German grammar in tables. Human grammar of the German language. Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein

Word order in German sentences

It is better to start learning the grammar of the German language with the order of the words in the sentence, since each word must be in its place in different cases:

Normal sentence:

Usually the subject and the predicate are not separated, they only change places.
1. In a declarative sentence that consists of subject in first place and predicate in second there is a direct word order:
Ich gehe nach Kiew am ersten September. - I am going to Kiev on the first of September.

2. If you start a sentence not with a subject and a verb, but with any other word, then the sentence will be reversed word order: first the verb, then the subject.

Am ersten September gehe ich nach Kiew. - On September 1, I'm going to Kiev.

Ins kino gehe ich heute. - I'm going to the cinema today (same thing).

Heute gehe ich ins Kino. - Today I go to the cinema

If there is a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, before the main one, in this case in the main sentence there will also be a reverse word order (subject to stand after the predicate), since there is something in front, no matter what, a whole sentence or a separate word.

Оb er heute nach Hause kommt, weib ich nicht. - Whether he will come home today, I do not know.

3. If the predicate consists of two verbs, then variable part predicate takes second position, a unchangeable part (the verb does not change) located at the end of the sentence.
Ich will heute ins Kino gehen. - I want to go to the cinema today. Get used to mentally putting the second verb at the end of the sentence, this is a feature of the mentality of the German people.

4. A special order of words in a sentence consisting of two parts: the main sentence and the subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are sentences that are accompanied by various unions, such as: dass - what; ob - whether; weil - because; denn - because, because; deshalb - therefore; wenn - when (in the present and future tenses and in the past in repeated actions); als - when (one-time action); während - while; nachdem - after, etc.

The main sentence is built as usual, and in the subordinate clause there will be the following word order: 1. subordinate word, 2. subject, 3. all other words, 4. predicate. Those. Again, get used to putting the verb in the last place in the subordinate clause.

Ich white, dass er heute spät nach Hause kommt... - I know that he will come home late today.

Ich white, (1) dass(2) er heute spät nach Hause (4) kommt... - I know (1) that (2) he will come home late today (4).

Ich white nicht, ob er heute kommt“I don’t know if he’s coming today.”

I ch lerne Deutsch, weil Ich nach Deutschland fähre- I study German because I'm in Germany food .

Er sagt, dass er krank ist- He says he is sick there is(literally - he says that he is sick)

Оb er heute nach Hause kommt, weib ich nicht. - Whether he will come home today, I do not know. ( literally - will he come home today, I don't know)

5. If there are two verbs in the subordinate clause

In this case, both verbs go to the end of the sentence, but the first verb (modifiable) is put in the very last place, i.e. before the point.

Ich lerne Deutsch, weil Ich nach Deutschland fahren möchte - I'm learning German because I would like to go to Germany ... (we usually say: because I would like to go to Germany)

6. Within a sentence, circumstances are arranged in the following order: temporary, causal, modal, and place circumstances.

If there are two objects expressed by a noun, then the object in the dative case will come first. If one of the additions is a pronoun, then it will always come first. If two pronouns meet, then the accusative pronoun will come first.

Articles in German

The article is used before the noun and is needed to convey the case of the noun. In Russian, this function is performed by endings: girls e, girls Oh etc. In German, the noun is preceded by an article for this function, and only in some cases the ending is changed.

The article (like the noun) in German is masculine, feminine and neuter. And also it can be definite and indefinite.

Indefinite article , as it were, indicates the general meaning of a noun, without distinguishing it from the rest, for example, when we name an object for the first time, when we do not single out one of the many objects. When the subject is mentioned for the second time in the conversation, a definite article is put, because everyone already knows what subject is being discussed, as it was mentioned earlier.
Definite article used before nouns when we specify a noun, i.e. select it. This happens if we are talking about a specific noun. that the speakers know about or about the only one noun in its own way (die Sonne - sun).

Lack of article observed when we talk about a profession, occupation or occupation.

Ich bin Manager - I am a manager.

German article table

Case	Masculine gender		Neuter gender		Feminine		Plural
	def.	unop.	def.	unop.	def.	unop.	def.	unop.
Nominativ What? Who?	der	ein	das	ein	die	eine	die	-
Genitiv Whose?	des	eines	des	eines	der	einer	der	-
Dativ To whom? Where? When?	dem	einem	dem	einem	der	einer	den	-
Akkusativ What? whom? where?	den	einen	das	ein	die	eine	die	-

This is a dog. - Das ist ein Hund.
I see a dog - Ich sehe einen Hund.
He goes for a walk with the dog. - Er geht mit dem Hund spazieren.

Important! Nouns denoting professions, religious and national affiliations are used without an article (Er ist Student. - He is a student. Sie ist Russin. - She is Russian. Ich bin Katholik. - I am a Catholic). And also, without articles, nouns are used that cannot be counted (Ich habe Zeit. - I have time, Wir haben Lust - we have a desire (we have a desire))

Combination of prepositions and articles

Prompt:

After the following prepositions, use the Dativ case:

aus - from
auf - on
von - from
bei - at
seit - c
zu - to
in - in
mit - with
nach - on

bei dem Freund- from a friend

du bist in der Bibliothek- you're in the library.

After the following prepositions, use the Akkusativ case:

f ü r - for, for
durch - through
ohne - without

f ü r das Kind - for a child

Pronouns used with cases

Nominativ	male p (feminine)	Genitiv	Dativ	Akkusativ
i-ich	my -mein (e)	my -meiner	me -mir	me - mich
you -du	your - dein (e)	your-deiner	you -dir	you - dich
he -er	its -sein (e)	its -seiner	him-ihm	his - ihn
it is -es	its - sein (e)	its -seiner	him -ihm	its - es
she is -sie	her - ihr (e)	her -ihrer	her -ihr	her - sie
we-wir	our - unser (e)	our -unser	us -uns	us - uns
you-ihr	your - euer (e)	your -euer	you -euch	you - euch
they are -sie	them - ihr (e)	their -ihrer	im -ihnen	them - sie
You (polite) - Sie	Your - Ihr (e)	Your - Ihrer	To you - Ihnen	You - Sie
	Das ist mein Freund is my friend. Das ist mein e Freundin is my friend.

mit mir - with me, zu uns - to us, vonnn ihm - from him

f ü r mich - for me

Note:

Sometimes feminine nouns are formed from masculine by changing the endings to in.

Der Freund - friend, die Freund in- friend.

Interrogative sentences

1. You can ask a question in direct word order by adding words such as: Stimmt das? Nicht (wahr)? Oder?
Sie suchen eine Wohnung. Stimmt das? Nicht (wahr)? Oder?- You are looking for an apartment. This is true? Is not it? Or how)?

2. We put the verb in the first place. Studierst du Deutsch? - Do you study German?

If the predicate is represented by two verbs, then only the first verb is put in the first place, the second verb is put in the very last place.

Kann ich noch einen Kaffee haben? - Can I have another (cup) coffee? (Literally: can I have another cup of coffee?).
3. If there is a changeable and unchangeable part of the verb in a sentence, then the changeable part is put in the first place, and the unchangeable part will be at the end of the sentence.
Wollt Ihr heute abend ins Konzert gehen? - Do you want to go to the concert tonight?

Negative sentences

As in English, there is no double negation in German. Therefore, construct your sentence so that there is only one negative word in it.

1. Nein -no, just a negative word that is often used alone.

You are a translator? -

No. Bist du ein Dolmetscher? - Nein.

2. Nicht - corresponds to the Russian word "NOT".Basically, all sentences are denied by this word.

This word can either deny the entire sentence and is placed at the end of the sentence, or some part of it.

I AM not going today at the cinema - Ich gehe heute ins Kino nicht.
I'm not going to the cinema today - Ich gehe heute nicht ins Kino.
I'm going not to Italy- Ich fahre nicht nach Italien.

3. Negative pronouns and adverbs can be used for negation: nichts(nothing, nothing) niemand(no one), nie / niemals(never):
No one came - Niemand ist gekommen.
I don't know anyone here - Ich kenne hier niemand.
There's nothing there - Dort gibt es nichts.

4. Kein - negative article for nouns.

The noun is denied as follows:

The noun with the definite article is denied with nicht.

- The noun with the indefinite article is negated with kein.

- The noun without the article is negated with kein-.

What it looks like: a letter is simply added to the indefinite articleK.

Case	M.R.	Wed R.	Zh.r.	Mn. h
Nominativ	k ein	k ein	k eine	k eine
Genitiv	k eines	k eines	k einer	k einer
Dativ	k einem	k einem	k einer	k einen
Akkusativ	k einen	k ein	k eine	k eine

Compare:

Mary saw only one traveler - Mary hat nur einen Reisenden gesehen.

Mary has not seen any traveler - Mary hat k einen Reisenden gesehen.

Nouns in german

They also change the endings for case declension. To choose the correct ending, follow the following rule:

1. Look in the dictionary for the gender of the noun

2. What question does the noun answer (determine the case)

3. Select the type of declension of the noun:

Feminine declension - almost all nouns are feminine;

Strong declination - all neuter words, almost all masculine (except for the weak declension), feminine nouns with the ending - er, - e or zero

Weak declension - living creatures of a masculine gender, profession and nationality, namely:

nouns ending in -e:
der Junge (boy), der Russe (Russian), der Löwe (lion), der Hase (hare);
nouns der Mensch (man), der Held (hero), der Bauer * (peasant), der Graf (count), der Nachbar * (neighbor), der Herr (lord), der Hirt (shepherd), der Ochs (bull) , der Bär (bear), der Narr (fool);
foreign words with suffixes -ist, -ent, -ant, -at, -soph, -nom, -graph, -log (e):
der Komponist, der Assistent, der Praktikant, der Kandidat, der Diplomat, der Philosoph,
der Soldat, der Agronom, der Photograph, der Philolog (e).

Mixed declension these are the following words: the words das Herz (heart), der Glaube (faith), der Buchstabe (letter), der Gedanke (thought), der Name (name), der Friede (peace), der Same (seed), der Schaden ( damage), der Funke (radio), der Wille (will).

Choosing the ending of a noun

Feminine declension

Strong declination

Weak declension

Mixed declension

m.r

Wed R

f.r

pl. h

m.r

Wed R

f.r

pl. h

m.r

Wed p

f.r

pl. h

mr.

Wed p

f.r

mn h

Nominativ What? Who?

e (n)

Genitiv Whose?

e (s)

e (n)

e (s)

e (n)

Dativ To whom? Where? When?

e (n)

Akkusativ What? whom? where?

e (n)

Adjectives

So, we have already learned that articles come in different kinds and different cases when they agree with nouns. The same applies to adjectives, they also need to be coordinated in gender and cases, as in Russian: handsome and I, handsome Oh, handsome oh, handsome oops etc. Only one more plus are added three types of declension: strong declension, weak declension, mixed declension. Hence the variety of endings arises.

It's actually easy to choose an ending for an adjective if the following rule is strictly observed:

1. Determine the number of a noun: singular or plural.

2. Determine the type of adjective: strong, weak or mixed.

we answer the question: What comes before an adjective?
no article and no index words	definite article or demonstrative pronoun ( dieser- this, jener- that, solcher - such, derselbe- same, derjenige- that, jeder- everyone, everyone, everyone, welcher- which, which)	indefinite article or possessive pronoun or negative article kein.
Output:
strong	weak	mixed

3. What question does the noun answer (to determine the case).

4. What kind of noun (look in the dictionary).

We select the ending from the table of the above table.

Watch this video to help you learn how to choose the correct ending for an adjective:

German verbs

Almost all (there are exceptions) German verbs endings -ru(lieben - to love ) .

Verbs in German, like in Russian, change their endingv depending on time, person and number: I speak NS i say at, I skaz al we speak them, we tell eat, we said and etc. This is called verb conjugation.But there are much fewer changes in German than in Russian.

Almost all verbs change according to the general rule ( there are exceptions).

Should you remember exceptions? - No.

The first thing you need to remember is how the verb changes when it forms any tense or grammatical structure.

Further, in the section " popular german verbs"take any verb, look at its conjugation at the time you need and make up your sentences. Also on the site babla.ru you can find any form of the verb. Over time, you will not need to look at the conjugation of verbs, you will automatically and you will intuitively select endings for verbs.

Three forms of the verb in German

Infinitiv

(common form of the verb ending with en)

Partizip I

present participle

Formed by adding the ending to the verb d.

Lieben - lieben d.

(there are exceptions)

Partizip II

past participle

Formed with the prefix ge and the ending t.

We take the verb lieben - to love, remove the endings en, add the prefix ge and the ending t and get:

lieb ru - ge liebt.

( there are exceptions. Often irregular verbs have an ending en: bekommen - bekommen)

(regular verb)

lieben d

ge lieb t

bekommen (irregular verb)

bekommen d

bekomm ru

In addition to the fact that these forms are involved in the formation of various grammatical structures,form Partizip I is the present participle form(answers the question which, which, which, etc. and gerunds in German (answers the question: how, what to do), and the form Partizip II is a past participle.

Participles agree with nouns, as do adjectives, with the same endings, since participles answer the same questions as adjectives.

Present participle:

Ich sitze naben dem sprechenden Mann - I sit next to a talking man
Der sprechende Mann ißt Fisch - Talking man eating fish
ein tanzendes Mädchen is a dancing girl.

Gerunds:
Er sprach arbeitend (lachend)- He spoke while working (laughing)
Wir aßen sprechend- We ate while talking

Partizip II - participle that characterizes past events, which answers the questions: what, what, etc.

Die ge machte Aufgabe war schwer - The task done was difficult (the task has already been done)
Der ge schriebene Brief liegt auf dem Tisch - The written letter lies on the table (the letter has already been written).

How to build different types of sentences in German?

In German, different types of sentences are constructed either by changing the ending of the verb, or by using the Partizip II form and the three auxiliary verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have), werden (to become). All you need to remember is what combination of verbs should be used in the sentence you want to pronounce. And do not forget that if the predicate is expressed in two verbs, then the second verb is placed at the very end of the sentence. Next, we'll show you how to build different types of sentences.

Times in German

As with any language, German has present, past and future tense. We can use three tenses in the past tense.

Time

What does

How is it formed

Examples of

Future

Futur i

1. Reflects events in the future tense, is more used in the meaning of "intend, intend to do something" in the future.

Note: if you know exactly when the event will occur and indicate this in the sentence, then in this case the present is used instead of the future.

Verb werden(in present time) + infinitive

	werde	Infinitive
	wirst
	wird
	werden
	werdet
	werden

Ich werde in Paris wohnen... - I will live in Paris. (can be replaced: I'm going to live in Paris)

Tagsüber wird es regnen... - It will rain during the day (it will rain during the day)

Present time

Präsens

1. Reflects any action in the present tense

2. Replaces the future time if the sentence contains an exact indication of when the event will occur: tomorrow, in a week, etc.

ru and adding an ending:

	e
	st
	t
	ru
	t
	ru

lieb ru- be in love
ich lieb e- I like
du lieb st- you like
er / sie / es lieb t- he, she, it loves
wir lieb ru- we love
ihr lieb t- you love
sie / Sie lieb ru- they love / you love

Was trinken Sie? - What are you drinking
Was macht ihr? - What are you doing?
Ich wohne hier in Köln. - I live in Cologne
Wir reisen nach Ägypten im Sommer. We will go to Egypt in the summer. ( the present tense is set because there is a defining word - summer, i.e. it is known exactly when and it is confidently decided)

Ich lerne morgen Deutsch - I will learn German tomorrow

Past tense

Präteritum

(Imperfekt)

1. Reflects actions in the past tense in books, newspapers, magazines, etc.

Removing the ending from the verb en and add the endings:

	te
	test
	te
	ten
	tet
	ten

lieb ru- be in love

ich lieb te- I loved
du lieb test- did you love
er / sie / es lieb te- he, she, loved it
wir lieb ten- we loved
ihr lieb tet- you loved
sie / Sie lieb ten - they / you loved

Er lachte den ganzen Abend - He laughed all evening

Past tense

Präteritum

(Imperfekt)

1. Reflects past tense actions in

colloquial speech

Auxiliary haben or sein in the form of Präsens + Partizip II

with the verb haben

sein	haben
bin	habe	Partizip II
bist	hast
ist	hat
sind	haben
seid	habt
sind	haben

With the verb haben

lieben - to love (Partizip II = geliebt)

ich habe geliebt- I loved
du hast geliebt- did you love
er / sie / es hat geliebt he, she, it loved
wir haben geliebt- we loved
ihr habt geliebt- you loved
sie / Sie haben geliebt - they / you loved

With the verb sein

fahren - to go (Partizip II = gefahren)

ich bin gefahren- I came
du bist gefahren- you came
er / sie / es ist gefahren-on, she, it arrived
wir sind gefahren- we arrived
ihr seid g efahren- You arrived
sie / Sie sind gefahren-they / you have arrived

Ich habe dieses Buch gelesen... - I read this book.
Er ist nach Berlin gefahren- he came to Berlin.
Das kleine Kind hat es nicht gedurft.- It was impossible for a small child.
Ich habe die Zeitung gestern auch gelesen- I read the newspaper yesterday too

Past tense

Plusquam- perfekt

1. Used when we emphasize that a given action happened before another action in the past

Auxiliary verb haben or sein in the Präteritum form: + Partizip II

sein	haben
war	hatte	Partizip II
warst	hattest
er / sie / es	hatte
waren	hatten
wart	hattet
waren	hatten

Ich war so müde und hatte Hunger. Ich hatte seit dem vorigen Morgen nichts gegessen- I was very tired and hungry. Haven't eaten anything since yesterday morning.

Nachdem ich gegessen hatte, schaute ich noch ein wenig fern. - After I had eaten, I watched TV a little more.

Which verb is used with haben and which is used with sein?
The auxiliary verb sein in German is conjugated:
1.Most of the verbs denoting movement, change of state - fahren (to drive), aufstehen (to get up), entstehen (to arise), laufen (to run), fliegen (to fly), erwachen (to wake up), etc.
2.With the verbs sein, werden, (to meet (Xia)), geschehen (to happen, to happen), bleiben (to stay), gelingen (to succeed), misslingen (not to succeed)

The rest is conjugated with the verb haben.

Now let's see how verbs can change that do not lend themselves to general rules.

There are different types of verbs, strong, weak, with prefixes, no prefixes, exceptions.

Strong verbs change the letter in the word only for verbs with the pronouns du, er, sie, es

Currently - Präsens

Regular verb (weak verb)				Strong verb
and	denken		think	helfen		to help
Ich	denk	e	I think	helf	e	I'm helping
Du	denk	st	you think	hi lf	st	you help
Er, sie, es	denk	t	he, she, it thinks	hi lf	t	he, she, it helps
Wir	denk	ru	we are thinking	helf	ru	help
Ihr	denk	t	you think	helf	t	help
sie, sie	denk	ru	they think you (polite form) - think	helf	ru	they help, you (polite form) - help

There are verbs with separable and non-separable prefix amy. Emphasized prefixes are decoupled, unstressed prefixes are not decoupled.

To detachable prefixes include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

To inseparable prefixes include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer.

Conjugation of verbs with separable and non-separable prefixes:

with detachable attachments					with non-detachable attachments
	an fangen		Prefix	start off	bekommen		receive
Ich	fang	e	an	I start	bekomm	e	I get
Du	fä ng	st	an	you begin	bekomm	st	You are getting
Er, sie, es	fä ng	t	an	he, she, it starts	bekomm	t	he, she, it gets
Wir	fang	ru	an	we begin	bekomm	ru	we get
Ihr	fang	t	an	you start	bekomm	t	You are getting
sie, sie	fang	ru	an	they start, you (polite form) start	bekomm	ru	they get, you (polite form) - get

The detachable prefix is always placed at the very end of the sentence, before the exact one.

Der bus fährt um 9:00 Uhr ab- The bus leaves at 9:00.

Irregular verbs have different forms for conjugation from the general rules. And as you can see, there are different versions of the verbs, which have their own versions of the conjugation. Therefore, it makes no sense to memorize them, especially since you can find the conjugation form of any verb in any tense In chapter "Conjugation of German Verbs"... Make up the simplest sentences with these verbs, such as: I say, I think, I said, I say, etc. and you will very quickly memorize all the endings and forms of irregular verbs.

What to do next? You already know how to build affirmative, interrogative and negative German proposals. Next, make up the simplest complete sentences:

Ich heiße Gustav Lenz. - My name is Gustav Len.
Wie heißt du? - What is your name. ( do not forget to put the verb in the first place in the question)
Ich wohne hier in Köln. - I live in Cologne.
Wir können Deutsch gut lernen - We can learn German well ... Literally - we can learn German well. Note that only the first verb is conjugated. The second verb is placed at the end of the sentence. Don't forget this.

Add question words

Wer? - who?
Was? - what?
Wo? - where?
Wie? - how?
Woher? - where?
Wohin? -where?
Warum? - why?
Wieviel? -how?
Welche? (-es, -er) - which (th, th)?

You can find any additional words in the sections: the most popular German words , German adjectives and German dialects , linking words, introductory words . The sooner you memorize popular German words, the easier it will be for you to speak.

Modal verbs in German

Modal verbs stand out in their own category because they add flavor (or even meaning) to a sentence that you need to know. Their conjugation differs from the general rule, but pay attention to the lines filled with colors, these conjugations are the same. Modal verbs are constantly used in speech, so you can easily remember them.

Present tense conjugation of modal verbs

	wollen	mögen	möchten
	to want + followed by a verb (to do something)	to want + noun (someone something) Meaning: like not like	I would like to , after this verb, the noun is also often used
ich	will	mag	möchte
du	willst	magst	möchtest
er / sie / es	will	mag	möchte
wir	wollen	mögen	möchten
ihr	wollt	mögt	möchtet
Sie / sie	wollen	mögen	möchten

	können		dürfen	müssen	sollen
	be able, be able to .	In the past tense in the meaning "could" - expresses the probability	allow, forbid, and in meaning "should be"	be obligated (as necessary, as appropriate)	to be due, should be (moral duty, by law, by order)
ich	kann	konnte	darf	muss	soll
du	kannst	konntest	darfst	musst	sollst
er / sie / es	kann	konnte	darf	muss	soll
wir	können	konnten	dürfen	müssen	sollen
ihr	könnt	konntet	dürft	müsst	sollt
Sie / sie	können	konnten	dürfen	müssen	sollen

Do not forget that if the action is expressed by two verbs, then the second verb, which stands in its usual form (infinitive), is carried over to the very end of the sentence.

Es will ins Kino gehen - She wants to go to the movies.

Wir wollen nicht mit ihnen spielen... - We don't want to play with them.

Ich mag den Rock nicht - I don't like this skirt.
Ich mag kein Fleisch - I don't like meat.
Ich mag das nicht. - I do not like it.
Möchtest du etwas trinken? - Would you like something to drink?

Ich möchte ein Eis, bitte! - I would like (want) ice cream, please!

Wir können Deutsch lernen- We can learn German.

Kannst du Deutsch sprechen? - Can you speak german?
Kann ich die Tür aufmachen? - Can I open the door?

Sie kann sehr gut schwimmen- She can swim well.

Ich könnte dir helfen- I could help you.
Hier darf man nicht rauchen- No smoking here.
Jetzt darfst du dein eis essen- Now you can eat your ice cream (you are allowed)

Er dürfte jetzt im Unterricht sein“He must be in class.
Jeder soll seine eltern ehren- Everyone should respect their parents (or everyone should respect their parents).

Du sollst nicht arbeiten - you shouldn't work (you shouldn't work).
Sie müssen gehen- you must (must) leave.

Ich bin krank, ich muss nach Hause gehen- I'm sick, I have to go home.

Pronoun man + modal verb will be translated by the impersonal form of the sentence:

man kann - you can

man kann nicht - impossible, impossible

man darf - allowed, allowed

man darf nicht - not allowed, not allowed

man muss - necessary, necessary

man muss nicht - not necessary, not necessary

man soll - should, should

man soll nicht - shouldn't

Hier darf man parken - you can park here

Hier darf man nicht rauchen - no smoking here

Now take any verb in its normal form (infinitive) from the list "Most Popular German Verbs" and make up your little sentences. This way you will quickly learn all German verbs and quickly start speaking German with little effort.

Two important verbs in German

sein (to be) and haben (to have)

These two verbs are important for two reasons:

1. The verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have) are involved in the formation of tenses. If you know how these verbs are conjugated in all tenses, then you will easily form sentences in any tense and in general any grammatical constructions.

2. Through the verbs sein (to be) and haben (to have), the German mentality is expressed, since they are linking verbs in German sentences. In Russian we say: "I am 25 years old", in German we need to say "I there is 25 years old "," I'm at home "-" I there is at home "," cold "-" it's cold. "Just insert these linking verbs where they fit in sentences.

Conjugations of sein (to be) and haben (to have)

As a tip: for a start, figure out only what is on this kilometer page. Take your time to follow the links with the name " More details".

Yes, it can be aesthetically pleasing and unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that needs to be swallowed so as not to choke and not get poisoned by the German language.

And only then, after you have learned this page and understood it, put it into practice, heard constructions in a conversation, read in a book, you can go back and work out the links. But only on a topic that is really unclear.

For example, denken is to think. The ending -en goes away, and is added instead:

Schlafen
Ich	schlaf + e
Du	schläfst
Er, sie, es	schläft
Wir	schlaf + en
Ihr	schlaf + t
sie, sie	schlaf + en

Fahren
Ich	fahr + e
Du	fährst
Er, sie, es	fährt
Wir	fahr + en
Ihr	fahr + t
sie, sie	fahr + en

Separable verbs

Detachable ones include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

Conjugation of verbs with a separable prefix

fern sehen - watching tv

Fernsehen
Ich	seh + e fern
Du	siehst fern
Er, sie, es	sieht fern
Wir	seh + en fern
Ihr	seh + t fern
sie, sie	seh + en fern

an fangen: - start

Anfangen
Ich	fang + e an
Du	fängst an
Er, sie, es	fängt an
Wir	fang + en an
Ihr	fang + t an
sie, sie	fang + en an

Non-separable verbs

Non-separable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.

Conjugation of verbs with a non-separable prefix

be kommen - to receive

Bekommen
Ich	bekomm + e
Du	bekomm + st
Er, sie, es	bekomm + t
Wir	bekomm + en
Ihr	bekomm + t
sie, sie	bekomm + en

ver suchen - try, try

VERSUCHEN
Ich	versuch + e
Du	versuch + st
Er, sie, es	versuch + t
Wir	versuch + en
Ihr	versuch + t
sie, sie	versuch + en

Detachable (accented) and non-detachable (unstressed) attachments

durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-

Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can ...

	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
	allowed do something, have right	should (soft)	should (order)	be able, be able to	like	to want	would like
ich	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
du	darfst	sollst	musst	kannst	magst	willst	möchtest
er / sie / es	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
wir	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
Ihr	dürft	sollt	müsst	könnt	mögt	wollt	möchtet
Sie / sie	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten

The modal verb is in second place (in a modified form), and the semantic verb is at the very end before the period.

Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. - I have to learn German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. - I don’t want to talk to you today.

The verb to be is sein

Ordinals

1- der, die, das erste!
2 - der, die, das zweite!
3 - der, die, das dritte!
19 - der, die, das neunzehnte
20 - der, die, das zwanzigste
22 - der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste

Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours

Question: wessen - whose, whose, whose?

Cases

Kasus
Nominativ	Wer? Was? (who what)
Genitiv	Wessen? (whose, whose, whose)
Dativ	Wem? (to whom)
Akkusativ	Wen? Was? (who, what)

I - me - me, you - you - you and so on ...

Nominativ	ich	du	er	sie	es	wir	ihr	sie	Sie
	I am	you	he	she	it	we	you	they	You
Dativ	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen	Ihnen
	to me	you	his	her	his	US	to you	them	To you
Akkusativ	mich	dich	ihn	sie	es	uns	euch	sie	Sie
	me	you	his	her	it	US	you	their	You

Man - 3 l. unit number

man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink

Declension of nouns

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die Mutter - Mother	der Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children
Genitiv	der Mutter - (book) moms	des Vaters - (book) dads	des Kindes – (toy) baby	der Kinder - (toys) children
Dativ	der Mutter - mom	dem Vater - dad	dem Kind - to kid	den Kindern - children
Akkusativ	die Mutter - mom	den Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children

Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben

Most verbs in German form the past tense with an auxiliary verb haben .

Weak verbs:

machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t

Strong verbs:

finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.

Verbs ending in -ieren:

without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert

Without the ge- prefix:

verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.

Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein

These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.

Move verbs in space

gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(rise), sinken (sink), gelangen (fall)

Ich bin gekommen. Du bist gefahren.

Verbs of transition from one state to another

aufwachen (to wake up), einschlafen (to fall asleep), wachsen (to grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).

Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.

Exception verbs

sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.

Was ist passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.

Past tense for strong verbs

From the table. What you need to know.

Infinitiv	Präteritum	Partizip II
Root vowel inside: A
nehmen - to take	na hm	genommen
lesen - read	la s	gelesen
geben - to give	ga b	gegeben
kommen - come	ka m	gekommen
bekommen - to receive	beka m	bekommen
treffen - to meet	tra f	getroffen
helfen - to help	ha lf	geholfen
trinken - to drink	tra nk	getrunken
stehen - to stand	sta nd	gestanden
verstehen - to understand	versta nd	verstanden
sitzen - to sit	sa ß	gesessen
essen - eat, eat	a ß	gegessen
finden - to find	fa nd	gefunden
sprechen - to talk	spra ch	gesprochen
sehen - to see	sa h	gesehen
singen - to sing	sa ng	gesungen
beginnen - to begin	bega n	begonnen
vergessen - to forget	verga ß	vergessen
Root vowel inside: U
fahren - to go	fu hr	gefahren
tragen - to carry	tru g	getragen
werden - to become	wu rde	geworden
waschen - wash	wu sch	gewaschen
schaffen - create	schu f	geschaffen
laden - to ship	lu d	geladen
einladen - invite	lu d ein	eingeladen
Root vowel inside: IE
schreiben - to write	schrie b	geschrieben
laufen - to run	lie f	gelaufen
bleiben - to stay	blie b	geblieben
entscheiden - decide	entschie d	entschieden
gehen - to go	gi ng	gegangen
heißen - to name	hie ß	geheißen
beißen - to bite	bi ß	gebissen
rufen - to call	rie f	gerufen
gefallen - to like	gefie l	gefallen
Root vowel inside: O
fliegen - to fly	flo g	geflogen
ziehen - to pull	zo g	gezogen
Auxiliary Verbs You Need to Know:
haben - to have	hatte	gehabt
sein - to be	war	gewesen
werden - to become	wurde	geworden

Case questions

Kasus	Fragen	Präpositionen
Dativ	wo? wie lange? wann?	mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei
Akkusativ	wohin?	um, gegen, für, ohne

Subordinate clauses. What is after the comma.

There are two suggestions:

Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.

To link them into one, you need:

just separate them with comma
after the comma, put the union (because, what, when, if, while)
in the second sentence, just take the verb and move it to the end of the sentence and put it in front of the period. Take and transfer, put in front of the point. ALL!

Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.

Conjunctions in a complex sentence

dass - what
wenn - when (recurring action)
als - when (one-time)
während - while
nachdem - after
weil - because
denn - because, because
deshalb - therefore
ob - whether

Imperative mood

Forms (highlighted leaves):

Du-form: Du gehst - you go / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht - you go / go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.

Reflexive verbs

A little bit. Verb + sich: to rejoice - sich freuen Part of sich is always in 3rd place in a sentence:

The imperative mood for returnable.

Du-form: Freu dich!

Sein is in the imperative mood.

Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!

Conjugation of the verb werden - to become

Werden
Ich	werde
Du	wirst
Er, sie, es	wird
wir	werden
ihr	werdet
Sie, sie	werden

Passive = werden + Partizip II.

Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus - Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. - The house is being built by builders.

von - someone, something (Dativ)
durch - because of (Akkusativ)

Das Kind wird durch laute Musik aufgeweckt. - The child is woken up by loud music.
Wir kaufen das Brot. - We buy bread.
Das Brot wird von uns gekauft. - The bread is bought by us.
Man trinkt viel Wein. - They drink a lot of wine.
Viel Wein wird getrunken. - A lot of wine is drunk.(In the passive, man is omitted.)

It is unlikely that you will immediately start talking in the passive, but you need to recognize him in the texts:

Modal verbs in passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):

A man who ... A woman who ... Children who ... Relativsätze

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die - which	der - which	das - which	die - which
Genitiv	deren - which, whose	dessen - which, whose		deren - which, whose
Dativ	der - which	dem - to whom		denen - which
Akkusativ	die - which	den - which	das - which	die - which

Infinitive construction

…, In order to… = um… .. zu + Infinitiv.

Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. - He learns German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. - I dress well in order to look good.

Comparison of adjectives.

Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.

Everything is according to the rule:

	-er	am… sten	der, die, das ... ste
faul - lazy	fauler - lazier	am faulsten - the laziest of all	der, die, das faulste - the laziest
langsam - slowly	langsamer - slower	am langsamsten - slowest of all	der, die, das langsamste - the slowest
lieb - nicely	lieber - nicer	am liebsten - the favorite of all	der, die, das liebste - most lovely
schnell - quickly	schneller - faster	am schnellsten - the fastest	der, die, das schnellste - the fastest

Root vowel change:

alt	ä lter	am ä ltesten
arm	ä rmer	am ä rmsten
groß	grö ßer	am grö ßten
jung	jü nger	am jü ngsten

gern	lieber	am liebsten
gut	besser	am besten
viel / sehr	mehr	am meisten

Afterword

That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. With the same knowledge I went to Germany, I still use this knowledge and know it as "Our Father".

Someone will think a lot, but someone will say: "And where is the genitive? And where is the declension of adjectives? And where is the previous one? And where is ARTICLE ??? And where is the conjunctive?" etc.

32 topics + words = your success in German.

This is the base. Without her, nowhere. And even articles with adjectives are useless if you don't know these topics.

In Germany, I actively used only these constructions. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into the conversation.

This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And so I learned it.

Which is what I wish for you.

PY.SY: Don't need to tell me that is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.

We do not want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult the grammar of the German language is.

You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all the themes and constructs? And do you actively use everything from school in your everyday life?

Others believe that death is better than the German language. It is difficult for me to resolve this issue on the fly, without preparation. It is important here what kind of death we are talking about. If it’s slow and painful ... For example, two hundred years ago in Canada, the Indians caught a missionary, tore off his skin, brought hot ash, then boiling water, and little by little the missionary ...

In general, I think that the German language would have seemed like a pleasant change to him.

Mark Twain

So, despite all the intimidation and stories about the incomprehensible complexity of the German language, you decided to master this really difficult language. However, German is not as terrible as it is painted. Call myself to disagree with Mark Twain, who called him "haphazard". In my opinion, German is a logical, structured and systemic language that "loves" order. Learning German is like solving math problems or putting together a puzzle.

Knowledge of grammar plays an important role in this (nevertheless) difficult matter. Therefore, in this article we will list the most important grammar topics to master beginners to learn German.

1. Conjugation of verbs in Präsens (present)

Before you start exploring this topic, you will need to learn personal pronouns.

In German, unlike English, the pronoun I am written with a small letter.

Please note that du used to address one person on "you". To address, for example, a question to a group of people (friends or acquaintances), you need to use the pronoun ihr. Sie used as a polite address to one person or several people.

Let's go back to the conjugation of verbs in Präsens. The first step is to remember the conjugation of the three basic verbs (Grundverben):

sein(be), haben(to have) and werden(become).

These verbs can be both semantic and auxiliary, i.e. can participate in the formation of various grammatical forms. For example, in the formation of the past tense Perfekt, the auxiliary verbs haben and sein are used, in the formation of future tenses Futur I and Futur II, the auxiliary verb werden, which is also used to form the passive voice (Passiv). Since these verbs are snappy, it's important that their forms bounce off the teeth!

Further information on the topic "Verb conjugation" you.

Important! In German, Präsens is very often used to express the future tense (Futur I)

For example: Wann kommst du? - When will you come? Ich mache es morgen. - I'll do it tomorrow.

2. Order of words in a sentence (Satzstellung)

In the German sentence every the word has its place. Of course, it is important to remember about the forward and backward word order and do not forget to juggle the predicate and subject. However, do not forget that the negative particle nicht, infinitive turnover (with particle zu or without), reflexive pronoun sich- everyone knows their place!

The circumstances of time, reason, course of action and place are also arranged in the German sentence in accordance with a certain order, obeying the rule te- ka- mo- lo(temporal, kausal, modal, lokal).

For example: Ich lerne am Wochenende wegen meiner Prüfung sehr intensiv in der Bibliothek.

If in a sentence both additions are expressed by nouns, then the addition to Dativ comes first, then in Akkusativ: Ich gebe meinem Bruder ein Geschenk.

If one of the additions is expressed pronoun, it is placed before the object expressed by the noun: Ich gebe ihm ein Geschenk.

Or: Ich gebe es meinem Bruder.

But if in a sentence both additions are expressed by pronouns, then the order changes: first Akkusativ, then Dativ. For instance, Ichgebeesihm.

In a subordinate clause, the predicate, as a rule, is in the last place, and if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, then the word order in the main clause will be reversed: Ichlerne Deutsch, wennichLusthabe ... Aber wenn ich keine Lustmehr habe, lerne ich trotzdem Deutsch.

Head is spinning? This is for joy! :)

Attention! The above are just some of the rules for constructing a German sentence.

3. Article (Artikel)

Oh, those articles ... Definite and indefinite, masculine (der), neuter (das) and feminine (die) articles, as well as plural (die)! Not to mention those cases when the article is not required at all. Willy-nilly, you remember the missionary that Mark Twain spoke about ...

Note: the gender of nouns in Russian and German is NOT the same, so make it a rule to learn German nouns ONLY with the article (der, das, die). In the plural, all nouns have the article die.

Remember: noun derUnterricht(lesson, lesson) does not have a plural form in German!

Fortunately, there are many clue suffixes in German that indicate the gender of a noun. For example, all nouns ending in -ung, -keit, or -heit are feminine, in -chen or -lein are neuter, and in -ling are masculine. Here are some others:

As you know, German has many compound words. So, you need to remember that the gender of a complex noun is determined according to the last in its composition: der Abend (evening) + dasEssen(food) = das Abend essen(dinner).

When composing sentences, it is not enough just to remember what gender a particular noun has, it is necessary to put the corresponding article in the correct case!

For example: Wo ist der Mann (Nom) mit der Brille? Ich muss dem Mann (Dat) etwas sagen! Hast du den Mann (Akk) gesehen? - Where is the man with glasses? I need to tell this man something! Have you seen this man?

Declination table of the definite and indefinite articles:

4. Declination of nouns (Deklination der Substantive)

The German language distinguishes three types declension of nouns: feminine, strong and weak... Thus, when constructing a German sentence, it is necessary not only to use the article in the required case, but also, if necessary, add an ending to the noun.

TO female declension includes all feminine nouns. When declined by case, they do not receive any endings. For instance:

Nom die Endung

Gen der endung

Dat der Endung

Akk die endung

Many masculine nouns and all neuter nouns (except for das Herz) refer to strong declension and get in the Genetiv ending - (e) s.

Note that neuter nouns ending in -nis double the final -s, for example, das Zeugnis - des Zeugnis s es.

Nouns ending in -us, -as, and -ismus not get the -s ending in Genetiv: der Kasus- des Kasus.

TO weak declension includes four groups of masculine nouns that receive the ending -en in all cases except Nominativ.

Learners of German often have a question: which is the right one - Herren or Herrn? So, the first (die Herren) is the plural form of der Herr (for example, Sehr geehrte Damen und Herr ru), and the second is one of the three case forms, which one is determined by the article.

Nom der Herr

Gen des Herrn

Dat dem Herrn

Akk den Herrn

Besides these three types of declensions, there are two groups of nouns in German that "play by their own rules." The first group is informally called entwederoder(or ... or), it includes four nouns (der Nachbar, der Bauer, der Oberst, der Untertan), which can be declined either by the strong or weak type of declension of nouns.

Nom der Nachbar

Gen des Nachbars / des Nachbarn

Dat dem Nachbar / dem Nachbarn

Akk den Nachbar / den Nachbarn

The second group is called sowohl als auch(how ... still) and includes the following nouns, which are both strong and weak declination: der Name, der Same, der Gedanke, der Glaube, der Wille, der Haufe, der Fels, der Funke , der Friede, der Buchstabe, der Drache and das Herz.

Nom der Name das Herz

Gen des Name ns des Herz ens

Dat dem Name n dem Herz ru

Akk den Name n das Herz

When declining nouns in the plural, it is important to remember that in Dativ, the ending -n is added to the noun (you can also remember - DativPlural ! ) if it does not already end in -n.

Nom die Männer die Frauen

Gen der Männer der Frauen

Dat den Männer n den Frauen

Akk die Männer die Frauen

5. Declination of adjectives (Deklination der Adjektive)

In German, there are three types declension of adjectives: weak, strong and mixed.

As practice shows, it is advisable to learn the declension of adjectives in the singular and in the plural separately from each other, with a break of several days. This, however, is a matter of taste.

On our site you will find.

6. Basic forms of the verb (OFG). Präteritum tense formation (past tense)

Every verb in German has three basic forms:

Infinitiv (infinitive), Präteritum (past tense) and Partizip II (second participle).

Depending on the method of forming the basic forms, there are, as a rule, three groups of verbs: weak, strong and irregular.

Weak verbs form the past tense (Präteritum) by adding the suffix - te- to the stem of the verb: mach en- machte... The main forms of strong and irregular verbs are not formed according to the rules, so they must be learned by heart (see the table of strong and irregular verbs).

In the Präteritum form, the separable prefixes "leave" the verb: auf machen - mach te auf .

Having learned to conjugate verbs in Präsens, you can easily master the paradigm of verb conjugation in Präteritum:

Please note that in the time of Präteritum, the forms of the 1st and 3rd person singular. match up. The fact that the forms of the 1st and 3rd person are plural. coincide, we have learned already when studying the Präsens time.

Once you have mastered this topic, you will be able to enjoy reading German books in the original.

7. Formation of time Perfekt (past perfect tense)

This time is the most common in colloquial speech, so you must definitely try to master it already at the initial stage of training.

Perfekt is formed using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. Auxiliary verbs are conjugated in Präsens (present tense), for example: Wannbist duaufgestanden? - When did you get up?

Usually there are no problems with the second "ingredient": weak verbs form the PartizipII form by adding the prefix ge- and suffix - t e.g. machen - machte - ge mach t... The forms of Partizip II of strong and irregular verbs are given in the table of strong and irregular verbs, which, as we have already agreed, needs to be learned.

What happens if the verb already has a prefix?

The non-detachable prefix firmly grabbed the verb and does not allow anyone to approach it: be suchen- be suchte- be sucht.

The detachable attachment willingly gives way to the attachment ge- : zu machen- machte zu - zu ge macht.

Verbs ending in -ieren do not receive the prefix in the Partizip II form ge-: ignorieren - ignorierte - ignorier t.

Now it remains to learn how to choose the correct auxiliary verb - haben or sein! This will help you

8. Imperative

Imperativ is used to express advice, request, demand, order, direction or warning in German. In general, an irreplaceable thing! Deal with the formation of the imperative mood for you.

There are other ways in German to get someone to do something. For example, using the infinitive: Aufstehen! - Stand up! This is a very harsh form and is rarely used. Or with the help of the passive voice (Passiv): Jetztwirdgeschlafen! - Time to sleep!Jetztwirdgegessen! - Well, eat it! Often used when referring to children.

9. Passive voice in German (Passiv)

The passive voice is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb werden and the Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. For instance:

Ich baue ein Haus. - I'm building a house. -> Das Haus wird gebaut. - The house is being built.

To say this sentence, for example, in the Präteritum or Perfekt tense, you must select the appropriate tense form of the auxiliary verb werden. The Partizip II shape remains unchanged.

Das Haus wurde gebaut. (Präteritum)

Note that the 3rd form of the verb werden loses the ge- prefix in Perfekt:

Das Haus ist gebaut ge worden. (Perfekt)

10. Modal verbs (Modalverben)

Modal verbs are widely used in both oral and written German speech. The main modal verbs are können, dürfen, müssen, sollen, wollen, mögen, while möchte (n), not being an independent modal verb, is a conjunctival form derived from mögen.

To form a negation, instead of the müssen verb, it is preferable to use the construction nicht brauchen zu + infinitive:

Du musst es machen. -> Du brauchst es nicht zu machen.

In German, in addition to the modal verbs themselves, there are so-called modalverb ä hnliche Verben (verbs that, in a certain sense, perform the function of modal), for example, lassen - to command, instruct, allow, verstehen (zu + infinitive) - to be able, wissen (zu + infinitive) - to be able, and many others. For example: Ich weiß das zu schätzen, was du für mich machst. - I know I appreciate (= I can appreciate) what you do for me.

Having mastered the topics listed above, you will be able to lay the necessary foundations for a successful and "painless" language acquisition.

Remember that every grammatical topic needs to be consolidated, so spend plenty of time doing the exercises. You should not take several new grammar topics at a time, especially if they have little to do with each other. It is better to "dilute" the grammatical material by learning new vocabulary.

Last but not least, remember to pause and take a break from cramming! Then, perhaps, the "torture" in German will not seem so terrible.

As a tip: for a start, figure out only what is on this kilometer page. Take your time to follow the links with the name " More details".

Yes, it can be aesthetically pleasing and unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that needs to be swallowed so as not to choke and not get poisoned by the German language.

For example, denken is to think. The ending -en goes away, and is added instead:

Schlafen
Ich	schlaf + e
Du	schläfst
Er, sie, es	schläft
Wir	schlaf + en
Ihr	schlaf + t
sie, sie	schlaf + en

Fahren
Ich	fahr + e
Du	fährst
Er, sie, es	fährt
Wir	fahr + en
Ihr	fahr + t
sie, sie	fahr + en

Separable verbs

Detachable ones include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

Conjugation of verbs with a separable prefix

fern sehen - watching tv

Fernsehen
Ich	seh + e fern
Du	siehst fern
Er, sie, es	sieht fern
Wir	seh + en fern
Ihr	seh + t fern
sie, sie	seh + en fern

an fangen: - start

Anfangen
Ich	fang + e an
Du	fängst an
Er, sie, es	fängt an
Wir	fang + en an
Ihr	fang + t an
sie, sie	fang + en an

Non-separable verbs

Non-separable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.

Conjugation of verbs with a non-separable prefix

be kommen - to receive

Bekommen
Ich	bekomm + e
Du	bekomm + st
Er, sie, es	bekomm + t
Wir	bekomm + en
Ihr	bekomm + t
sie, sie	bekomm + en

ver suchen - try, try

VERSUCHEN
Ich	versuch + e
Du	versuch + st
Er, sie, es	versuch + t
Wir	versuch + en
Ihr	versuch + t
sie, sie	versuch + en

Detachable (accented) and non-detachable (unstressed) attachments

durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-

Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can ...

	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
	allowed do something, have right	should (soft)	should (order)	be able, be able to	like	to want	would like
ich	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
du	darfst	sollst	musst	kannst	magst	willst	möchtest
er / sie / es	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
wir	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
Ihr	dürft	sollt	müsst	könnt	mögt	wollt	möchtet
Sie / sie	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten

The modal verb is in second place (in a modified form), and the semantic verb is at the very end before the period.

Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. - I have to learn German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. - I don’t want to talk to you today.

The verb to be is sein

Ordinals

1- der, die, das erste!
2 - der, die, das zweite!
3 - der, die, das dritte!
19 - der, die, das neunzehnte
20 - der, die, das zwanzigste
22 - der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste

Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours

Question: wessen - whose, whose, whose?

Cases

Kasus
Nominativ	Wer? Was? (who what)
Genitiv	Wessen? (whose, whose, whose)
Dativ	Wem? (to whom)
Akkusativ	Wen? Was? (who, what)

I - me - me, you - you - you and so on ...

Nominativ	ich	du	er	sie	es	wir	ihr	sie	Sie
	I am	you	he	she	it	we	you	they	You
Dativ	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen	Ihnen
	to me	you	his	her	his	US	to you	them	To you
Akkusativ	mich	dich	ihn	sie	es	uns	euch	sie	Sie
	me	you	his	her	it	US	you	their	You

Man - 3 l. unit number

man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink

Declension of nouns

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die Mutter - Mother	der Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children
Genitiv	der Mutter - (book) moms	des Vaters - (book) dads	des Kindes – (toy) baby	der Kinder - (toys) children
Dativ	der Mutter - mom	dem Vater - dad	dem Kind - to kid	den Kindern - children
Akkusativ	die Mutter - mom	den Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children

Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben

Most verbs in German form the past tense with an auxiliary verb haben .

Weak verbs:

machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t

Strong verbs:

finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.

Verbs ending in -ieren:

without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert

Without the ge- prefix:

verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.

Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein

These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.

Move verbs in space

gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(rise), sinken (sink), gelangen (fall)

Ich bin gekommen. Du bist gefahren.

Verbs of transition from one state to another

aufwachen (to wake up), einschlafen (to fall asleep), wachsen (to grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).

Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.

Exception verbs

sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.

Was ist passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.

Past tense for strong verbs

From the table. What you need to know.

Infinitiv	Präteritum	Partizip II
Root vowel inside: A
nehmen - to take	na hm	genommen
lesen - read	la s	gelesen
geben - to give	ga b	gegeben
kommen - come	ka m	gekommen
bekommen - to receive	beka m	bekommen
treffen - to meet	tra f	getroffen
helfen - to help	ha lf	geholfen
trinken - to drink	tra nk	getrunken
stehen - to stand	sta nd	gestanden
verstehen - to understand	versta nd	verstanden
sitzen - to sit	sa ß	gesessen
essen - eat, eat	a ß	gegessen
finden - to find	fa nd	gefunden
sprechen - to talk	spra ch	gesprochen
sehen - to see	sa h	gesehen
singen - to sing	sa ng	gesungen
beginnen - to begin	bega n	begonnen
vergessen - to forget	verga ß	vergessen
Root vowel inside: U
fahren - to go	fu hr	gefahren
tragen - to carry	tru g	getragen
werden - to become	wu rde	geworden
waschen - wash	wu sch	gewaschen
schaffen - create	schu f	geschaffen
laden - to ship	lu d	geladen
einladen - invite	lu d ein	eingeladen
Root vowel inside: IE
schreiben - to write	schrie b	geschrieben
laufen - to run	lie f	gelaufen
bleiben - to stay	blie b	geblieben
entscheiden - decide	entschie d	entschieden
gehen - to go	gi ng	gegangen
heißen - to name	hie ß	geheißen
beißen - to bite	bi ß	gebissen
rufen - to call	rie f	gerufen
gefallen - to like	gefie l	gefallen
Root vowel inside: O
fliegen - to fly	flo g	geflogen
ziehen - to pull	zo g	gezogen
Auxiliary Verbs You Need to Know:
haben - to have	hatte	gehabt
sein - to be	war	gewesen
werden - to become	wurde	geworden

Case questions

Kasus	Fragen	Präpositionen
Dativ	wo? wie lange? wann?	mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei
Akkusativ	wohin?	um, gegen, für, ohne

Subordinate clauses. What is after the comma.

There are two suggestions:

Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.

To link them into one, you need:

just separate them with comma
after the comma, put the union (because, what, when, if, while)
in the second sentence, just take the verb and move it to the end of the sentence and put it in front of the period. Take and transfer, put in front of the point. ALL!

Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.

Conjunctions in a complex sentence

dass - what
wenn - when (recurring action)
als - when (one-time)
während - while
nachdem - after
weil - because
denn - because, because
deshalb - therefore
ob - whether

Imperative mood

Forms (highlighted leaves):

Du-form: Du gehst - you go / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht - you go / go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.

Reflexive verbs

A little bit. Verb + sich: to rejoice - sich freuen Part of sich is always in 3rd place in a sentence:

The imperative mood for returnable.

Du-form: Freu dich!

Sein is in the imperative mood.

Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!

Conjugation of the verb werden - to become

Werden
Ich	werde
Du	wirst
Er, sie, es	wird
wir	werden
ihr	werdet
Sie, sie	werden

Passive = werden + Partizip II.

Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus - Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. - The house is being built by builders.

von - someone, something (Dativ)
durch - because of (Akkusativ)

It is unlikely that you will immediately start talking in the passive, but you need to recognize him in the texts:

Modal verbs in passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):

A man who ... A woman who ... Children who ... Relativsätze

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die - which	der - which	das - which	die - which
Genitiv	deren - which, whose	dessen - which, whose		deren - which, whose
Dativ	der - which	dem - to whom		denen - which
Akkusativ	die - which	den - which	das - which	die - which

Infinitive construction

…, In order to… = um… .. zu + Infinitiv.

Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. - He learns German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. - I dress well in order to look good.

Comparison of adjectives.

Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.

Everything is according to the rule:

	-er	am… sten	der, die, das ... ste
faul - lazy	fauler - lazier	am faulsten - the laziest of all	der, die, das faulste - the laziest
langsam - slowly	langsamer - slower	am langsamsten - slowest of all	der, die, das langsamste - the slowest
lieb - nicely	lieber - nicer	am liebsten - the favorite of all	der, die, das liebste - most lovely
schnell - quickly	schneller - faster	am schnellsten - the fastest	der, die, das schnellste - the fastest

Root vowel change:

alt	ä lter	am ä ltesten
arm	ä rmer	am ä rmsten
groß	grö ßer	am grö ßten
jung	jü nger	am jü ngsten

gern	lieber	am liebsten
gut	besser	am besten
viel / sehr	mehr	am meisten

Afterword

That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. With the same knowledge I went to Germany, I still use this knowledge and know it as "Our Father".

32 topics + words = your success in German.

This is the base. Without her, nowhere. And even articles with adjectives are useless if you don't know these topics.

In Germany, I actively used only these constructions. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into the conversation.

This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And so I learned it.

Which is what I wish for you.

PY.SY: Don't need to tell me that is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.

We do not want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult the grammar of the German language is.

You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all the themes and constructs? And do you actively use everything from school in your everyday life?

As a tip: for a start, figure out only what is on this kilometer page. Take your time to follow the links with the name " More details".

Yes, it can be aesthetically pleasing and unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that needs to be swallowed so as not to choke and not get poisoned by the German language.

For example, denken is to think. The ending -en goes away, and is added instead:

Schlafen
Ich	schlaf + e
Du	schläfst
Er, sie, es	schläft
Wir	schlaf + en
Ihr	schlaf + t
sie, sie	schlaf + en

Fahren
Ich	fahr + e
Du	fährst
Er, sie, es	fährt
Wir	fahr + en
Ihr	fahr + t
sie, sie	fahr + en

Separable verbs

Detachable ones include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.

Conjugation of verbs with a separable prefix

fern sehen - watching tv

Fernsehen
Ich	seh + e fern
Du	siehst fern
Er, sie, es	sieht fern
Wir	seh + en fern
Ihr	seh + t fern
sie, sie	seh + en fern

an fangen: - start

Anfangen
Ich	fang + e an
Du	fängst an
Er, sie, es	fängt an
Wir	fang + en an
Ihr	fang + t an
sie, sie	fang + en an

Non-separable verbs

Non-separable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.

Conjugation of verbs with a non-separable prefix

be kommen - to receive

Bekommen
Ich	bekomm + e
Du	bekomm + st
Er, sie, es	bekomm + t
Wir	bekomm + en
Ihr	bekomm + t
sie, sie	bekomm + en

ver suchen - try, try

VERSUCHEN
Ich	versuch + e
Du	versuch + st
Er, sie, es	versuch + t
Wir	versuch + en
Ihr	versuch + t
sie, sie	versuch + en

Detachable (accented) and non-detachable (unstressed) attachments

durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-

Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can ...

	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
	allowed do something, have right	should (soft)	should (order)	be able, be able to	like	to want	would like
ich	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
du	darfst	sollst	musst	kannst	magst	willst	möchtest
er / sie / es	darf	soll	muss	kann	mag	will	möchte
wir	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten
Ihr	dürft	sollt	müsst	könnt	mögt	wollt	möchtet
Sie / sie	dürfen	sollen	müssen	können	mögen	wollen	möchten

The modal verb is in second place (in a modified form), and the semantic verb is at the very end before the period.

Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. - I have to learn German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. - I don’t want to talk to you today.

The verb to be is sein

Ordinals

1- der, die, das erste!
2 - der, die, das zweite!
3 - der, die, das dritte!
19 - der, die, das neunzehnte
20 - der, die, das zwanzigste
22 - der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste

Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours

Question: wessen - whose, whose, whose?

Cases

Kasus
Nominativ	Wer? Was? (who what)
Genitiv	Wessen? (whose, whose, whose)
Dativ	Wem? (to whom)
Akkusativ	Wen? Was? (who, what)

I - me - me, you - you - you and so on ...

Nominativ	ich	du	er	sie	es	wir	ihr	sie	Sie
	I am	you	he	she	it	we	you	they	You
Dativ	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen	Ihnen
	to me	you	his	her	his	US	to you	them	To you
Akkusativ	mich	dich	ihn	sie	es	uns	euch	sie	Sie
	me	you	his	her	it	US	you	their	You

Man - 3 l. unit number

man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink

Declension of nouns

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die Mutter - Mother	der Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children
Genitiv	der Mutter - (book) moms	des Vaters - (book) dads	des Kindes – (toy) baby	der Kinder - (toys) children
Dativ	der Mutter - mom	dem Vater - dad	dem Kind - to kid	den Kindern - children
Akkusativ	die Mutter - mom	den Vater - dad	das Kind - child	die Kinder - children

Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben

Most verbs in German form the past tense with an auxiliary verb haben .

Weak verbs:

machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t

Strong verbs:

finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.

Verbs ending in -ieren:

without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert

Without the ge- prefix:

verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.

Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein

These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.

Move verbs in space

gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(rise), sinken (sink), gelangen (fall)

Ich bin gekommen. Du bist gefahren.

Verbs of transition from one state to another

aufwachen (to wake up), einschlafen (to fall asleep), wachsen (to grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).

Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.

Exception verbs

sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.

Was ist passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.

Past tense for strong verbs

From the table. What you need to know.

Infinitiv	Präteritum	Partizip II
Root vowel inside: A
nehmen - to take	na hm	genommen
lesen - read	la s	gelesen
geben - to give	ga b	gegeben
kommen - come	ka m	gekommen
bekommen - to receive	beka m	bekommen
treffen - to meet	tra f	getroffen
helfen - to help	ha lf	geholfen
trinken - to drink	tra nk	getrunken
stehen - to stand	sta nd	gestanden
verstehen - to understand	versta nd	verstanden
sitzen - to sit	sa ß	gesessen
essen - eat, eat	a ß	gegessen
finden - to find	fa nd	gefunden
sprechen - to talk	spra ch	gesprochen
sehen - to see	sa h	gesehen
singen - to sing	sa ng	gesungen
beginnen - to begin	bega n	begonnen
vergessen - to forget	verga ß	vergessen
Root vowel inside: U
fahren - to go	fu hr	gefahren
tragen - to carry	tru g	getragen
werden - to become	wu rde	geworden
waschen - wash	wu sch	gewaschen
schaffen - create	schu f	geschaffen
laden - to ship	lu d	geladen
einladen - invite	lu d ein	eingeladen
Root vowel inside: IE
schreiben - to write	schrie b	geschrieben
laufen - to run	lie f	gelaufen
bleiben - to stay	blie b	geblieben
entscheiden - decide	entschie d	entschieden
gehen - to go	gi ng	gegangen
heißen - to name	hie ß	geheißen
beißen - to bite	bi ß	gebissen
rufen - to call	rie f	gerufen
gefallen - to like	gefie l	gefallen
Root vowel inside: O
fliegen - to fly	flo g	geflogen
ziehen - to pull	zo g	gezogen
Auxiliary Verbs You Need to Know:
haben - to have	hatte	gehabt
sein - to be	war	gewesen
werden - to become	wurde	geworden

Case questions

Kasus	Fragen	Präpositionen
Dativ	wo? wie lange? wann?	mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei
Akkusativ	wohin?	um, gegen, für, ohne

Subordinate clauses. What is after the comma.

There are two suggestions:

Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.

To link them into one, you need:

just separate them with comma
after the comma, put the union (because, what, when, if, while)
in the second sentence, just take the verb and move it to the end of the sentence and put it in front of the period. Take and transfer, put in front of the point. ALL!

Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.

Conjunctions in a complex sentence

dass - what
wenn - when (recurring action)
als - when (one-time)
während - while
nachdem - after
weil - because
denn - because, because
deshalb - therefore
ob - whether

Imperative mood

Forms (highlighted leaves):

Du-form: Du gehst - you go / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht - you go / go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.

Reflexive verbs

A little bit. Verb + sich: to rejoice - sich freuen Part of sich is always in 3rd place in a sentence:

The imperative mood for returnable.

Du-form: Freu dich!

Sein is in the imperative mood.

Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!

Conjugation of the verb werden - to become

Werden
Ich	werde
Du	wirst
Er, sie, es	wird
wir	werden
ihr	werdet
Sie, sie	werden

Passive = werden + Partizip II.

Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus - Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. - The house is being built by builders.

von - someone, something (Dativ)
durch - because of (Akkusativ)

It is unlikely that you will immediately start talking in the passive, but you need to recognize him in the texts:

Modal verbs in passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):

A man who ... A woman who ... Children who ... Relativsätze

	Feminine	Masculine gender	Neuter gender	Plural
Nominativ	die - which	der - which	das - which	die - which
Genitiv	deren - which, whose	dessen - which, whose		deren - which, whose
Dativ	der - which	dem - to whom		denen - which
Akkusativ	die - which	den - which	das - which	die - which

Infinitive construction

…, In order to… = um… .. zu + Infinitiv.

Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. - He learns German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. - I dress well in order to look good.

Comparison of adjectives.

Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.

Everything is according to the rule:

	-er	am… sten	der, die, das ... ste
faul - lazy	fauler - lazier	am faulsten - the laziest of all	der, die, das faulste - the laziest
langsam - slowly	langsamer - slower	am langsamsten - slowest of all	der, die, das langsamste - the slowest
lieb - nicely	lieber - nicer	am liebsten - the favorite of all	der, die, das liebste - most lovely
schnell - quickly	schneller - faster	am schnellsten - the fastest	der, die, das schnellste - the fastest

Root vowel change:

alt	ä lter	am ä ltesten
arm	ä rmer	am ä rmsten
groß	grö ßer	am grö ßten
jung	jü nger	am jü ngsten

gern	lieber	am liebsten
gut	besser	am besten
viel / sehr	mehr	am meisten

Afterword

That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. With the same knowledge I went to Germany, I still use this knowledge and know it as "Our Father".

32 topics + words = your success in German.

This is the base. Without her, nowhere. And even articles with adjectives are useless if you don't know these topics.

In Germany, I actively used only these constructions. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into the conversation.

This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And so I learned it.

Which is what I wish for you.

PY.SY: Don't need to tell me that is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.

We do not want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult the grammar of the German language is.

You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all the themes and constructs? And do you actively use everything from school in your everyday life?