Grammar errors: how to avoid? Simple rules. Grammatical errors in Russian: examples

The most difficult to perceive and understand are speech and grammatical errors.

Let's consider their types in more detail.

Speech errors and shortcomings .

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

I slipped and fell backwards and hurt my knee” (instead of prone). Zhilin was glad that he could escape back (instead of again).

Violation of lexical compatibility of words

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always manage to outwit (instead of deceive) others. The goalkeeper is wearing a jersey pulled over (instead of put on) his shirt. In the school plot, our class planted beetroot and cibul (instead of beets and onions).

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. It (instead of the text that he wrote...) refers to the artistic style.

Inappropriate use of words of a different style; mixing vocabulary from different eras

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases, I glance (instead of look) into the dictionary. My attitude towards this problem has not changed (instead it has changed).

Non-distinction of paronyms

Spectacular (instead of effective) measures were taken. Mom told me to take a sweater, but I flatly (instead of flatly) refused.

Failure to distinguish synonymous words

The name of this poet is familiar (instead of known) in many countries. In the final (instead of the last) sentence, the author uses gradation.

Using unnecessary words (pleonasm)

Young girl; very lovely.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

This story tells (instead of saying, talking about) real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

In this chapter we learn that Masha became an orphan. Masha (instead of a girl) lost her father and mother. The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not understand the full depth of what he has done (instead, the hero of the story does not think about his action, does not understand the full depth of what he has done).

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

The month of August has arrived (instead of August). Then our bookstore will take care of this (this is superfluous) so that you can smile.

Word order violation

Then I saw Natasha in new jeans (instead of Natasha in new jeans). Kiribeevich hit Kalashnikov in the chest first (instead of Kiribeevich hitting Kalashnikov in the chest first).

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted Chief Editor. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Grammatical errors

Incorrect word formation.

Nobility (nobility), handwriting (handwriting), industrious (industrious), mock (mock).

Erroneous formation of word forms

more interesting (more beautiful), more beautiful (beautiful). How many (how many) moral principles we have lost due to loss of spirituality.

Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously interested in jazz.

Violation of management norms

We need to make nature more beautiful (beautiful). Everyone was surprised at his strength (strength).

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The majority objected (objected) to such an assessment of his work. The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work (the artistic side of the work).

Violation of the way of expressing the predicate

Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful (cheerful). Dubrovsky himself was a guards officer (guards officer).

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

Lessons teach us to love literature and many good qualities(love of literature and many good things). In the essay, I wanted to talk about the importance of sports and why I love it (and why I love it).

Errors in sentence construction with dee participial phrase

Reading the text, a feeling of empathy arises (I empathize with the characters). Looking at the picture (when I look at the picture), emotions overwhelm me.

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot (snow falling underfoot). Marya Kirillovna was locked in a room, trying to escape from the prince (Marya Kirillovna, trying to escape from the prince, was locked in a room).

Errors in construction complex sentence

This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child (This book, which I read as a child, taught me to value and respect friends). It seemed to the man (an extra word) that this was a dream.

Mixing direct and indirect speech

Bazarov tells Arkady that your (his) father is a retired man, his song is finished. The author said that I (he) disagreed with the reviewer's opinion.

Violation of sentence boundaries

When the hero came to his senses. It was already late (When the hero came to his senses, it was already late). He wasn't accepted into the basketball team because he couldn't play. Because he was short (He was not accepted into the basketball team because he could not play and was short).

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting it was decided to hold a cleanup day.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

When December arrived, the weather changed (changed) dramatically. The heart freezes (freezes) for a moment and suddenly starts beating again.

Errors associated with the use of particles

It would be nice if the painting had (an extra word) the artist’s signature. The text reveals (only reveals) two problems.

Grammatical errors occur when the rules of the Russian language are not followed, which sometimes gives speech an unflattering sound. We cannot always convey a beautifully presented idea to our interlocutor if we allow such inaccuracies in verbal and writing. By remembering the rules in speech patterns, you can avoid the occurrence of grammatical errors in order to speak or write beautifully, elegantly and expressively. A grammatical error is the most weakness in completing tasks in the Russian language, so in this article we will look at them in more detail.

A little theory

Grammatical errors are errors in the structures of linguistic units, in the structures of words, phrases, and sentences. These also include violations of one or another grammatical norm: morphological, word-formation or syntactic. Below you can take a closer look at the table, which shows options for such a violation as a grammatical error. Study the examples of incorrect use of words and their combinations carefully. Try to remember simple rules that will come in handy in later life when constructing beautiful dialogues.

Grammatical errors

No.	Type of error	Example
1	Erroneous word formations	Hardworking, you mock me
2	Erroneous formations of noun forms	Various miracles of electronics, not enough time
3	Erroneous formations of adjective forms	More attractive, beautiful
4	Erroneous formations of numeral forms	With six hundred rubles
5	Erroneous formations of pronoun forms	Their neighbor, their urchins
6	Erroneous formations of verb forms	They walk around, unwillingly, writing about what happened
7	Negotiation violations	He knows a lot of girls who do needlework
8	Control violations	You need to make your speech more correct. Tells readers
9	Violations of connections between subjects and predicates	A minority objected to such an assessment of his creation
10	Violations of ways of expressing predicates in individual constructions	He wrote a novel that is epic
11	Errors in sentences with homogeneous members	The team loved and was proud of the goalkeeper. In the letter I wanted to show the importance of competitions and why I love them
12	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	Reading the article, I get this feeling...
13	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	The wide road was covered with snow falling under the boots
14	Errors in constructing complex sentences	This book made me respect and appreciate my parents, which I read in my youth. It seemed to me that this...
15	Violation of sentence boundaries	And when the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
16	Mixing indirect and direct speech	The author wrote that I agree with this reviewer’s opinion

Conclusion

Studying the grammatical rules of the language and cases of their violation will allow you to make your speech more accurate and expressive. Your cultural level as a native speaker will increase. Indeed, beautiful, clean speech in compliance with all rules and regulations literary language distinguished by logic, richness, purity and euphony. Believe me, in conversation and writing, grammatical errors (and any others) do not look very dignified, so remember the simple rules and try to speak and write beautifully!

Types of grammatical errors

Prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I , contrary to the order A

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Remember the mistakes

Upon arrival, upon departure, upon departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORMAL: upon arrival, upon arrival

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

The preposition software can be used from places. 1 and 2 l. in pp.

NORMA: I miss us, you.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Omitting a preposition.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

protected. (in the air)

The meaning of the preposition.

Thanks to We stayed at home due to bad weather.

(as a result, due to)

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and non-prepositional (slow down progress).

Error occurs when choosing incorrectly

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of security.

Errors in sentences whose subordinate clause begins with allied words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help but admire

Those who has been to the city, couldn't help but admire

by sea.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed by adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate must be plural if the subject contains 2,3,4

ERROR: Three books are on the table.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate coming after homogeneous subjects must be in the plural.

ERROR: Industry and Agriculture is developing steadily.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

If collected noun. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

The names of works, paintings, films, enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if there is a noun next to them. – genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

If adverbial noun is missing, the proper name is changed.

ERROR: In “War and Peace” S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, you need to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoped to win)

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Violation of the homogeneity of concepts.

The mountainside we were descending, covered with thick ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and clear.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Double conjunctions cannot be changed.

ERROR: They answered well as young men, but

also girls.

It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double unions.

ERROR: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

You cannot mix generic and specific concepts or combine incompatible ones.

There were crucian carp, carp, and fish in the boat.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Violation of case forms of a generalizing word and one-word terms

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

A gerund phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

The adverbial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I didn’t feel well.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

The adverbial phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: After delivering the necessary medications, the plane will be inspected by technicians.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the gerund are not correlated.

ERROR: Meeting with the grandmaster, the young chess player won.

Breakup of the proverb by the defined word.

ERROR: Mom's pancakes were delicious.

Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Violation of agreement with a defined word.

ERROR: We are proud of the players who defeated the English team.

Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Replacing passive participles with active ones.

ERROR: The task we are performing does not cause any difficulties.

You cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate clause.
ERROR: The student said I'm not ready yet.

Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he started.

He asked where his things were.

In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.
He loved and was passionate about reading.
Great care needs to be taken towards children.
My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.
came to our city and admired its provincial simplicity.
The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was passionate about reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. Great care must be taken towards children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

Grammatical errors.
Speech errors.
Logical errors
Factual errors.
Spelling mistakes.
Punctuation errors.
Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, above laugh.
Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
Narrates readers.
Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, what am I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
Violation of lexical compatibility - Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man Very beautiful.
The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is told about real events.
Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And non-lingual word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
Errors in the main part.
- Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
- Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
- The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text ( background knowledge)

Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
Inaccuracies in first names, surnames, nicknames literary heroes. Distortions in names literary works, their genres, an error in the indication of the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

To the rules learned;
Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
- in exceptions to the rules;
- in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
- in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
- acting as a predicate;
- in writing And And s after prefixes;
- in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
- in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
- in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the selection conditions correct spelling enclosed in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
- The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
- Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

In word wrapping;
Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
Capital or lowercase letters
- in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
- with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
- in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
- parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
Integrated / hyphenated / separate spelling
- in titles, with in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowing), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
- to rules that are not included in school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

Dash in incomplete sentence;
Separation inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors – various techniques abbreviations of words, use of spaces between words, various underlines and font emphasis. These include: various clerical errors and typos caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(follows: legendary);
Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).

Adjective

In a compound predicate, you cannot simultaneously use the full and short forms of the adjective. Error example: Life path hero heavy and tragic. vm. Hero's life path heavy and tragic.
Dependent words can only be in the short form of the adjective: Plot of the story interesting (NOT interesting !) V about many relationships.
You cannot combine comparative and superlative forms, as well as simple and compound forms both degrees of comparison. Error example: This work worse vm. This work even worse. The most capable student vm. Most capable student.
Forms on -enen V modern language are rarely used, forms on -en: His contribution to the work was significant (NOT significant !).

Numeral

When declension of compound cardinal numerals, all words included in their composition must change: The circumference of the lake was about four hundred sixty five (NOT four hundred sixty five !) meters.; when declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only the last word: This event took place at the beginning one thousand eight hundred four (NOT one thousand eight hundred and four !) of the year.
Collective numbers ( two, three) and so on. should not be used with nouns denoting animals or female persons. Examples of errors: two chess players vm. two chess players, three hares vm. three hare
It is unacceptable to use the form both with nouns female(collective noun both has two forms: for the masculine and neuter gender - both, for women - both): V both (NOT V both !) apartments, both (NOT both !) friends.

Pronoun

Erroneous formation of pronoun forms: theirs child vm. their child, about his vm. near him.
Combinations for her, from her have an archaic or vernacular character. Examples of errors: For her no name vm. For her no name.
3rd person pronouns usually point to the nearest noun. If this rule is not followed, ambiguity arises.
Wrong:When Nilovna carried proclamations from speech Pavel, her (whom – Nilovna or Pavel’s speech?) seized by the police.
Right:Police captured Nilovna, When she carried proclamations with Paul's speech.
Wrong:Meeting Chatsky With Famusov didn't bring it to him (to whom – Chatsky or Famusov?) nothing good.
Right:Chatsky’s meeting with Famusov did not bring anything good to Alexander Alexandrovich.
Cannot be replaced by a 3rd person personal pronoun plural nouns having a collective meaning ( students, peasantry, people etc.).
Wrong: bureaucracy. Among them
Right:The comedy exposes the provincial bureaucracy. Among him Bribery, lawlessness, and theft flourish.
Pronouns mine And myself indicate those persons who perform the action. If we forget about this, ambiguity arises:
Wrong:Turgenev leads hero to gradual awareness their (whose – Turgenev or the hero?) errors.
Right:Turgenev leads hero to a gradual awareness of the committed them errors.
Wrong: Each of the landowners persuades Pavel Ivanovich go to to yourself. (to whom - to the landowner or to himself?)
Right:Each of the landowners suggests that Pavel Ivanovich come to him.

Verb

Erroneous formation of verb forms: lays down vm. puts, rides vm. drives.
For verbs convince, win, feel, find out and some others do not use the 1st person singular form. Instead, you can use constructions with the indefinite form of these verbs: I can feel (but not I will feel), I hope win (but not I'll run),I have to convince(but not I'll run away).
The use of a suffix is not allowed -yvova- (-ivova-) instead of -ova(-iva): results summary willow lis(but not sum up Ivova lis)
When using reflexive verbs, inaccuracies are possible due to the failure to distinguish between the actual reflexive and passive voices of such verbs: delayed in the classrooms(Are they detained or the listeners themselves remain?). Resolving ambiguity: After lectures, students often detain in the classrooms or After lectures, students often remain in the classrooms.
Discrepancies in tense forms and types of verbs should not be allowed.
Wrong:A sensitive artist, he responds noted
Right:A sensitive artist, he responds (responded) to events in the surrounding life and notes (noted) phenomena that are just emerging in it.

Participle

Simultaneous use of suffixes is not allowed -ova- And -eat- (-im-): research ovaem th process vm. I'll explore eat th process.
You can't omit a particle -xia in participles formed from reflexive verbs: At the center of the story is a representative emerging (NOT nascent !) bourgeois class.
It is unacceptable for the participle to be inconsistent in time with the predicate verb or with the surrounding vocabulary: At the meeting were representatives of all districts, with the exception of two delegates, absent (NOT absent !) By good reasons. The novel reveals the depth of social inequality, dominant (NOT dominant !) at that time in Russia.
The participial phrase must not include a modifiable noun. Error example: edited manuscript editor vm. edited by editor manuscript or manuscript, edited by editor.
The participial phrase usually adjoins the defined noun directly (in front or behind). They should not be spread apart.
Wrong:Mountain chain stretches from east to west , consisting of many ridges.
Right:A mountain range consisting of many ridges stretches from east to west. Or: A mountain range consisting of many ridges stretches from east to west.

Participle

The predicate verb and gerund should not denote actions different persons or objects.
Wrong:Expressing in songs, fairy tales, epics, the people dream of a happy life were created
Right:Expressing in songs, fairy tales, epics the dream of a happy life, people created works of great depth and power.
The use of gerunds within one sentence is unacceptable different types and time.
Wrong:Reading article and noting
Right: Reading article and noting the necessary material, I always make extracts.(or After reading article and noting… )
It is unacceptable to use gerunds in a passive construction.
Wrong:In the picture depicted boy, wide placing legs and resting on hands on knees.
Right:In the picture depicted boy, wide placed legs and stubborn hands on knees.