Omar Khayyam devoted himself to the study of life itself. He studied a lot scientific work in such fields as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, but the world most of all remembers him as a poet, the author of rubai quatrains. Unfortunately, during Khayyam’s lifetime his extraordinary mind was not appreciated. They remembered him only in the 19th century, when world fame came to him.
In his rubai, Khayyam touches on questions about the meaning of life, chastity, happiness, love, friendship and, of course, his favorite drink - .
About life
- 1 -
Don't envy someone who is strong and rich. Sunset always follows dawn. Treat this short life, equal to a sigh, as if it was given to you on loan.
- 2 -
He who is beaten by life will achieve more. He who has eaten a pound of salt appreciates honey more. He who shed tears laughs sincerely. He who died knows that he lives!
- 3 -
“Hell and heaven are in heaven,” say the bigots. Having looked into myself, I was convinced of the lie: hell and heaven are not circles in the palace of the universe, hell and heaven are two halves of the soul.
- 4 -
Everything is bought and sold, and life openly laughs at us. We are indignant, we are indignant, but we are bought and sold.
- 5 -
Do not mourn, mortal, yesterday’s losses, do not measure today’s deeds by tomorrow’s standard. Trust neither the past nor the future minute. Believe the current minute - be happy now!
About love
- 6 -
Yes, in a woman, as in a book, there is wisdom. Only the literate can understand its great meaning. And don’t be angry with the book if, ignorant, you couldn’t read it.
- 7 -
Flowers in one hand, a permanent glass in the other, feast with your beloved, forgetting about the entire Universe, until the tornado of death suddenly tears off the shirt of mortal life from you, like rose petals.
- 8 -
Who is ugly, who is handsome - does not know passion. A madman in love agrees to go to hell. Lovers don't care what they wear, what they lay on the ground, what they put under their heads.
- 9 -
Whose heart does not burn with passionate love for his beloved, drags out his sad life without consolation. I consider days spent without the joys of love to be an unnecessary and hateful burden.
- 10 -
Loving and being loved is happiness. You protect from simple bad weather. And having taken the reins of love together eagerly in your hands, never let go, even while living apart...
About wine
- 11 -
They say that drunkards will go to hell. It's all nonsense! If drinkers were sent to hell, and all women lovers followed them there, your Garden of Eden would become empty as the palm of your hand.
- 12 -
Heart! Let the cunning people, conspiring together, condemn wine, saying that it is harmful. If you want to wash your soul and body, listen to poetry more often while drinking wine.
- 13 -
A blooming garden, a girlfriend and a cup of wine - this is my paradise. I don't want to find myself in something else. Yes, no one has ever seen heavenly paradise! So let's take comfort in earthly things for now.
- 14 -
But wine teaches the same wisdom; on each cup there is a vital inscription: “Place your lips - and you will see the bottom!”
- 15 -
Wine is prohibited, but there are four but: it depends on who drinks wine, with whom, when and in moderation. Subject to these four conditions, wine is permitted to all sane people.
Omar Khayyam devoted himself to the study of life itself. He did a lot of scientific work in such fields as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, but the world remembers him most as a poet, the author of rubai quatrains. Unfortunately, during Khayyam’s lifetime his extraordinary mind was not appreciated. They remembered him only in the 19th century, when world fame came to him.
In his rubai, Khayyam touches on questions about the meaning of life, chastity, happiness, love, friendship and, of course, his favorite drink - .
About life
- 1 -
Don't envy someone who is strong and rich. Sunset always follows dawn. Treat this short life, equal to a sigh, as if it was given to you on loan.
- 2 -
He who is beaten by life will achieve more. He who has eaten a pound of salt appreciates honey more. He who shed tears laughs sincerely. He who died knows that he lives!
- 3 -
“Hell and heaven are in heaven,” say the bigots. Having looked into myself, I was convinced of the lie: hell and heaven are not circles in the palace of the universe, hell and heaven are two halves of the soul.
- 4 -
Everything is bought and sold, and life openly laughs at us. We are indignant, we are indignant, but we are bought and sold.
- 5 -
Do not mourn, mortal, yesterday’s losses, do not measure today’s deeds by tomorrow’s standard. Trust neither the past nor the future minute. Believe the current minute - be happy now!
About love
- 6 -
Yes, in a woman, as in a book, there is wisdom. Only the literate can understand its great meaning. And don’t be angry with the book if, ignorant, you couldn’t read it.
- 7 -
Flowers in one hand, a permanent glass in the other, feast with your beloved, forgetting about the entire Universe, until the tornado of death suddenly tears off the shirt of mortal life from you, like rose petals.
- 8 -
Who is ugly, who is handsome - does not know passion. A madman in love agrees to go to hell. Lovers don't care what they wear, what they lay on the ground, what they put under their heads.
- 9 -
Whose heart does not burn with passionate love for his beloved, drags out his sad life without consolation. I consider days spent without the joys of love to be an unnecessary and hateful burden.
- 10 -
Loving and being loved is happiness. You protect from simple bad weather. And having taken the reins of love together eagerly in your hands, never let go, even while living apart...
About wine
- 11 -
They say that drunkards will go to hell. It's all nonsense! If drinkers were sent to hell, and all women lovers followed them there, your Garden of Eden would become empty as the palm of your hand.
- 12 -
Heart! Let the cunning people, conspiring together, condemn wine, saying that it is harmful. If you want to wash your soul and body, listen to poetry more often while drinking wine.
- 13 -
A blooming garden, a girlfriend and a cup of wine - this is my paradise. I don't want to find myself in something else. Yes, no one has ever seen heavenly paradise! So let's take comfort in earthly things for now.
- 14 -
But wine teaches the same wisdom; on each cup there is a vital inscription: “Place your lips - and you will see the bottom!”
- 15 -
Wine is prohibited, but there are four but: it depends on who drinks wine, with whom, when and in moderation. Subject to these four conditions, wine is permitted to all sane people.
Omar Khayyam, short biography who is presented in this article, was born in Nishapur on May 18, 1048. Nishapur is located in eastern Iran, in the cultural province of Khorasan. This city was a place where many people from various parts of Iran and even neighboring countries came to attend the fair. In addition, Nishapur is considered one of the main cultural centers that time in Iran. Since the 11th century, madrasahs - schools of higher and secondary types - have operated in the city. Omar Khayyam also studied in one of them.
Biography in Russian involves translation of proper names. However, sometimes readers need to English version, for example, when you need to find materials in English. How to translate: “Omar Khayyam: a biography”? "Omar Khayyam: biography" is the right option.
Khayyam's childhood and youth
Unfortunately, there is not enough information about them, as well as information about the lives of many famous people ancient times. Biography of Omar Khayyam in childhood and teenage years marked by the fact that he lived in Nishapur. There is no information about his family. The nickname Khayyam, as is known, means “tent maker”, “tent maker”. This allows researchers to make the assumption that his father was a representative of craft circles. The family, in any case, had sufficient funds to provide their son with a decent education.
His further biography was marked by training. Omar Khayyam first studied science at the Nishapur madrasah, which at that time was known as an aristocratic educational institution that prepared for civil service major officials. After this, Omar continued his education in Samarkand and Balkh.
Knowledge gained by Khayyam
He mastered many natural and exact sciences: geometry, mathematics, astronomy, physics. Omar also specially studied history, Koranic studies, theosophy, philosophy and a complex of philological disciplines, which was included in the concept of education at that time. He knew Arabic literature, was fluent in Arabic, and also knew the basics of versification. Omar was skilled in healing and astrology, and also studied music theory.
Khayyam knew the Koran perfectly by heart and could interpret any verse. Therefore, even the most prominent theologians of the East turned to Omar for consultations. His ideas, however, did not fit into Islam in its orthodox understanding.
First discoveries in mathematics
His further biography was marked by his first discoveries in the field of mathematics. Omar Khayyam made this science the main focus of his studies. At the age of 25 he makes his first discoveries in mathematics. In the 60s of the 11th century, he published a work on this science, which brought him the fame of an outstanding scientist. Patronage rulers begin to provide him with patronage.
Life at the court of Khakan Shams al-Mulk
The rulers of the 11th century competed with each other in the splendor of their retinue. They lured away educated courtiers. The most influential simply demanded famous poets and scientists to come to court. This fate did not spare Omar either. His biography was also noted for his service at court.
Omar Khayyam first conducted his scientific activities at the court of Prince Khakan Shams al-Mulk, in Bukhor. According to the testimony of chroniclers of the 11th century, the Bukhara ruler surrounded Omar with honor and even seated him on the throne next to him.
Invitation to Esfahan
By this time, the empire of the Great Seljuks had grown and established itself. Tughulbek, a Seljuk ruler, conquered Baghdad in 1055. He declared himself the ruler of the new empire, the sultan. The Caliph lost power, and this marked an era of cultural flourishing, called the Eastern Renaissance.
These events also affected the fate of Omar Khayyam. His biography continues with a new period. Omar Khayyam in 1074 was invited to the royal court to serve in the city of Isfahan. At this time, Sultan Malik Shah ruled. This year marked the beginning of a 20-year period of his fruitful scientific activity, which, according to the results achieved, turned out to be brilliant. At this time, the city of Isfahan was the capital of the Seljuk power, which extended from Mediterranean Sea to the borders of China.
Life at the court of Malik Shah
Omar became an honorary confidant of the great Sultan. According to legend, Nizam al-Mulk even offered him to rule Nishapur and the surrounding area. Omar said that he does not know how to prohibit and order, which is necessary to control people. Then the Sultan appointed him a salary of 10 thousand a year (a huge amount) so that Khayyam could freely engage in science.
Observatory management
Khayyam was invited to manage the palace observatory. The Sultan gathered the best astronomers at his court and allocated large sums for the purchase of expensive equipment. Omar was tasked with creating new calendar. In the 11th century Central Asia and Iran, there were 2 systems at the same time: solar and lunar calendars. Both of them were imperfect. By March 1079 the problem was solved. The calendar proposed by Khayyam was 7 seconds more accurate than the current Gregorian calendar (developed in the 16th century)!
Omar Khayyam conducted astronomical observations at the observatory. In his era, astronomy was closely connected with astrology, which in the Middle Ages was a science of practical necessity. And Omar was part of Malik Shah's retinue as his advisor and astrologer. His fame as a soothsayer was very great.
New achievements in mathematics
At the court in Isfahan, Omar Khayyam also studied mathematics. In 1077, he created a geometric work devoted to the interpretation of the difficult provisions of Euclid. For the first time, he gave an exhaustive classification of the main types of equations - cubic, square, linear (25 types in total), and also created a theory for solving cubic equations. It was he who first raised the question of the connection between the science of geometry and algebra.
For a long time, Khayyam’s books were unknown to European scientists who created non-Euclidean geometry and a new higher algebra. And they had to re-go through a difficult and long path, which had already been paved by Khayyam 5-6 centuries before them.
Philosophy classes
Khayyam also dealt with problems of philosophy, studying the scientific heritage of Avicenna. He translated some of his works into Farsi from Arabic, showing innovation, since at that time the Arabic language played the role of the language of science.
His first philosophical treatise was created in 1080 ("Treatise on Being and Ought"). Khayyam stated that he is a follower of Avicenna, and also expressed judgments about Islam from the perspective of Eastern Aristotelianism. Omar, recognizing the existence of God as the primary cause of existence, argued that the specific order of things is determined by the laws of nature, this is not at all the result of divine wisdom. These views were very different from Muslim dogma. In the treatise they were presented concisely and restrainedly, in the Aesopian language of allegories and omissions. Much more boldly, sometimes defiantly, Omar Khayyam expressed anti-Islamic sentiments in poetry.
Biography: poems by Khayyam
He wrote poetry only rubai, i.e. quatrains in which the 1st, 2nd, 4th or all four stanzas rhymed. He created them throughout his life. Khayyam never wrote laudatory odes to rulers. Rubai was not a serious form of poetry, and Omar Khayyam was not recognized as a poet by his contemporaries. And he himself did not attach much importance to his poems. They most likely arose impromptu, in passing.
Omar's shaky position at court
At the end of 1092, the 20-year quiet period of his life at the court of Malik Shah ended. At this time, the Sultan died under unclear circumstances. And Nizam al-Mulk was killed a month before. Medieval sources attribute the death of two of Khayyam’s patrons to the Ismailis, representatives of a religious and political movement directed against the Turkic nobility. After the death of Malik Shah, they terrorized the Isfahan nobility. Reprisals and denunciations were born of fear of secret murders flooding the city. A struggle for power began, and the great empire began to fall apart.
Omar's position at the court of Malik Shah's widow Turkan Khatun also began to shake. The woman did not trust those close to Nizam al-Mulk. Omar Khayyam worked at the observatory for some more time, but no longer received the same salary or support. At the same time, he served as a doctor and astrologer under Turkan Khatun.
How Khayyam's court career ended
The story of how his court career crashed has become a textbook today. It dates back to 1097. Sanjar, younger son Malik Shah once fell ill with chickenpox, and Khayyam, who was treating him, inadvertently expressed doubt that the 11-year-old boy would recover. The words spoken to the vizier were overheard by a servant and passed on to the sick heir. Later becoming a sultan who ruled the Seljuk state from 1118 to 1157, Sanjar harbored hostility towards Khayyam throughout his life.
After the death of Malik Shah, Isfahan lost its position as the main scientific center and the royal residence. It fell into disrepair and, in the end, the observatory was closed, and the capital was moved to the city of Merv (Khorosan). Omar left the court forever and returned to Nishapur.
Life in Nishapur
Here he lived until his death, only occasionally leaving the city to visit Balkh or Bukhora. In addition, he made a long pilgrimage to Muslim shrines in Mecca. Khayyam taught at the Nishapur madrasah. He had a small circle of students. Sometimes he received scientists who sought meetings with him and took part in scientific debates.
The last period of his life was extremely difficult, associated with deprivation, as well as with melancholy, which was generated by spiritual loneliness. In the Nishapur years, Omar's fame as an astronomer and mathematician was supplemented by the fame of an apostate and freethinker. His philosophical views aroused the anger of the zealots of Islam.
Scientific and philosophical heritage of Khayyam
The biography of Omar Khayyam (brief) does not allow us to talk in detail about his works. Let us only note that his scientific and philosophical heritage is small. Unlike Avicenna, his predecessor, Khayyam did not create an integral philosophical system. His treatises concern only certain issues of philosophy, albeit the most important ones. Some of them were written in response to requests from secular or clergy. Only 5 philosophical works of Omar have survived to this day. All of them are laconic, short, sometimes occupying only a few pages.
Pilgrimage to Mecca and life in the village
After some time, clashes with the clergy became so dangerous that Khayyam was forced to make a difficult and long pilgrimage to Mecca (in his old age). In this era, travel to holy places sometimes lasted for years. Omar settled for some time in Baghdad. His biography was marked by teaching at Nizamiyya.
Omar Khayyam, about whose life, unfortunately, not much is known, returned home and began to live in a village near Nishapur in a secluded house. According to medieval biographers, he was not married and had no children. He lived a secluded life, in constant danger due to suspicion and persecution.
How Omar Khayyam spent the last hours of his life
A short biography in Russian of this scientist, philosopher and poet was written by many authors. All sources agree that the exact year of his death is unknown. The most likely date is 1123. From a source of the 12th century, a story has reached us about how Khayyam spent the last hours of his life. I heard this story from his relative Abu-l-Hasan Beyhaki. On this day, Omar carefully studied the “Book of Healing” written by Avicenna. Having reached the section “Single and Plural,” Khayyam put a toothpick between the sheets and asked to call the right people in order to make a will. Omar did not eat or drink all that day. Having finished his last prayer, in the evening he bowed to the ground. Then Khayyam said, turning to God, that he knew him to the best of his ability, and that knowing him is the path to him. And he died. The photo below shows his grave in Nishapur.
From what other sources can you learn about the life of such a person as Omar Khayyam? Biography TSB (Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia) will suit you if only basic information about it is enough. You can also refer to editions of Khayyam’s books, in the preface to which descriptions of his life are often given. We have presented only basic information about such a person as Omar Khayyam. His biography, his nationality, stories from his life, poems and treatises - all this still interests many people. This speaks of the great significance of the legacy that he left, of the great role of the personality of Omar Khayyam in the history.
Omar Khayyam is a poet, scientist, philosopher, astronomer and mathematician of Persian origin. He is known throughout the world as a great poet, whose poems and sayings carry a deep philosophical meaning. But few people know about the scientist’s other achievements. So, for example, he made a significant contribution to the development of algebra, namely to the construction of classifications cubic equations and finding their solutions using conic sections.
The name of Omar Khayyam in eastern countries
Iran and Afghanistan remembered Omar Khayyam as the creator of the accurate calendar which is still used today. The great teacher had no less great students, among whom were such scholars as Muzafar al-Asfizari and Abdurahman al-Khazini.
The scientist lived more than eight centuries ago, so it is not surprising that his biography is full of secrets and inaccuracies. Omar Khayyam lived very rich life, in which the features of oriental education were present. It is interesting that the full name of the philosopher is as follows - Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fatih Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri. Each name carries a certain meaning:
- Giyasaddin - translated means "help of religion."
- Abul Fatih - it is implied that he is Fatih's father. However, he did not have a son with that name.
- Omar is a personal name.
- Ibrahim is the son of Ibrahim.
- Khayyam is a textile master. This is probably an indication of the father's profession.
- Nishapuri is the location, the place where he comes from.
The early years of the future scientist and poet
The Persian philosopher Omar Khayyam was born in the city of Nishapuri, which was located in Khorasan (currently an Iranian province). His father was a textile worker. The family also had a daughter, younger sister Omara, - Aisha. At the age of eight, the boy became seriously interested in the exact sciences - mathematics and astronomy. A little later, philosophy was added to his hobbies.
Twelve-year-old Omar Khayyam enters the Nishapur madrasah (analogous high school). Later he studied in other madrassas: Baalkh, Samarkand and Bukhara. He graduated with honors from a course in Islamic law and medicine and received the specialization of a hakim, that is, a doctor. However, the future poet did not plan to connect his life with medicine. He was much more interested in mathematics and astronomy. In order to deepen his knowledge in the areas that interested him, Omar Khayyam studied the works of Greek mathematicians and Thabit ibn Kura, a recognized mathematician and astronomer in his time.
The young man's childhood and youth passed during the brutal Seljuk conquests in Central Asia. A large number of educated people, including prominent scientists, were killed. In the preface to his book “Algebra”, he mentions these times and mourns such significant losses for science.
The turning point and further training of Omar Khayyam
At the age of sixteen, Omar Khayyam Nishapuri first encountered the death of people close to him. During the epidemic, his father dies, and soon his mother. After this, Omar leaves his father’s house and sells his workshop, collects his few belongings and goes to Samarkand.
Samarkand in those days was considered the most progressive center of science, culture and art in the East. Here Omar becomes a student of one of the educational institutions. But after a spectacular performance at one of the debates, he so impressed everyone present with his education and erudition that he was promoted to the rank of teacher.
Most of the great minds of that time traveled a lot, not staying in one place for long, as his biography indicates. Omar Khayyam often changed his place of residence, especially in his early years. Just 4 years later, the scientist leaves Samarkand and moves to Bukhara, where he begins to work in a book storage room. Omar spends the next ten years in Bukhara and writes books.
The result of long and hard work is the publication of four thorough treatises on mathematics.
Isfahan period of life
In 1074, an outstanding scientist received an invitation from Isfahan, the capital of the Sanjar state. The invitation came from the Seljuk Sultan Melik Shah I. Having assessed the scientist’s potential, on the advice of the court vizier Nezam al-Mulk, he promoted Omar to the sultan’s spiritual advisor.
After two years of successful service, the Sultan appointed Omar Khayyam as head of the palace observatory, which, by the way, was one of the largest in the world at that time. This position opened up new opportunities for the scientist. Continuing his studies in mathematics, he delved into the study of astronomy and very soon succeeded in this field, becoming a successful astronomer.
Astronomy and mathematical works
With the help of court scientists, he was able to create a solar calendar, which was distinguished by a greater percentage of accuracy in comparison with the Gregorian calendar. His merit was the compilation of the Malikshah Astronomical Tables, which included a small star catalogue.
One of the most outstanding works of the scientist can be called “Comments on the difficulties in the introductions of the book of Euclid,” which was published in 1077. Three books devoted to this topic were written by Omar Khayyam. Books number two and three contained studies of the theory of relations and the doctrine of number.
In 1092, Sultan Melik Shah died, and the vizier Nezam al-Mulk was killed a few weeks before. The Sultan's son and heir Sanjar and his mother did not like the head of the observatory. It is assumed that the heir's hostility is explained by the fact that when he suffered from smallpox as a child, Omar, who was treating him, in a conversation with the vizier, doubted that the boy would survive. The conversation overheard by the servant was conveyed to Sanjar.
After the death of the Sultan, which is associated with the intensification of Islamist sentiments, Omar Khayyam, who was literally immediately accused of atheism, was forced to promptly leave the capital of the Seljuk state.
The last period of the life of Omar Khayyam
They learned about the last period of the scientist and poet’s life from the words of his contemporary Beyhaki, who relied on the story of one of Omar’s close associates. Once, while reading “The Book of Healing,” Omar Khayyam felt the approach of his death. He bookmarked a section that dealt with a difficult metaphysical process called "The One in the Many." After that, he called his loved ones to make a will and say goodbye. Then the scientist began to pray, his last words were addressed to God.
Thus ended the life of the great scientist and his biography. Omar Khayyam opposed traditional religious rites, so only the closest people were present at the funeral. Later his grave took on the appearance shown in the photograph.
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and contribution to world literature
During his lifetime, Omar Khayyam was known for his works and discoveries in the scientific field. However, he was also interested in philosophy and poetry. Thus, many poetic aphorisms called rubai were composed by Omar Khayyam. The poems contained the author's thoughts about human life and knowledge.
It is interesting that over the years the number of poems whose authorship was attributed to Omar Khayyam grew steadily and reached 5,000 quatrains. It is known that many freethinkers used the name of the scientist to convey their thoughts to the general public. Scientists believe that Omar Khayyam, whose quotes are so firmly entrenched in the minds of modern literature lovers, composed from 300 to 500 poems. However, it is impossible to determine for certain which of them really belong to the philosopher.
Many of Omar Khayyam’s phrases are replete with free-thinking, open-mindedness, and may also seem blasphemous for that time.
For a long time after the death of the scientist, the name of Omar Khayyam was forgotten. By chance, the recordings of the poems fell into the hands of the English poet Edward Fitzgerald, who, interested in the find, translated the works into Latin, and later into English language. Since Omar Khayyam wrote about love and life, the book from his rubaiyat became very popular in Victorian England and beyond.
He has poems that can inspire during a difficult period of life, and there are those that will allow the reader to look into the dark depths of his soul. These short poems are permeated with wisdom, sadness and humor; all the most vital and valuable things are collected in the rubai of Omar Khayyam.
The fame of Omar Khayyam quickly spread throughout the world, and knowledge of his work became a sign of education. Interest in Omar’s work prompted many to become familiar with other works of his life, thanks to which scientific achievements were rediscovered, rethought and expanded.
His biography is shrouded in legends and speculation. Omar Khayyam is one of the luminaries of world literature, but during his lifetime little was known about his literary achievements. The only thing we can say with certainty is that the man was a true genius of his era, talented and gifted in many areas. His poetic genius was distinguished by wisdom, audacity, humor and love. Although it is impossible to say with certainty which rubai were written by the poet himself, nevertheless, almost all quatrains are imbued with philosophical thoughts, combining flexibility of rhythm, clarity and conciseness. Free spirit and freethinking are present in every second poem.
Edward Fitzgerald's free translation became one of the most successful and popular at the beginning of the twentieth century. Later, other writers and amateurs began to translate. Currently, Omar Khayyam’s phrases are quoted by everyone: hosts of festive events, in student works and simply in Everyday life if successful.
Omar Khayyam, whose quotes became widely known and in demand many centuries later, developed the rubaiyat genre and brought it to perfection, leaving a message for subsequent generations, imbued with freethinking that was not accepted in ancient times.
Literary heritage
His world-famous quatrains encourage readers to experience all the earthly human happiness that is available to people. Hundreds of Omar Khayyam's rubai about love and life remind that every moment life path is priceless and important, they tell that the truth, known by a loving heart, is opposed to universal lies and delusions, the sermons of priests and the teachings of ascetics.
True love and true wisdom in Omar’s poems are not mutually exclusive, but go side by side, qualitatively complementing a person’s life. The phrases of Omar Khayyam, passed down from generation to generation, convey the life experience of mankind, filled with vivid images and the beauty of the style.
The poet had wit and sarcasm, thanks to which he was able to create works that could lift the spirit of life in difficult times, which give strength to confront problems, force one to think and reason. Omar Khayyam, whose life wisdom was embodied in his work, made Persian literature famous throughout the world.
The literary work of Omar Khayyam stands separately from Persian poetry, although it is an important component of it. Khayyam became the first author whose literary character is distinguished by rebellion and rebellion. This phenomenon revived literature as such, gave it a certain charm and new breath.
Omar Khayyam, whose poems deny unjust power, religion, stupidity and bigotry, is the author of works that became revolutionary not only for his time, but also for the 20th century. The poet’s aphorisms are known in most countries of the world; there is no educated person who has never heard this name - Omar Khayyam. One can only envy and admire the wisdom of this great man’s life and his genius, which was far ahead of its time.
Contributions to mathematics
Omar Khayyam made a great contribution to the development of mathematics. He owns the “Treatise on Proofs of Problems of Algebra and Almukabala”, which deals with the solution of equations of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees, and also provides an analysis of the geometric method for solving cubic equations. He also gave the first definition of the science of algebra that has come down to our times.
In 1077, Omar Khayyam completed work on another important mathematical work - “Comments on the difficulties in the introductions of the book of Euclid.” The collection consisted of three volumes. The first presented the original theory of parallel lines, two latest volumes devoted to improving the theories of ratios and proportions.
- He was distinguished by extremely freedom-loving thinking for his era.
- According to contemporaries, he was lazy and a workaholic at the same time, everything depended on circumstances and mood.
- He did not stand on ceremony when communicating even with high-ranking persons, he had a caustic mind and a phenomenal memory.
- When Omar Khayyam walked through the streets or participated in symposiums, everyone made way for him with the words: “The Teacher is coming.” He was respected in scientific circles, while priests and other religious leaders disliked him and were sometimes even afraid of him. The denial of traditional religious foundations is what Omar Khayyam stood for.
- The scientist's books became a breakthrough for that time.
- Almost nothing is known about him personal life. There is no mention of his wife or children.
Important moments in the life of a philosopher
Life in dates - scientist, poet and philosopher Omar Khayyam:
- date of birth and death - 06/18/1048-12/4/1131;
- study and teaching in Samarkand - 1066-1070;
- moving to Isfahan - 1074;
- writing works on mathematics and astronomy - 1074-1110.
Despite the fact that Omar Khayyam lived more than eight centuries ago, the ideas put forward in his poems are still relevant today. Difficulties and health problems in last years his biography was noted. Omar Khayyam was forced to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, which at his age was not the easiest thing to do.
He spent the last years of his life in solitude due to the aggravation of religious sentiments in society and constant persecution on this basis.
Unfortunately, no images of Omar Khayyam have survived, and his appearance remains a mystery to admirers of the work of this outstanding man. However, this did not stop him from erecting many monuments in some Persian-speaking countries and even beyond their borders, as well as painting many portraits that are the embodiment of the artists' vision.
Interesting fact: in Nishapur there is a planetarium named after Omar Khayyam. At the end of 1970, the International Astronomical Union named the crater back side Moon named after Omar Khayyam.
The famous Middle Eastern sage, known to the general public mainly only for his quatrains, showed his talents in astronomy, mathematics, music and astrology. His interests extended to opposite directions of science, from humanists to technologists.
Brief biography of Omar Khayyam...
Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri- this is the full name of Omar Khayyam, known throughout the world in quatrains (rubais). However, in addition to the quatrains, he also constructed a classification of cubic equations in algebra and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, he is known for creating a calendar that is more accurate than the European calendar, which has been officially used since the 11th century.
Omar Khayyam was born in one of the cultural centers of ancient Iran - the city of Nishapuri. The date of his birth, 05/18/1048, was established quite recently. The years of his wanderings, during which his training took place, took place in different cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana - Nishapuri, Samarkand, Bukhara, Herat. Balkhi, Isfahan. In the Middle East, Omar Khayyam was primarily known as an outstanding scientist. In philosophy, Omar Khayyam considered himself a follower of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). And in general, his life and work are a constant search for truth.
The poet's poetic talents - rubai (lyrical and philosophical quatrains) - were combined by orientalists-translators into the collection "Rubaiyat", which is now known throughout the world. The fundamentally new thing that Omar Khayyam brought to this traditional genre lies in the scientific and philosophical depth of the quatrain, which in his work is based on a rationalistic ideological basis. The great scientist and philosopher died on December 4, 1131 in the same city where he was born - Nishapur.
Four lines exude poison,
When an evil epigram lives in them,
But the wounds of the heart are healed by the Rubaiyat
- Quatrains of old Khayyam. S.Ya.MARSHAK
So...
|
The eternal goal of the movement of the worlds of the universe is us. |
For the worthy there are no worthy rewards, |
|
The bull has held the Earth from time immemorial, |
Close the Koran, Look around freely. |
|
To please God, it is useful to suppress murmurs. |
The prohibition of wine is a law that takes into account |
|
Among those holding positions of great gentlemen |
I asked the wisest: “What did you learn? |
|
Like the wind in the steppe, like water in a river, |
A blooming garden, a girlfriend and a cup of wine - |
|
|
Someone is told not to drink - maybe... |
|
I saw a builder who was erecting a house, |
May I burn in fire for a hundred years, |
|
We die once and for all. |
Whose heart does not burn with passionate love for the beloved, - |
|
Live, madman! Spend while you're rich! |
Wine is not only a friend - wine is a sage: |
|
The shine of a tiara, a silk turban - |
Today you have no control over tomorrow. |
|
The sparkle of New Year's dew is beautiful on roses. |
All those who are old and those who are young who live today, |
|
Someone wise inspired me as I dozed off: |
I lived for a hundred years without knowing sin, |
|
They say that drunkards will go to hell. |
Why suffer needlessly for the sake of common happiness - |
|
We cannot find a shield from the arrows that throw death: |
A life-giving spring is hidden in the bud of your lips, |
|
O sage! If God gave you a loan |
We are just dolls, fate turns us, - |
|
Life apart from the intoxicating vine is nothing, |
Fools consider me a sage. |
|
Don't waste yourself, oh friend, on grief, |
What fate decided to give you, |
|
Beware of the treachery of the fleeing skies. |
O fate! You yourself assert violence in everything. |
|
If the truth in the world is conditional, why ruin the heart, |
Why accumulate goods in the desert of existence? |
|
In vain do you blame fate for inconstancy; |
Have you been passed over for a reward? Forget it! |
|
The world is a moment, and I am in it - one moment. |
Egypt, Rome, China, keep you under your heel, |
|
Have some fun! Everything in the world is fleeting, my friend. |
Meet only people worthy of friendship, |
|
Don't be afraid, friend, of today's adversities! |
Since death will still not give me mercy - |
|
We are unlikely to enter this world again, |
If you can, don’t worry about time passing, |
|
Don't frown at the blows of fate. |
Be joyful, don't be sad in vain, |
|
Friend, you should confirm two concepts: |
Do not change what the Kalam wrote. |
|
Don't complain! Not forever the vale of sorrows, |
Everything you have learned in the world is nothing, |
|
Life is sometimes sherbet on ice, and sometimes it’s wine that sucks. |
In the monastery of two doors, what, mortal, are you enriched with? |
|
Don't be careless at the crossroads of days |
|
|
How long should I grieve about something that was decided long ago? |
If in our time reason is both useless and harmful |
|
If I were the creator - the ruler of the universe, |
Say: whoever has not covered himself with sins, |
|
Tame your greed, live for yourself, |
You, who keep score of all earthly affairs, - |
|
Who we are - Puppets on strings, and our puppeteer is the firmament |
You teach: "The faithful are in holy paradise |
|
Don't share your secret with people. |
Why torment and bother yourself, |
|
To those who bring news about the unknown, |
For those to whom knowledge of secrets has been given, |
|
A small drop of water merged with a sea wave. |
I am sick, spiritual illness torments my body, |
|
Let there be a flaw in our knowledge, let there be deceptions in our postulates. |
Do not be afraid of the wiles of time as it moves. |
|
I used the book of Genesis to guess about fate. |
In our vile age, every friend is unfaithful. |
|
In a moment, a moment - and life flashes by. |
For many years I reflected on earthly life. |
|
It is known that everything in the world is just vanity of vanities: |
Throw off the burden of self-interest, the oppression of vanity, |
|
Of all those who have gone on an endless journey |
Better to fall into poverty, starve or steal, |
|
How tired I am of obnoxious hypocrites! |
Think less about the evil of our fate, |
|
Where are the hosts of those who feasted here before us? |
Don't let the longing boil in your chest, |
|
Be cheerful in these moments in which you live, |
Alas, we are not given many days to stay here, |
|
Everything will pass - and the seed of hope will not sprout, |
You will be in the company of proud learned donkeys, |
|
Since the truth always gets out of hand - |
Everything in the world is impermanent, |
|
Bitter about what? Do I care? |
If there is a beauty, wine and changa ringing |
|
Since our intelligence is at a low price, |
The sheikh shamed the harlot: “You, dissolute, drink, |
|
We found ourselves in this world like a sparrow caught in a snare. |
On the day when they saddled the heavenly horse, |
|
How tenderly the breeze kisses the cheeks of a rose! |
From godlessness to god - one moment. |
|
Alas, the firmament is not favorable! |
Drink safely, friends! In the hour of merry pleasures |
|
It’s better to drink and caress cheerful beauties, |
Do not worry that your name will be forgotten. |
|
There are no husbands left whom I could respect, |
Fill the ocean with pebbles |
|
Until fate took over us, |
I came into this world under duress, |
|
The circle of heaven blinds us with its brilliance. |
You, whose villainy has no end in sight, |
|
Who knows, friend, what awaits us tomorrow. |
When they snatch an escape from life without pity, |
|
Life will fly by in an instant, |
Have fewer friends these days, simpleton, |
|
There's no point in bothering yourself all the time, |
I am doomed to suffer until the end of my days, |
|
Give free rein to all movements of the heart, |
In this world of fools, scoundrels, hucksters |
|
He who from youth believes in his own mind, |
About grief, grief to the heart, where there is no burning passion. |
|
If you spend your whole life looking for pleasure: |
Love is a fatal misfortune, but the misfortune is by the will of Allah. |
|
Fate is merciless, our plans are ruined, |
Don't look for mercy, my heart, |
|
We come sinless - and we sin, |
Sacrifice yourself for the sake of your beloved, |
|
From the spinning potter's wheel of time |
Khayyam! What are you grieving about? Have fun! |
| “We are made of clay,” the lips of the jug told me, “ But blood beat in us, a color brighter than ruby... Your turn is ahead. The fate of mortals is the same. Everything that is alive now will be ashes and clay tomorrow." |
We didn’t need food or sleep at all, |
|
Yesterday I watched the circle turn |
Whose flesh, tell me, jug, has become you? |
|
I heard: under the blows of the potter |
Instant life, driven by the wind, has passed, |
|
In the morning the rose opened its bud in the wind, |
Give me some wine! There is no place for empty words here. |
|
Come quickly, full of enchantment, |
Above all else is love. |
|
The hand holds the cup, and the other holds the Koran: |
Peace is not enough, hardships cannot be avoided, |
|
Oh, if only, taking the poems of the sofa with me, |
A sober day is a barrier to joy for me |
|
When the violets pour out their fragrance |
We live in the world for just one moment. |
|
Constellations in the sky-high distance |
A certain circle enclosed our coming and going, |
|
The vault of heaven threatens us with disaster - you and me, |
They will call me drunk - truly so! |
|
Give me a jug of wine and a cup, my beloved, |
And I, greybeard, fell into the snare of love. |
|
May the wine be inseparable from you! |
That jug that gives water to the poor today |
|
For loving you, let everyone around you judge you, |
There is no heaven or hell, oh my heart! |
|
Oh heaven, you dote on scoundrels! |
|
|
How long will you break your hearts because of life's troubles? |
Neither you nor I understand the mysteries of eternity. |
|
Can't we really find a place to rest here? |
How the rooster crowed at dawn! |
|
Drink with wise and eloquent old age, |
Don’t become a slave to worldly blessings, |
|
If you want to rest in blissful bliss |
The sky secretly whispered to me in a moment of prophetic insight: |
|
How long will you bow your head before? |
The world and life, and the luminaries and the movement of constellations |
|
The crow is happy with a bone for lunch, |
If you have one flatbread on Degas |
|
No one has defeated the threatening power of the sky |
Everything will disappear. Look, there is only one spirit left in your hands. |
|
Before you could not sleep, not drink, not get enough, |
The soul that has endured suffering has gained freedom. |
|
I am exhausted, I cry without drying my eyes, |
The one who befriended lovely beauties with a smile, |
|
The sea of this life arose from hidden forces, |
If I plucked the fruit of hope, O life, from your branches, |
|
It is not water, but tears that are destined to be in the eyes, |
Sometimes someone goes ahead and I brazenly shout: - |
|
It was not out of poverty that I decided to forget the wine, |
I can’t cover the sun with roses, |
|
The sky piles mountains of suffering, |
Blessed is he who has tasted freedom these days, |
|
Caravans go on a long journey, ringing bells. |
I came from heaven or hell - I don’t know about myself, |
|
Who inscribed the word of reason on the heart, |
You ruined earthly days for the sake of worldly goods, |
|
My spirit is completely fed up with wanderings, |
Before experiencing the vicissitudes to the fullest, |
|
Hey, Mufti, look... We are smarter and more efficient than you. |
The fire of my passion is high before you - so be it! |
|
We were a drop and from the heat of passion |
You got half the loaf for food, |
|
It was as if you were friends with me at first, |
If only you had comprehended life, then out of the darkness |
|
You foolishly threw your life away, |
You, who threw your dear life into the wind |
|
I am ready to face death without fear. |
In moments He is visible, more often he is hidden. |
|
Hypocrites who boast of a saint's life, |
Even if you lived your life without severe torment, what next? |
Loading...