| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Topic of the article: | Types of speech |
| Category (thematic category) | Psychology |
1.External speech - is aimed at other people through conversation or various technical devices.
Oral speech - communication using linguistic means, perceived by ear.
It is subdivided into:
· Monologue speech - expanded speech of a person addressed to other people. This is the speech of a speaker, lecturer, presenter or any other person transmitting any information. It unfolds in the form of a report, story, lecture, speech.
Monologue speech is coherent, contextual, built according to a plan, must be consistent and evidence-based, sentences are constructed grammatically flawlessly. Its expressiveness is created at the expense of vocal means (intonation, pauses, stresses, repetitions, slowing down or accelerating speech, loudness, etc.). A monologue implies stinginess and restraint in gestures. The person giving the monologue must take into account all the reactions of the listeners and reflect, ᴛ.ᴇ. to be aware of how his speech is perceived and, if it is extremely important to correct it (to introduce or omit details, make figurative comparisons, strengthen evidence, etc.).
· Dialogue speech - the most ancient type of speech.
Dialog - this is direct communication of 2 or more people, this is an exchange replicas(answer, objection, remark of one interlocutor to the words of another. Can be expressed by an exclamation, objection, remark on the content of the speaker's speech, as well as an action, gesture, even silence) or developed debate. This is a curtailed speech, it implies a lot, thanks to the knowledge and understanding of the situation by the interlocutor. Non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions) often replace the statement.
Thematically directed dialogue is called conversation(there must be a goal and a specific issue is clarified). There is no purpose in the dialogue.
Sometimes dialogical speech takes the form dispute a dispute, in the course of which any question may be found out.
Situational dialogical speech - is related to the situation in which the communication arose. Can only be understood by two communicators.
Contextual dialogue - all preceding statements condition subsequent ones. This is a more difficult communication because there must be a detailed construction of thoughts for the exchange of ideas. Essentially - ϶ᴛᴏ short monologues. These are open discussions about solving creative problems, as well as in philosophical and scientific works.
· Written speech - a kind of monologue speech, which is built using written signs. It is important to note that for semantic highlighting, expression of attitude, not intonation is used, but vocabulary (choice of a combination of words), grammar, punctuation marks, typical syntactic constructions and styles, and a special compositional structure. Written speech allows for a gap in time and space between the moment of its creation and perception by others (letters, literary works, etc.).
2. Inner speech -a special type of silent speech activity ("for oneself" and "for oneself"). It is characterized by the extreme convolution of grammatical structure and content.
· Inner speech itself - rolled up͵ in it most of the secondary members of the sentence are omitted, often only the subject remains, which is for a person the center of thought, around which images are united. There may be changes in the word itself, for example, in Russian, vowels that do not carry semantic loads drop out in the word. The words are understandable only to the subject. It can also be structured as an outline͵ of a table of contents: about what there is a speech, what must be said, omitting the known.
· Internally speaking - coincides in structure with external speech.
Inner speech performs planning and control functions. So, it is the initial moment of a speech utterance, its programming before implementation; a means of reflexive actions that allow you to build self-attitudes when communicating with other people and in the implementation of introspection, self-esteem.
3. Egocentric speech - an intermediate link in the transition from external to internal speech. About 3 years old, the child begins to speak out loud to himself, to plan his actions in speech.
Types of speech - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of speech" 2017, 2018.
There are different types of speech: speech and gesture speech, written and oral, external speech, internal and egocentric, literate and illiterate, fast and slow, interesting and boring, expressive and inexpressive, monologic and dialogical, official ...
Currently, there are a large number of various theories trying to explain the emergence and development of speech. The essence of this problem is that today it is rather difficult to give an unambiguous answer as to whether human speech is innate ....
One of the main differences between humans and the animal world is the presence of a special mental process called speech. Speech is most often defined as the process of communication between people through language. In order to be able to speak and understand someone else's speech, you need to know the language ...
Broca's N center, which is located in the posterior part of the third frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere. This is the motor center of speech. A person loses the ability to pronounce words N Certain structures of the brain belong to the central ones, and to the peripheral ones ...
There are different types of speech:
1) gesture speech and sound speech;
2) written and oral speech;
3) external and internal speech.
Modern speech is primarily audio speech. However, at present, sign language (facial expressions and pantomime) is, as it were, an addition to the main text of speech.
External speech is leading in the process of communication, therefore its main quality is accessibility for the perception of another person. External speech can be written and oral.
Written and spoken language are also closely related to each other, but perform different functions. Oral speech for the most part functions as spoken language in a conversation situation, and written speech as business, scientific, intended not for the interlocutor present nearby.
Oral speech more expressive, because mimicry, gestures, intonation, voice modulation, etc. are used. Its specificity is that you can immediately see the reaction of listeners to the speaker's words, which allows you to correct speech in a certain way. Oral speech is subdivided into monologue and dialogical.
Monologue speech- this is the speech of one person, not interrupted by the remarks of other people (speech of a lecturer, speaker, orator or any person who tells in detail about the events of his own life, about the book he has read, etc.). It usually requires prior preparation. Its main advantage lies in the ability to convey to the audience your own thought without distortion and with the necessary evidence.
An essential feature of monologue speech is the logical coherence of the thoughts expressed and the systematic presentation, subordinate to a certain plan. Monologue speech is always designed for a specific audience. It becomes clearer and more convincing thanks to intonation means: pauses, slowing down or accelerating the tempo of speech, stress, highlighting individual words or phrases in the voice, questions to the audience, etc.
Dialogue (or colloquial) speech occurs between 2 or more persons. This is an easier type of speech, since it does not require development, evidence, thoughtfulness in the construction of phrases. Dialogue speech is usually not fully developed, since it is situational, much is not expressed in it, but is implied thanks to the context that is understandable to the speakers. In dialogical speech, expressive means are of great importance, such as: the intonation with which this or that statement is pronounced; mimicry and pantomime of the speaker. They make speech easier to understand for others and increase the power of its impact on them. In addition, dialogical speech is very expressive, emotional and dynamic. In order for the dialogue to be maintained, one must not only speak clearly, clearly and clearly, but also be able to listen to a partner.
Therefore, the lack of dialogical speech is that speakers can interrupt each other, distort the conversation, and not fully express their thoughts.
Oral speech can be, on the one hand, colloquial speech, speech-conversation, on the other - speech, oratorical presentation, report, lecture. On the other hand, speech, public speaking, lecture, report by their nature in some respects are much closer to written speech. Lecture, report, etc. have all the expressive means of oral speech. A speech-lecture should combine the features of both oral and written speech.
Written speech is realized in a form accessible for visual perception. It can be addressed to a specific person or to all people. In order for the content of written speech to be correctly perceived, it is necessary to be able to describe it in an expanded form.
Written speech has a huge impact on both the life of the whole society and the individual. It enables each person to join the world culture, to assimilate the universal values necessary for the formation of his spiritual world. Written speech is presented, as a rule, in the form of a specific text. For the correct perception and understanding of the text, its structure and characteristics are of great importance.
From the point of view of the means used in writing, it has the following features:
1) it uses a graphic code (writing);
2) vocabulary (the choice of a combination of words), grammar and punctuation marks are of great importance in it.
Written speech makes it possible to develop intellectual abilities, become an educated and spiritually rich person, learn about nature and society, and keep abreast of all the events taking place in the world.
Inner speech is a special type of speech activity. It is social in its content. The statement that inner speech is speech with oneself is not entirely accurate. And inner speech is mostly addressed to the interlocutor. Internal speech can be internal conversation. It happens, especially with a tense feeling, that a person is engaged in an internal conversation with another person, expressing in this imaginary conversation everything that, for one reason or another, he could not say to him in a real conversation. But even in those cases when inner speech does not take on the character of an imaginary conversation with a certain interlocutor, then it is devoted to reflection, reasoning, argumentation, and then it is addressed to some kind of audience.
Internal speech-conversation (with an imaginary interlocutor) is often emotionally saturated. But there is no doubt that thinking is especially closely connected with inner speech.
On the basis of inner speech, the intellectual and spiritual life of the individual is carried out, his moral views and beliefs, dreams and ideals, desires and aspirations, doubts and beliefs are manifested.
Reasoning with himself, a person becomes convinced of the truth or falsity of his spiritual values, condemns or justifies himself, tries to understand the meaning of life, decides how to live further, what to believe, what ideals to follow and what goals to set. Using inner speech, a person carries out self-hypnosis, autogenic training. Under the influence of self-hypnosis, a person can show such strength of mind that it would seem that it surpasses all the capabilities and resources of the human psyche.
In addition to internal and external speech, there is also egocentric speech.
Egocentric speech- a person's speech, directed at himself and not designed for any reaction from others. It manifests itself in both adults and children. Most often, this type of speech is manifested in children of middle preschool age, when, in the process of playing or drawing, modeling, they comment on their actions, without addressing anyone in particular. Egocentric speech can also sometimes be found in adults. Most often this happens when solving a complex intellectual problem, during which a person thinks out loud. Also, egocentric speech is widely used in preparation for an oral presentation for the purpose of preliminary articulation (rehearsal) of its content, while consolidating the acquired information.
From internal speech, you can go to external. For this it is necessary to change the structure of the utterance and find new forms of expressing its content. Those. it is necessary to move from a concise and convoluted statement in inner speech to a detailed, narrative statement that is understandable to other people. But this is not always possible. It is known, for example, what torments a person experiences when trying to find the most appropriate words to express his thoughts, knowledge, feelings and other mental states.
Irina Bazan
Literature: R.S. Nemov "Psychology", book 1 S.L. Rubinstein "Fundamentals of General Psychology" P.A. Sorokun "General Psychology"Basic types of speech
Human speech is very diverse and has various forms. However, any form of speech refers to one of two main types of speech: - oral, - written. Both of these species, of course, have a certain similarity with each other. It lies in the fact that in modern languages, written speech, like oral speech, is sound: the signs of written speech do not express direct meaning, but convey the sound composition of words. Thus, for non-hieroglyphic languages, written speech is only a kind of oral presentation. Just as in music, a musician who plays by the notes reproduces the same melody practically unchanged each time, so the reader, voicing a word or phrase depicted on paper, will each time reproduce almost the same scale.
Colloquial speech
The main initial type of oral speech is speech, which proceeds in the form of a conversation. Such speech is called colloquial, or dialogical (dialogue). The main feature of dialogical speech is that it is speech actively supported by the interlocutor, that is, two people participate in the conversation, using the simplest turns of language and phrases. Speaking psychologically is the simplest form of speech. It does not require an extended presentation, since the interlocutor in the course of the conversation understands well what is being discussed, and can mentally complete the phrase uttered by the other interlocutor. In a dialogue, said in a certain context, one word can replace one or even several phrases.
Monologue speech
Monologue speech is a speech delivered by one person, while listeners only perceive the speaker's speech, but do not directly participate in it. Examples of monologue speech (monologue): speech of a public figure, teacher, speaker. Monologue speech is psychologically more difficult than dialogical (at least for the speaker). It requires a number of skills: - to express coherently, - to present consistently and intelligibly, - to comply with the norms of the language, - to focus on the individual characteristics of the audience, - to focus on the mental state of the listeners, - to control oneself.
Active and passive form of speech
The listener, of course, also makes some effort to understand what is being said to him. It is interesting that when we listen, we repeat the words of the speaker to ourselves. The speaker's words and phrases "circulate" in the listener's mind for some time. At the same time, this does not manifest itself outwardly, although speech activity is present. At the same time, the activity of the listener can be very different: from lethargic and indifferent to convulsively active. Therefore, active and passive forms of speech activity stand out. Active speech - spontaneous (coming from within) speaking out loud, a person says what he wants to say. The passive form is repetition after the interlocutor (usually to oneself, but sometimes this repetition seems to break through and the person aloud follows the actively speaking). In children, the development of active and passive forms of speech does not occur simultaneously. It is believed that a child first learns to understand someone else's speech, simply by listening to the people around him, and then he begins to speak himself. However, it should be borne in mind that starting from the first weeks of life, the child's vocal features begin to correlate with the mother's voice, to some extent already during this period the child learns to speak actively. Both children and adults differ quite a lot in the degree of development of active and passive forms of speech. Depending on life experience and individual characteristics, some people can understand other people well, but poorly express their own thoughts, other people - on the contrary. Of course, there are people who can speak badly and listen badly at the same time, and those who speak well and listen well.
Written speech
Kinetic speech
Speech with movements has been preserved in humans since ancient times. Initially, it was the main and probably the only type of speech. Over time, this type of speech has lost its functions; now it is used mainly as an emotionally expressive accompaniment, that is, in the form of gestures. Gestures give the speech additional expressiveness, they can tune the listener in one way or another. There is, however, a fairly large social group for which kinetic speech is still the main form of speech. Deaf people - those who were born this way or who lost the ability to hear as a result of illness, accident - actively use sign language in their daily life. It should be borne in mind that in this case, kinetic speech is significantly more developed in comparison with the kinetic speech of ancient people due to a more advanced system of sign signals.
Internal and external speech
External speech is associated with the communication process. Inner speech is the core of our thinking and all conscious activity. Both thinking and the rudiments of consciousness are present in animals, but it is the inner speech that is a powerful catalyst for both, which endows a person - in comparison with all other animals - with simply supernatural abilities. It has already been said above that the listening person, willy-nilly, repeats the words he heard to himself. Whether it is beautiful poetry or the multi-storey language of an alcoholic, what is heard is repeated in the mind of the listener. This mechanism is caused by the need to maintain an integral image of the message at least for a short time. These repetitions (reverberations) are closely related to inner speech. Reverbs can quickly "flow" into purely internal speech. Suppose a person was thinking about something of their own, for example, about problems at work. Someone nearby exclaimed: "This is terrible!" In the head of the first person, a chain of something like the following may appear: “This is awful ... Awful ... But in fact, it’s really awful that a new boss will come soon ...” In many ways, inner speech is similar to a dialogue with oneself. With the help of inner speech, you can prove something to yourself, inspire, convince, support, cheer up.
Literature
Maklakov A.G. General psychology. SPb: Peter, 2001.
Early childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition. The child's autonomous speech is transformed rather quickly (usually within six months) and disappears. Words that are unusual both in sound and in meaning are replaced by words of "adult" speech. Conditions for speech development. The transition to a new level of speech development is possible only in favorable conditions - with full-fledged communication between the child and adults. If communication with adults is not enough or, on the contrary, relatives fulfill all the child's desires, focusing on his autonomous speech, the development of speech slows down. A delay in speech development is also observed in those cases when twins are growing up, intensively communicating with each other in a common child's language. Stages of speech development. The first stage of speech development falls on the age of one to 1.5 years and is associated with the formation of passive and active speech. Passive speech. At an early age, a passive vocabulary rapidly grows - the number of words understood. An adult's speech, which organizes the child's actions, is understood by him quite early. By this time, the child begins to understand the adult's instructions regarding joint actions. Nevertheless, until about 1.5 years of age, a child only develops understanding of speech, with a still very small increase in active vocabulary. First of all, the child learns the verbal designations of the things around him, then the names of adults, the names of toys and, finally, parts of the body and face. These are all nouns, and they are usually acquired during the second year of life. By the age of two, a normally developing child understands the meanings of almost all words related to the objects around him. Active speech. Active speech is also developing intensively: an active vocabulary is growing, while the number of spoken words is much less than understood. A child begins to call things in his own words at the age of about one year. By this time, children usually already have ideas about the world around them in the form of images. Under these conditions, to start mastering speech, the child needs to associate the images he has with the combinations of sounds pronounced by adults in his presence when there are corresponding objects or phenomena in the field of vision. Grammar of speech. The first period of speech development, covering the age from 1 to 1.5 years, is characterized by a weak development of grammatical structures and the use of words by the child mostly unchanged. The second stage of speech development falls on the age of approximately 1.5 to 2.5 years. In the second year of life, the child's active vocabulary increases sharply. Up to one and a half years, a child on average learns from 30-40 to 100 words and uses them extremely rarely. After a year and a half, there is a sharp leap in the development of speech. By the end of the second year of life, children already know about 300, and by the age of three, 1200-1500 words. At the same stage of speech development, children begin to use sentences in their speech. The child's interest in the world around him is growing. The child wants to know everything, touch, see, hear. He is especially interested in the names of objects and phenomena, and every now and then he asks adults the question: "What is this?" Having received the answer, the child repeats it on his own, and, as a rule, learns the name immediately, without much difficulty remembering and reproducing it. The passive vocabulary of a child at this age does not differ much from the active one, and their ratio at the age of three is approximately 1: 1.3.
Offers. At first, the child uses one-word sentences that express a complete thought. Such words-sentences arise in connection with some specific, visually perceived situation. Then two-word sentences appear, including both the subject and the predicate. The meaning of such two-word sentences is the same: some thought or a holistic statement. This is most often the subject and his action (“mom is coming”), the action and the object of the action (“give me a loaf”, “I want some candy”), or the action and place of action (“the book is there”). At this age, children learn to combine words, combining them into small two-three-word phrases, and from such phrases to complete sentences, they progress quite quickly. The second half of the second year of a child's life is characterized by the transition to active independent speech aimed at controlling the behavior of people around him and mastering his own behavior. Grammar of speech. The second period of speech development is the beginning of the intensive formation of the grammatical structure of the sentence. Individual words at this time become parts of the sentence, their endings are coordinated. By the age of three, the child basically applies the cases correctly, builds verbose sentences, within which grammatical agreement of all words is ensured. Around the same time, there is also a conscious control over the correctness of one's own speech utterance. The third stage of speech development corresponds to the age of 3 years. By the age of three, the basic grammatical forms and basic syntactic constructions of the native language are mastered. Almost all parts of speech, different types of sentences are encountered in a child's speech, for example: "Do you remember how we went to the river, dad and Nyura swam, and where was mom?" “I am my father’s and mother’s son, all my uncles’s nephew, grandmother’s and grandfather’s grandson.” “You are big and I am small. When I am long - to the carpet ... to the lamp ... then I will be big. " The most important acquisition of a child's speech at the third stage of speech development is that the word acquires an objective meaning for him. The child designates in one word objects that are different in their external properties, but similar in some essential feature or mode of action with them. The first generalizations are associated with the appearance of the object meanings of words. Functions of children's speech. The communicative function of children's speech is associated with the use of speech as a means of communication, controlling the behavior of other people and self-regulation. At the age of one to three years, the child's social circle expands - he can already communicate through speech not only with loved ones, but also with other adults, with children. What does the child say when communicating with adults? Basically, the child's practical actions or that visual situation in which communication takes place. The child answers the adult's questions and asks himself questions about what they are doing together. When a child enters into a conversation with a peer, he delves little into the content of the other child's remarks, therefore such dialogues are poor, and children do not always answer each other. The semantic function of children's speech is associated with the definition of the meaning of words and the acquisition of generalized meanings by words.
Between one and three years of a child's life, there is a stage of speech development, when polysemantic words appear in the child's speech. Their number is relatively small, from 3 to 7% of the child's vocabulary. Further, the disintegration of polysemantic words occurs, the words in the child's speech acquire stable meanings. At the age of one to 1.5 years, the stages of development of verbal generalizations can be distinguished in the child's speech. At the first stage, the child groups objects according to the external, most striking and conspicuous signs. At the second stage, generalization occurs according to functional characteristics, that is, according to the role in which objects are used in children's play. The third stage is characterized by the ability to isolate general and stable features of objects, reflecting their nature and independent of the situational, functional use of these objects. Cognitive function of speech. At about three years old, the child begins to listen carefully to what adults say to each other. He especially likes to listen to stories, fairy tales, poems. In 2-3 years, there is an understanding of speech-story. Easier to understand stories about the things and phenomena surrounding the child. In order for him to understand a story or fairy tale, the content of which goes beyond the directly perceived situation, additional work is needed - adults must specially teach this. The emergence of the cognitive function of speech determines an important moment in the speech development of a child. It testifies that the child is already able to cognize reality not only directly through the senses, but also in its ideal, conceptual reflection in the language. Psychological mechanisms of speech development. How is the child's speech formed from the point of view of the psychological mechanisms of this process? There are three main mechanisms of language acquisition: - imitation, - the formation of conditioned reflex associations, - formulation and experimental testing of empirical hypotheses. Imitation influences the formation of all aspects of speech, but especially phonetics and grammar. This mechanism is realized when the child shows the first signs of the corresponding ability. But imitation is only the initial stage of speech development. Without the next two stages, he is not able to lead to great success in the acquisition of the language. The function of conditioned reflex conditioning in the generation of speech is that the use of various rewards by adults accelerates the development of children's speech. However, it cannot be said that without this, the child will not be able to form speech at all. It is known that in children's homes, children are deprived of individual attention. And nevertheless, under these conditions, by the required time, the child's speech is still formed. The formulation and testing of hypotheses as a mechanism for mastering speech is confirmed by the facts of active children's word-creation. However, singled out in itself, this mechanism too intellectualizes the process of speech development in young children. Apparently, speech development at an early age is explained by a combination of all three considered learning mechanisms.
Communication is a multifaceted phenomenon. One of its components is speech. The classification of speech is therefore quite complex and has many different bases. Let's consider the main ones.
What is it like
The classification of types of speech can exist according to the form in which information is exchanged. That is, speech can be spoken (using sounds) or written (using special characters).
If we focus on the number of participants in communication, then it can be divided into monological, dialogical and polylogical. The style of speech depends on the sphere of communication in which it functions, and can be scientific, journalistic, official-business, artistic or colloquial.
The classification of forms of speech by compositional and structural features, as well as by content-semantic features, assigns any type of speech to either description, or to narration, or to reasoning. Let's consider in more detail each of these divisions.
Language and speech. Speaking and writing
Oral speech (a form opposed to its written variety) means spoken speech, that is, sounding. It refers to the primary forms of existence of any language.
Written means that speech that is depicted on a physical medium - paper, canvas, parchment, etc. using graphic signs of writing, designed specifically for this. Historically, it appeared later relatively oral.
The form in which the Russian language mainly exists is called literary speech. Its main feature is the conscious use of means of communication with an orientation towards compliance with specific rules and regulations. They are given in reference books, dictionaries and textbooks. The teaching of norms is carried out in schools, cultural institutions and the media.
In the context of real communications, written and spoken language constantly intersect, interact and penetrate one another. Some of the genres related to written speech are subsequently voiced - these are oratory (including speech lessons) or drama. A literary work very often contains such samples in the form of monologues and dialogues of the characters.
What is good about speaking
The most important advantage of speaking over writing is the ability to instantly transfer information. The difference between these two forms also lies in the fact that oral dialogue most often allows participants to see each other and adjust the content and form of what is spoken, depending on the reaction of the interlocutor.
Designed for perception by the human ear, spoken language does not need accurate literal reproduction. In the event of such a need, one has to use certain technical means. At the same time, everything is pronounced "cleanly", without preliminary amendments.
When communicating in writing, the author of the speech does not have the opportunity to provide feedback with his addressee. Therefore, the reaction of the latter has little effect. The reader subsequently has the opportunity to return to individual postulates any number of times, while the writer has the time and means to correct and supplement what has been written.
The advantage of written communication is a more accurate and fixed presentation of information, the ability to transmit it in future times. Written speech serves as the basis for scientific and any business activity.
Its other features ...
Sound waves emitted by the human speech apparatus serve as a material form reproduced in writing using letters of the alphabet. Thanks to this, all the richness of intonation possibilities is inherent in her. The means of forming intonation are the intensity, the pace of the conversation, the sound timbre, etc. Much in it depends on the clarity of pronunciation, the arrangement of logical stresses, the duration of the pauses.
Important characteristics of oral speech are spontaneity, multichannel and irreversibility. The origin of thought and its expression in this case occurs almost simultaneously. Depending on the speech experience of the speaker and other circumstances of oral speech, smoothness or discontinuity, fragmentation may be inherent.
... and views
Focusing on the reaction of the audience, the speaker can highlight the most important points, use comments, clarifications and repetitions. These features most of all characterize unprepared oral speech. The classification of speech on this basis opposes it to another - prepared, existing in the form of lectures or reports.
This form is characterized by a clear structure and thoughtfulness. In a spontaneously pronounced text, typical for unprepared oral speech, there are many pauses, repetitions of individual words and sounds that do not carry any meaning (such as "uh-uh", "here", "means"), the structures planned for pronunciation sometimes fail. In such speech, there are more speech errors, short, incomplete and not always correct sentences, fewer participial and adverbial expressions.
According to the functional varieties, the types of oral speech also differ. It can be scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial, and also used in the official business sphere.
About written speech
Written speech is not intended for a specific interlocutor and depends entirely on the writer. As already noted, it arose at a historically later stage in the development of mankind and exists in the form of an artificially created sign system, developed in order to fix the pronounced sounds. That is, the signs for the designation of the sounds emitted serve as its material carriers.
Unlike oral speech, written speech not only serves for direct communication, but also allows you to assimilate and perceive the knowledge accumulated throughout the development of the entire human society. Such speech is a means of communication in cases of impossibility of direct dialogue, when the interlocutors are divided by time or space.
Signs of written speech
The exchange of messages in writing began already in ancient times. Nowadays, the role of writing has been reduced with the development of modern technologies (for example, the telephone), but with the invention of the Internet, as well as facsimile messages, the forms of such speech are again in demand.
Its main property can be considered the ability of long-term storage of transmitted information. The main sign of use is a strictly regulated book language. The main units of written speech are sentences, the task of which is to express logical semantic connections of a rather complex level.
That is why well-thought-out sentences are always present in written speech, it is characterized by a fixed word order. Such speech is not inherent in inversion, that is, the use of words in reverse order. In some cases, this is completely unacceptable. Written speech is oriented towards visual perception, and therefore it is clearly structured - the pages are numbered, the text is divided into paragraphs and chapters, different types of fonts are used, etc.
Monologue and dialogue. Examples and essence of concepts
The classification of speech by the number of participants was undertaken in ancient times. The division into dialogues and monologues was used in areas such as logic, rhetoric, philosophy. The term "polylogue" originated at the end of the 20th century and denotes a conversation involving more than two persons.
Such a form as dialogue is characterized by alternating statements of both interlocutors in direct connection with a specific situation. The statements themselves are called replicas. According to its semantic load, a dialogue is an exchange of opinions that depend on each other.
The dialogue as a whole and any of its parts can be perceived as a separate textual act. The structure of the dialogue includes parts called the beginning, the base and the ending. As the first of them, generally accepted forms of speech etiquette are used, a greeting or an introductory remark in the form of a question or judgment.
What is the dialogue
The main body can be very short to very long. Any dialogue tends to be continued. As the ending, the lines of agreement, response or standard speech etiquette ("goodbye" or "all the best") are used.
In the sphere of colloquial speech, dialogue is considered everyday and is conducted using colloquial vocabulary. Here, not the most successful choice of words, repetitions, deviations from literary norms are allowed. Such a dialogue is characterized by emotions and expression, unevenness, a variety of topics, a deviation from the main line of discussion.
There is also dialogue in literary sources. Examples are the communication of heroes, a novel in letters, or genuine correspondence of historical persons.
It can be both informative and not very informative. In the latter case, it consists mainly of speech forms and does not contain useful information. An informative dialogue is characterized by the need for communication in order to obtain new data.
Let's talk about monologues
What is a monologue? Examples of it are not less common. This term denotes the statement of someone in an expanded form, intended for oneself or others and having a certain organization in the sense of composition and completeness. In a work of fiction, a monologue can become an integral component or an independent unit - for example, in the form of a solo performance.
In public life, speeches of orators, lecturers, radio and television announcers are practiced in the form of a monologue. Monologues are most characteristic of oral book speech (appearances in courts, lectures, reports), but it may not have a specific listener as its addressee and may not suggest a response.
According to the purpose of the statement, this form of speech refers to either informational, or persuasive, or encouraging. Informational is a monologue conveying knowledge. Examples are all the same lectures, reports, reports or speeches. Persuasive speech is focused on the emotions of those who are going to listen to it. These are congratulations, parting words, etc.
Incentive speech, as the name implies, is designed to motivate the listener to take certain actions. Examples include the appeals, protests and speeches of politicians.
Polylogue - what kind of beast?
The classification of styles of speech has recently (at the end of the last century) been replenished with the concept of polylogue. Even among linguists, it has not yet entered into widespread use. This is a conversation of several people at once. Situationally, it is closer to dialogue, since it unites listeners and speakers. There is a polylogue in the form of discussions, conversations, games, meetings. In it there is an exchange of information introduced by everyone, and everyone is aware of what is at stake.
The rules by which the polylogue is built are as follows: the participants are instructed to speak convincingly and rather briefly, everyone who composes it must follow the plot of the discussion and be attentive, it is customary to ask questions and clarify incomprehensible points, as well as make the necessary objections. The polylogue must be conducted in a correct and friendly manner.
Different types of texts
According to the functions performed, there is also a different speech. Classification of speech on this basis divides it into texts with a reflection of actual reality and those that contain thoughts and reasoning about it. Depending on the meaning, any of them can be classified as narrative, descriptive and related to reasoning.
In the descriptions, a phenomenon is depicted with a list of features inherent in it. It can be portrait, landscape, interior, everyday, scientific, etc. It is characterized by static, and it is built on the main starting point contained in the object itself or its separate part. Thought develops by adding new features to what has been said.
A type called storytelling is a story about events and actions that take place over time. Its composition includes an outset with subsequent development, continuation, culmination and ends with a denouement.
Reasoning refers to the confirmation and explanation of a certain thought or statement set forth in words. The composition usually consists of a thesis, its evidence and final conclusions.
... and styles
Modern linguistics has streamlined the very concept of "speech". The classification of speech depending on the purpose of communication, as already mentioned at the beginning of the article, is reduced to five different speech styles (everyday or colloquial, scientific, official-business, journalistic and artistic). Thus, the conversational style is used mainly in everyday life and in everyday communication. It is characterized by oral speech with a predominance of dialogues.
In the field of the scientific and technical sphere, with a description of various theories and technologies, the scientific style prevails - strictly verified and does not allow free turns. Formal business is used in the legislative field and in any form of formal communication. It is characterized by many fixed structures, a significant predominance of written speech, a large number of monologues (reports, lectures, speeches, court speeches).
For the socio-political sphere, the journalistic style has always been and is being applied, which often exists in the form of bright, emotionally colored monologues of a motivating nature.
The art sphere is subject to the artistic style. A variety of expressions, a wealth of forms and linguistic means rule the ball here; strict official constructions are practically not found here.
The choice of genres and styles is dictated by the content of speech and the type of its communicative orientation, in other words, by the purpose of communication. It is on them that the techniques that will be used in a dialogue or monologue depend, as well as the compositional structure of each specific speech.
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