Aerootitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the middle ear and its elements, resulting from barotrauma. Barotrauma is a mechanical damage to the walls of organs containing air (middle ear, paranasal sinuses, lungs) that occurs when there are sharp and significant drops in air pressure in the environment (both when it increases or decreases).
Achalasia cardia is a neurogenic disease, which is based on a violation of the motility of the esophagus, characterized by a violation of its peristalsis and insufficient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter when swallowing. The symptoms of achalasia are characterized by slowly progressive dysphagia, usually with ingestion of liquid and solid food, and regurgitation of undigested food.
Mood disorders are emotional disturbances manifested by long periods of excessive sadness or excessive cheerfulness, or both. Mood disorders are divided into depressive and bipolar. Anxiety and related disorders also affect mood.
Trypanosomiasis is a group of vector-borne tropical diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. Trypanosomes go through a complex cycle of development with a change of hosts, during which they are in morphologically different stages. Trypanosomes reproduce by longitudinal fission and feed on solutes.
Aphasia - a disorder or loss of speech function - a violation of active (expressive) speech and its understanding (or its non-verbal equivalents) as a result of damage to speech centers in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia or white matter containing conductors connecting them.
Following the discovery of the molecular basis of the X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, descriptions of male and female patients with normal CD40L expression, hypersusceptibility to bacterial but not opportunistic infections, and in some families with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance have appeared. In 2000, Revy et al. published the results of a study of such a group of patients with hyper-IgM syndrome, who found a mutation in the gene encoding activation-inducible cytidine deaminase (AICDA).
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disease based on congenital defects of Fas-mediated apoptosis. It was described in 1995, but since the 1960s, a disease with a similar phenotype has been known as Canale-Smith syndrome.
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic hepatitis of unknown etiology, in the pathogenesis of which autoimmune mechanisms play a leading role. The disease is more common in women (the ratio of men and women in autoimmune hepatitis is 1:3), the most commonly affected age is 10-30 years.
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Medical Directory of Diseases
Grace and beauty cannot be separated from health.
Cicero Mark Tullius
The medical directory of diseases that you see in front of you is an electronic encyclopedia containing the most complete up-to-date information on various human diseases.
The medical directory of diseases includes a detailed description of more than 4000 nosological units. It reflects both the most "popular", common diseases, and those systematized information about which is not presented in almost any online publication.
The structure of the medical reference book is built in such a way that you can find the disease of interest in the alphabetical rubricator, the corresponding section, or through the search bar. The description of each disease contains a brief definition, classification, information about the causes and mechanisms of development, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment, prevention and prognosis. Such a clear unification of the articles, according to the authors of the online publication, will allow the reader of the medical reference book of diseases to obtain the most comprehensive information, on the one hand, and not “get lost in the wilds of medical labyrinths,” on the other.
To date, the content of the medical directory of diseases consists of 30 independent sections, two of which (“Aesthetic problems” and “Cosmetic problems”) are related to the field of Beauty, and the rest represent Medicine itself. This close symbiosis of aesthetics and health gave the name to the whole site - "Beauty and Medicine".
On the pages of the medical directory of diseases, you can get comprehensive information about women's, nervous, children's, skin, venereal, infectious, urological, systemic, endocrine, cardiovascular, ocular, dental, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, ENT diseases. Each section of the medical directory of diseases corresponds to a specific clinical direction (for example, Women's diseases - Gynecology, Children's diseases - Pediatrics, Dental diseases - Dentistry, Aesthetic problems - Plastic surgery, Cosmetic problems - Cosmetology, etc.), which allows the user to navigate from the description diseases to information about diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Articles in the Medical Directory of Diseases are written by medical practitioners and are carefully pre-screened before publication. All reviews are written in an accessible popular science language that does not distort reliable information, but also does not allow one to stoop to the level of populism. The medical directory of diseases is supplemented and updated daily, so you can be sure that you receive the most reliable and up-to-date information from the world of medicine.
The universality of the medical directory of diseases lies in the fact that it will be useful to a wide range of Internet users who are faced with a particular health problem. The Medical Directory of Diseases is a doctor who is always at your fingertips! At the same time, we draw your attention to the fact that the information provided here is for informational purposes only, does not replace the face-to-face consultation of a specialist doctor and cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment.
"Praemonitus praemunitus" - "Forewarned is forearmed," said the ancients. Today, this winged Latin saying is as relevant as possible: everyone needs to take care of themselves and their health. Health is the only permanent fashion and the greatest luxury, which is incommensurable with any earthly goods. To be healthy means to be successful, to know the happiness of motherhood and fatherhood, to live a long and active life.
Health and beauty are inseparable; moreover, beauty is a reflection of the healthy state of the body. Indeed, in order to have perfect skin, a slim figure, luxurious hair, first of all, you need to take care of your physical and mental health.
We hope that the medical directory of diseases will become for you a reliable and understandable guide to the vast world of medicine.
Health to you and your loved ones!
Sincerely, the team of K rasotaimedicina.ru
Most medical reference books are designed for a narrow circle of specialists: doctors, pharmacists, students of medical schools. It is quite difficult for an ordinary person who does not know medical terminology to understand the information contained in them. The book that you are holding in your hands is intended for a wide range of readers who are not related to medicine by the nature of their activities. It sets out in the simplest and most accessible form the most characteristic signs of common diseases and conditions of the body, describes in detail the symptoms and possible manifestations of diseases that any person can independently detect. All this can help you identify the pathology in the early stages in a timely manner, describe your condition in more detail when you see a doctor, and therefore contribute to the early diagnosis and, accordingly, effective treatment.
A separate section of the book is devoted to drugs. Here, a general description of drugs is given, possible routes of administration and excretion of drugs, their metamorphoses in the body, dosing features, individual sensitivity, etc. are described. Particular attention is paid to the rules for choosing a drug.
However, it should be remembered that neither this reference book nor any other medical book will ever replace a doctor. It will only help you navigate the variety of pathologies and determine which of the specialists is better to contact first: a therapist, an infectious disease specialist, a surgeon, a traumatologist, or someone else.
Be healthy!
Chapter 1
Symptoms
Abdominal pain
The causes of abdominal pain can be various diseases:
Gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, peptic ulcer, enteritis);
Liver and gallbladder (hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis);
Kidneys (urolithiasis);
Genital organs (ectopic pregnancy, adnexitis);
Spine (osteochondrosis);
Nervous system (sciatica);
Muscles of the abdominal wall (myositis);
And even chest organs (pleurisy).
Pain varies by location:
In the right upper abdomen (cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatitis);
In the left upper abdomen (gastritis, peptic ulcer, esophageal hernia);
In the middle part of the abdomen (esophagitis, hiatal hernia);
In the right lower abdomen (appendicitis, adnexitis);
In the lower left part of the abdomen (sigmoiditis, adnexitis).
In addition, the pain varies: in nature (burning indicates irritation, pressure indicates overstretching, spasm indicates strong contractions); time of appearance (relationship with food intake, frequency); frequency (single, rare, frequent).
Comparative characteristics of diseases in which abdominal pain is one of the leading symptoms is presented in Table.
Table 1.1. Abdominal pain
Survey. General analysis of urine and blood, biochemical blood test, examination of feces, x-ray and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, examination of accessible parts of the intestine with an optical flexible probe.
In no case should painkillers be used until the cause of the abdominal pain is finally identified! This can hide the picture of a serious "accident" in the abdominal cavity and thereby delay the provision of immediate medical care, which will inevitably lead to serious complications, sometimes fatal.
Muscle pain
The appearance of pain in the muscles is a symptom that reflects damage to muscle tissue.
Most often, this symptom occurs in inflammatory diseases of the muscles (myositis). Pain in such diseases increases sharply with movements, contractions and palpation. The presence of muscle edema, its protective tension is characteristic. Movements in the corresponding part of the body are limited.
Quite often, there is also muscle pain without signs of inflammation (myalgia), which develops after excessive and unusual physical activity, with electrolyte disturbances in the body and malnutrition of muscle tissue. The appearance of this type of pain can contribute to acute infectious diseases, hypothermia, diseases of internal organs, psycho-emotional effects. Pain occurs spontaneously in the muscles during palpation, can be both localized and widespread.
In turn, the pain is accompanied by hemorrhages, bruises, muscle ruptures.
In addition, there are a number of diseases in which, along with muscle pain, there is a symptom of muscle weakness. Sometimes it even outweighs the pain. Such diseases are:
Myopathy - it is characterized by muscle weakness, fatigue, atrophy, decreased tone of the affected muscles. This condition may be the outcome of chronic myositis;
Myasthenia - develops as a result of a violation of the processes of transmission of neuromuscular excitation. With this disease, the symptom of muscle weakness is most pronounced, it occupies a leading place in the picture of the disease;
Myotonia is a sharp difficulty in relaxing the muscles after a strong contraction. After several repeated attempts, muscle relaxation still occurs.
Comparative characteristics of diseases in which muscle pain is one of the leading symptoms is presented in Table. 1.2.
Table 1.2. Muscle pain
Survey. A general blood and urine test, a biochemical blood test, a study of the functional state of the muscle (electromyography), an x-ray of the affected area, if necessary, a study of a piece of muscle tissue (biopsy).
Treatment
Pain in the chest area
Chest pain can have a variety of origins. For example, their cause may be the pathology of the spine, ribs, muscles, intercostal nerves or internal organs. Pain in the region of the heart is described in the next section "Pain in the region of the heart."
superficial pain in the chest (thoracalgia) occurs due to damage to:
Skin (dermatitis, herpes zoster, erysipelas);
Muscles (myositis);
Mammary gland (mastitis, mastopathy, tumor);
Ribs (periostitis, osteomyelitis, neoplasms);
Intercostal nerves (neuropathy);
Spine (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis).
Such pain is aching or stabbing, sometimes quite intense and prolonged, aggravated by sudden movements of the body, on the affected side in the supine position. Superficial pain can also occur as a result of secondary reflex damage to the structures of the chest due to diseases of nearby internal organs (pleura, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, liver). By location, it can be anterior (sternal, clavicular, sectoral, etc.) or posterior (in the region of the scapula - scapalgia or scapulalgia, in the region of the thoracic spine - dorsalgia).
deep pain in the chest area due to damage to the internal organs:
Pleura (pleurisy);
Lungs (croupous pneumonia, abscess, tuberculosis);
Trachea (tracheitis);
Thoracic aorta (aortitis, aortic aneurysm, thromboembolism);
Mediastinum (mediastinal emphysema, neoplasms).
Superficial pain in the chest area is quite simple to determine. Pain resulting from skin lesions is accompanied by elements of a rash.
The cause of deep pain in the chest area is more difficult to determine. Without additional methods of examination, this is almost impossible. But according to some characteristic features, one can assume the presence of a particular pathology.
Quite often, in one person, chest pain can occur simultaneously under the influence of not one, but several causes, which greatly complicates the diagnosis.
Comparative characteristics of diseases in which one of the leading symptoms are pain in the chest area is presented in Table. 1.3.
Table 1.3. Pain in the chest area
Survey necessarily includes general and biochemical blood tests, x-rays.
Treatment. Symptomatic treatment aimed at pain relief. Mostly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with good analgesic effects are used - aspirin, paracetamol, naproxen, diclofenac, analgin, nise, ketorol, nurofen, xefocam, piroxicam, meloxicam, movalis, celebrex, nimesil. Further treatment aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease is prescribed by the doctor after the diagnosis is established.
Pain in the region of the heart
This is the most common reason for visiting a doctor. Such pain may occur due to:
malnutrition of the heart muscle (anginal pain);
Functional diseases of the cardiovascular system (cardialgia);
Diseases of the heart and its membranes, large vessels;
Other diseases (musculoskeletal skeleton of the chest, mediastinal organs, abdominal cavity, etc.).
Finding out the characteristics of this pain plays a key role in finding the cause of anxiety in the region of the heart:
What kind of pain is it - pressing, shooting, stabbing, paroxysmal, growing or pulsating;
When pain occurs - is it associated with physical activity, changes in body position (flexion, extension, rotation, rotation of the head, etc.), food intake;
What is the duration of pain - short-term, long-term or constant;
Where pain occurs - in the middle of the chest, in the region of the left nipple, in the left half of the chest, etc .;
When and under what conditions the pain disappears - during rest or in a certain position of the body;
The effectiveness of taking nitroglycerin - the pain disappears, decreases or no effect;
Sensations with pressure on the area of the intercostal spaces, muscles of the chest, spine - there is pain at certain points or there is no sensation.
It is important to find out comorbid conditions and the presence of chronic diseases.
Comparative characteristics of diseases in which one of the leading symptoms are pain in the heart area is presented in Table. 1.4.
Table 1.4. Pain in the region of the heart
Survey. Electrocardiography, general and biochemical blood tests, chest X-ray, ultrasound of the heart.
Treatment. When pain occurs in the heart area, first of all, it is necessary:
Provide physical and psychological rest (stop all types of stress, take a comfortable body position);
Provide a sufficient amount of fresh air in the room, access to it should be free (open the window, if possible, remove all those present from the room, unbutton the collar, remove the tie that binds the chest);
Take validol or nitroglycerin, sedatives (tincture of valerian, hawthorn, motherwort, heart drops, corvalol);
If there is confidence that the pain is not associated with the pathology of the heart and blood vessels, but is the result of damage to the musculoskeletal system (osteochondrosis, sciatica of the thoracic spine), then it is more advisable to immediately take anti-inflammatory painkillers (diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, nise, nimesil, movalis ).
In any case, it is necessary to seek medical help from a doctor, because, for example, coronary heart disease can occur against the background of banal rajuitis, and untimely treatment will lead to serious complications.
Pain in the spine
This is one of the main symptoms reflecting pathological changes in the axial skeleton.
Most often, pain occurs due to degenerative changes in the vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, discs, ligaments (deforming spondylosis, intervertebral osteochondrosis, spondylarthrosis). Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine of varying severity are detected in almost every elderly person by X-ray examination. However, diseases include cases where these changes are accompanied by clinical manifestations.
One of the most common causes of pain in the spine is also its inflammatory lesions (spondyloarthritis). Most often they are one of the manifestations of systemic diseases of the musculoskeletal system or an infectious process in the body.
Limited pain may occur when the vertebral bodies are destroyed by tumors (benign, malignant, metastatic) or trauma.
Widespread pain may be due to impaired bone mineralization (osteoporosis).
In addition, pain in the spine can spread from other internal organs. As a rule, pain of this kind occurs during an exacerbation of the underlying disease.
Comparative characteristics of diseases in which pain in the spine is one of the leading symptoms is presented in Table. 1.5.
Table 1.5. Pain in the spine
Survey. Radiography of the spine in two projections, tomography.
Treatment. Until the diagnosis is clarified and targeted treatment is prescribed, it is possible to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as painkillers both orally and externally in the form of ointments (diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, nise, ketorol, nurofen, xefocam, piroxicam, meloxicam, movalis, celebrex, nimesil) .
Joint pain
This is one of the main symptoms that reflect the defeat of the musculoskeletal system. The most common pain appears:
With arthrosis (osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis) - degenerative lesions (up to 80% of all joint diseases);
Arthritis - inflammatory lesions of the joints (rheumatic, rheumatoid, infectious).
However, pains of this nature can also occur in diseases of other organs and systems (systemic lesions of the connective tissue, metabolic disorders, hormonal changes, etc.). Pathology of the joints due to non-rheumatic diseases of other organs is commonly called arthropathy.
Joint pain varies:
By localization:
- one or more joints;
- small or large joints;
- unilateral or symmetrical lesion;
Character - intensity, constancy, periodicity, duration, rhythm during the day, the presence of pain-free intervals, a feeling of stiffness, limitation of movements;
Conditions for the occurrence of pain - connection with the load, movement, walking up and down the stairs, nutrition, weather.
Changes in the area of the affected joints have the following signs:
Redness of the skin in the joint area;
An increase in skin temperature in the joint area compared to the surrounding and symmetrical areas;
Limited mobility in the joint;
Deformation (swelling, puffiness);
Defiguration (bone growths) of the joint.
A comparative description of the conditions in which joint pain is one of the leading symptoms is presented in Table. 1.6.
Table 1.6. Joint pain
Survey. General analysis of blood and urine, biochemical blood test, electrocardiogram, radiography of affected and symmetrical joints, diagnostic puncture of the joint followed by examination of the joint (synovial) fluid.
Treatment. Until the diagnosis is clarified and targeted treatment is prescribed, it is possible to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as painkillers both orally and in the form of ointments, gels, and topical creams (diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, nise, ketorol, nurofen, xefocam, piroxicam, meloxicam, movalis, celebrex, nimesil).
Headache
Headaches are one of the most common reasons for visiting doctors of various specialties. Almost everyone has experienced a headache at least once in their life.
Allocate the main types of headaches.
Primary:
- migraine;
- tension headache;
- cluster headache;
- various forms of headache not associated with a structural lesion.
Symptomatic:
- associated with head trauma;
- vascular disorders;
- non-vascular intracranial disorders;
- the use of certain substances or the refusal to take them;
- infection;
- metabolic disorders, pathology of the skull, neck, eyes, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other cranial or facial structures.
Cranial neuralgia.
Unclassified headache.
In addition, depending on the cause, there are six types of headaches.
Due to increased intracranial pressure - dull, constant, covering the forehead and temples.
Due to inflammation - as a rule, the neck, head and muscles hurt.
Vascular - acute pain, may be accompanied by fainting and loss of consciousness.
Reflex (phantom) - is reproduced from the memory of a person due to long-term injuries.
Due to insufficient nutrition of the brain (vascular-ischemic) - pain attacks are very diverse in frequency, intensity, localization, duration, memory, attention, self-control deteriorate over time.
Due to compression of nerve endings (neuro-ischemic) - pain is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, dizziness and signs of damage to one or another part of the brain.
Headache warning signs, the appearance of which requires immediate medical examination and qualified treatment:
The onset of a headache for the first time over the age of 50;
Waking at night due to headache;
Sudden onset of severe headache;
Increased headache over time;
Increased headache when coughing, exertion, straining;
Feeling of "tide" to the head;
Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hiccups in the morning.
Comparative characteristics of the most common diseases in which headaches are the leading symptom are presented in Table. 1.7.
Table 1.7. Headache
Survey. It is obligatory to measure blood pressure, better at the height of the attack, consult a neurologist, ophthalmologist, ENT specialist, perform an EEG (electroencephalogram) and x-ray of the skull. If necessary - angiography, computed tomography.
Treatment. For headaches, the following therapeutic measures are possible:
Cold compresses on the painful area;
Symptomatic therapy - the use of painkillers (aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen or combined drugs - baralgin, tempalgin, iralgesik, benalgin, maxigan, spasmalgon, etc.);
Herbal treatment (rosemary, feverfew);
Reducing stress, proper rest and sleep, walking in the fresh air;
Manual therapy – acupressure, classical massage;
Acupuncture.
However, treatment aimed directly at the cause of the headache, the doctor can prescribe only after the examination.
Constipation
Constipation refers to a prolonged delay in bowel movements (more than 48 hours) or difficult, systematically rare and insufficient bowel movements.
Constipation is manifested by the following symptoms:
Difficulty in the act of defecation;
Small amount of stool (less than 100 g per day);
Increased hardness of feces;
Feeling of incomplete emptying of the bowels.
Factors that contribute to the occurrence of constipation are:
The nature of nutrition (dry eating, insufficient amount of fiber in the diet);
Lifestyle (reduced physical activity);
Habits (the inability to perform an act of defecation in an unusual place);
Intestinal infection;
poisoning;
The action of chemicals;
Allergy;
Abdominal injury;
Changes in the central nervous system.
Allocate sharp(are temporary and disappear after the elimination of the causes of constipation) and chronic constipation.
Depending on the cause, the following types of constipation are distinguished.
Constipation due to errors in diet ( alimentary). Occurs most frequently. It develops when eating food depleted in fiber, calcium salts, vitamins, as well as in violation of the diet, dry eating and insufficient fluid intake. The excessive consumption of black coffee, strong tea, cocoa, strong wines and chocolate contributes to this type of constipation.
Neurogenic constipation. It also occurs very often. It usually begins in childhood, when at school the child suppresses the urge to defecate, embarrassed to leave the classroom during the lesson. Subsequently, many people cannot empty their bowels at all, except at home. However, in such a situation, poor living conditions and the morning rush sometimes force us to temporarily refrain from this natural need. The chair in such people is hard, has the shape of round balls of small size, resembles sheep.
Reflex constipation. Accompanies diseases of the digestive system (gastritis, peptic ulcer, cholecystitis, appendicitis) and urogenital area (pyelonephritis, pelvic disease in women). Constipation appears and intensifies during the period of exacerbation of the disease. In the stage of stabilization of the disease (remission), the stool normalizes.
Constipation associated with a sedentary lifestyle hypodynamic). It is most common in people who have been in bed for a long time, emaciated, debilitated and elderly people, in women who have given birth many times.
Inflammatory constipation. Occurs due to inflammatory bowel disease. Accompanied by an admixture of mucus, pus and blood in the feces, pain from gas colic, fever, bloating, weakness.
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