In Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman.
The elder brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May of the year he was executed for preparing an assassination attempt on the king.
In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission was expelled for participating in student riots. In 1891, Ulyanov externally graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he worked in Samara as an assistant to a barrister. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students at the Technological Institute. In April 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov went abroad and got acquainted with the Emancipation of Labor group. In the autumn of the same year, on the initiative and under the leadership of Lenin, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class." In December 1985, Lenin was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison, then was sent for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, under open police supervision. In 1898, the participants of the "Union" held the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in Minsk.
While in exile, Vladimir Ulyanov continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activities. In 1897, he published The Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German social democracy, Karl Kautsky, from whom he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized "new type" party.
After the end of his exile in January 1900, he went abroad (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). Together with Georgy Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began publishing the Social Democratic newspaper Iskra.
From 1901, he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and from then on was known in the party under this name.
From 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived illegally in St. Petersburg, exercising leadership of the left forces. From 1907 to 1917, Lenin was in exile, where he defended his political views in the Second International. In 1912, Lenin and like-minded people separated from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), in fact, founding their own - the Bolshevik. The new party published the newspaper Pravda.
At the beginning of World War I, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary, Lenin was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Russian government, but thanks to the participation of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released, after which he left for Switzerland.
In the spring of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia. On April 4, 1917, the day after his arrival in Petrograd, he delivered the so-called "April Theses", where he outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one, and also began preparations for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the Provisional Government.
In early October 1917, Lenin illegally moved from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23, at a meeting of the Central Committee (CC) of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, a resolution was adopted on an armed uprising. On November 6, in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded an immediate offensive, the arrest of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. The next day, November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, an uprising took place in Petrograd and the Bolsheviks seized state power. At the meeting of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that opened in the evening, the Soviet government was proclaimed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), whose chairman was Vladimir Lenin. The congress adopted the first decrees prepared by Lenin: on the cessation of the war and on the transfer of private land for the use of the working people.
On the initiative of Lenin, in 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was concluded with Germany.
After the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. His personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. Lenin was elected to the Moscow Soviet.
In the spring of 1918, Lenin's government began the fight against the opposition by closing down anarchist and socialist workers' organizations; in July 1918, Lenin led the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.
The confrontation intensified during the civil war, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, in turn, attacked the leaders of the Bolshevik regime; On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life.
With the end of the Civil War and the cessation of military intervention in 1922, the process of restoring the national economy of the country began. To this end, at the insistence of Lenin "war communism", the food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. Lenin introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed private free trade. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
In May and December 1922, Lenin suffered two strokes, but continued to lead the state. The third stroke, which followed in March 1923, left him practically incapacitated.
Vladimir Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the village of Gorki near Moscow. On January 23, the coffin with his body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days. On January 27, 1924, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum, specially built on Red Square, designed by the architect Alexei Shchusev. The body of the leader is in a transparent sarcophagus, which was made according to the plans and drawings of engineer Kurochkin, the creator of ruby glass for the Kremlin stars.
During the years of Soviet power, memorial plaques were erected on various buildings associated with Lenin's activities, and monuments to the leader were erected in the cities. The following were established: the Order of Lenin (1930), the Lenin Prize (1925), the Lenin Prizes for achievements in the field of science, technology, literature, art, architecture (1957). In 1924-1991, the Central Lenin Museum worked in Moscow. A number of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions were named after Lenin.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the Institute of V.I. Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archive of this institute (now the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) stores more than 30,000 documents authored by Vladimir Lenin.
Lenin on Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground. They got married on July 22, 1898 during the exile of Vladimir Ulyanov to the village of Shushenskoye.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Professional revolutionaries led a secret life, and often forgot their real names for a long time. Stalin, Kamo, Sverdlov, Trotsky and other ardent fighters for the people's happiness, even when communicating in private, used party pseudonyms. The same fully applies to the leader of the world proletariat, the creator of the world's first state of workers and peasants. Nikolai Lenin (Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich) appeared on the political scene almost simultaneously with the fateful 20th century for mankind. At that time he was thirty years old.
Aliases of Ilyich
Indeed, Ronald Reagan, exposing the intrigues of world communism in his next speech (this was in the early eighties), turned out to be right, although some Soviet publications accused him of ignorance. “Not Nikolai, but Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, that’s how it’s right!”, because everyone is used to just such a combination of sounds and letters, pronounced a thousand times from the stands, replicated on posters and propaganda brochures, badges, pennants and letters of commendation. Nevertheless, those who knew history a little better than full-time propagandists and familiarized themselves with the works of the classic of Marxism could not but agree with the American president, not in the essence of his speech, of course, but regarding the accuracy of the reproduction of the party nickname.
Before going underground, the future leader was just a student Vladimir, even earlier - a high school student Vova and a curly-haired boy Volodya. And having become a revolutionary, Ulyanov changed many pseudonyms, having visited Vladimir Ilyin, and Jordan K. Yordanov, and K. Tulin, and Kubyshkin, and Starik, and Fedor Petrovich, and Frey, and even the mysterious Jacob Richter. But history has left a brief inscription on the mausoleum: “V. I. Lenin”, causing hostility and rejection in some, hope in others and leaving others indifferent.
Who is Lenin named after?
The simplest explanation for this pseudonym is its morphological relationship with the female name "Lena". That was the name of Ulyanov's old friend, Stasova (and also his classmate Rozmirovich, a chorus friend Zaretskaya ... but you never know Len in the world? years. But this side of the leader's life was not studied at school, but another version was spread. On the Siberian Lena River in 1906, certain popular unrest arose among the workers in the gold mines, which ended in their armed suppression. This version of the explanation deserves even less attention, despite its political consistency, since the execution of demonstrators took place five years later than the first newspaper articles signed by N. Lenin appeared. Prophecies were repeatedly attributed to the leader of the revolution, but he still was not a clairvoyant. To predict the world victory of communism is one thing, but to foresee a riot five years before it is quite another.
To try to explain the origin of this pseudonym, one can turn to the history of another. L. D. Bronstein became Trotsky, borrowing the name of the head of the Odessa central. Vladlen Loginov, a historian (his name alone is worth something!) Suggests that Nikolai Lenin is a very real person who lived in the Yaroslavl province. This respected man, a state councilor, died, and his children gave the passport to their friend, Vladimir Ulyanov. It was presumably in 1900, the year of birth had to be slightly corrected, but in all other respects the chronology converges. Photocards were not glued then.
There is another version that simply concerns Lena - not a beautiful woman, and not a place of bloody execution of workers, but a river, but historians and just curious people do not find it interesting. And in fact, there is little romance. And what is the truth, that, apparently, will never be known.
Childhood and adolescence
The centennial anniversary of the proletarian leader was magnificently celebrated in 1970, many films, paintings, literary works, poems, songs and cantatas were dedicated to him. A medal was also issued, which was awarded to the leaders of production. During the time of Soviet power, a whole direction of art was created, called Leniniana, and a considerable part of it described the childhood and youthful years of the life of the future Bolshevik leader. About what Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was like in the first years of his life, it is known mainly from the stories of his family members. The fact of his excellent school performance (gold medal) was documented, which gave propagandists reason to urge schoolchildren from all over the vast country to study only “excellently”. The city of Simbirsk, where Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was born, was renamed Ulyanovsk, and a memorial was erected there.
The father of the theoretician and practitioner of the world revolution was Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, an official who held the post of inspector of public education. The boy studied at the gymnasium, then entered the University of Kazan. It was in 1887, and at the same time his older brother Alexander, a Narodnaya Volya member, was accused of participating in a conspiracy, arrested and executed. Volodya also suffered, but by no means for kinship with one of the terrorists who attempted to assassinate the tsar. He himself worked in an underground circle, was exposed, expelled from the university and exiled - no, not yet to Siberia, but home. The "arbitrariness of the authorities" did not last long, a year later Ulyanov was again in Kazan, and again among his Marxist friends. Meanwhile, my mother, having become a widow, bought a small estate (the village of Alakaevka, Samara Province), and the young man helps her run the business. In 1889, the whole family moved to Samara.
From Narodnaya Volya to Marxists
The young man was allowed to receive a higher education. He passed the exams for a lawyer externally in 1891 at the law faculty of the capital's university, without completing a course of study. The first place of work was the law office of N. A. Khardin in Samara, where the young specialist had to defend the parties to civil litigations. But it was not this boring occupation that fascinated him. In two years of legal practice, Vladimir Ilyich completely changed his worldview and political convictions, moving away from Narodnaya Volya and becoming a Social Democrat. The influence of Plekhanov's works in this process was great, but they were not the only ones that occupied the mind of the young Marxist.
Having resigned from Hardin, the lawyer Ulyanov goes to St. Petersburg, where he finds a new job, with M.F. Volkenstein, also a lawyer. But he is not only involved in court cases: the first theoretical works relating to political economy, the development of capitalist relations in Russia, reforms in the countryside, etc. belong to this period. These articles are sometimes published in periodicals. In addition, Ulyanov writes the program of the party he is going to create.
A group of young revolutionaries in 1885 gathers an underground union for the "liberation of the working class", among them - Martov and Vladimir Ilyich. The purpose of this organization is to gather disunited circles of Marxists and lead them. This attempt ended in arrest, a year in prison and exile in the Yenisei province (village Shushenskoye). The then "prisoners of conscience" could not complain about the difficult conditions of detention. The main burden experienced by V. I. Lenin in those three years was the need to be content with boring lamb. However, it was possible to hunt, diversifying the menu with game. Even the future leader repaired skates for children when he wanted to take a break from thinking about the struggle of the proletariat.
Lenin in exile
Nikolai Lenin appeared in 1900. Vladimir Ilyich, whose brief biography was studied in all educational institutions of the USSR, spent most of his life abroad, in Europe. Immediately after the expiration of the exile, he goes to Munich, then to London and Geneva. Plekhanov, Pavel Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and other like-minded Marxists were already waiting for him there. They publish the Iskra newspaper. By the way, few people paid attention to the fact that decades later, when naming avenues and streets in part of this party printed organ, the executive committees of all cities necessarily added the word “Leninist”. The fact is that Iskra later became a Menshevik newspaper, so a clarification was necessary from a political point of view.
A well-known question: "What to do?" became the title of an article that Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote in 1902. It was this work that marked the choice of the direction of party development for the coming years. The main thesis was the need to turn the RSDLP into a militant organization bound by strict discipline and hierarchy. Many members of the party led by Martov spoke out against such a violation of democratic principles, for which, having lost the vote at the Third Congress (1903), they ended up in the "Mensheviks".
The first revolution and again a foreign land
In 1905, Vladimir Lenin came from Switzerland to St. Petersburg. Large-scale unrest began in Russia, which with a high degree of probability could lead to a change of power. He arrived under a false name, as a foreign spy, and got involved in the work of overthrowing tsarism. The positions of the Bolshevik wing of the RSDLP were quite strong; a congress of the Central and St. Petersburg Party Committees was held in the capital. The armed uprising practically took place, but ended in failure. Even in the conditions of an extremely unsuccessful war with Japan, the Russian Empire found the strength to suppress unrest and restore order. Vladimir Lenin declared the revolt on the Potemkin "undefeated territory", and in 1907 he again fled abroad.
This fiasco greatly upset the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, but did not lead to the abandonment of the struggle. Conclusions were drawn about the insufficient preparedness of party structures and the need to further strengthen the organization's combat wing.
Where does the money come from?
The modern reader, aware of the cost of living abroad, often wonders about the origin of the funds needed to publish subversive periodicals. In addition, even the inflexible Bolsheviks are living people, and human needs are not alien to them. There are several answers to this question. First, money was forcibly taken from individuals and organizations. These operations were called expropriations (exes), and separate Bolshevik structures were engaged in these robberies (for example, the “wonderful Georgian” Joseph Dzhugashvili-Stalin made a unique raid on a bank in Tiflis, which was included in forensic textbooks). Secondly, the RSDLP had sponsors among Russian business people who hoped to improve their position after the overthrow of tsarism (the most famous is the millionaire Savva Morozov, but there were others). Thirdly, information is available today about foreign intelligence support for subversive organizations. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin effectively used all the channels of material supply to the party.
Personal life
Everyone knows that the leader of the world proletariat was married. He was not handsome, he was small in stature, with a thin beard and an early bald head, but history knows many examples of great success among the ladies' class of people and a more modest appearance - just remember Napoleon, Goebbels, Chaplin or Pushkin. It is not the cover of the book that is important, but its content, and the high intelligence of the leader of the Bolshevik Party was not questioned even by his irreconcilable opponents.
How did Nadezhda Konstantinovna captivate such an interesting man as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin? Krupskaya's biography contains many interesting facts regarding, for example, her party nicknames. The party members called her Herring, openly mocking her thinness and the peculiar look of her bulging eyes. The reason for both was quite valid (Gazedov's disease). She was not offended by her nickname, moreover, her character obviously had a sense of humor, otherwise her husband would not have endured even more humiliating treatment from her husband, who called her a lamprey. More important than appearance for Ulyanov, apparently, were excellent abilities for languages, amazing performance, the desire for self-education and devotion to the communist idea.
There were other women in his life for whom he had perhaps romantic feelings, but the main object of passion, of course, remained politics. The affair with I. Armand ended only with her tragic death from the flu. The wife forgave everything. She probably loved her husband, considered him a great man and bowed before him. In addition, as a smart woman, she correctly assessed the degree of her external attractiveness, and as a real communist she despised jealousy and a sense of ownership. She never gave birth to children.
For a long time it was impossible to understand what kind of person Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was in real life from the popular image created by the powerful Soviet propaganda machine. Interesting facts, which were told in their memoirs by the closest associates, speak of his sometimes unusual manner of behavior. He, unlike Stalin, did not like to joke, he took any issue seriously. An interesting case during a trip in the notorious sealed German carriage. There was only one toilet, queues arose, and V. I. Lenin solved this problem in the Bolshevik way, giving each of the passengers a ticket indicating the time of his visit. He is also characterized by another moment concerning the wedding with Krupskaya in Shushenskoye. Vladimir Ulyanov himself forged two wedding rings from copper nickels (the spouses wore them until the end of their lives). But no matter what eccentricities historical characters show, they are judged primarily by the results of their activities.
The expression "Stalin's repressions" entered the political vocabulary after the XX Congress of the CPSU. In 1962, Lenin's mausoleum was liberated from the remains of the dictator who ruined millions of destinies and lives. However, it should be taken into account that in none of his articles or speeches did I.V. Stalin ever call for mass executions or percentage destruction of the population, did not give orders for the extermination of entire estates and classes in the most direct sense. But Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose years of rule coincided with the time of the Civil War, gave such orders and demanded a report on their implementation on the ground. Millions of Russian citizens involved in the fratricidal slaughter were destroyed and died, and yet they constituted the spiritual, intellectual, scientific, technical and military elite of the country. We still feel the consequences of this crime today.
Man, image and attributes of the cult
In the official mythology, inculcated instead of a desecrated religion, the citizens of the USSR from childhood were inspired by the idea of great kindness, which distinguished Lenin Vladimir Ilyich. The death of the leader in Gorki (1924) was declared almost self-sacrifice, it was explained by the consequences of being wounded at the Michelson plant in 1918. However, according to the conclusion of doctors published in the Soviet press, the brain of the main practitioner of Marxism was almost petrified due to calcification of the vessels. A person with such a disease cannot make adequate decisions, let alone lead the state.
Official propaganda created an image that was impossible not to worship. Everything human was completely emasculated from it, Lenin's mausoleum became a place of pilgrimage for tens and hundreds of millions of people from all over the world, the leader's works were printed (with some cuts), but few people read them, and even fewer students thought about these texts. But multi-volume collections and separate collections of articles have become an indispensable attribute of the authorities' offices. Having taken away moral guidelines and faith from citizens, the leaders who came after them gave them a new deity, which Lenin Vladimir Ilyich became after his death. Photos and paintings replaced icons, solemn chants supplanted church hymns, and banners became analogous to banners. A tomb was erected on Red Square, which over time acquired a necropolis of leaders of a lower rank. The birthday of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich in Soviet times was a holiday during which one should at least symbolically partake of free labor. Somehow, in the understanding of almost the whole world, the communist idea became associated with Russia, although it was our country that suffered from it more than anyone else. Now those who would like to somehow show their anti-Russian orientation are destroying the monuments to Lenin. In vain.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real surname Ulyanov, maternal surname Blank)
Years of life: April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 22, 1924, Gorki estate, Moscow province
Head of the Soviet government (1917–1924).
Revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. Marxist philosopher, publicist, founder of Leninism, ideologist and founder of the 3rd (Communist) International, founder of the Soviet state. One of the most famous politicians of the 20th century.
Founder of the USSR
Biography of Vladimir Lenin
V. Ulyanov's father, Ilya Nikolaevich, was an inspector of public schools. After being awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree in 1882, he received the right to hereditary nobility. Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), was a teacher, but did not work. The family had 5 children, among whom Volodya was the third. A friendly atmosphere reigned in the family; parents encouraged the curiosity of children and treated them with respect.
In 1879 - 1887. Volodya studied at the gymnasium, which he graduated from 
gold medal.
In 1887, for preparing an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III, his elder brother Alexander Ulyanov (Narodnaya Volya revolutionary) was executed. This event affected the lives of all members of the Ulyanov family (formerly a respected noble family was then expelled from society). The death of his brother shocked Volodya, and since then he has become an enemy of the tsarist regime.
In the same year, V. Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University, but in December he was expelled for participating in a student meeting.
In 1891, Ulyanov graduated as an external student from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. Then he came to Samara, where he began working as an assistant to a barrister.
In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir joined one of the many revolutionary circles and soon became known as an ardent supporter of Marxism and a propagandist of this doctrine in working circles. In St. Petersburg, he began an affair with Apollinaria Yakubova, a revolutionary, a friend of his older sister Olga.
In 1894 - 1895. Vladimir’s first major works, “What are “friends of the people” and how they fight against the Social Democrats” and “The Economic Content of Populism”, were published, in which the populist movement was criticized in favor of Marxism. Soon Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov met Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.
In the spring of 1895, Vladimir Ilyich left for Geneva to meet with members of the Emancipation of Labor group. And in September 1895 he was arrested for creating the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.
In 1897, Ulyanov was exiled for 3 years to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. During the exile, Ulyanov married Nadezhda Krupskaya ...
Many articles and books on revolutionary topics were written in Shushensky. The works were published under various pseudonyms, one of which is Lenin.
Lenin - years of life in exile
In 1903, the famous II Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Russia took place, during which there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. He stood at the head of the Bolsheviks, and soon created the Bolshevik Party.
In 1905, Vladimir Ilyich led the preparations for the revolution in Russia. 
He directed the Bolsheviks to an armed uprising against tsarism and the establishment of a truly democratic republic.
During the revolution of 1905-1907. Ulyanov lived illegally in St. Petersburg and led the Bolshevik Party.
1907 - 1917 years were spent in exile.
In 1910, in Paris, he met Inessa Armand, with whom relations continued until Armand's death from cholera in 1920.
In 1912, at the Social Democratic Party Conference in Prague, the left wing of the RSDLP emerged as a separate party of the RSDLP(b), the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks. He was immediately elected head of the central committee (CC) of the party.
In the same period, thanks to his initiative, the newspaper Pravda was created. Ulyanov organizes the life of his new party, encouraging the expropriation of funds (actually robbery) into the party fund.
In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, he was arrested in Austria-Hungary on suspicion of spying for his country.
After his release, he left for Switzerland, where he put forward a slogan calling for turning the imperialist war into a civil one, overthrowing the government that had drawn the state into the war.
In February 1917, I learned about the revolution that had taken place in Russia from the press. On April 3, 1917 he returned to Russia.
On April 4, 1917 in St. Petersburg, the theorist of communism outlined the program for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one ("All Power to the Soviets!" or "April Theses"). He began preparations for an armed uprising and put forward plans to overthrow the Provisional Government.
In June 1917, the 1st Congress of Soviets was held, at which it was supported by only about 10% of those present, but it declared that the Bolshevik Party was ready to take power in the country into its own hands.
On October 24, 1917, he led the uprising in the Smolny Palace. And on October 25 (November 7), 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown. The Great October Socialist Revolution took place, after which Lenin became chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - the Council of People's Commissars. He built his policy, hoping for the support of the world proletariat, but did not receive it.
At the beginning of 1918, the leader of the revolution insisted on signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As a result, a huge part of the territory of Russia departed to Germany. The disagreement of the majority of the population of the country of Russia with the policy of the Bolsheviks led to the Civil War of 1918-1922.
The left-SR rebellion that took place in July 1918 in St. Petersburg was brutally suppressed. After that, a one-party system is established in Russia. Now V. Lenin is the head of the Bolshevik Party and all of Russia.
On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on the life of the Head of the Party, he was seriously wounded. After that, the "Red Terror" was declared in the country.
Lenin developed the policy of "war communism".
The main ideas are quotes from his writings:
- The main goal of the Communist Party is the implementation of the communist revolution, followed by the construction of a classless society free from exploitation.
- There is no universal morality, but only class morality. The morality of the proletariat is moral that which meets the interests of the proletariat (“our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat”).
- The revolution will not necessarily take place all over the world at the same time, as Marx believed. It can first occur in one, separately taken country. This country will then help the revolution in other countries.
- Tactically, the success of the revolution depends on the rapid capture of communications (post, telegraph, railway stations).
- Before building communism, an intermediate stage is necessary - the dictatorship of the proletariat. Communism is divided into two periods: socialism and communism proper.
According to the policy of “war communism”, free trade was prohibited in Russia, barter in kind (instead of commodity-money relations) and surplus appropriation were introduced. At the same time, Lenin insisted on the development of state-type enterprises, on electrification, and on the development of cooperation.
A wave of peasant uprisings passed through the country, but they were brutally suppressed. Soon, on the personal orders of V. Lenin, the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church began. About 10 million people became victims of "war communism". Russia's economic and industrial indicators have declined sharply.
In March 1921, at the Tenth Party Congress, V. Lenin put forward the program of the "new economic policy" (NEP), which slightly changed the economic crisis.
In 1922, the leader of the world proletariat suffered 2 strokes, but did not stop leading the state. In the same year, Russia was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
At the beginning of 1923, realizing that a split was emerging in the Bolshevik Party, and that his health was deteriorating, Lenin wrote his Letter to the Congress. In a letter, he gave a description of all the leading figures of the Central Committee and proposed to remove Joseph Stalin from the post of General Secretary.
In March 1923, he suffered a third stroke, after which he became paralyzed.
January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died in the village. Gorki (Moscow region). His body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the question was raised about the need to remove the body and brain of the first leader of the USSR from the Mausoleum and bury it. In modern times, there are still discussions about this by various government officials, political parties and forces, as well as representatives of religious organizations.
V. Ulyanov also had other pseudonyms: V. Ilyin, V. Frey, Iv. Petrov, K. Tulin, Karpov and others.
In addition to all his deeds, Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which won the civil war.
The only official state award that a fiery Bolshevik was awarded was the Order of Labor of the Khorezm People's Socialist Republic (1922).
Lenin's name
The name and image of V. I. Lenin was canonized by the Soviet government along with 
October Revolution and Joseph Stalin. Many cities, towns and collective farms were named after him. In every city there was a monument to him. Numerous stories about “grandfather Lenin” were written for Soviet children, the words “Leninists”, “Leniniad”, etc.
Images of the leader were on the front side of all tickets of the State Bank of the USSR in denominations from 10 to 100 rubles from 1937 to 1992, as well as 200, 500 and 1 thousand "Pavlovian rubles" of the USSR 1991 and 1992 issue.
Lenin's works
According to a poll by the FOM in 1999, 65% of the Russian population considered the role of V. Lenin in the history of the country positive, and 23% - negative.
He wrote a huge number of works, the most famous:
- "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899);
- "What to do?" (1902);
- "Karl Marx (a short biographical sketch outlining Marxism)" (1914);
- "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism (popular essay)" (1916);
- "State and Revolution" (1917);
- "The Tasks of Youth Unions" (1920);
- "On the pogrom persecution of Jews" (1924);
- "What is Soviet power?";
- "Our Revolution".
The speeches of the fiery revolutionary are recorded on many gramophone records.
Named after him:
- Tank "Freedom Fighter Comrade Lenin"
- Electric locomotive VL
- icebreaker "Lenin"
- "Electronics VL-100"
- Vladilena (852 Wladilena) - a minor planet
- numerous cities, villages, collective farms, streets, monuments.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924), revolutionary, politician of Soviet Russia, leader of the Bolshevik revolution, head of the Soviet government (1917-1924). The real name is Ulyanov. Born on April 10 (22), 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). Father, Ilya Nikolayevich, worked his way up from a secondary school teacher to the director of public schools in the Samara province, received a noble title (died in 1886). Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Blank, the daughter of a doctor, received only a home education, but she could speak several foreign languages, played the piano, and read a lot. Vladimir was the third of six children. There was a friendly atmosphere in the family; parents encouraged the curiosity of children and treated them with respect.
Probably, already in his school years, Vladimir Ulyanov began to form the first, still vague ideas about the injustice of the social structure. In any case, already in one of his school essays he mentioned the "oppressed classes". His older brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement, in May 1887 he was executed for preparing an assassination attempt on the king. The death of his brother shocked Vladimir, and since then he has become an enemy of the regime. At Kazan University, where he entered the Faculty of Law in 1887, he joined a student revolutionary circle, took part in student gatherings, and was detained by the police. In December of the same year, the authorities expelled him from the university and exiled him under police supervision to his mother's estate, where he continued his self-education. In the autumn of 1888 he got the opportunity to return to Kazan, got acquainted with the works of Karl Marx and joined the Marxist circle. With enthusiasm for populism and admiration for the "Narodnaya Volya" was over, from now on Ulyanov became a staunch supporter of Marxism.
The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope with which we will hang them.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
In subsequent years, he lived in Samara under police supervision, earned money by private lessons, and in 1891 managed to pass state exams externally for the full course of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1892-1893 he worked as an assistant to a barrister in Samara, where at the same time he created a Marxist circle, translated the Manifesto of the Communist Party of Karl Marx and began to write himself, arguing with the populists.
Having moved to St. Petersburg in August 1893, he worked as a lawyer and gradually became one of the leaders of the St. Petersburg Marxists. Sent abroad, he met the recognized leader of the Russian Marxists, Georgy Plekhanov. After returning to Russia, Ulyanov in 1895 united the St. Petersburg Marxist circles into a single "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". In December of that year, he was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison and was exiled for three years to Eastern Siberia under open police supervision. There, in the village of Shushenskoye, in July 1898 he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the St. Petersburg revolutionary underground.
While in exile, he continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activities. In 1897 he published The Development of Capitalism in Russia, where he tried to challenge the Narodniks' views on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. He got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German social democracy, Karl Kautsky, and they made a great impression on him. From Kautsky he borrowed the idea of organizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized party of a "new type" that would bring consciousness into the "dark" and "immature" working masses. The controversy with those Social Democrats who, from his point of view, underestimated the role of the party, became a constant theme in Ulyanov's articles. He also engaged in a fierce debate with the "Economists" - a movement that argued that the Social Democrats should focus on economic, not political struggle.
After the end of his exile, he went abroad in January 1900 (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). There, together with Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began to publish social democratic newspaper Iskra. From 1901 he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and from then on was known in the party under this name. In 1902 he outlined his organizational views in the pamphlet What Is to Be Done? He proposed to restructure the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), formed in 1898, like a besieged fortress, turning it into a rigid and centralized organization headed by professional revolutionaries - leaders whose decisions would be binding on ordinary members. This approach met with objections from a significant number of party activists, including Yuli Martov. At the second congress of the RSDLP in Brussels and London in 1903, the party split into two currents: the "Bolsheviks" (supporters of Lenin's organizational principles) and the "Mensheviks" (their opponents). Lenin became the recognized leader of the Bolshevik faction of the party.
During the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, Lenin managed to return to Russia for a while. He oriented his supporters towards active participation in the bourgeois-democratic revolution in order to try to win hegemony in it and achieve the establishment of a "revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry." On this issue, detailed in Lenin's Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, he sharply disagreed with the majority of the Mensheviks, who were oriented towards an alliance led by bourgeois-liberal circles.
The defeat of the revolution forced Lenin to emigrate again. From abroad, he continued to lead the activities of the Bolshevik current, insisting on a combination of illegal and legal activities, participation in elections to the State Duma and in the work of this body. On this basis, Lenin broke with a group of Bolsheviks led by Alexander Bogdanov, who called for a boycott of the Duma. Against his new adversaries, Lenin issued the polemical work Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909), accusing them of revising Marxist philosophy. In the early 1910s, disagreements within the RSDLP became extremely aggravated. In contrast to the "otzovists" (supporters of the boycott of the Duma), the Mensheviks - "liquidators" (adherents of legal work) and the group of Leon Trotsky, who advocated the preservation of the unity of the party ranks, Lenin forced the transformation of his current in 1912 into an independent political party, the RSDLP (b), with its own printed organ - the newspaper Pravda.
Ideas become power when they take hold of the masses.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
In the biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin this time occupied a special place: at first the boy received an education at home - the family spoke several languages \u200b\u200band attached great importance to discipline, which she followed mother . The Ulyanovs at that time lived in Simbirsk, so he later studied at the local gymnasium, where he entered in 1879 and was headed by the father of the future head of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky - F.M. Kerensky. In 1887, Lenin graduated with honors and continued his studies at the University of Kazan. It was there that his passion for Marxism began, which led to joining a circle where the works of not only K. Marx and F. Engels were discussed, but also G. Plekhanov, who had a great influence on the young man. A little later, this became the reason for expulsion from the university. Subsequently, Lenin externally passed the exams for a lawyer.
The beginning of the revolutionary path
Leaving his native Simbirsk, where he lived parents , he studied political economy, was interested in social democracy. Also, this period was distinguished by the trips of the future leader to Europe, upon his return from which he founded the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
For this, the revolutionary was arrested and exiled to the Yenisei province, where he not only wrote most of his works, but also arranged a personal life with N. Krupskaya.
In 1900, his exile ended, and Lenin settled in Pskov, where Vladimir Ilyich published the Zarya magazine and the Iskra newspaper. In addition to him, S. I. Radchenko, as well as P. B. Struve and M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky were engaged in the publication.
Years of the first emigration
Much is connected with the life of Lenin during this period. interesting facts . In July of the same year, Vladimir Ulyanov left for Munich, where Iskra settled for two years, then moved first to London, where the first congress of the RSDLP was held, and then to Geneva.
Between 1905 and 1907 Lenin lived in Switzerland. After the failure of the first Russian revolution and the arrest of its instigators, he became the leader of the party.
Active political activity
Despite constant moving, the decade from the first to the second revolution passed very fruitfully for V.I. Lenin: he published the newspaper Pravda, worked on his journalism and preparations for the February uprising, and after the October revolution, which ended in victory. Complete the biography says that during these years Zinoviev and Kamenev were his associates, at the same time he first met I. Stalin.
The last years of life and the cult of personality
At the Congress of Soviets, he headed the new government, called the Council of People's Commissars (SNK).
Brief biography of Lenin says that it was he who negotiated peace with Germany and softened domestic policy, creating conditions for private trade - since the state was not able to provide citizens, it gave them the opportunity to feed themselves. Under his leadership, the Red Army was founded, and in 1922 - a whole new state on the world map, called the USSR. It was also Lenin who introduced the initiative of widespread electrification and insisted on a legislative settlement of terror.
In the same year, the health of the leader of the proletariat deteriorated sharply. After a two-year illness, he died on January 21, 1924.
Lenin's death brought to life a phenomenon that later became known as the cult of personality. The body of the leader was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum, monuments were erected throughout the country and numerous infrastructure facilities were renamed. Subsequently, the life of Vladimir Lenin was devoted to many books and films. for kids and adults who painted him exclusively in a positive way. After the collapse of the USSR, controversial issues of the biography of the great politician began to rise, in particular, nationality.
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