Shortness of breath in combination with palpitations (as well as any of these phenomena separately) can be both a temporary phenomenon that occurs, for example, after physical exertion and is characterized by a rapid course, and a symptom indicating the presence of serious health problems.
Conventionally, conditions that are characterized by the presence of shortness of breath and abnormal heartbeat can be classified into relatively normal and pathological groups. The first category includes, for example, emotional stress, intense exercise, fatigue, drinking, etc. The second group includes a variety of diseases - from anemia to very serious pathologies of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other systems and organs.
By reading the information below, you will learn about the most common and most likely causes of shortness of breath and increased heart rate.
Any physical activity is accompanied by an increased consumption of oxygen, whether it is a simple climb up the stairs, a short run, lifting weights or climbing mountain peaks.
The situation becomes especially unpleasant and difficult in cases where sports loads are combined with worries and nervous experiences, for example, during important competitions. A person is worried, the body feels a lack of oxygen, the normal concentration of carbon dioxide is exceeded. Breathing goes astray, the heart begins to beat faster, a headache appears.
To normalize well-being, it is enough to reduce the load, relax a bit or, if you can’t calm down, completely stop the current activity and consult a doctor.
In this case, the mechanism of the development of the problem is as follows: the walls of the vessels are covered with plaques, which leads to a deterioration in blood circulation and, therefore, provokes the occurrence of oxygen deficiency. The appearance of plaques is promoted by excessive cholesterol, as well as natural age-related changes, disturbances in internal metabolic functions, etc. The situation is dangerous with the risk of blood clots with all the ensuing consequences.
In addition to the above points, the number of provoking factors can also include the following:
- bad habits;
- unhealthy diet;
- passive lifestyle;
- frequent emotional overstrain.
In the initial stages of the development of atherosclerosis, the patient does not feel practically any changes in his condition. Over time, shortness of breath occurs, hands and feet begin to go numb. To find the cause of such changes, i.e. diagnosis of the disease, an ECG study is performed.
Lung problems
The problem may appear due to several reasons, namely: low compliance of the lungs, their insufficient compliance, severe injuries to the corresponding part of the body.
If there is insufficient compliance, the patient will feel normal at rest, but the slightest physical exertion will lead to a feeling of lack of air.
Problems with the patency of the lungs cause shortness of breath and other breathing difficulties, even at rest. Each inhalation and exhalation requires significant effort. Breathing out is more difficult in most cases. In the respiratory tract, sputum and mucus are found.
Pain during inhalation and exhalation and other causes
Asphyxiating attacks are typical for cardiac and bronchial forms of asthma. Breathing out takes a lot of effort. Diagnosis is carried out by examining the patient's blood for specific changes. The development of a pre-asthmatic state is characteristic of bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis.
Attacks of shortness of breath and suffocation most often occur at night. Exhalation is accompanied by characteristic sounds resembling wheezing. In a standing position, as a rule, relief is noted.
Anemia
Symptoms of anemia
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A disease that develops due to insufficient hemoglobin content in the body. It is provoked by problems with the intestines, a variety of infectious diseases, a deficiency of vitamins and trace elements.
So, vitamin deficiency anemia can cause shortness of breath and a number of other adverse symptoms, including:
- increase in heart rate;
- impaired coordination and reflexes;
- general weakness;
- temperature increase.
Anemia - symptoms
There may be problems such as an increase in the size of the liver and various mental disorders.
cardiac causes
The studied signs are characteristic of many pathologies of the heart. About them in the table.
Table. Cardiac causes of shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat
| List of diseases | Description |
|---|---|
| Failure | Shortness of breath and disturbances in the normal heart rhythm are characteristic of both acute and congestive forms of this disease. In parallel, sweating, general weakness, swelling of the legs are noted. |
| Angina and heart attacks | In the presence of such, the heartbeat can either increase or slow down. In the case of a heart attack, pain will radiate along the left side of the body in parallel. |
| Other diseases | Malformations, myocarditis of various origins, pericarditis, endocarditis, cardiosclerosis, pulmonary embolism - these and many other heart diseases, among other characteristic signs, include conditions such as shortness of breath and a violation of the normal heart rate. |
Also, different types of tachycardia also belong to cardiac causes that provoke the development of shortness of breath and palpitations:
Shortness of breath and cardiac arrhythmias may occur with heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages and caffeinated products, frequent smoking, the use of certain medications (corticosteroids, diuretics, etc.). The intake of these substances has a stimulating effect on the sympathetic nervous system, provoking the occurrence of reflex tachycardia.
Describes a condition in which the studied symptoms occur even at rest. The reasons are poorly understood and not reliably established.
It is important to understand that shortness of breath and palpitations as such are not independent diseases - they are simply symptoms that may indicate the presence of various problems with the body.
Be sure to see your doctor if:
- at night or after eating, your heart begins to beat faster;
- half an hour after excitement, cessation of physical activity, jogging, etc. heart rate does not return to normal levels;
- shortness of breath and palpitations appear too often, often for no apparent reason;
- the listed signs are supplemented by other adverse changes in well-being.
If you or someone close to you has an attack, call an ambulance immediately. While she is driving, you can take / give the victim Valocordin or Corvalol in an amount of about 40 drops. To alleviate the condition, you should wash your face with cold water, drink water, lie down and wait for the doctors to arrive.
Non-cardiac causes
Shortness of breath and irregular heartbeat can occur in the presence of a number of diseases that are not directly related to the heart. About those in the table.
Table. Non-cardiac causes of dyspnea and palpitations
| List of ailments | Description |
|---|---|
| Accompanied by increased heart rate and a number of other characteristic features, including: general weakness and fatigue, emotional instability, weakening of the pulse. Nausea and vomiting, problems with the perception of tastes and smells may occur. |
| This term is used to refer to neoplasms of the adrenal glands. If present, sudden surges in the level of adrenaline can occur, which can provoke shortness of breath, increased heart rate, pressure drops, headaches, sweating, sleep disturbances, nausea, etc. |
| The studied symptoms are often observed in the presence of psychoses, neuroses and other pathologies that affect the nervous system. |
| An excessive increase in the concentration of hormones produced by the thyroid gland causes shortness of breath, heart palpitations and other problems, such as sweating, weight loss, and indigestion. |
| The disease is accompanied by respiratory disorders and a number of other problems, for example, a weakening of the pulse, the appearance of third-party odors in the mouth, pain in the abdomen, nausea, etc. This condition requires urgent medical intervention, otherwise a person may fall into a coma and even die. |
| The term is used to refer to a condition characterized by a low concentration of sugar in the blood. The disease is accompanied by studied and a number of additional symptoms, for example, increased sweating, excessive appetite, nervousness, etc. | |
| Sodium deficiency. When present, shortness of breath and palpitations are extremely rare, but quite possible phenomena. Additionally, muscle cramps, irritability, nausea, and intense thirst are noted. | |
| It can occur in a state of shock, with loss of consciousness, severe loss of blood. In the latter case, there is an increase in heart rate and a weakening of the pulse. The body temperature rises, the mouth dries up, the person becomes very restless. |
| Oxygen starvation. Accompanied by shortness of breath and increased heart rate, impaired coordination, fainting, etc. | |
| A condition characterized by the filling of the pleural cavity with air. In such conditions, breathing becomes abnormal, wheezing is heard. |
| These include any kind of focal infections, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, etc. |
| This should also include the condition known as anaphylactic shock. The patient's pressure drops, the airways swell, the heart beats faster, it becomes difficult to breathe. Without emergency medical care, the patient may die. |
| A sharp strong increase in pressure is accompanied by an increase in heart rate and a number of other signs, such as nausea, ringing in the ears, dizziness, etc. |
| Excessive physical activity, severe pain, psycho-emotional shocks and other similar moments can provoke the appearance of the so-called. physiological tachycardia. In such conditions, as a rule, it is enough to simply eliminate or at least weaken the effect of provoking factors. |
Other reasons
There are several additional causes that can provoke the occurrence of shortness of breath and palpitations, but not included in the above classification groups.
- Withdrawal syndrome in drunkards.
The studied signs here are combined with excessive sweating, sleep disturbances, irritability, fever, and sometimes hallucinations.
- Fear, intense anxiety and in general any kind of emotional stress and anxiety. The mechanism of development of the problem in such situations is as follows: under the influence of a stress factor or a strong emotional shock, a large amount of adrenaline is released into the blood. This leads to an overstrain of the respiratory system, which provokes a decrease in the efficiency of breathing, but does not cause it to stop completely. In a state of panic, when there is a lack of air, a person begins to literally “swallow” it, directing it not to the lungs, but to the stomach. Many people also forget to breathe out, which only exacerbates the situation and increases the panic.
Another cause of shortness of breath in stressful situations and severe emotional states is muscle spasm. Under the conditions studied, the brain instructs the muscular system to prepare for possible danger. Tighten, including the muscles of the pharynx. Because of this, there is such a sensation known to every person as a “lump in the throat”.
Dyspnea- This is a violation of breathing, which is accompanied by a change in its frequency and depth. As a rule, breathing during shortness of breath is rapid and shallow, which is a compensatory mechanism ( body adaptation) in response to a lack of oxygen. Shortness of breath that occurs when inhaling is called inspiratory, shortness of breath when exhaling is called expiratory. It can also be mixed, that is, it can occur both on inhalation and on exhalation. Subjectively, shortness of breath is felt as a lack of air, a feeling of squeezing the chest. Normally, shortness of breath can occur in a healthy person, in which case it is called physiological.
Physiological dyspnea may appear in the following cases:
- as a reaction of the body to excessive physical activity, especially if the body is not constantly subjected to physical activity;
- at high altitudes, where conditions of hypoxia are created ( lack of oxygen);
- in closed rooms with an increased amount of carbon dioxide ( hypercapnia).
Depending on the etiology(causes)shortness of breath can be of the following types:
- cardiac shortness of breath;
- pulmonary shortness of breath;
- shortness of breath as a consequence of anemia.
Doctors who can be contacted for shortness of breath include:
- therapist;
- family doctor;
- cardiologist;
- pulmonologist.
How does a person breathe?
Respiration is a physiological process during which gas exchange occurs, that is, the body receives oxygen from the external environment and releases carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. This is one of the most important functions of the body, because thanks to breathing, the vital activity of the body is maintained. Breathing is a complex process that is carried out mainly with the help of the respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the following organs:
- nasal and oral cavity;
- larynx;
- trachea;
- bronchi;
- lungs.
Atmospheric air through the airways enters the lungs and then into the pulmonary alveoli. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs, that is, carbon dioxide is released, and the blood is saturated with oxygen. Further, the blood enriched with oxygen is sent to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which flow into the left atrium. From the left atrium, blood goes to the left ventricle, from where it goes through the aorta to the organs and tissues. Caliber ( the size) arteries, through which blood is carried throughout the body, moving away from the heart, gradually decreases to capillaries, through the membrane of which gases are exchanged with tissues.
The act of breathing consists of two stages:
- inhale at which atmospheric air saturated with oxygen enters the body. Inhalation is an active process in which the respiratory muscles are involved.
- Exhalation, which releases air saturated with carbon dioxide. When exhaling, the respiratory muscles relax.
Cardiac dyspnea
Cardiac shortness of breath is shortness of breath that develops as a result of heart pathologies. As a rule, cardiac dyspnea has a chronic course. Shortness of breath in heart disease is one of the most important symptoms. In some cases, depending on the type of shortness of breath, duration, physical activity, after which it appears, it is possible to judge the stage of heart failure. Cardiac dyspnea, as a rule, is characterized by inspiratory dyspnea and frequent attacks of paroxysmal ( recurring) nocturnal dyspnea. Causes of cardiac dyspnea
There are many reasons that can cause shortness of breath. These can be congenital diseases associated with genetic abnormalities, as well as acquired, the risk of which increases with age and depends on the presence of risk factors.The most common causes of cardiac dyspnea include:
- heart failure;
- acute coronary syndrome;
- hemopericardium, cardiac tamponade.
Heart failure is a pathology in which the heart, due to certain reasons, is unable to pump the volume of blood that is necessary for the normal metabolism and functioning of the organs and systems of the body.
In most cases, heart failure develops in pathological conditions such as:
- arterial hypertension;
- coronary artery disease ( cardiac ischemia);
- constrictive pericarditis ( inflammation of the pericardium, accompanied by its compaction and impaired contraction of the heart);
- restrictive cardiomyopathy ( inflammation of the heart muscle with a decrease in its extensibility);
- pulmonary hypertension ( increased blood pressure in the pulmonary artery);
- bradycardia ( decrease in heart rate) or tachycardia ( increase in heart rate) different etiologies;
- heart defects.
In the early stages of heart failure, shortness of breath may be absent. Further, with the progression of the pathology, shortness of breath appears with strong exertion, with weak exertion, and even at rest.
Symptoms of heart failure associated with shortness of breath are:
- cyanosis ( bluish tinge of the skin);
- cough, especially at night;
- hemoptysis ( hemoptysis) - expectoration of sputum mixed with blood;
- orthopnea - rapid breathing in a horizontal position;
- nocturia - an increase in the formation of urine at night;
Acute coronary syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs suggestive of myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Myocardial infarction is a disease that occurs as a result of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and delivery, which results in necrosis of a portion of the myocardium. Unstable angina is considered an exacerbation of coronary heart disease, which can lead to myocardial infarction or sudden death. These two conditions are combined into one syndrome due to the common pathogenetic mechanism and the difficulty of differential diagnosis between them at first. Acute coronary syndrome appears with atherosclerosis and thrombosis of the coronary arteries, which cannot provide the myocardium with the necessary amount of oxygen.
Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome are considered to be:
- pain behind the sternum, which can also radiate to the left shoulder, left arm, lower jaw; as a rule, the pain lasts more than 10 minutes;
- shortness of breath, feeling short of breath;
- feeling of heaviness in the chest;
- blanching of the skin;
First aid for symptoms of acute coronary syndrome - sublingual nitroglycerin ( under the tongue), unbuttoning clothes that are tight, squeezing the chest, supplying fresh air and calling an ambulance.
Heart defects
Heart disease is a pathological change in the structures of the heart, which leads to impaired blood flow. The blood flow is disturbed both in the large and in the pulmonary circulation. Heart defects can be congenital or acquired. They can touch the following structures - valves, partitions, vessels, walls. Congenital heart defects appear as a result of various genetic abnormalities, intrauterine infections. Acquired heart defects can occur against the background of infective endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), rheumatism, syphilis.
Heart defects include the following pathologies:
- ventricular septal defect- this is an acquired heart disease, which is characterized by the presence of a defect in certain parts of the interventricular septum, which is located between the right and left ventricles of the heart;
- open oval window- a defect in the interatrial septum, which occurs due to the fact that there is no closure of the oval window, which is involved in the blood circulation of the fetus;
- open arterial ( botalls) duct, which in the prenatal period connects the aorta with the pulmonary artery, and must close during the first day of life;
- aortic coarctation- heart disease, which is manifested by narrowing of the aortic lumen and requires cardiac surgery;
- valvular insufficiency- this is a type of heart disease in which it is impossible to completely close the valves of the heart and there is a reverse flow of blood;
- valvular stenosis characterized by narrowing or fusion of the valve leaflets and disruption of normal blood flow.
The most common symptoms of heart disease are:
- dyspnea;
- cyanosis of the skin;
- pallor of the skin;
- loss of consciousness;
- lag in physical development;
Heart defects are diseases that can be alleviated with the help of therapeutic methods, but can only be completely cured with the help of surgery.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease characterized by damage to the heart and is manifested by hypertrophy ( an increase in the volume of muscle cells of the heart) or dilation ( enlargement of the chambers of the heart).
There are two types of cardiomyopathy:
- primary (idiopathic), the cause of which is unknown, but it is assumed that these may be autoimmune disorders, infectious factors ( viruses), genetic and other factors;
- secondary, which appears against the background of various diseases ( hypertension, intoxication, coronary heart disease, amyloidosis and other diseases).
The most common manifestations of cardiomyopathy are considered to be:
- shortness of breath
- cough;
- blanching of the skin;
- increased fatigue;
- increased heart rate;
- dizziness.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is a lesion of the myocardium ( heart muscle) is predominantly inflammatory. Symptoms of myocarditis are shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, weakness.
Among the causes of myocarditis are:
- Bacterial, viral infections more often than other causes cause infectious myocarditis. The most common causative agents of the disease are viruses, namely Coxsackie virus, measles virus, rubella virus.
- Rheumatism, in which myocarditis is one of the main manifestations.
- Systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis ( inflammation of the walls of blood vessels) lead to myocardial damage.
- Taking certain medications ( antibiotics), vaccines, sera can also lead to myocarditis.
In order to prevent the occurrence of myocarditis, it is necessary to treat infectious diseases in a timely manner, to sanitize chronic foci of infections ( caries, tonsillitis), it is rational to prescribe medicines, vaccines and serums.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium ( pericardial sac). The causes of pericarditis are similar to those of myocarditis. Pericarditis is manifested by prolonged pain in the chest ( which, unlike acute coronary syndromes, do not improve with nitroglycerin), fever, severe shortness of breath. With pericarditis, due to inflammatory changes in the pericardial cavity, adhesions can form, which can then coalesce, which greatly complicates the work of the heart.
With pericarditis, shortness of breath often develops in a horizontal position. Shortness of breath with pericarditis is a constant symptom and it does not disappear until the cause is eliminated.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a pathological condition in which fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and hemodynamics is disturbed ( movement of blood through the vessels). The fluid that is in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart and limits heart contractions.
Cardiac tamponade may appear as acute ( with injuries), as well as in chronic diseases ( pericarditis). Manifested by painful shortness of breath, tachycardia, lowering blood pressure. Cardiac tamponade can cause acute heart failure, shock. This pathology is very dangerous and can lead to a complete cessation of cardiac activity. Therefore, timely medical intervention is of utmost importance. On an emergency basis, a pericardial puncture and removal of the pathological fluid are performed.
Diagnosis of cardiac dyspnea
Shortness of breath, being a symptom that can occur in pathologies of various organs and systems, requires careful diagnosis. Research methods for the diagnosis of dyspnea are very diverse and include examination of the patient, paraclinical ( laboratory) and instrumental studies.The following methods are used to diagnose dyspnea:
- physical examination ( conversation with the patient, examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation);
- ultrasonography ( transesophageal, transthoracic);
- x-ray examination of the chest;
- CT ( CT scan);
- MRI ( );
- ECG ( electrocardiography), ECG monitoring;
- cardiac catheterization;
- bicycle ergometry.
The very first step in making a diagnosis is to take an anamnesis ( that is, questioning the patient), and then examining the patient.
When taking anamnesis, you should pay attention to the following information:
- The characteristic of shortness of breath, which can be on inspiration, on expiration, or mixed.
- The intensity of shortness of breath can also indicate a certain pathological condition.
- hereditary factor. The probability of occurrence of heart diseases, if they were in parents, is several times higher.
- The presence of various chronic heart diseases.
- You should also pay attention to the time of occurrence of shortness of breath, its dependence on the position of the body, on physical activity. If shortness of breath occurs during physical exertion, it is necessary to clarify the intensity of the load.
Percussion of the heart provides information about the increase in the boundaries of the heart, which occurs due to the phenomena of hypertrophy or dilatation. Normally, the sound is dull on percussion. A change and displacement of the boundaries of cardiac dullness indicates cardiac pathologies or pathologies of other mediastinal organs.
The next step in the examination of the patient is auscultation ( listening). Auscultation is performed using a phonendoscope.
With the help of auscultation of the heart, the following changes can be determined:
- weakening of the sonority of heart sounds ( myocarditis, myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis, valvular insufficiency);
- increased sonority of heart sounds ( atrioventricular stenosis);
- split heart sounds mitral stenosis, non-simultaneous closure of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves);
- pericardial rub ( dry or effusion pericarditis, after myocardial infarction);
- other noises with valve insufficiency, stenosis of the openings, stenosis of the aortic orifice).
A complete blood count is a laboratory research method that allows you to evaluate the cellular composition of the blood.
In the general blood test for cardiac pathologies, changes in the following indicators are of interest:
- Hemoglobin is a component of erythrocytes, which is involved in the transfer of oxygen. If the hemoglobin level is low, this indirectly indicates that there is a lack of oxygen in the tissues, including the myocardium.
- Leukocytes. Leukocytes can be increased in case of an infectious process in the body. An example is infective endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis. Sometimes leukocytosis ( increased levels of leukocytes) observed in myocardial infarction.
- red blood cells often lowered in patients with chronic heart disease.
- platelets involved in blood clotting. An increased number of platelets can be due to blockage of blood vessels, with a decrease in the level of platelets, bleeding is observed.
- ESR () is a nonspecific factor in the inflammatory process in the body. An increase in ESR occurs with myocardial infarction, with an infectious lesion of the heart, rheumatism.
A biochemical blood test is also informative in the case of diagnosing the causes of shortness of breath. A change in some indicators of a biochemical blood test indicates the presence of a heart disease.
To diagnose the causes of cardiac dyspnea, the following biochemical parameters are analyzed:
- Lipidogram, which includes such indicators as lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides. This indicator indicates a violation in lipid metabolism, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which, in turn, are a factor leading to most heart diseases.
- AST (aspartate aminotransferase). This enzyme is found in large quantities in the heart. Its increase indicates the presence of damage to the muscle cells of the heart. As a rule, AST is elevated during the first day after myocardial infarction, then its level may be normal. By how much the AST level is increased, one can judge the size of the necrosis area ( cell death).
- LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). For the analysis of cardiac activity, the total level of LDH, as well as the fractions of LDH-1 and LDH-2, is important. An elevated level of this indicator indicates necrosis in the muscle tissue of the heart in myocardial infarction.
- KFK (creatine phosphokinase) is a marker of acute myocardial infarction. Also, CPK can be increased with myocarditis.
- Troponin is a protein that is an integral part of cardiomyocytes and is involved in heart contraction. An increase in the level of troponins indicates damage to myocardial cells in acute myocardial infarction.
- Coagulogram (blood clotting) indicates the risk of thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism.
- Acid phosphatase increases in patients with myocardial infarction in severe course and the presence of complications.
- electrolytes (K, Na, Cl, Ca) increase in violation of the rhythm of cardiac activity, cardiovascular insufficiency.
A general urine test does not give an accurate characterization and localization of heart disease, that is, this research method does not indicate specific signs of heart disease, but it can indirectly indicate the presence of a pathological process in the body. A general urine test is prescribed as a routine research method.
If dyspnea of a cardiac nature is suspected, an x-ray examination is one of the most important and informative.
Radiological signs that speak of cardiac pathology and pathology of the vessels of the heart are:
- Heart sizes. An increase in the size of the heart can be observed with myocardial hypertrophy or dilatation of the chambers. It can occur in heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, coronary heart disease.
- Shape, configuration of the heart. You can notice an increase in the chambers of the heart.
- Saccular protrusion of the aorta with aneurysm.
- Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity in pericarditis.
- Atherosclerotic lesion of the thoracic aorta.
- Signs of heart defects.
- Congestion in the lungs, basal infiltration in the lungs with heart failure.
CT of the heart and blood vessels
Computed tomography is a method of layer-by-layer examination of internal organs using x-rays. CT is an informative method that allows you to detect various pathologies of the heart, and also allows you to determine the possible risk of coronary artery disease ( cardiac ischemia) according to the degree of calcification ( deposition of calcium salts) coronary arteries.
Computed tomography can detect changes in the following structures of the heart:
- the state of the coronary arteries - the degree of calcification of the coronary arteries ( by volume and mass of calcifications), stenosis of the coronary arteries, coronary shunts, anomalies of the coronary arteries;
- diseases of the aorta - aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, it is possible to take measurements necessary for aortic prosthetics;
- condition of the heart chambers - fibrosis ( proliferation of connective tissue), dilatation of the ventricle, aneurysm, thinning of the walls, the presence of space-occupying formations;
- changes in the pulmonary veins - stenosis, abnormal changes;
- with the help of CT, almost all heart defects can be detected;
- pathology of the pericardium - constrictive pericarditis, thickening of the pericardium.
MRI ( Magnetic resonance imaging) is a very valuable method for studying the structure and functions of the heart. MRI is a method for examining internal organs based on the phenomenon of magnetic nuclear resonance. MRI can be done with contrast ( injection of a contrast agent for better visualization of tissues), and without it, depending on the objectives of the study.
An MRI provides the following information:
- assessment of the functions of the heart, valves;
- degree of myocardial damage;
- thickening of the walls of the myocardium;
- heart defects;
- diseases of the pericardium.
MRI is contraindicated in the presence of a pacemaker and other implants ( prostheses) with metal parts. The main advantages of this method are high information content and the absence of patient exposure.
Ultrasonography
Ultrasound is a method of examining internal organs using ultrasonic waves. For the diagnosis of heart diseases, ultrasound is also one of the leading methods.
Ultrasound has a number of significant advantages:
- non-invasiveness ( no tissue damage);
- harmlessness ( no exposure);
- low cost;
- fast results;
- high information content.
The following types of ultrasound are used to diagnose cardiac pathologies:
- Transthoracic echocardiography. In transthoracic echocardiography, an ultrasound transducer is placed on the surface of the skin. Different images can be obtained by changing the position and angle of the sensor.
- Transesophageal ( transesophageal) echocardiography. This type of echocardiography allows you to see what is difficult to see with transthoracic echocardiography due to the presence of obstructions ( adipose tissue, ribs, muscles, lungs). In this study, the transducer passes through the esophagus, which is key because the esophagus is in close proximity to the heart.
ECG
An electrocardiogram is a method of graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart. ECG is an extremely important research method. With its help, you can detect signs of cardiac pathology, signs of myocardial infarction. An ECG is performed using an electrocardiograph, the results are issued immediately on the spot. A qualified doctor then conducts a thorough analysis of the ECG results and draws conclusions about the presence or absence of characteristic signs of pathology.
An ECG is done both once, and the so-called daily ECG monitoring is carried out ( according to Holter). According to this method, a continuous ECG recording is performed. At the same time, physical activity is recorded, if any, the appearance of pain. The procedure usually takes 1-3 days. In some cases, the procedure takes much longer - months. In this case, the sensors are implanted under the skin.
Cardiac catheterization
The most commonly used method of cardiac catheterization according to Seldinger. The course of the procedure is monitored by a special camera. Local anesthesia is preliminarily performed. If the patient is restless, a sedative may also be administered. A special needle is used to puncture the femoral vein, then a conductor is installed along the needle, which reaches the inferior vena cava. Next, a catheter is put on the conductor, which is inserted into the right atrium, from where it can be inserted into the right ventricle or pulmonary trunk, and the conductor is removed.
Cardiac catheterization allows you to:
- accurate measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure;
- oximetric analysis of blood obtained through a catheter ( determination of blood oxygen saturation).
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography is a method for examining coronary ( coronary) arteries of the heart using x-rays. Coronary angiography is performed using catheters through which a contrast agent is injected into the coronary arteries. After the injection, the contrast agent completely fills the lumen of the artery, and with the help of an X-ray machine, several pictures are taken in different projections, which allow assessing the state of the vessels.
Veloergometry ( ECG with exercise)
Bicycle ergometry is a research method that is performed using a special installation - a bicycle ergometer. A bicycle ergometer is a special type of exercise machine that can accurately dose physical activity. The patient sits on a bicycle ergometer, on his arms and legs ( possibly on the back or shoulder blades) electrodes are fixed, with the help of which the ECG is recorded.
The method is quite informative and allows you to assess the body's tolerance to physical activity and set the allowable level of physical activity, identify signs of myocardial ischemia, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, determine the functional class of angina pectoris.
Contraindications to bicycle ergometry are:
- acute myocardial infarction;
- pulmonary embolism;
- unstable angina;
- late pregnancy;
- atrioventricular blockade of the 2nd degree ( violation of the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles of the heart);
- other acute and severe diseases.
Treatment of cardiac dyspnea
Treatment of shortness of breath, first of all, should be aimed at eliminating the causes of its occurrence. Without knowing the causes of shortness of breath, it is impossible to fight it. In this regard, correct diagnosis is very important.In the treatment, both pharmaceuticals and surgical interventions, as well as traditional medicine can be used. In addition to the basic course of treatment, diet, daily routine and lifestyle adjustments are very important. It is recommended to limit excessive physical activity, stress, treatment of heart disease and risk factors leading to them.
Treatment of cardiac dyspnea is etiopathogenetic, that is, it is aimed at the causes and mechanism of its occurrence. Thus, to eliminate cardiac dyspnea, it is necessary to fight heart disease.
Groups of drugs used in the treatment of cardiac dyspnea
| Drug group | Group representatives | Mechanism of action |
| Diuretics
(diuretics) |
| Eliminate edema, reduce blood pressure and stress on the heart. |
| ACE inhibitors
(angiotensin converting enzyme) |
| Vasoconstrictor, hypotensive action. |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers |
| Antihypertensive effect. |
| Beta blockers |
| Hypotensive effect, decrease in the frequency and strength of heart contractions. |
| Aldosterone antagonists |
| Diuretic, antihypertensive, potassium-sparing action. |
| cardiac glycosides |
| Cardiotonic action, normalize metabolic processes in the heart muscle, eliminate congestion. |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs |
| Normalization of the heart rate. |
Oxygen therapy is also recommended. Oxygen therapy is usually carried out in a hospital setting. Oxygen is supplied through a mask or special tubes, and the duration of the procedure is determined in each case individually.
Folk remedies for shortness of breath include the following:
- Hawthorn normalizes blood circulation, has a tonic effect, hypotonic effect, lowers cholesterol levels. You can make tea, juice, infusion, balm from hawthorn.
- Fish fat helps to reduce heart rate, helps in the prevention of heart attacks.
- Mint, Melissa have a calming, vasodilating, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory effect.
- Valerian It is used for strong palpitations, pain in the heart, has a calming effect.
- Calendula helps with tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension.
Surgical methods for the treatment of cardiac dyspnea include the following manipulations:
- coronary artery bypass surgery is an operation, the purpose of which is to restore normal blood flow in the coronary arteries. This is done using shunts, which allow you to bypass the affected or narrowed section of the coronary artery. For this, a section of a peripheral vein or artery is taken and sutured between the coronary artery and the aorta. Thus, blood flow is restored.
- Valve replacement, valve reconditioning- this is the only type of operations with which you can radically ( fully) eliminate heart defects. Valves can be natural ( biological material, human or animal) and artificial ( synthetic materials, metals).
- Pacemaker- This is a special device that supports cardiac activity. The device consists of two main parts - a generator of electrical impulses and an electrode that transmits these impulses to the heart. Cardiac stimulation can be external ( however, this method is now rarely used.) or internal ( permanent pacemaker implantation).
- Heart transplant. This method is the most extreme and, at the same time, the most difficult. Heart transplantation is carried out at a time when it is no longer possible to cure the disease and maintain the patient's condition by any other methods.
Pulmonary dyspnea
Pulmonary dyspnea is a disorder of the depth and frequency of breathing associated with diseases of the respiratory system. With pulmonary dyspnea, air is obstructed, which rushes into the alveoli ( the end part of the respiratory apparatus, has the form of a bubble), insufficient oxygenation occurs ( oxygen saturation) blood, and characteristic symptoms appear. Causes of pulmonary dyspnea
Pulmonary shortness of breath may appear as a result of inflammatory diseases of the lung parenchyma, the presence of foreign bodies in the respiratory tract and other pathologies of the respiratory system.Conditions that most often lead to pulmonary dyspnea include:
- pneumothorax;
- hemothorax;
- pulmonary embolism;
- aspiration.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease characterized by partially reversible and progressive airflow obstruction in the airways due to an inflammatory process.
The most common causes of COPD are:
- Smoking. 90% of COPD cases are caused by smoking ( This includes passive smoking);
- Pollution of atmospheric air and indoor air by various harmful substances (dust, pollution by substances emitted by street transport and industrial enterprises);
- Recurrent ( repetitive) infections bronchi and lungs often lead to exacerbation and progression of COPD;
- Frequent infections respiratory tract in childhood.
The main symptoms of COPD are:
- Cough in the early stage appears rarely, with the progression of the disease becomes chronic.
- Sputum initially released in small amounts, then its amount increases, it becomes viscous, purulent.
- Dyspnea- this is the latest symptom of the disease, it may appear several years after the onset of the disease, at first it appears only with intense physical exertion, then it appears with normal exertion. Shortness of breath, as a rule, is of a mixed type, that is, both on inhalation and on exhalation.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, which is characterized by periodic attacks of breathlessness. The number of patients with asthma is about 5 - 10% of the population.
Causes of asthma include:
- hereditary factor, which occurs in about 30% of cases;
- allergic substances in the environment ( pollen, insects, fungi, animal hair);
- occupational factors in the workplace ( dust, harmful gases and fumes).
The most characteristic manifestations of bronchial asthma are:
- periodic occurrence of episodes of shortness of breath;
- cough;
- feeling of discomfort in the chest;
- the appearance of sputum;
- panic.
Emphysema
Emphysema is an irreversible expansion of the air space of the distal bronchioles as a result of destructive changes in their alveolar walls.
Among the causes of emphysema, there are 2 main factors:
- COPD;
- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
The main symptoms of emphysema are:
- dyspnea;
- sputum;
- cough;
- cyanosis;
- "barrel-shaped" chest;
- expansion of the intercostal spaces.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs that affects the alveoli and/or interstitial tissue of the lungs. Every year, about 7 million cases of pneumonia in the world are fatal.
Pneumonia is predominantly caused by various microorganisms and is an infectious disease.
The most common causative agents of pneumonia are:
- Pneumococcus;
- respiratory viruses ( adenovirus, influenza virus);
- legionella.
The most typical symptoms of pneumonia are:
- acute onset with fever;
- cough with copious sputum;
- dyspnea;
- headache, weakness, malaise;
- chest pain.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. Pneumothorax can be open and closed, depending on the presence of communication with the environment.
Pneumothorax may occur in the following cases:
- Spontaneous pneumothorax which occurs most frequently. As a rule, spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by rupture of blisters in emphysema.
- Injury- penetrating ( penetrating) chest wounds, rib fractures.
- Iatrogenic pneumothorax (medical care) - after pleural puncture, operations on the chest, catheterization of the subclavian vein.
Clinical manifestations of pneumothorax are:
- stitching pain in the affected part of the chest;
- dyspnea;
- asymmetric chest movements;
- pale or bluish tint of the skin;
- bouts of coughing.
Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity with accumulation of blood compresses the lung, makes it difficult to breathe and contributes to the displacement of the mediastinal organs.
Hemothorax appears as a result of the action of the following factors:
- injury ( penetrating wounds of the chest, closed injuries);
- medical procedures ( after surgery, puncture);
- pathology ( tuberculosis, cancer, abscess, aortic aneurysm).
Symptoms characteristic of hemothorax are:
- pain in the chest, aggravated by coughing or breathing;
- dyspnea;
- forced sitting or semi-sitting position ( to alleviate the condition);
- tachycardia;
- pale skin;
- fainting.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the lumen of the pulmonary artery by emboli. The embolus may be a thrombus most common cause of embolism), fat, tumor tissue, air.
Clinically, pulmonary embolism is manifested by the following symptoms:
- shortness of breath ( most common symptom);
- tachycardia;
- severe chest pain;
- cough, hemoptysis hemoptysis);
- fainting, shock.
Pulmonary embolism can lead to pulmonary infarction, acute respiratory failure, instant death. In the initial stages of the disease, with timely medical care, the prognosis is quite favorable.
Aspiration
Aspiration is a condition characterized by the entry of foreign bodies or fluids into the airways.
Aspiration is manifested by the following symptoms:
- expiratory dyspnea;
- sharp cough;
- suffocation;
- loss of consciousness;
- noisy breathing, heard in the distance.
Diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea
Diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea may seem simple at first glance. However, the purpose of diagnosis in this case is not only to identify the presence of a disease of the respiratory system, but also the form, stage, course of the disease and prognosis. Only correct diagnosis can become the basis for adequate therapy.Diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea is carried out using the following methods:
- physical examination;
- general blood analysis;
- general urine analysis;
- blood chemistry;
- determination of the level of D-dimers in the blood;
- chest x-ray;
- CT, MRI;
- scintigraphy;
- pulse oximetry;
- body plethysmography;
- spirometry;
- sputum examination;
- bronchoscopy;
- laryngoscopy;
- thoracoscopy;
- Lung ultrasound.
The first step in making a diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea is to take an anamnesis and examine the patient.
When taking anamnesis, the following factors are of great importance:
- age;
- the presence of chronic pulmonary diseases;
- conditions at the workplace, since a large number of pulmonary diseases occur due to the inhalation of harmful substances and gases during work;
- smoking is an absolute risk factor for lung disease;
- decrease in immunity the body's defenses), when the body is unable to fight pathogenic factors;
- heredity ( bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis).
When examining a patient, pay attention to the following details:
- Skin color. Skin color may be pale or bluish, reddish ( hyperemia).
- forced position. With pleural effusion, lung abscess ( unilateral lesions) the patient tries to lie on the affected side. During an attack of bronchial asthma, the patient sits or stands and leans on the edge of the bed, table, chair.
- chest shape. "Barrel-shaped" chest can be with emphysema. Asymmetric chest occurs with unilateral lesions.
- Fingers in the form of drumsticks appear with prolonged respiratory failure.
- Breathing characteristic- increase or decrease in the frequency of respiratory movements, shallow or deep, arrhythmic breathing.
After palpation proceed to percussion ( tapping). During percussion, the lower border of the lungs, the apex of the lung is determined, the percussion sound is compared on the right and left. Normally, the percussion sound in the region of the lungs is sonorous and clear. With pathological changes, a clear pulmonary sound is replaced by a tympanic, dull, boxed sound.
Auscultation of the lungs is performed while sitting or standing. At the same time, the main respiratory sounds are heard, additional ( pathological) breath sounds ( wheezing, crepitus, pleural friction rub).
General blood analysis
In the general blood test, there are a number of indicators that are characterized by changes in pulmonary diseases.
A complete blood count provides the following information that is important for diagnosing dyspnea:
- Anemia- in pulmonary diseases, it is established due to the phenomenon of hypoxia.
- Leukocytosis- purulent diseases of the lungs, infectious diseases of the respiratory tract ( bronchitis, pneumonia).
- ESR increase ( erythrocyte sedimentation rate) indicates the presence of inflammatory diseases.
A general urinalysis, as well as a general blood test, is prescribed as a routine research method. It does not directly inform about any pulmonary disease, however, the following indicators can be detected - albuminuria, erythrocyturia, cylindruria, azotemia, oliguria.
Blood chemistry
A biochemical blood test is a very important method of laboratory research, the results of which make it possible to judge the state of various organs. Biochemical blood test allows you to detect active and latent diseases, inflammatory processes
In pulmonary diseases, the following indicators of a biochemical blood test are important:
- total protein. In diseases of the respiratory system, it often decreases.
- Albumin-globulin ratio, in which changes occur in inflammatory lung diseases, namely, the amount of albumin decreases and the amount of globulins increases.
- SRP ( C-reactive protein) increases with inflammatory and dystrophic lung diseases.
- Haptoglobin (a protein found in blood plasma that binds hemoglobin) increases with pneumonia and other inflammatory diseases.
D-dimer level
D-dimer is a component of the fibrin protein that is involved in thrombosis. An increase in D-dimers in the blood indicates the process of excessive thrombus formation, although it does not indicate the exact location of the thrombus. The most common causes of increased D-dimers are pulmonary embolism, malignant neoplasms. If this indicator is normal, pathology is not excluded, since there is a possibility of obtaining false negative results.
Chest X-ray
Chest x-ray is the most common x-ray method.
The list of diseases detected by radiography is extensive and includes the following:
- pneumonia;
- tumors;
- bronchitis;
- pneumothorax;
- pulmonary edema;
- trauma;
- other.
Diseases of the respiratory system can be detected by the following signs:
- decreased transparency of the lung tissue;
- darkening of the lung fields is the main radiological sign of pneumonia ( associated with inflammatory changes in the lung tissue), atelectasis;
- increased lung pattern - COPD, tuberculosis, pneumonia;
- expansion of the root of the lung - chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, expansion of the pulmonary arteries;
- foci of pneumosclerosis in COPD, chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, pneumoconiosis;
- smoothness of the costophrenic angle - pleural effusion;
- a cavity with a horizontal level of fluid is characteristic of a lung abscess.
CT and MRI of the lungs are among the most accurate and informative methods. A wide variety of lung diseases can be detected using these methods.
Thus, with the help of CT and MRI, the following diseases can be diagnosed:
- tumors;
- tuberculosis;
- pneumonia;
- pleurisy;
- swollen lymph nodes.
Scintigraphy is a research method that consists in introducing radioactive isotopes into the body and analyzing their distribution in various organs. On scintigraphy, pulmonary embolism can mainly be detected.
The procedure is carried out in two stages:
- Blood supply scintigraphy. A labeled radioactive substance is injected intravenously. When the substance decays, it emits radiation, which is recorded by a camera and visualized on a computer. The absence of radiation indicates the presence of an embolism or other pulmonary disease.
- Ventilation scintigraphy. The patient inhales a radioactive substance, which, together with the inhaled air, spreads through the lungs. If an area is found where the gas does not enter, this indicates that something is blocking the flow of air ( tumor, fluid).
Pulse oximetry
Pulse oximetry is a diagnostic method for determining blood oxygen saturation. Normal oxygen saturation should be 95 - 98%. With a decrease in this indicator, they speak of respiratory failure. Manipulation is carried out using a pulse oximeter. This device is fixed on the finger or toe and calculates the content of oxygenated ( oxygenated) hemoglobin and pulse rate. The device consists of a monitor and a sensor that determines the pulsation and outputs information to the monitor.
Bodyplethysmography
Body plethysmography is a more informative method compared to spirography. This method allows you to analyze in detail the functional capacity of the lungs, to determine the residual volume of the lungs, the total lung capacity, the functional residual of the lungs, which cannot be determined with spirography.
Spirometry
Spirometry is a diagnostic method by which the function of external respiration is examined. The study is carried out using a spirometer. During the examination, the nose is clamped with fingers or with a clamp. To avoid side effects ( dizziness, fainting) it is necessary to strictly follow the rules and constantly monitor the patient.
Spirometry can be performed with calm and forced ( reinforced) respiration.
With calm breathing, VC is determined(lung capacity)and its components:
- expiratory reserve volume ( After the deepest inhalation, the deepest possible exhalation);
- inspiratory volume ( after the deepest exhalation, a deep breath is taken).
With forced breathing, FVC is determined ( forced vital capacity). To do this, a calm exhalation is made, the deepest possible inhalation and then, without a pause, immediately the deepest possible exhalation. FVC decreases with pathology of the pleura and pleural cavity, obstructive pulmonary diseases, and disorders in the work of the respiratory muscles.
Sputum analysis
Sputum is a pathological discharge secreted by the glands of the bronchi and trachea. Normally, these glands produce a normal secret, which has a bactericidal effect, helps in the release of foreign particles. With various pathologies of the respiratory system, sputum is formed ( bronchitis, tuberculosis, lung abscess).
Before collecting material for research, it is recommended to drink a large volume of water for 8-10 hours.
Sputum analysis includes the following items:
- Initially analyze the characteristics of sputum ( content of mucus, pus, blood, color, smell, consistency).
- Then microscopy is performed, which informs about the presence of various uniform elements in the sputum. It is possible to detect microorganisms.
- Bacteriological analysis is carried out to detect microorganisms, possible infectious agents.
- Determination of sensitivity to antibiotics ( antibiogram) allows you to find out whether the detected microorganisms are sensitive or resistant to antibacterial drugs, which is very important for adequate treatment.
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic method for examining the trachea and bronchi. For the procedure, a bronchofibroscope is used, which is equipped with a light source, a camera, special parts for manipulation, if necessary and possible.
With the help of bronchoscopy, an examination of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is carried out ( even the smallest branches). For visualization of the inner surface of the bronchi, this is the most suitable method. Bronchoscopy allows you to assess the condition of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, identify the presence of inflammatory changes and the source of bleeding, take material for a biopsy, and remove foreign bodies.
Preparation for bronchoscopy is as follows:
- the last meal should be 8 hours before the procedure to prevent aspiration of gastric contents in case of possible vomiting;
- premedication is recommended before the procedure ( pre-administration of drugs);
- conducting a detailed blood test and coagulogram before the procedure;
- on the day of the study, it is recommended not to take liquids.
- local anesthesia of the nasopharynx is performed;
- the bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or through the mouth;
- the doctor gradually, as the device is inserted, examines the condition of the mucous membrane;
- if necessary, material is taken for a biopsy, removal of a foreign body or other necessary medical procedure;
- at the end of the procedure, the bronchoscope is removed.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy is a method of examination in which the larynx is examined using a special device called a laryngoscope.
There are two methods for performing this manipulation:
- Indirect laryngoscopy. This method is currently considered outdated and is rarely used. The bottom line is to introduce a special small mirror into the oropharynx and visualize the mucosa with a reflector that illuminates it. To avoid vomiting, a local anesthetic solution is sprayed ( anesthetic).
- Direct laryngoscopy. This is a more modern and informative research method. There are two versions of it - flexible and rigid. In flexible laryngoscopy, the laryngoscope is inserted through the nose, the larynx is examined, and then the device is removed. Rigid laryngoscopy is a more complex method. When it is carried out, it is possible to remove foreign bodies, take material for a biopsy.
Thoracoscopy is an endoscopic examination method that allows you to examine the pleural cavity using a special tool - a thoracoscope. The thoracoscope is inserted into the pleural cavity through a puncture in the chest wall.
Thoracoscopy has several advantages:
- less traumatic;
- informative
- manipulation can be carried out before open operations to argue the need for a particular type of treatment.
This procedure in the study of the lungs is less informative due to the fact that the lung tissue is filled with air, and also because of the presence of ribs. All this hinders the examination.
However, there are a number of lung diseases that can be diagnosed with ultrasound:
- accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity;
- lung tumors;
- lung abscess;
- pulmonary tuberculosis.
Treatment of pulmonary dyspnea
Doctors approach the treatment of pulmonary dyspnea in a complex manner, using different methods and means. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the cause of dyspnea, improving the patient's condition and preventing relapse ( repeated exacerbations) and complications.Treatment of pulmonary dyspnea is carried out using the following methods:
- Therapeutic, which includes drugs and non-drug therapy.
- surgical method.
Non-drug therapy for pulmonary dyspnea includes:
- rejection of bad habits ( primarily from smoking);
- breathing exercises;
- active immunization against pneumococcus, influenza virus;
- rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection.
Medical therapy
| Drug group | Group representatives | Mechanism of action |
| Beta2-agonists |
| Relaxation and expansion of the muscular wall of the bronchi. |
| M-anticholinergics |
|
|
| Methylxanthines |
|
|
| Antibiotics |
| Death and suppression of pathogenic flora. |
| GKS (glucocorticosteroids) |
| Anti-inflammatory effect, reduction of edema of the respiratory tract, reduction of the formation of bronchial secretions. |
Also important in the treatment of pulmonary dyspnea is oxygen inhalation ( inhalation). The effectiveness of oxygen inhalation in case of pneumonia, bronchial asthma, bronchitis has been proven. Typically, the inhalation procedure lasts approximately 10 minutes, but its duration can be increased if indicated. You should be careful, as too long a procedure can also be harmful.
In the absence of the effectiveness of other methods of treatment, they resort to surgical methods of treatment. In some cases, the surgical method is the only chance for the patient to recover.
Surgical treatments for pulmonary dyspnea include:
- Pleural puncture (thoracentesis) is a puncture of the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is located between the two layers of the pleura. The puncture is carried out in a sitting position. A place for puncture is selected, disinfected, then local anesthesia is done with a solution of novocaine ( if there is no allergic reaction to it). After that, an injection is made in this area; when a feeling of failure is felt, this means that a puncture of the parietal pleura has occurred and the manipulation is successful. Next, the syringe plunger stretches and the liquid is evacuated ( blood, pus, exudate). It is not recommended to draw out a large amount of liquid at a time, as this is fraught with complications. After removing the needle, the puncture site is treated with an antiseptic and a sterile dressing is applied.
- Thoracotomy is an operation in which open access to the organs of the chest is carried out through the opening of the chest wall.
- Drainage of the pleural cavity (drainage according to Bulau) is a manipulation to remove fluid and air from the pleural cavity using drainage.
- Surgical lung volume reduction. The part of the lungs damaged by emphysema cannot be treated and restored. In this regard, an operation is performed to surgically reduce the volume of the lungs, that is, the non-functional part of the lung is removed so that the less damaged part can function and provide gas exchange.
- lung transplant. This is a very serious operation, which is performed with progressive, chronic fibrosing diseases of the lung. Transplantation is a radical surgical method, which consists in the complete or partial replacement of the affected lungs of a sick person with healthy ones taken from a donor. Transplantation, despite the complexity of its implementation and therapy after surgery, significantly increases the duration and quality of life of the patient.
Anemia as a cause of shortness of breath
Anemia is a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or red blood cells. Anemia can be either a separate disease or a symptom of other diseases. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common in clinical practice. Shortness of breath with anemia develops as a result of the fact that destruction occurs in the body, a violation of the formation or loss of red blood cells, a violation in the synthesis of hemoglobin. As a result, oxygen transport to organs and tissues is disrupted and hypoxia is established. Causes of anemia
Anemia is a disease that can appear as a result of a wide variety of factors. All etiological factors are characterized by different mechanisms of action, but the effect remains common for all - the state of anemia.The lack of substances in the diet most often happens for the following reasons:
- vegetarian diets;
- long-term diets on exclusively dairy products;
- poor nutrition among low-income populations.
The lack of iron in the body causes disturbances in the formation of hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen to the tissues. Thus, tissue hypoxia and the corresponding symptoms develop. Anemia associated with iron deficiency is called iron deficiency anemia and is the most common.
Nutrient malabsorption
In some cases, the necessary nutrients are in the right amount in the diet, but due to certain pathologies, their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract does not occur.
Nutrient malabsorption is more likely to occur in the following cases:
- malabsorption syndrome ( nutrient malabsorption syndrome);
- resection of the stomach removal of part of the stomach);
- resection of the proximal part of the small intestine;
- chronic enteritis ( chronic inflammation of the small intestine).
There are periods of life when the human body needs certain substances more. In this case, the nutrients enter the body and are absorbed well, but they cannot cover the metabolic needs of the body. During these periods, hormonal changes occur in the body, the processes of growth and reproduction of cells are intensified.
These periods include:
- teenage years;
- pregnancy;
With bleeding, there is a large loss of blood, and, accordingly, red blood cells. In this case, anemia develops as a result of the loss of a large number of red blood cells. The danger lies in the fact that anemia is established acutely, threatening the life of the patient.
Anemia as a result of massive blood loss can lead to:
- trauma;
- bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract gastric and duodenal ulcer, Crohn's disease, diverticulosis, esophageal varices);
- blood loss during menstruation;
- donation;
- hemostasis disorders.
In some cases, anemia appears as a side effect of certain medications. This happens with inadequate prescription of drugs without taking into account the patient's condition or the prescription of drugs for too long a period. As a rule, the drug binds to the erythrocyte membrane and leads to its destruction. Thus, hemolytic drug anemia develops.
Drugs that can cause anemia include:
- antibiotics;
- antimalarials;
- antiepileptic drugs;
- antipsychotic medications.
Tumors
The mechanism of anemia in malignant tumors is complex. In this case, anemia may appear as a result of massive blood loss ( colorectal cancer), lack of appetite ( which, in turn, leads to insufficient intake of nutrients necessary for hematopoiesis), taking anticancer drugs that can lead to suppression of hematopoiesis.
intoxication
Poisoning with substances such as benzene, lead can also lead to the development of anemia. The mechanism consists in increased destruction of red blood cells, impaired synthesis of porphyrins, and damage to the bone marrow.
genetic factor
In some cases, anemia is established as a result of anomalies that have occurred at the gene level.
Abnormalities that lead to anemia include:
- a defect in the erythrocyte membrane;
- violation of the structure of hemoglobin;
- enzymopathies ( violations of the enzyme systems).
Diagnosis of anemia
Diagnosis of anemia is not difficult. It is usually necessary to conduct a detailed complete blood count.Complete blood count indicators important for diagnosing anemia
| Indicator | Norm | Change in anemia |
| Hemoglobin |
| Decreased hemoglobin level. |
| red blood cells |
| Decrease in the level of erythrocytes. |
| Average erythrocyte volume |
| Decrease in iron deficiency anemia, increase in megaloblastic ( B12-deficient) anemia. |
| Reticulocytes |
| Increase in hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, in the initial stage of curing anemia. |
| Hematocrit |
| Decreased hematocrit. |
| platelets |
| Decreased platelet levels. |
In order to specify what type of anemia a particular type has, a number of additional studies are used. This is a key moment in the appointment of treatment, because different therapeutic methods are used for different types of anemia.
For effective treatment of anemia, several principles must be followed:
- Treatment of chronic diseases that cause anemia.
- Dieting. Rational nutrition with a sufficient content of nutrients necessary for hematopoiesis.
- Taking iron supplements for iron deficiency anemia. Usually, iron supplements are given orally, but in rare cases, they can be given intravenously or intramuscularly. However, with this administration of the drug, there is a risk of developing an allergic reaction, and the effectiveness is lower. Iron preparations include sorbifer, ferrum lek, ferroplex.
- Taking cyanocobalamin ( subcutaneous injections) before the normalization of hematopoiesis and after for prevention.
- Stopping bleeding in anemia caused by blood loss with various drugs or with the help of surgery.
- Transfusions ( transfusion) blood and its components are prescribed in a serious condition of the patient, threatening his life. Reasonable appointment of hemotransfusions is necessary.
- Glucocorticoids are prescribed for anemia caused by autoimmune mechanisms ( that is, antibodies are produced against their own blood cells).
- Folic acid tablets.
- an increase in hemoglobin levels in the third week of treatment;
- an increase in the number of red blood cells;
- reticulocytosis on the 7th - 10th day;
- disappearance of symptoms of sideropenia ( iron deficiency in the body).
Why does shortness of breath occur during pregnancy?
Most often, shortness of breath during pregnancy occurs in the second and third trimester. As a rule, this is a physiological state ( which is not a manifestation of the disease).The appearance of shortness of breath during pregnancy is easy to explain, given the stages of development of the child in the womb.
During pregnancy, shortness of breath occurs for the following reasons:
- Shortness of breath as a compensatory mechanism. Shortness of breath appears as a mechanism for adapting the body to increased oxygen demand during pregnancy. In this regard, changes occur in the respiratory system - the frequency and depth of breathing increase, the work of the respiratory muscles increases, VC increases ( lung capacity) and tidal volume.
- Hormonal adjustment in the body also affects the appearance of shortness of breath. For the normal course of pregnancy in the body, changes in the production of hormones occur. Yes, progesterone a hormone that is produced in large quantities by the placenta during pregnancy), stimulating the respiratory center, increases pulmonary ventilation.
- Fetal weight gain. With an increase in the weight of the fetus, an increase in the uterus occurs. The enlarged uterus gradually begins to put pressure on organs located nearby. When pressure on the diaphragm begins, breathing problems begin, which are primarily manifested by shortness of breath. Shortness of breath, as a rule, is mixed, that is, both inhalation and exhalation are difficult. In about 2 to 4 weeks, changes occur in the body of a pregnant woman that also affect the breathing process. The uterus descends down by 5 - 6 centimeters, which leads to easier breathing.
The appearance of pathological shortness of breath during pregnancy can lead to:
- Anemia is a condition that often occurs during pregnancy. Due to disorders associated with hemoglobin ( violation of synthesis, insufficient intake of iron in the body), oxygen transport to tissues and organs is disrupted. As a result, hypoxemia occurs, that is, a reduced oxygen content in the blood. Therefore, it is especially important to monitor the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin in a pregnant woman in order to avoid complications.
- Smoking. There are many reasons for shortness of breath when smoking. First, there is damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Also, atherosclerotic plaques accumulate on the walls of blood vessels, which contributes to circulatory disorders. In turn, impaired blood circulation affects the breathing process.
- Stress is a factor that contributes to an increase in respiratory rate and heart rate, subjectively felt as a lack of air, a feeling of tightness in the chest.
- Respiratory system diseases (bronchial asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, COPD).
- Diseases of the cardiovascular system (cardiomyopathy, heart disease, heart failure).
- elevated temperature;
- dizziness and loss of consciousness;
- cough;
- pallor or cyanosis;
- headache;
- fatigue and malaise.
Why does shortness of breath appear with osteochondrosis?
Most often, shortness of breath occurs with cervical osteochondrosis and osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine. In connection with osteochondrosis, respiratory disorders are established and there is a feeling of lack of air. Shortness of breath in osteochondrosis can have various mechanisms of occurrence. Shortness of breath with osteochondrosis develops most often for the following reasons:
- Decreased space between vertebrae. due to degenerative changes violations in the structure) of the vertebrae and the spine as a whole gradually thinning of the intervertebral discs occurs. Thus, the space between the vertebrae is reduced. And this, in turn, contributes to the appearance of pain, feelings of stiffness and shortness of breath.
- Displacement of the vertebrae. With the progressive course of the disease, dystrophic changes ( characterized by cell damage) in the tissues can also lead to displacement of the vertebrae. Displacement of different vertebrae can lead to characteristic consequences. Shortness of breath, as a rule, is formed when the first thoracic vertebra is displaced.
- Compression of blood vessels. With a decrease in the space between the vertebrae or their displacement, squeezing of the vessels occurs. Thus, the blood supply to the diaphragm, which is the main respiratory muscle, becomes problematic. Also, with cervical osteochondrosis, compression of the vessels of the neck occurs. At the same time, the blood supply to the brain worsens, the vital centers in the brain, including the respiratory center, are suppressed, which leads to the development of shortness of breath.
- Pinched or damaged nerve roots can lead to sharp pain, which is accompanied by difficulty breathing and shortness of breath, especially when inhaling. Pain in osteochondrosis limits respiratory movements.
- Deformation ( building damage) chest. In connection with the deformation of individual vertebrae or sections of the spinal column, a deformation of the chest occurs. Under these conditions, breathing becomes difficult. It also reduces the elasticity of the chest, which also limits the ability to fully breathe.
To prevent the occurrence of shortness of breath in osteochondrosis, you must adhere to the following rules:
- timely diagnosis of osteochondrosis;
- adequate medical treatment;
- physiotherapy and massage;
- physiotherapy;
- avoiding prolonged stay in one position;
- matching bed and pillow for quality rest during sleep;
- breathing exercises;
- avoidance of a sedentary lifestyle;
- avoidance of excessive physical activity.
What to do if the child has shortness of breath?
In general, shortness of breath in children can be caused by the same reasons as in adults. However, the child's body is more sensitive to pathological changes in the body and reacts to the slightest changes, since the child's respiratory center is quite easily excitable. One type of reaction of the child's body to various factors ( stress, physical activity, increased body temperature and ambient temperature) is the appearance of shortness of breath. Normally, the frequency of respiratory movements in a child is higher than in adults. For each age group, there are norms for the frequency of respiratory movements, so you should not panic if the child's respiratory rate seems to be elevated. Maybe it's just normal for his age. The respiratory rate is measured in a calm state, without physical activity or stress preceding the measurement. It is best to measure the respiratory rate when the child is sleeping.
Respiratory rate norms for children of different age groups
| Child's age | Norm of respiratory rate |
| Up to 1 month | 50 – 60/min |
| 6 months - 1 year | 30 – 40/min |
| 1 – 3 years | 30 – 35/min |
| 5 – 10 years | 20 – 25/min |
| Over 10 years old | 18 – 20/min |
If a deviation from the norm in the frequency of respiratory movements is noticed, this should not be ignored, as this may be a symptom of the disease. It is worth contacting a doctor for qualified medical help.
When shortness of breath occurs in a child, you can contact your family doctor, pediatrician, cardiologist, pulmonologist. In order to get rid of shortness of breath in a child, you should find its cause and fight the cause.
Shortness of breath in a child may appear as a result of the following factors:
- rhinitis ( inflammation of the nasal mucosa) can also lead to shortness of breath, making it difficult for air to pass through the respiratory tract;
- bronchial asthma, which is manifested by periodic attacks of severe shortness of breath, and the diagnosis of which in childhood is sometimes quite difficult to establish;
- viral diseases ( influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus);
- heart disease ( heart defects), which, in addition to shortness of breath, are also manifested by cyanosis, a lag in the development of the child;
- lung disease ( pneumonia, emphysema);
- entry of a foreign body into the respiratory tract is a condition that requires immediate intervention, as this can lead to death very quickly;
- hyperventilation syndrome, which manifests itself with stress, panic disorder, hysteria; in this case, the level of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, which, in turn, contributes to hypoxia;
- cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by severe disorders of respiration and exocrine glands;
- physical exercise;
- diseases of the immune system;
- hormonal imbalance.
Is it possible to treat shortness of breath with folk methods?
With shortness of breath, you can use traditional medicine. But at the same time, you need to be extremely careful. After all, shortness of breath is often a manifestation of serious diseases that can become a threat to human life. Traditional medicine can be used if shortness of breath occurs occasionally and after heavy physical exertion or excitement. If shortness of breath appears when walking or even at rest, you need to sound the alarm. This condition requires an immediate visit to the doctor in order to assess the condition of the body, find the cause of shortness of breath and prescribe the appropriate treatment. In any case, folk remedies can be used as a separate method of treatment ( if shortness of breath is not a manifestation of a serious illness) and as an addition to the main medical course of treatment. Traditional medicine has a variety of tools and methods for the treatment of shortness of breath, which have different mechanisms of action. Such funds can be taken in the form of solutions, tinctures, teas.
For the treatment of shortness of breath, you can use the following methods of traditional medicine:
- Cranberry infusion. 5 tablespoons of cranberries must be poured with 500 ml of boiling water, let it brew for several hours, then add 1 teaspoon of honey. The prepared infusion should be drunk during the day.
- Infusion of wormwood. To prepare the infusion, pour 1 - 2 teaspoons of wormwood with boiling water, let it brew for half an hour. After readiness, the infusion is taken 1 teaspoon half an hour before meals 3 times a day.
- Astragalus Root Infusion prepared on a water basis. To do this, take 1 tablespoon of dried and chopped astragalus root and pour boiling water over it. Then you need to let the mixture brew for several hours. Ready tincture is taken 3 times a day for 3 tablespoons.
- A mixture of honey, lemon and garlic. To prepare the mixture, add 10 peeled and chopped heads of garlic to 1 liter of honey, and squeeze the juice from 10 lemons. Then it is necessary to tightly close the container in which the mixture was prepared and put it in a dark place for 1 to 2 weeks. After that, the medicine is ready for use. It is recommended to drink 1 teaspoon of this medicine 3-4 times a day.
- Infusion of potato sprouts. First you need to dry well, then grind and crush the raw materials. Dried sprouts are poured with alcohol, infused for 10 days. Infusion is recommended to take 1 - 3 kali 3 times a day.
- Motherwort infusion. 1 tablespoon of motherwort should be poured with a glass of boiling water, let it brew for an hour, and then drink half a glass 2 times a day.
- Melissa infusion. 2 tablespoons of dried lemon balm leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water and infused for 30 minutes. The remedy is taken 3-4 times a day, 3-4 tablespoons.
- Infusion of hawthorn flowers. To prepare the infusion, 1 teaspoon of hawthorn flowers is poured with 1 cup of boiling water, infused for 1 - 2 hours. After readiness, the infusion is taken 3 times a day for 1/3 cup.
Thank you
The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!
What is shortness of breath?
Dyspnea- it symptom which accompanies many diseases. It is characterized by three main external features:- the patient feels a lack of air, there is a feeling of suffocation;
- breathing usually becomes more frequent;
- the depth of inhalation and exhalation changes, breathing becomes more noisy.
What are its main reasons?
There are a fairly large number of pathological conditions that manifest themselves in the form of shortness of breath. They can be combined into three large groups, depending on the initial causes that led to the violations:- Cardiac pathologies are one of the most common causes of shortness of breath among older people. When the heart ceases to cope with its function normally, the flow of blood and oxygen to various organs, including the brain, begins to decrease. As a result, breathing intensifies.
- Diseases of the bronchi and lungs. If the bronchi are narrowed, and the lung tissue is pathologically changed due to some diseases, then the right amount of oxygen does not penetrate into the blood. The respiratory system tries to work in a more intensive mode.
- anemia. At the same time, the lungs provide the blood with a sufficient amount of oxygen. The heart well pushes it through the tissues and organs. But due to the lack of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and hemoglobin, the bloodstream is not able to carry oxygen to the tissues.
1. When did shortness of breath occur?
2. Do seizures occur only during physical exertion, or at rest too?
3. Which is harder to do: inhale or exhale?
4. In what position does it become easier to breathe?
5. What other symptoms are bothering you?
Types of shortness of breath
Basically, with different diseases, shortness of breath has the same symptoms. The greatest differences relate to how the symptom manifests itself during the individual phases of breathing. In this regard, there are three types of shortness of breath:1. Inspiratory dyspnea - occurs on inspiration.
2. Expiratory dyspnea - occurs on exhalation.
3. Mixed shortness of breath - both inhalation and exhalation are difficult.
Cardiac dyspnea
Cardiac shortness of breath is a shortness of breath that is caused by diseases of the cardiovascular system.Heart failure
Heart failure is a term that should be understood, rather, not as a specific disease of the circulatory system, but as a violation of the heart, caused by its various diseases. Some of them will be discussed below. Heart failure is characterized by shortness of breath during walking and physical exertion. If the disease progresses further, then constant shortness of breath may occur, which persists at rest, including during sleep.
Other characteristic symptoms of heart failure are:
- a combination of shortness of breath with swelling in the legs, which appear mainly in the evening;
- periodic pain in the heart, a feeling of increased heartbeat and interruptions;
- bluish tint of the skin of the feet, fingers and toes, tip of the nose and earlobes;
- high or low blood pressure;
- general weakness, malaise, increased fatigue;
- frequent dizziness, sometimes fainting;
- often patients are concerned about a dry cough that occurs in the form of seizures (the so-called cardiac cough).
The treatment of shortness of breath in heart failure is determined by the nature of the disease with which it was caused. To enhance cardiac activity, the doctor may prescribe cardiac glycosides.
Shortness of breath and high blood pressure: hypertension
In hypertension, an increase in blood pressure inevitably leads to an overload of the heart, which disrupts its pumping function, leading to shortness of breath and other symptoms. Over time, if left untreated, it leads to heart failure.Along with shortness of breath and high blood pressure, there are other characteristic manifestations of hypertension:
- headaches and dizziness;
- redness of the skin of the face, a feeling of hot flashes;
- violation of general well-being: a patient with arterial hypertension gets tired faster, he does not tolerate physical activity and any stress;
- "flies before the eyes" - flashing of small spots of light;
- periodic pain in the region of the heart.
Diagnosis and treatment of shortness of breath, the occurrence of which is associated with arterial hypertension, is carried out by a therapist and a cardiologist. Assign constant monitoring of blood pressure, biochemical blood tests, ECG, ultrasound of the heart, chest x-ray. The treatment consists in the constant intake of medications that allow you to keep your blood pressure at a stable level.
Acute severe pain in the heart and shortness of breath: myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction is an acute dangerous condition in which the death of a portion of the heart muscle occurs. In this case, the function of the heart deteriorates rapidly and sharply, there is a violation of blood flow. Since the tissues lack oxygen, the patient often has severe shortness of breath during the acute period of myocardial infarction. Other symptoms of myocardial infarction are very characteristic, and make it easy to recognize this condition:
1.
Shortness of breath is combined with pain in the heart, which occurs behind the sternum. It is very strong, has a piercing and burning character. At first, the patient may think that he is just having an angina attack. But the pain does not go away after taking nitroglycerin for more than 5 minutes.
2.
Paleness, cold clammy sweat.
3.
Sensation of interruption in the work of the heart.
4.
A strong feeling of fear - it seems to the patient that he is about to die.
5.
A sharp drop in blood pressure as a result of a pronounced violation of the pumping function of the heart.
With shortness of breath and other symptoms associated with myocardial infarction, the patient needs emergency help. It is necessary to immediately call an ambulance team, which will inject the patient with a strong painkiller and transport him to the hospital.
Shortness of breath and palpitations in paroxysmal tachycardia
Paroxysmal tachycardia is a condition in which the normal rhythm of the heart is disturbed, and it begins to contract much more often than it should. At the same time, it does not provide sufficient force of contractions and normal blood supply to organs and tissues. The patient notes shortness of breath and palpitations, the severity of which depends on how long the tachycardia lasts, and how much the blood flow is disturbed.For example, if the heartbeat does not exceed 180 beats per minute, then the patient can tolerate tachycardia quite normally for up to 2 weeks, while complaining only of a feeling of increased heartbeat. At a higher frequency, there are complaints of shortness of breath.
If the respiratory failure is caused by tachycardia, then this heart rhythm disturbance is easily detected after electrocardiography. In the future, the doctor must identify the disease that originally led to this condition. Antiarrhythmic and other medications are prescribed.
Pulmonary vasculitis
Periarteritis nodosa is an inflammatory lesion of small arteries that most often affects the vessels of the lungs, significantly disrupting pulmonary blood flow. A manifestation of this condition is chest shortness of breath. Moreover, it appears 6 to 12 months earlier than all other symptoms:- fever, fever: most often shortness of breath is combined with these signs, so the patients themselves mistakenly believe that they have developed pneumonia or another respiratory infection;
- abdominal pain associated with damage to the vessels of the abdominal cavity;
- arterial hypertension - an increase in blood pressure as a result of a narrowing of the inflammatory process of peripheral vessels;
- polyneuritis - damage to small nerves due to a violation of their blood supply;
- pain in muscles and joints;
- over time, the patient notes a significant loss of body weight;
- signs of kidney damage.
Acute shortness of breath, tachycardia, drop in blood pressure, suffocation:
pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism is an acute condition that manifests itself in the ingress of a detached blood clot into the pulmonary vessels. At the same time, shortness of breath, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) and other symptoms develop: - drop in blood pressure;
- the patient becomes pale, cold sticky sweat appears;
- there is a sharp deterioration in the general condition, which can reach up to loss of consciousness;
- blueness of the skin.
When the first signs of an incipient pulmonary embolism appear, the patient needs emergency medical care. You should immediately call a doctor.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is an acute pathological condition that develops when the function of the left ventricle is impaired. At first, the patient feels severe shortness of breath, which turns into suffocation. His breathing becomes loud, gurgling. At a distance, wheezing is heard from the lungs. A wet cough appears, during which clear or watery mucus leaves the lungs. The patient turns blue, suffocation develops.Shortness of breath associated with pulmonary edema requires emergency medical attention.
Pulmonary dyspnea
Shortness of breath is a symptom of almost all diseases of the lungs and bronchi. With the defeat of the respiratory tract, it is associated with difficulty in the passage of air (inhalation or exhalation). In diseases of the lungs, shortness of breath occurs due to the fact that oxygen cannot normally penetrate through the walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream.Bronchitis
Shortness of breath is a characteristic symptom of bronchitis, an inflammatory infection of the bronchi. Inflammation can be localized in a large bronchus, and in smaller ones, and in bronchioles, which directly pass into the lung tissue (the disease is called bronchiolitis).Shortness of breath occurs in acute and chronic obstructive bronchitis. The course and symptoms of these forms of the disease differ:
1.
Acute bronchitis has all the signs of an acute infectious disease. The patient's body temperature rises, there is a runny nose, sore throat, dry or wet cough, a violation of the general condition. Treatment of shortness of breath in bronchitis involves the appointment of antiviral and antibacterial drugs, expectorants, bronchodilators (expanding the lumen of the bronchi).
2.
Chronical bronchitis
can lead to persistent shortness of breath, or its episodes in the form of exacerbations. This disease is far from always caused by infections: it leads to long-term irritation of the bronchial tree with various allergens and harmful chemicals, tobacco smoke. Treatment of chronic bronchitis is usually long-term.
With obstructive bronchitis, difficulty in exhaling (expiratory dyspnea) is most often noted. This is caused by three groups of reasons that the doctor is trying to deal with during treatment:
- secretion of a large amount of viscous mucus: expectorants help to bring it out;
- an inflammatory reaction, as a result of which the wall of the bronchus swells, narrowing its lumen: this condition is fought with the help of anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antimicrobial drugs;
- spasm of the muscles that make up the wall of the bronchus: against this condition, the doctor prescribes bronchodilators and antiallergic drugs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
COPD is a broad concept that is sometimes confused with chronic bronchitis, but in fact they are not quite the same thing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an independent group of diseases that are accompanied by narrowing of the bronchial lumen and manifest as shortness of breath as the main symptom. Persistent shortness of breath in COPD occurs due to the narrowing of the airway, which is caused by the action of irritating harmful substances on them. Most often, the disease occurs in heavy smokers and people who are employed in hazardous industries.
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the following features are characteristic:
- The process of narrowing of the bronchi is almost irreversible: it can be stopped and compensated with the help of drugs, but it cannot be reversed.
- The narrowing of the airways and, as a result, shortness of breath, are constantly growing.
- Shortness of breath is predominantly expiratory in nature: small bronchi and bronchioles are affected. Therefore, the patient easily inhales air, but exhales it with difficulty.
- Shortness of breath in such patients is combined with a wet cough, during which sputum is discharged.
Treatment of dyspnea in COPD is complex and lengthy. The disease often leads to the patient's disability and loss of ability to work.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infectious disease in which an inflammatory process develops in the lung tissue. There is shortness of breath and other symptoms, the severity of which depends on the pathogen, the extent of the lesion, the involvement of one or both lungs in the process.Shortness of breath with pneumonia is combined with other signs:
1. Usually the disease begins with a sharp rise in temperature. It looks like a severe respiratory viral infection. The patient feels a deterioration in the general condition.
2. There is a strong cough, which leads to the release of a large amount of pus.
3. Shortness of breath with pneumonia is noted from the very beginning of the disease, is mixed, that is, the patient has difficulty in inhaling and exhaling.
4. Pale, sometimes bluish-gray skin tone.
5. Pain in the chest, especially in the place where the pathological focus is located.
6. In severe cases, pneumonia is often complicated by heart failure, which leads to increased shortness of breath and the appearance of other characteristic symptoms.
If you experience severe shortness of breath, cough, and other symptoms of pneumonia, you should see a doctor as soon as possible. If treatment is not started within the first 8 hours, then the prognosis for the patient is greatly worsened, up to the possibility of death. The main diagnostic method for shortness of breath caused by pneumonia is chest x-ray. Antibacterial and other drugs are prescribed.
Shortness of breath in bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is an allergic disease in which there is an inflammatory process in the bronchi, accompanied by spasm of their walls and the development of shortness of breath. This pathology is characterized by the following symptoms:- Shortness of breath in bronchial asthma always develops in the form of attacks. In this case, it is easy for the patient to inhale air, and it is very difficult to exhale it (expiratory dyspnea). The attack usually goes away after taking or inhaling bronchomimetics - medicines that help relax the wall of the bronchus and expand its lumen.
- With a prolonged attack of shortness of breath, pain occurs in the lower part of the chest, which is associated with tension in the diaphragm.
- During an attack, there is a cough and a feeling of some congestion in the chest. In this case, sputum is practically not excreted. It is viscous, glassy, departs in a small amount, as a rule, at the end of an episode of suffocation.
- Shortness of breath and other symptoms of bronchial asthma most often occur during the patient's contact with certain allergens: plant pollen, animal hair, dust, etc.
- Often, other allergic reactions are noted simultaneously in the form of urticaria, rash, allergic rhinitis, etc.
- The most severe manifestation of bronchial asthma is the so-called status asthmaticus. It develops like a normal attack, but it is not stopped with the help of bronchomimetics. Gradually, the patient's condition worsens, to the point that he falls into a coma. Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening condition and needs immediate medical attention.
Tumors of the lungs
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that is asymptomatic in its early stages. At the very beginning, the process can only be detected by chance, during x-ray or fluorography. In the future, when the malignant neoplasm reaches a sufficiently large size, shortness of breath and other symptoms occur: - Frequent hacking cough , which worries the patient almost constantly. At the same time, sputum leaves in a very small amount.
- Hemoptysis- one of the most characteristic symptoms of lung cancer and tuberculosis.
- Chest pain joins shortness of breath and other symptoms if the tumor grows beyond the lungs and affects the chest wall.
- Violation of the general condition sick, weakness, lethargy, weight loss and complete exhaustion.
- Tumors of the lungs often give metastases to the lymph nodes, nerves, internal organs, ribs, sternum, spinal column. In this case, additional symptoms and complaints appear.
Diagnosis of the causes of shortness of breath in malignant tumors in the early stages is quite difficult. The most informative methods are x-rays, computed tomography, blood tests of oncomarkers (special substances that are formed in the body in the presence of a tumor), sputum cytology, bronchoscopy.
Treatment may include surgery, the use of cytostatics, radiation therapy, and other more modern methods.
Other lung and chest conditions that cause shortness of breath
There are still a large number of pulmonary pathologies that are less common, but can also lead to shortness of breath:- Pulmonary tuberculosis - a specific infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Actinomycosis of the lungs - a fungal disease, the cause of which is mainly a significant decrease in immunity.
- Pneumothorax- a condition in which there is damage to the lung tissue, and air penetrates from the lungs into the chest cavity. The most common spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by infections and chronic processes in the lungs.
- Emphysema is a swelling of the lung tissue, which also occurs in some chronic diseases.
- Violation of the process of inhalation as a result respiratory muscle damage (intercostal muscles and diaphragm) with poliomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, paralysis.
- Chest deformity and lung compression with scoliosis, malformations of the thoracic vertebrae, Bechterew's disease (ankylosing spondyloarteritis), etc.
- Silicosis- occupational diseases that are associated with the deposition of dust particles in the lungs, and manifest as shortness of breath and other symptoms.
- Sarcoidosis is an infectious lung disease.
Pallor and shortness of breath on exertion: anemia
Anemia (anemia) is a group of pathologies that are characterized by a decrease in the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. The causes of anemia can be very diverse. The number of red blood cells may decrease due to congenital hereditary disorders, past infections and serious illnesses, blood tumors (leukemia), internal chronic bleeding and diseases of internal organs. All anemias have one thing in common: as a result of the decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the bloodstream, less oxygen is supplied to organs and tissues, including the brain. The body tries to somehow compensate for this state, as a result, the depth and frequency of breaths increase. The lungs are trying to “pump” more oxygen into the blood.
Shortness of breath with anemia is combined with the following symptoms:
1.
The patient literally feels a breakdown, constant weakness, he does not tolerate increased physical activity. These symptoms occur much earlier before shortness of breath appears.
2.
Paleness of the skin is a characteristic feature, since it is the hemoglobin contained in the blood that gives it a pink color.
3.
Headaches and dizziness, impaired memory, attention, concentration - these symptoms are associated with oxygen starvation of the brain.
4.
Violated and such vital functions as sleep, sexual desire, appetite.
5.
With severe anemia, heart failure develops over time, leading to worsening of shortness of breath and other symptoms.
6.
Some individual types of anemia have their own symptoms. For example, with B12-deficiency anemia, the sensitivity of the skin is impaired. With anemia associated with liver damage, in addition to pallor of the skin, jaundice also occurs.
The most reliable type of research that allows you to detect anemia is a complete blood count. The treatment plan is built by a hematologist, depending on the causes of the disease.
Shortness of breath in other diseases
Why does shortness of breath occur after eating?
Shortness of breath after eating is a fairly common complaint. However, by itself, it does not allow to suspect any specific disease. The mechanism of its development is as follows.After eating, the digestive system begins to work actively. The gastric mucosa, pancreas, and intestines begin to secrete numerous digestive enzymes. It takes energy to push food through the digestive tract. Then the proteins, fats and carbohydrates processed by enzymes are absorbed into the bloodstream. In connection with all these processes, the flow of a large amount of blood to the organs of the digestive system is necessary.
The blood flow in the human body is redistributed. The intestines receive more oxygen, the rest of the organs - less. If the body works normally, then no disturbances are noted. If there are any diseases and deviations, then oxygen starvation develops in the internal organs, and the lungs, trying to eliminate it, begin to work at an accelerated pace. Shortness of breath appears.
If you experience shortness of breath after eating, then you need to come to an appointment with a therapist in order to undergo an examination and understand its causes.
Obesity
With obesity, shortness of breath occurs as a result of the following reasons:- Organs and tissues do not receive enough blood because it is difficult for the heart to push it through the whole body of fat.
- Fat is also deposited in the internal organs, making it difficult for the heart and lungs to work.
- The subcutaneous layer of fat makes it difficult for the respiratory muscles to work.
- Overweight and obesity are conditions that in the vast majority of cases are accompanied by atherosclerosis and arterial hypotension - these factors also contribute to the occurrence of shortness of breath.
Diabetes
In diabetes, shortness of breath is associated with the following reasons:- If blood glucose levels are not controlled in any way, diabetes mellitus eventually leads to damage to small vessels. As a result, all organs are constantly in a state of oxygen starvation.
- In type II diabetes, obesity often develops, which makes it difficult for the heart and lungs to work.
- Ketoacidosis - acidification of the blood when the so-called ketone bodies appear in it, which are formed as a result of an increased content of glucose in the blood.
- Diabetic nephropathy is damage to the kidney tissue as a result of impaired renal blood flow. This provokes anemia, which, in turn, causes even more oxygen starvation of tissues and shortness of breath.
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis is a condition in which there is an excess production of thyroid hormones. At the same time, patients complain of shortness of breath. Shortness of breath in this disease is due to two reasons. Firstly, all metabolic processes are intensifying in the body, so it needs an increased amount of oxygen. At the same time, the heart rate increases, up to atrial fibrillation. In this condition, the heart is not able to pump blood normally through the tissues and organs, they do not receive the necessary amount of oxygen.
Shortness of breath in a child: the most common causes
In general, shortness of breath in children occurs as a result of the same reasons as in adults. However, there are some specifics. We will take a closer look at some of the most common diseases in which shortness of breath is noted in a child.Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
This is a condition when a newborn child has impaired pulmonary blood flow, he develops pulmonary edema. Most often, distress syndrome develops in children born to women with diabetes mellitus, bleeding, diseases of the heart and blood vessels. In this case, the child has the following symptoms:1. Strong shortness of breath. At the same time, breathing becomes very frequent, and the baby's skin becomes bluish.
2. The skin becomes pale.
3. The mobility of the chest is difficult.
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome requires immediate medical attention.
Laryngitis and false croup
Laryngitis is an inflammatory disease of the larynx, which is manifested by sore throat, barking cough, hoarseness. In this case, the child easily develops swelling of the vocal cords, which leads to severe inspiratory dyspnea and a state of suffocation. Usually the attack occurs in the evening. In this case, you must immediately call an ambulance, ensure the flow of fresh air into the room, apply heat to the heels.Shortness of breath in children with diseases of the respiratory system
In children, bronchitis leads to shortness of breath much more often than in adults. Even banal acute respiratory infections can lead to shortness of breath in them. Also recently in childhood, bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases are increasingly common.congenital heart defects
There are many types of congenital heart anomalies. Among them, the most common are:- open oval window;
- open interventricular septum;
- open botallian duct;
- Fallot's tetrad.
Anemia in children
Shortness of breath in a child associated with anemia is quite common. Anemia can be caused by congenital hereditary causes, Rhesus conflict between mother and newborn, malnutrition and hypovitaminosis.Causes of shortness of breath during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of women begin to experience increased stress. This happens as a result of the following reasons: - the growing embryo and fetus require more oxygen;
- the total volume of blood circulating in the body increases;
- the growing fetus begins to squeeze the diaphragm, heart and lungs from below, which makes it difficult to breathe and heart contractions;
- malnutrition of a pregnant woman develops anemia.
If shortness of breath during pregnancy is severe and often worries, then you should definitely visit a antenatal clinic doctor.
Treatment of shortness of breath
To understand how to treat shortness of breath, you first need to understand what causes this symptom. It is necessary to find out what disease led to its occurrence. Without this, high-quality treatment is impossible, and wrong actions, on the contrary, can harm the patient. Therefore, medicines for shortness of breath should be prescribed strictly by a therapist, cardiologist, pulmonologist or infectious disease specialist.Also, you should not use on your own, without the knowledge of a doctor, all kinds of folk remedies for shortness of breath. At best, they will be ineffective, or bring minimal effect.
If a person has noticed this symptom in himself, then he should visit a doctor as soon as possible to prescribe therapy.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.Complaints of the patient that he has become “hard to breathe” are periodically heard by a doctor of any specialty, because respiratory failure is to some extent inherent in a variety of diseases and conditions. A feeling of lack of air, or shortness of breath, can accompany severe physical fatigue, stress, obesity. If dizziness and weakness, sometimes sweating and other unpleasant symptoms join shortness of breath, this can be a harbinger of serious internal diseases.
We breathe - we do not breathe: when shortness of breath is dangerous
Shortness of breath is a complex process of the body's response to respiratory failure and oxygen deficiency (photo: sportobzor.ru)
Usually a person does not pay attention to how he breathes. But if the frequency of breathing, its rhythm, the depth of inhalations and exhalations are disturbed, a feeling of lack of air immediately appears, which is called shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is inspiratory - when it is difficult to inhale and expiratory - when it is not possible to exhale completely. The extreme degree of lack of air is characterized as suffocation.
The physiological essence of shortness of breath is that there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the blood and little oxygen. Nerve signals about oxygen deficiency reflexively enter the respiratory center and the cerebral cortex, which respond to these signals as follows:
- muscle spasms occur - the vessels narrow and a cough develops, the heart rhythm is disturbed;
- the cerebral cortex regulates sweating, and in case of receipt of nerve impulses about an excess of carbon dioxide, it shows sweating;
- the absorption of blood glucose is disturbed - a person feels shortness of breath with dizziness and weakness;
- from a lack of oxygen, the production of many proteins, hormones, enzymes is disrupted and fatigue develops.
The reasons for the failure in the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide can be associated with environmental conditions: stuffy room, rarefied mountain air, high physical activity. Various neuroses, stresses, and tantrums disrupt uniform breathing and oxygen supply. Shortness of breath can be caused by diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, provoked by anemia, increased acidity of the stomach and diabetes mellitus, other diseases and conditions, when life often depends on the timely restoration of breathing.
Sometimes shortness of breath is combined with other symptoms - fatigue, weakness, sweating, dizziness. The doctor must take them into account to establish the causes of shortness of breath.
Shortness of breath and lungs: the most dangerous symptoms
Impaired breathing accompanies all diseases and conditions associated with the bronchi or lungs. The most dangerous of them is the ingress of a foreign body into the respiratory tract, which can provoke suffocation and, without emergency medical assistance, lead to death.
Other problems that cause shortness of breath and weakness are usually associated with inflammatory or tumor processes in the bronchi and lungs, due to which their normal ventilation is disturbed, it becomes difficult for a person to breathe:
- infectious diseases (bronchitis, pneumonia). Intoxication joins the inflammatory process, therefore, along with shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, sweating, lethargy, chest pain appear;
- pneumonia - the causes of shortness of breath and weakness lie in the inflammation of the lung tissue. It is difficult for the patient to inhale and exhale, the process is accompanied by a strong purulent cough and high fever;
- bronchitis - shortness of breath is characterized by difficulty breathing due to inflammatory swelling of the bronchi, muscle spasm in the bronchial walls and accumulation of mucus;
- bronchial asthma - manifests itself as severe shortness of breath, especially when in contact with allergens, when the air is easy to inhale and hard to exhale;
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - severe shortness of breath and weakness, associated with a narrowing of the bronchial lumen, due to which air is easily inhaled, but difficult to exhale;
- lung tumor - has characteristic signs in the form of hemoptysis and constant hacking cough. Shortness of breath is accompanied by weakness, lethargy and exhaustion.
Shortness of breath can be caused by various lesions of the respiratory muscles. For example, with scoliosis, poliomyelitis, fungal infection of the lungs (actinomycosis). Occupational diseases (when particles of dust, metals, paints and other substances are deposited in the lungs).
Each of the bronchopulmonary diseases accompanied by shortness of breath requires a special treatment regimen. Improving the general condition usually relieves weakness and fatigue, makes breathing easier.
Heavy breathing with heart problems
Heart problems often creep up unnoticed, and the first sign may be shortness of breath during physical exertion, and later the feeling of lack of air does not leave even at rest. Almost all cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by shortness of breath, and its combination with some other characteristic symptoms will allow you to assume the disease in time and not start it:
- heart failure - a complex of disorders of the heart, when the blood begins to circulate slowly, and the organs receive less oxygen. Shortness of breath is accompanied by fatigue, general weakness, frequent dizziness and pain in the heart;
- hypertension - shortness of breath occurs due to overload of the heart due to increased blood pressure. Accompanied by rapid fatigue, headaches, tinnitus;
- myocardial infarction - the death of a section of the heart muscle, which sharply disrupts blood flow and oxygen supply to tissues. There is great dyspnea and a characteristic cold, clammy sweat, with a sensation of interruption in the work of the heart;
- coronary heart disease - shortness of breath and palpitations develop due to narrowing of the lumen of the vessels that feed the heart muscle. Accompanied by nausea and sweating, chest pain;
- arrhythmia - there are different types, but all of them are accompanied by shortness of breath and severe weakness, a feeling of lack of air, irregular work of the heart;
- mitral valve prolapse - causes shortness of breath with weakness and dizziness, a feeling of pressure in the chest due to increased stress on the heart due to impaired blood flow;
- cardiac asthma is a condition caused by acute failure of the left side of the heart. Accompanied by shortness of breath, turning into suffocation, and cold sticky sweat. Without timely therapy, it can turn into pulmonary edema.
Cardiac dyspnea can sometimes be complicated by problems of the digestive tract, when the respiratory center is affected by acids in acidosis, toxic substances in liver disease, gases in flatulence, and breathing becomes shallow. Symptoms of shortness of breath, dizziness and weakness soften and disappear as the underlying heart disease and related diseases are treated.
Shortness of breath and other signs of hormonal disorders
Choking, dizziness and weakness are common signs of menopause in women (photo: polzavred.ru)
In diseases of the endocrine system and hormonal fluctuations, there is almost always shortness of breath in combination with sweating and fatigue. This condition is due to the excessive production of hormones, which dramatically increase metabolic processes. The body experiences a lack of oxygen, and a person begins to “grab air” to compensate for its deficiency:
- thyrotoxicosis - shortness of breath is accompanied by nervousness, weakness and fatigue, constantly moist skin;
- diabetes mellitus - shortness of breath and weakness, fatigue develop against the background of damage to the vascular system and chronic lack of oxygen. Sweating in diabetes is very specific: the face, palms and armpits suffer from increased sweating, and the skin on the legs and feet is characterized by increased dryness;
- menopause - the condition is accompanied by hot flashes, due to which there is severe sweating. Periodically, there is a feeling of suffocation, severe weakness and dizziness due to fluctuations in the production of various hormones.
In many diseases and conditions associated with hormonal disorders, anemia develops when the level of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced and the brain, along with other tissues, receives less oxygen. Oxygen deficiency causes the respiratory system to work with increased stress. A person begins to breathe often and shallowly - there are attacks of shortness of breath. There is no suffocation with anemia, but dizziness and a feeling of lack of air, frequent fainting become the leading manifestations of the condition, weakness and daytime sleepiness develop.
During pregnancy, many women develop shortness of breath with dizziness. This condition is associated not only with an increased load on the heart and blood vessels or compression of the diaphragm, but also with hormonal fluctuations that increase blood circulation. If shortness of breath increases, one can assume the development of anemia, which often occurs in pregnant women. Treatment, as in other cases of shortness of breath in hormonal disorders, is prescribed by a doctor. Restoring a stable hormonal background, as a rule, relieves shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness and other unpleasant sensations.
Shortness of breath and weakness in neurotic disorders
Shortness of breath can occur against a background of strong nervous overexcitation, stress, anxiety or fear. It is usually characterized by the so-called "dog breathing" - frequent and superficial, with an extremely uneven rhythm. May be accompanied by excessive sweating. You can cope with such shortness of breath by switching your attention from the disturbing topic, then holding your breath, and then try to breathe slowly and deeply. Then take any sedative.
Sometimes people with hypochondriacal inclinations experience shortness of breath, the inability to breathe in fully with some kind of fear, in a depressed state and increased anxiety. They often complain of a feeling of blockage in the chest, open the windows wide for fresh air, are sure of the development of severe heart disease, and sometimes even experience attacks of false asthma (sudden attacks of shortness of breath without affecting the respiratory system). Clinically, psychogenic severe shortness of breath is distinguished by its combination with frequent sighs and groans. For the treatment of such shortness of breath, drugs that stop neuroses, sedatives, and antidepressants are usually used.
Hyperventilation syndrome is another condition associated with psychogenic dyspnea. It happens that a person assumes that he has a lung or heart disease, is afraid of death from suffocation, and in the process of self-observation begins to breathe rapidly. As a result, there is a failure in the regulation of respiration and a large amount of oxygen enters the body with a critical decrease in the level of carbon dioxide. Clinically, this is manifested by shortness of breath and weakness, combined with sweating and fatigue. A person often yawns, complains of dry mouth, severe dizziness with darkness in the eyes and fainting, crawling sensations all over the body. For treatment, beta-blockers that reduce anxiety, sedatives may be recommended.
Shortness of breath with dizziness and even fainting can be caused by some diseases of the nervous system, tumors and brain injuries, when the muscles responsible for the act of breathing begin to work inconsistently and breathing is disturbed.
Causes of shortness of breath that are not related to the disease
Shortness of breath and sweating may accompany large meals. If the body has to digest food that contains a lot of components that are difficult to digest (fats, spices, animal and vegetable fibers, etc.), a lot of enzymes are released and a lot of energy is expended. To ensure this process, blood flow to the digestive organs increases, and the person begins to breathe unevenly and sweat.
With obesity, shortness of breath and weakness are typical sensations associated with difficulties in the work of the respiratory muscles, which creates an excess of subcutaneous fat. In addition, excess body fat impairs the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, creating oxygen deficiency and disrupting rhythmic breathing.
The cause of shortness of breath and dizziness can be smoking or even being in a smoky room, taking alcohol and drugs. Stimulants from cigarette smoke or alcoholic beverages can stimulate the respiratory center of the brain, causing uneven contraction of the respiratory muscles.
Shortness of breath can develop while taking certain medications. A reaction similar to bronchitis - with shortness of breath against the background of dizziness and weakness, with a cough due to accumulated bronchial secretions, can cause antibiotics, sulfonamides, some cardiac and neurological drugs. Sometimes even non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs can cause shortness of breath, if there is an increased sensitivity to them.
Finally, shortness of breath and weakness are the first indicators of insufficient physical fitness. With physical muscle tension, blood circulation increases and the body's need for oxygen increases, so a person breathes more often. Such physiological shortness of breath occurs after a short run or a quick climb up the stairs. It may be accompanied by sweating. But if, after a regular fitness workout, the clothes are soaked through with sweat, or after jogging behind the bus, breathing cannot recover for a long time, then the load is unbearable for the body and it needs regular and reasonable physical exercises to improve health.
Shortness of breath is a symptom of many health disorders. For the causes of shortness of breath, its accompanying symptoms and possible dangers, see the video below.
Vegetovascular dystonia is a complex of symptoms that develop when the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system is disturbed. Breathing problems with VVD are the most common symptoms. Often they are perceived as a threat to life. And many patients are interested in how difficult breathing is dangerous with vegetovascular dystonia, why does it occur, and how to get rid of this condition?
Symptom Causes
Doctors assure that since vegetovascular dystonia is not a disease in itself, the resulting symptoms do not pose a serious threat to patients, especially if they are treated in a timely manner. But before therapeutic measures, it is necessary to make sure that an asthma attack is not a sign of any serious illness (bronchial asthma, pneumonia, pleurisy, and others).
The feeling of lack of air in VVD is caused by a variety of reasons, but, as a rule, most often it is the body's response to a stressful situation, panic attacks, hormonal changes (menopause, thyroid disease) or heavy physical exertion.
In especially emotional people, shortness of breath can occur even with unexpected joy, positive shocks. To understand why respiratory failure occurs, you need to know how the whole process occurs.
In response to a negative factor affecting the development of respiratory syndrome in vascular dystonia, a process of hyperventilation develops, in which the patient breathes too often or deeply. The increase in inhalation, its depth, heart rate and vascular clearance depend on the hormones that enter the blood during an emotional outburst.
Hyperventilation disrupts the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Rapid breathing removes carbon dioxide from the blood, while vasoconstriction occurs to compensate for its missing amount. But, despite the fact that there is more than enough oxygen, due to vascular spasm, it does not flow in the required amount to the brain. At the same time, the nutrition of brain structures with blood is also disturbed.
The above processes lead to the fact that the brain, experiencing hypoxia and malnutrition, sends a signal to the respiratory system to speed up breathing and increase its depth in order to provide itself with oxygen. In this case, the adrenal glands release even more of the hormone adrenaline into the blood.
This whole process resembles a vicious circle - panic is constantly growing and the brain is experiencing more and more hypoxia. This is due to inconsistency in the work of the departments of the autonomic system and other organs. The reason for the lack of air is not in the work of the respiratory organs, but in the stenosis of the vessels that occurs under the influence of hormones. Thus, it can be considered that asthma attacks in VVD occur with dysfunction of the autonomic and hormonal systems of the body.
Clinical picture
Lack of air with VVD has various symptoms, so each patient experiences certain sensations. But the most common complaints you can hear are: "Feeling like you're about to suffocate," "I can't breathe," "I'm choking and my chest hurts." At the same time, most patients experience the inspiratory nature of shortness of breath, that is, the person "suffocates" due to the inability to take a breath.
What are the symptoms of difficulty breathing with dystonia:
- It's hard to take a breath.
- Sensation of lack of fresh air.
- Stiffness in the chest.
- Stitches from the side of the heart.
- Sensation of a lump in the throat.
Patients with respiratory syndrome should remember that the resulting attacks of suffocation during VVD are not a sign of a disease of the cardiovascular or respiratory system, therefore, they practically cannot cause serious harm to health. Shortness of breath with VVD is accompanied by other symptoms, which makes it possible to differentiate a neurological disorder from other diseases. So, shortness of breath is supplemented by:
- Regular headaches, dizziness.
- Decreased memory and concentration.
- Disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Irritability.
- neuroses and psycho-emotional disorders.
- Decreased libido.
From the appearance of the patient during an attack, one can notice that his skin turns pale and covered with cold sweat. Even from the side it is noticeable that he does not have enough air and it is difficult to breathe. When the patient thinks he is suffocating, his face shows obvious fright. In a severe attack, the patient's breath is not only difficult, but also convulsive.
A distinctive feature of shortness of breath in vegetovascular dystonia is that attacks occur only during wakefulness and never at night, while other diseases often worsen at night.
The most common consequence of lack of air is a short-term loss of consciousness. Usually a person wakes up a few seconds after the attack. Less commonly, complications can be observed in the form of increased neurological symptoms of VVD caused by frequent hypoxia. All this can lead to frequent nervous breakdowns and mental disorders.
Treatment and prevention
The feeling of lack of air in case of vegetovascular dystonia should in no case be ignored. This condition requires qualified assistance and consultation of at least three specialists: a neurologist, an endocrinologist and a psychotherapist.
To cope with all the symptoms of VVD is possible only with complex treatment, adequately prescribed therapy and self-organization. When making a diagnosis of "vegetative-vascular dystonia", you should change your lifestyle - this will be the best preventive measure for the occurrence of shortness of breath and other signs of neurological disorders.
What is included in the right way of life:
Treatment for shortness of breath includes herbal preparations with a sedative effect. So, infusions of valerian, motherwort, pharmacy sedative drugs (Sedafiton, Novo-passit) are used. But many people notice that herbal preparations do not help with VVD or have to wait a long time for the effect, so they prefer to take synthetic drugs. Patients with frequent seizures are advised to use drugs that help improve the condition:
- sedatives (Corvalol);
- beta-blockers (Anaprilin);
- tranquilizers (Gidazepam);
- antidepressants (Deprim).
A psychotherapist can help restore the psycho-emotional state and learn to "close" from negative situations. Individual sessions help to identify the source of the problem, cope with it, and also fight panic attacks. Group classes are aimed at communicating with the same patients. In a general discussion of the problems, the cause and method of overcoming the pathology are clarified.
When suffocation occurs with VVD, it is necessary first of all to stop the development of a seizure. For this you need:
It is necessary to learn breathing exercises, they help to restore breathing, prevent an attack and panic moods from developing due to the danger of suffocation. Effective combination of therapeutic exercises and breathing exercises.
Shortness of breath with autonomic disorders is a very common symptom. And although it brings a lot of discomfort and psychological problems, you need to understand that in most cases this manifestation of VVD is not dangerous. With the right actions and attitude, it can be quickly stopped and prevented from reappearing.
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