes are also written together, for example: all-forgiveness, comprehensive, monthly, alien, foreign national, pseudoscience, pseudo-socialist, national, generally accepted, crescent, half-sweet, half-lying, half-joking, self-sufficient, self-medication; Pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.
2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two-, three-, five- etc.), as well as words with the first parts two-, three-, many-, few-, For example: two-month, three-ton, four-percent, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fiftieth anniversary, ninety-year, hundred-year-old, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-fingered; two-sided, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, little people, little snow, little attractive .
3. Compound words with the first foreign language (international) part ending in a vowel . List of the main parts of compound words:
With the end O : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, bicycle-, vibration-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;
With final a, e, and : avia-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; television; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .
Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio technology, aerovisual, pressure chamber, gasoline engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video technology, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydraulic turbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinary, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmovision, macroworld, weather service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-Asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porn film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, earthquake-resistant, sociocultural, spectroprojector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electric-intensive, endothermic, energy-intensive;
airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetrasubstituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, tele-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;
With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, weather radiosonde, radio telecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical radio equipment; automotocycle racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographic.
4. Compound words with the first part ending in i , For example: time calculation, time pulse, name creativity, cotyledon, semen purifier, selfishness, selfish.
The following word categories are written with a hyphen
1. Combinations that are repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, tightly-strongly, a lot-a-lot, barely, very-very, quite-quite, just, a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, go- they walk and ask and ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .
This includes repetitions of pronominal words everything, everything, who, what(in different cases), where, where etc., for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy about everything. Who has never visited him! It’s someone else, and she’s happy with him. Something is missing here! Something, something, but this will not happen! Somewhere, somewhere, but in this house it’s always fun. Anywhere, but he won’t refuse to go to Moscow.
2. Expressive combinations-repetitions (often intensifying) character, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements varying in sound composition, For example: beauty-beautiful, clever-wise, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-sorrowful, day-day, torment-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-washed, glad-radeshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, tightly, crosswise, willy-nilly, any, after all, just, hop-hop, wait-wait, chubby, sickly, sickly, insofar as(adverb), all right, passion-face, hocus-pocus, tricky things, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, tara-bara, trawl-vali, not hukhry-mukhry, shaher-maher, shur-mury.
3. Paired constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, For example: half-city-half-village, half-German-half-Russian, half-fairy tale-half-fable, half-dream-half-reality; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-joking-half-seriously, half-lying, half-sitting.
Between parts of such paired constructions it is possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating) a comma, for example: Accept the collection of motley chapters, / Half funny, half sad...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs, / Half smile, half cry(Sick.).
4. Combinations correlative or similar meaning of words, For example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-being, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cat-mouse(a game), spoons-forks, arms-legs, one and only, alive and well, in good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, at any cost, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, once upon a time, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.
5. Combinations meaning an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , For example: a day or two, a week or two, he will write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve to fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March-April .
If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, a dash, rather than a hyphen, is placed between them, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; this was in 1950-1951.
6. Complex words with the first part – a letter or sound abbreviation, For example: VHF transmitter, MV oven, HIV infection, DNA-containing .
Nouns
Common nouns
The following categories of nouns are written together
1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined by general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , For example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .
2. compound words, For example: artillery shelling, military doctor, state trade, international passport, spare parts, cyberspace, communist party, machinery bureau, payment in kind, pedagogical institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, trans agency, household goods; collective farm, trade union, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.
3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, For example: water supply, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable storehouse, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat mining, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.
4. Compound nouns with the first part ending in -i or -ь , coinciding with the imperative form of the verb: hemlock, whirlytail, whirligig, gouge-eye, adonis, derzhidrevo, derzhimorda, skewed, hoarder, daredevil, shumigolova, robberarmy. Exception: Tumbleweed.
5. Nouns formed from hyphenated proper names (consisting of two parts with initial in capital letters), For example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenos Aires, Yoshkarolins, Costa Ricans, Los Angeles, New Yorkers, Orekhozuyevo, Ulanuden, Ust-Kamenogorsk(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint-Simon).
6. (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant, except l , For example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past one, half past ten, half past five and so on.
The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.
1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :
a) combinations-repetitions different types, paired constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: clever-wise, wolf-wolf, grief-misfortune, half-dream-half-reality, friend-buddy, first name-patronymic, purchase and sale;
b) combinations with single-word applications following the defined word, for example: Baba Yaga, Vanka-Vstanka, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-assembled tablecloth(stable combinations); a new building, an international journalist, an emigrant writer, a medical student, a sniffer dog, a recruit soldier, an amateur gardener, a first-year student, an old mother, a beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade alle, lottery allegri, maximum program, minimum program.
c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, smart son, hero pilot, sage writer, naughty monkey, tyrant stepmother, hard worker investigator, layman editor, rogue manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.
Combinations of this type with proper names usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character from Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya and so on.; But: Mother Rus'(Necr.).
2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , For example: automatic cafe, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape coat, revue operetta, relay station, free carriage.
These also include:
a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar and so on.;
b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill and so on.;
c) names of production brands and product types Tu-104, Il-18 .
3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular case with an ending , For example: aga khan, would-be hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo impulse .
This also includes terms with names greek letters as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .
4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (null-terminated), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, internet project, caravanserai, march- throw, online survey, PR campaign, raincoat, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, king fish; names of units of measurement, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: south-west, south-east, north-west, north-east.
There are many exceptions to this rule. According to tradition, all names are written together chemical compounds such a structure, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinyl acetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other continuous spellings: pennant, costutil, lotline, plankarta, folding device, quarter-final, storm ladder, yalbot .
5 . Words with the first parts of disco - (music), maxi-, midi-, mini- , For example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.
6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :
a) names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed, parking space, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-flight, machine-hour, man-day;
b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, and north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.
7. A group of words denoting primarily positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, chamber-, counter-, life-, chief-, stats-, non-commissioned-, wing-, headquarters-, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: vice-governor, vice-chancellor, vice-consul, vice-president, vice-premier, vice-champion; chamberlain cadet, chamberlain page; rear admiral; life guards, life hussars, life dragoons, life medic; Chief Burgomaster, Chief Master, Chief Officer, Chief Prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; aide-de-camp; headquarters, headquarters doctor, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-vice prime minister .
Words extraterritorial And expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning and is written together. Musical terms are written in the same way. overtone And underton.
8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan-da-Marya, mother-and-stepmother, don’t-touch-me(plants), love-not-love(a game).
9 . Combinations with gender forms. noun case (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, For example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half eleventh .
10. Nouns formed from hyphenated nouns common nouns , For example: vice-presidency, general government, chamber cadet, private docent, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice-president, governor-general, chamberlain, privat-docent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).
Exceptions : southwester, ping pongist, somersault, chess player, yacht club member.
In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.
Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.
1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:
A) the complete basis of an independently used noun that has nominative singular ending (non-null);
b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .
Examples of hyphens:
A) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, postal director, press attache, yacht club ;
b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commercial college, conference room, private assistant professor, justice college; The names of political parties and movements and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .
Examples of continuous spellings:
A) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;
b) bulwark.
2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.
Examples of hyphens: art salon, beat group, berg college, pennant braid, web page, grand hotel, Dalai Lama, dance hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn-grass .
Examples of continuous spellings: arcsine, rear stage, mezzanine, bildapparat, Bundeschancellor, watermachine, military uniform, marshal at the quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, Reich Chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .
3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of complex words) not used.
Examples of hyphens: alma mater, boeuf-breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tête-à-tête, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .
Examples of continuous spellings: underground(And underground), rearguard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, free verse, prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quiproquo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, meistersinger, head waiter, notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, teaword, charivari.
Words with the first part are spelled differently pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois And padegras, padecatr, padepatiner, padespan .
1. Spelling -this, -either, -something and etc.
The prefixes and suffixes -something, -either, -something, -are written with a hyphen.
For example: after all, somewhere, somehow.
Remember: as if.
2. Spelling words with half-, half-.
Words with semi- are always written together.
For example: ankle boots, short fur coat.
Words with half- can be written with a hyphen, together or separately.
- Words with a half- are written through a hyphen, if the root begins with a vowel, capital letter or l.
For example: half a lemon, half a Moscow, half an apple.
- In other cases, words with half- are written together:
For example: half a bridge, half a carriage.
- Words with pol- are written separately if there is a definition between pol- and the word:
For example: the floor of the cherry orchard, the floor of my plot.
3.Spelling adverbs.
The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:
- Formed by repeating the same word or words with the same root: little by little, many, many.
- Having the prefix po- and the suffixes -mu/-im, -i: in a new way, in a winter way, in a comradely way.
- Having the prefix v-/vo- and the suffix -ih/-yh: firstly, thirdly.
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between adverbs written with a hyphen and parts of speech homonymous to them:
For example: Cold (how?) like winter (adverb). Walk through (what?) winter (adjective) snow.
Remember: exactly, side by side.
4. Spelling compound adjectives.
| Hyphenated | Together |
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5. Spelling compound nouns.
| Hyphenated | Together |
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Remember: workday, laborhour, tumbleweed.
6. Spelling derivative prepositions.
Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning nouns in different case forms, adverbs and gerunds to another part of speech. The spelling of the word may change.
To distinguish a derived preposition from a homonymous independent part of speech, you should see whether you can ask a question about the word or whether the word itself is part of the question.
For example: Walk (how?) around (adverb). Walk (around what?) around the house (derivative preposition).
If you can ask a question about a word, then this is an independent part of speech, but if the word itself is part of the question, it is a derived preposition.
Writing prepositions: on the contrary, in front, near, inside, around, along, near, according to, around, about, as a result, during, in continuation, in conclusion, due to, in view of, thanks to, despite, despite.
It is necessary to distinguish between the derived preposition and adverb towards and the noun with the preposition to meet. If this is a noun, then you can insert the word between it and the preposition:
For example: Run (how?) towards (adverb). Run (towards what?) against the wind (derivative preposition). Run to meet a friend (noun with a preposition, as you can: Run to a long-awaited meeting with a friend).
Spelling of derived prepositions and homonymous ones independent parts may coincide (towards - towards), or may differ. Things to remember:
Remember: keep in mind.
7. Prepositions because of, over, from under, on are always written with a hyphen.
8. Spelling unions.
Conjunctions also, too, so that, but should be distinguished from homonymous combinations likewise, the same, that would, for that. Conjunctions also, too, so that can be replaced with synonymous ones and, in order to. The conjunction but is synonymous with the conjunction but.
For example: He was/was also late. (= and he was late).
He is small in stature, but handsome. (= He is short in stature, but handsome).
In homonymous combinations, the particles could be omitted or rearranged to another place. In addition, in such combinations the logical stress always falls on pronouns:
For example: The same word, but not to say it that way. (That’s the word, but it’s not the right way to say it.) In combination, for that always follows a clarification for what.
I am grateful to him for the fact (for what exactly?) that he believed me.
Remember: no matter what.
9. Spelling adverbs and nouns with prepositions, pronouns with prepositions.
Adverbs such as up, down, away, upward, headlong, after, therefore, etc. should be distinguished from homonymous combinations of nouns with a preposition. If these words do not have dependent words, they are adverbs; if the dependent words are nouns with a preposition.
For example: look up (adverb) - look up (what?) at home (noun with a preposition); go away (adverb) - fly into the distance (what?) of heaven (noun with a preposition).
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