Biochemistry of blood decoding. Biochemical blood test: transcript. Low blood sugar: causes

A biochemical blood test in adults has significant differences in norms with a similar analysis in children. The metabolism of a child's body is significantly different from that of an adult. Only after hormonal changes in adolescence, the child's body in its functioning begins to approach the parameters of an adult's work. Completion of the formation of the human body ends on average by 25 years.

What is a biochemical blood test?

Biochemistry is a modern science that has a close relationship with medicine. This science began its rise at the beginning of the 20th century, its goal is to explore life from the standpoint of chemistry, biology and physics. The first serious studies of biochemistry related to medicine related to the study of vitamins and coenzymes in the vital activity of the human body.

The apogee of the development of medical biochemistry was the emergence of numerous types of testing based on the knowledge of this science: biochemical blood test (BAC), lipidogram, coagulogram, enzyme immunoassay.

Attention! There are three types of biochemical blood test: a) general therapeutic - 5-10 parameters; b) advanced - more than 10 parameters; c) highly specialized - one parameter is considered with all isoforms, if any.

How is LHC different from other types of medical research?

People often do not understand the difference between biochemical and clinical blood tests, and it is very significant: LHC examines biochemical compounds (proteins, enzymes, low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds, carbohydrates, lipids); a clinical blood test is aimed at studying the uniform composition of the blood (leukocytes, granulocytes, eosinophils, platelets, erythrocytes).

On the pages of an Internet forum they ask: “Why is there no WBC parameter among the results of my biochemical blood test?”. We answer: this English abbreviation means the parameter of a clinical blood test “leukocytes”, it cannot be in the LHC, because it is not a biochemical compound, but blood cells are its uniform part.

Preparing for the LHC

To ensure the laboratory purity of the LHC results, a number of important requirements must be met before analysis. They are important because the violation of any point may cause the need for re-analysis. BAC is not made for free - the average price of a general therapeutic form of BAC in Russia is 2500-3000 rubles, which is a lot. Therefore, a person who is going to take an analysis should carefully read these recommendations:

• The analysis is given in the morning on an empty stomach. You should not eat after 18 pm - maximum unsweetened tea with unsweetened cookies.
• The day before the analysis procedure, you can not eat a lot of sweet, fried, smoked, drink alcohol, smoke, expose the body to significant physical exertion.
• The analysis is not done immediately if the patient came from the heat and shows signs of physical fatigue.

Attention! To avoid confusion in the results of the LHC, it is necessary to visit the same laboratory.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults with an extended list of values

Deciphering the results of the LHC online is impossible without knowing the norms of each parameter. Tabular indicators are arranged as follows: on the left - the name of the parameter, on the right - the norm. Values ​​that fit within the numerical limits of the norm will be considered normal. Anything below or above the norm will mean pathology.

LHC indicator		Normal in the blood
Polypeptides
total protein		63-87 g/l
Albumins		40-50 g/l
Globulins	alpha 1	2.0‑2.4 g/l
	alpha 2	in men 1.51‑3.50 g/l; in women 1.74‑4.20 g/l.
	beta	2.20-4.0 g/l
	gamma	10.5 g/l
Haptoglobin		0.8-2.7 g/l
Hemopexin		0.50‑1.2 g/l
myoglobin		in men 19-92 mcg / l; in women 12-76 mcg / l.
Rheumatoid factor		Up to 10 U / ml.
C-reactive protein		Up to 0.5 mg/l.
Transferrin		2.0 - 4.0 g / l (for a woman during gestation, the values ​​\u200b\u200bare higher, for a person over 60 years old - lower).
ferritin		in men 20-250 mcg / l; in women 10-120 mcg /.
ceruloplasmin		150.0-600.0 mg/l.
		26.85 - 41.2 µmol/l
Carbohydrates
Glucose		3.5-6.2 mmol/l
Glycated hemoglobin		until 6%
Fructosamine		up to 280.0 mmol/l
lactate		0.5–2.2 mmol/l
C-peptide		1.1–5.0 ng/ml.
low molecular weight nitrogenous substances
Urea		2.55-8.31 mmol/l
Creatinine		men - 62-124 µmol / l; women - 44-97 µmol / l.
Purine derivatives
Uric acid		men - 0.12-0.43 mmol / l; women - 0.24-0.54 mmol / l.
Lipids
total cholesterol		3.1-5.2 mmol/l
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)		3.8 mmol/l
High density lipoproteins (HDL)		men 1.6 mmol/l; women 1.4 mmol/l.
Triglycerides		0.14-1.82 mmol/l
Atherogenic coefficient		less than 3 mmol/l
Pigments
total bilirubin		8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Indirect (unbound) bilirubin		4.5-17.1 µmol/l
Direct (bound) bilirubin		2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Enzymes
A-amylase		up to 110 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)		up to 38 U/l
		up to 42 U/l
		men - up to 33.5 U / l; women - up to 48.6 U / l.
		men - 11-50 U / l; women - 7-32 U / l.
Acid phosphatase (AP)		men - 0-5.5 U / l; women - 0-6.5 U / l.
Creatine kinase (CK)		up to 180 U/l
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)		120-240 U/l.
Lipase		0-417 U/l.
Cholinesterase		men - 5800-14600 U / l; women - 5860-11800 U / l.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)		up to 260 U/l
vitamins
Vitamin A		0.30-1.20 mg/l
Vitamin B 1		70-180 nmol/l
Vitamin B 2		5-50 nmol/l
Vitamin B 6		20-125 nmol/l
Vitamin D		30-80 ng/ml
Vitamin E		5.5-18.0 mg/l
Vitamin C		0.4-2.0 mg/dl
trace elements
Iron		in men - 11.64-30.43 µmol / l; in women - 8.95-30.43 µmol / l.
Potassium		3.6-5.4 mmol/l
Calcium		2.0-2.8 mmol/l
Magnesium		0.65-1.1 mmol/l
Sodium		134-150 mmol/l
Phosphorus		0.65-1.3 mmol/l
Chlorine		95.0-110.0 mmol/l
Zinc		11-18 µmol/l

Deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test in adults

The decoding of the analysis is of interest to any person who receives a form of a biochemical test without any explanation. The values ​​​​of the tests can be explained by the doctor, but this does not happen immediately. There is one reason that patients are especially afraid of - medical confidentiality.

For example, test data is not deciphered to the patient in cases where the diagnosis may be life-threatening. This is justified from the point of view of medical ethics.

Polypeptides

Proteins are the most important building block of the human body. Performs such basic functions as:

• The function of building material - protein is part of all tissues of the human body. Most of the protein is found in the muscles.
• Transport function - the protein carries trace elements and nutrients throughout the body, for example, the hemoglobin polypeptide carries oxygen in the blood.
• Protective function - the body defends itself against antigens with the help of globulin proteins.
• The energy source is a reserve source of energy in the human body, the body burns protein only in exceptional cases, for example, during prolonged fasting.

Protein and its fractions		Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
total protein		there is a lot of protein in the diet; oncological diseases; diseases of the genitourinary system complicated by sepsis; blood sepsis, sepsis of internal organs.	there are few protein products in the diet, diseases of the genitourinary system, oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood loss, pregnancy, burn injuries of the body.
Albumins		body dehydration, blood diseases, oncological diseases, burns and sepsis, diabetes, infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma, vomiting, diarrhea, hemoconcentration, nephritis.	anasarca, pregnancy, hyperhydration, atrophy of muscle tissue, anemia, blood loss, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (with bleeding), oncological diseases, hepatitis, pulmonary edema, blood diseases.
Globulins	alpha	glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, nephrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, scleroderma.	anasarca, muscle tissue atrophy, anemia, gestation, blood loss, oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood diseases.
	beta	atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, nephrosis, diabetes mellitus, gastric and duodenal ulcers (with bleeding).
	gamma	allergies, helminthic invasion, infectious diseases, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, burns.
Haptoglobin		hemolysis in vivo, cholecystitis, steroid treatment.	hemolysis in vivo, liver disease, folic acid deficiency, enlarged spleen, nephrosis.
Hemopexin		nephrosis, diabetes.	oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood diseases.
myoglobin		myocardial infarction, renal failure, inflammatory processes in muscle tissue, muscle tissue injuries, burns of various etiologies.	rheumatoid arthritis, myositis and polymyositis, myasthenia gravis.
ceruloplasmin		infectious diseases, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, schizophrenia, oncological diseases.	alimentary anemia, unbalanced diet.
Rheumatoid factor		the presence of this protein in the blood indicates the development of rheumatism, autoimmune diseases.
C-reactive protein		the presence of this protein in the blood indicates the development of sepsis in the blood and in the internal organs.
ferritin		excess iron, hepatitis, leukemia, breast cancer, infectious diseases.	iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, during female monthly cycles, autoimmune hepatitis, third trimester of gestation.
Transferrin		oncological diseases, inflammatory processes of various etiologies, burns, excess iron, cirrhosis of the liver.
Serum iron-binding capacity (IBC)		iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, third trimester of gestation.	excess iron, hepatitis, leukemia, breast cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory processes of various etiologies, burns, cirrhosis of the liver.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the number one source of energy in the human body. An analysis for the presence of carbohydrates is necessary to determine the dangerous pathology - "diabetes mellitus". Blood sugar measures the amount of glucose in the body. To create a more complete picture of diabetes, to accurately determine its type and type, the severity of the pathology, a fraction of glycoproteins is considered - glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide, fructosamine. Lactate, a breakdown product of lactic acid, is a parameter that can be used to determine the development of diabetes insipidus.

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances (slags)

Purine derivatives

Uric acid is the last step in the biochemical transformation of purine nitrogenous compounds under the influence of xanthine oxidase from xanthine.

An increased level of this substance in the body can be caused by kidney disease, alcoholism, poisoning with salts of heavy metals (lead, bismuth, arsenic), starvation, and blood diseases. Lack of uric acid can be the result of hereditary diseases, AIDS, cancer, burns, diabetes.

Lipids

Lipids (fats) are an important part of the human body. They perform the functions of an energy source (second in importance after carbohydrates), protection (protect the body from harmful substances), building material (cell walls are made of fats). Deciphering the values ​​in the table:

Lipid name	Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
total cholesterol
LDL	change of seasons (higher in winter than in spring), blood diseases (hypertension, angina pectoris), menstruation, gestation, physical inactivity, cancer, cholecystitis, viral hepatitis, an improperly balanced diet (an abundance of fatty foods).	change of seasons (lower in spring than in autumn and winter), well-balanced diet, hyperdynamia.
HDL	HDL breaks down LDL (bad cholesterol), if it is low, LDL becomes larger and pathological processes that depend on the amount of LDL are aggravated; if enough - LDL does not harm the body.
Triglycerides	the parameter is needed to clarify data on LDL and HDL

Pigments

The life span of red cells (erythrocytes) in the body is 3-6 months. When red blood cells die, the toxin "bilirubin" is formed. The body uses albumin to remove bilirubin from the blood - this is unbound bilirubin. When it enters the liver, bilirubin "binds" and becomes safe.

The parameter "total bilirubin" means the sum of bound and unbound bilirubin contained in the blood. The presence of unbound bilirubin in the blood above the norm will mean pathological processes in the liver of various etiologies. Also, the cause of an increase in the content of unbound bilirubin in the blood can be injuries and diseases of the blood.

Enzymes

Enzyme name	Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
A-amylase	alcoholism, taking tetracycline antibiotics, taking steroids, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, viral hepatitis, mumps, kidney failure.	preeclampsia, myocardial infarction, pancreatic necrosis, thyrotoxicosis.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle injury.	skeletal muscle atrophy, hereditary diseases, anemia, prolonged starvation.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver carcinoma.
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)	rheumatoid arthritis, liver diseases, oncological diseases of the liver, pancreas and prostate; myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, hyperthyroidism.	There are no pathological reasons for the decrease in GGT.
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)	alcoholism, liver carcinoma, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, prostate cancer, viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis (including alcohol), cholelithiasis.	decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, hypothyroidism.
Acid phosphatase (AP)	lack of calcium and phosphorus in the body, hepatitis, bone tissue regeneration, cytomegalovirus infection, toxic liver damage, infectious mononucleosis, osteosarcoma.	osteoporosis, excess vitamin D, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, starvation, vitamin C deficiency.
Creatine kinase (CK)	schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, gangrene, myocardial infarction, myositis, hypothyroidism, encephalitis.	There are no pathological reasons for the decrease in CC.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	injuries, blood diseases, liver diseases, anemia of various types, lesions of the endocrine glands.	there are no pathological reasons for the decrease in LDH.
Lipase	pancreatitis, intestinal infarction, peritonitis, long-term use of barbiturates and analgesics, obesity grades 3 and 4, cirrhosis of the liver, gestation, intestinal obstruction, mumps, diabetes mellitus, cholecystitis.	pancreatic dysfunction, cystic fibrosis, excess triglycerides in the blood.
Cholinesterase	obesity grades 3 and 4, alcoholism, breast cancer, arterial hypertension, tetanus, neurosis, gestation, diabetes mellitus.	third trimester of pregnancy, liver disease, blood transfusion, cancer, myocardial infarction, decreased blood albumin.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)	multiple myeloma, lymphogranulomatosis, hepatitis, bone tissue regeneration, cytomegalovirus infection, toxic liver damage, osteosarcoma.	osteoporosis, excess vitamin D, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, starvation, scurvy.

Attention! Enzymes should not be equated with enzymes, which are often referred to as "enzymes" - what is correct from a chemical point of view looks different in clinical practice. For ease of understanding, we can assume that enzymes are substances in the blood, and enzyme enzymes are substances in the gastrointestinal tract.

vitamins

Vitamin	Excess	Flaw
BUT	headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, flushing of the skin of the face, thinning of the skin, sporadic pruritus.	problems with vision at dusk, the condition of the skin worsens - the skin becomes dry, rough, painful; brittle nails, conjunctivitis.
B1	weakness, nausea, urge to vomit, dizziness, palpitations, swelling of the face, numbness of the extremities; in severe hypervitaminosis, pulmonary edema, convulsions, involuntary urination, loss of consciousness, and death may occur.	disappears appetite, problems with intestinal motility, frequent constipation, fatigue, nervousness and irritability, sleep problems.
B2	tingling of the fingertips, burning in the joints, blockage of the renal channels, diarrhea and accumulation of fluid in the body, fatty liver.	conjunctivitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes, itching and pain in the eyes, drying out and cracking of the lips, hair begins to fall out.
B6	allergic reactions	there are dermatitis, a tendency to arthritis, myositis, atherosclerosis and liver disease, excitability, nervousness, irascibility, lack of sleep.
D	irritability, muscle spasms, vascular calcification, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, xerostomia, weight loss, increased blood pressure, fatigue, constipation, acidosis.	fatigue, lethargy, lethargy, osteoporosis, liver disease, increased risk of infectious diseases.
E	deterioration of the general condition of the body, violation of sexual function (from apathy to increased desire).	muscle weakness and lethargy, male infertility, endocrine and mental disorders.
FROM	autoimmune diseases, the risk of developing cancer of the red and white blood.	the strength of immunity decreases, weakness, lethargy, increased fatigue.

trace elements

The name of the microelement	What is it needed for	Pathologies associated with a deficiency (-) or an excess (+) of a microelement in human blood
(Ca)	ensures the growth of bone tissue, cleanses the cells of toxins.	liver disease (+, -), bone disease (-), osteoporosis (-), muscle pain (+, -).
(Na)		fainting (-), loss of activity (-), drowsiness (-), thirst (+).
(I)	influence on the growth, development and metabolism of the body.	fatigue, headache, depression, pathological laziness, irritability and irritability (-), weakening memory and intelligence (-), poisoning, weakness, allergies (+).
(K)	affects the functioning of the heart.	hypotension (-), hypertension (+).
(P)	helps the body absorb calcium, a participant in energy metabolism, an integral part of biomolecules, is important for the functioning of the organs of the higher nervous system.	poor memory (-), osteoporosis (+, -), muscle anemia (-), muscle pain (+, -), rickets (-), liver disease (+, -).
(Mg)	takes part in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.	heart disease (+, -), myocardial infarction (-), vascular disease (+, -), convulsions (-).
(Fe)	helps in the composition of the hemoglobin protein to oxidize chemical elements and compounds in the human body.	iron deficiency anemia (-), toxic hepatitis (+).
(Cl)	affects cellular water exchange.	alkaline gastritis (-), acid gastritis (+), anemia (+, -), impaired kidney function (+, -).
(Zn)	affects the functioning of the immune system and male potency, is important for the production of pancreatic secretions.	poor potency in men (-), delayed sexual development (-), autoimmune diseases (+).

Attention! This part of the article is devoted to deciphering the results of biochemical analysis in adults - the determination of an increased or decreased level of each BAC parameter is carried out using a table of norms!

In the beginning, we will answer the 3 most popular questions and move on to deciphering the results of the analysis.

What is a biochemical blood test?

A biochemical blood test is a laboratory examination that allows you to evaluate the activity of metabolic processes in the body and identify certain disorders that indicate certain diseases.

The results of a biochemical blood test make it possible to determine a further program of diagnostic search aimed at identifying or excluding possible pathologies.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

Biochemical study of blood allows us to draw conclusions of the following nature:

• Assess the capabilities of the liver;
• Assess the capabilities of the kidneys and their functional reserve;
• Detect if there is damage to cells, especially myocardium, important for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction;
• Whether there are electrolyte disturbances that may affect the normal functioning of important organs;
• Assess the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis and related complications;
• Diagnose diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

How to prepare for the analysis?

To obtain the most reliable results of blood biochemistry, a number of rules must be observed (preparatory stage):

• On the eve of the study, do not eat in the morning;
• The day before blood donation, avoid intense physical activity, which is accompanied by an increase in blood lactate and other metabolites;
• Exclude the use of alcoholic beverages;
• Avoid mental stress, accompanied by an increase in the level of adrenaline with the ensuing consequences.

Biochemical blood test in adults: the norm in the table

The norms of a biochemical blood test in adults fluctuate within certain limits, the scope of which depends on the particular laboratory. Therefore, reference values ​​are always indicated in the analysis form. This transcript in adults of a biochemical blood test and the norm in the table is approximate (the exact standards should be clarified with the specialist who conducted the study).

Indicator	Lower limit of normal	Upper limit of normal	unit of measurement
Protein	60	85	g/l
Albumins	35	50	g/l
Globulins	25	35	g/l
Creatinine	50 (women) 64 (men)	100 (women) 110 (men)	µmol/l
Urea (over 60 years, the concentration increases slightly)	2	7,1	mmol/l
Lipids (concentration increases with age)	0.50 (men) 0.4 (women)	2, 9 (men) 2.5 (women)	mmol/l
Total cholesterol (concentration increases with age)	3 - 3.5 (men) 3 - 4.5 (women)	5 - 6.8 (men) 3 - 7.1 (women)	mmol/l
total bilirubin	3,3	20,5	µmol/l
direct bilirubin	0	7,8	µmol/l
ALT	0	31 (women) 41 (men)	U/l
AST	0	31 (women) 37 (men)	U/l
Amylase	25	125	U/l
GGT	0	32 (women) 49 (men)	U/l
Sodium	135	145	mmol/l
Potassium	3,5	5	mmol/l
Calcium	2,1	2,55	mmol/l
Chlorine	100	110	mmol/l
Iron	9 (women) 11 (men)	30 (women) 31 (men)	mmol/l
Uric acid	150 (women) 210 (men)	350 (women) 320 (men)	µmol/l

• Below is a detailed breakdown of the analysis values ​​and what the deviation up and down means.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test for adults

Blood electrolytes (ionogram)

The most important diagnostic value among electrolytes in the biochemical analysis of blood is given to potassium, chlorine, sodium, calcium and serum iron. An ionogram is recommended for such conditions as:

• kidney pathology;
• pathology of the heart, especially manifested by rhythm disturbances;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• dehydration;
• anemia;
• infectious diseases;
• urolithiasis, etc.

Also, this analysis is shown when receiving:

• diuretics;
• cardiac glycosides (drugs prescribed for the treatment of heart failure);
• drugs for the treatment of anemia.

Proteinogram - a protein in a biochemical blood test

Protein in a biochemical blood test is a very important indicator. Both total protein and its individual types (fractions) - albumins and globulins - can be determined. Elevated protein in the analysis usually indicates conditions such as:

• dehydration;
• inflammatory process (especially with an increase in globulins);
• tumors;
• traumatic injuries;
• third trimester of pregnancy;
• taking androgenic or estrogenic drugs;
• autoimmune inflammatory processes.

If the protein in the biochemical blood test is lowered, this indicates other pathological conditions:

• insufficiency of liver function;
• violation of absorption and assimilation of substances in the intestine during its diseases;
• renal pathology;
• pregnancy (first and second trimester).

Uric acid

Uric acid is the main indicator (diseases with damage to the joints associated with the deposition of crystals of this acid in them). However, elevated uric acid levels can also be associated with other diseases:

• kidney failure;
• tumors of the blood system;
• hereditary disorder of urate metabolism.

The final diagnosis of gout is made after x-ray examination of the joints. With this disease, a characteristic symptom is the formation of tophi - or brushes.

Low uric acid indicates:

• lymphogranulomatosis;
• insufficient intake of proteins from food;
• Fanconi syndrome (hereditary kidney disease with damage to their tubules).

Urea

Urea refers to the products of nitrogen metabolism, which are formed in the liver. Excretion is carried out by the kidneys, and this substance determines the density of urine, because. capable of attracting water. The level of urea depends on factors such as:

• preservation of kidney function (increased rates are characteristic of renal failure);
• an abundance of protein products in food (if there are a lot of them, then the concentration of urea increases);
• vegetarianism (urea is reduced);
• liver function (with its insufficiency, urea in the blood decreases);
• age (children have a decrease in urea due to increased protein formation);
• pregnancy (decrease in level is explained by a similar mechanism).

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test is an additional indicator of nitrogen metabolism. The formation of this substance occurs in the muscles as a result of the destruction of creatine phosphate. This process is accompanied by the release of energy necessary for muscle contraction.

Removal of creatinine from the body is carried out by the kidneys - it is filtered in the glomeruli and is not absorbed back in the tubules. Therefore, based on the concentration of creatinine in the blood, conclusions can be drawn about the adequacy of the functioning of the kidneys, namely the renal glomeruli, which are most often affected in glomerulonephritis.

Thus, the excess of creatinine, in the first place, characterizes kidney failure. But it can also be observed in other diseases:

• gigantism and its variety - acromegaly (an increase in the length of the limbs);
• muscle compression syndrome;
• radiation damage;
• (excess thyroid function).

Also, an increase in the concentration of creatine in the body may indicate excessive consumption of meat and its products in the human diet. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, red meat can be eaten only 2 times a week, no more.

If creatine is lowered below the threshold level, this indicates:

• muscular dystrophy;
• fasting, leading to a decrease in muscle mass;
• pregnancy (used for uterine hypertrophy);
• commitment to vegetarianism.

ALT, ALaT - Alanine aminotransferase

The decoding of ALT in a biochemical blood test is based on the fact that this enzyme is present inside the cells and is released from them when they are destroyed. ALT takes part in the formation of amino acids.

The maximum concentration of this enzyme is determined in the liver and kidneys, the smaller one - in the muscles, heart and pancreas.

Therefore, an increase in ALT levels indicates such diseases:

• viral hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• traumatic injury;
• liver tumor;
• myocardial infarction;
• myocarditis;
• myodystrophy;
• rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

With a pronounced inhibition of liver function, ALT activity is critically reduced. The determination of GGT in a biochemical blood test also helps to confirm the diagnosis of liver damage. This enzyme is also specific for hepatocytes.

Elevated titers of CRP (C-reactive protein) in a biochemical blood test indicate an infectious lesion of the liver (viral hepatitis), helping to establish an accurate etiological (causal) diagnosis.

AST, ASAT - Aspartate aminotransferase

AST, unlike ALT, is an enzyme that is more specific for cardiomyocyte damage. Therefore, an increase in AST in a biochemical blood test indicates a myocardial infarction or other heart damage. Somewhat less often it says about:

• hepatitis;
• cholestasis;
• muscle damage;
• inflammation.

Lipidogram (cholesterol and fats)

Lipidogram is the determination of the concentration of fats (lipids) and cholesterol fractions in the blood, which determine the degree of its atherogenicity. These substances enter the body with food, and are also formed in adipocytes (fat cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells).

The physiological significance of fats and cholesterol lies in the formation of energy necessary for the flow of all processes in the body. However, elevated levels can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

When lipid levels are elevated in the analysis, this may indicate the following conditions:

• hereditary lipidemia;
• diabetes;
• heart failure;
• pancreatitis;
• obesity;
• hypothyroid state;
• pregnancy.

Low lipid levels indicate:

• lack of nutrition;
• violation of absorption activity in the intestine;
• increased thyroid function.

Cholesterol in a biochemical blood test

When determining the level of cholesterol, the total concentration and level in the composition of lipoproteins, both low and high density, are taken into account.

The former represent an atherogenic hazard, while the latter, on the contrary, have a protective effect on the vessels. An increase in total cholesterol in a blood test is observed when:

• hereditary hypercholesterolemia;
• atherosclerosis;
• liver diseases;
• kidney disease;
• gout;
• alcoholism.

Total cholesterol is lowered - indicates:

• exhaustion;
• malabsorption;
• burns;
• acute infections;
• heart failure.

Bilirubin in a biochemical blood test

Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin. This process occurs both in the liver and in the spleen. There are direct and indirect bilirubin.

Directly related to glucuronic acid. Indirect bilirubin is free from such a bond, therefore it is insoluble in water. It is formed initially from hemoglobin and myoglobin and is able to destroy cell membranes, tk. dissolves well in fats.

This type of bilirubin has a toxic effect on cells if its concentration exceeds the allowable values. Normally, it must enter the liver, where it combines with glucuronic acid and loses its toxic properties. Further, the bound bilirubin enters the intestine with bile and is excreted (both with urine and feces).

An increase in total bilirubin in the blood leads to the appearance of externally visible jaundice and indicates liver damage, destruction of red blood cells, poisoning, tumors, hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, cholelithiasis, etc.

An elevated level of direct bilirubin allows you to determine the direct involvement of the liver in the pathological process and determine the level of damage (above the liver, below it, or directly to this organ). This indicates diseases such as:

• viral hepatitis;
• hepatitis of toxic origin;
• hepatosis of pregnant women;
• Rotor syndrome (hereditary disorder of bilirubin metabolism);
• pathology with compression of the bile ducts.

Amylase

There are two fractions of amylase:

• salivary - formed in the salivary glands;
• pancreatic - synthesized in the pancreas.

The excretion of the enzyme is carried out by the kidneys. In this case, it is traditionally called diastase, although this is the same substance.

Diagnostic value has both an increase in the level of amylase, and its decrease. An increased level of amylase is observed in diseases such as:

• pancreatitis;
• (popularly - mumps);
• diabetes and others.

A decrease in the level is usually associated with pancreatic insufficiency, leading to impaired digestion, or with.

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. The results of this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal disruptions, and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person is not even aware of the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and menstrual irregularities of unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, coronary heart disease;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

Analysis indicator	Norm for men	Norm for women
total protein
Protein fractions: Albumins Globulins
Hemoglobin
Urea	2.5-8.2 mmol/l	2.4-8.2 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.42 mmol/l	0.24-0.54 mmol/l
	3.3-5.5 mmol/l	3.2-5.5 mmol/l
Creatinine	61-114 µmol/l	52-96 µmol/l
total cholesterol	3.4-6.4 mmol/l	3.4-6.4 mmol/l
	Up to 3 mmol/l	Up to 3 mmol/l
		0-1.2 mmol/l
Triglycerides	Up to 1.6 mmol/l	Up to 1.7 mmol/l
Bilirubin (total)	5-20 µmol/l	5-20 µmol/l
Bilirubin direct	2.2-5.0 µmol/l	2.2-5.0 µmol/l
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	Not more than 45 units/l	Not more than 30 units/l
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Alkaline phosphatase	Up to 260 units/l	Up to 250 units/l
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)
Pancreatic amylase
Creatine kinase (CK)	Up to 180 units/l	Up to 180 units/l
	130-150 mmol/l	130-150 mmol/l
	3.3-5.3 mmol/l	3.35-5.3 mmol/l
Alpha amylase

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally found in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the immune defense of the body against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In the case of a significant increase in this rate, the human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An elevated level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. drug overdose and poisoning.

Glucose

Normally, in a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person, from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l are detected (a glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible violations of liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in the anacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• acute pancreatitis;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. the average degree - up to 8 mmol / l, is corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

The causes of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease caused by a bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, there are diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed with:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases of internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.

The doctor issues a referral for a blood test not only if the patient has complaints, but also during commissions, pregnancy, or for prevention purposes. Research is carried out on various indicators. A common and frequently used is biochemical analysis. According to its results, it is possible to confirm the presence of inflammation, infection of the body and other pathologies. When deciphering, it must be taken into account that the value of the indicators differs depending on the age and gender of the patient. So, the norms of a biochemical blood test for women have different meanings than for men and children, and you can often find tables that combine these indicators, which allows you to clearly see the differences.

A biochemical blood test is a method of laboratory diagnostics that allows you to assess the correct functioning of internal organs, obtain information about metabolic processes, and also identify the body's need for trace elements. The study plays an important role in the diagnosis of almost all diseases, and therefore it is prescribed in the first place.

This type of analysis in women is carried out to obtain information about the state and correct functioning of organs and systems of the body as a whole. Deciphering its results gives a complete picture of the amount of vitamins, trace elements in the body.

In case of deviation from the norm of indicators, it allows to determine the development of diseases. During pregnancy, blood biochemistry allows you to control the general condition of the woman and exclude complications.

With a biochemical blood test, it is possible to conduct a study of more than forty indicators. Most often, they are limited to a few specific components, and a more in-depth study is carried out if additional examination is necessary. Under the norm of indicators, it is customary to understand the result, which is in the interval between the minimum and maximum allowable values.

The norm of indicators in women

As noted earlier, the value of indicators in a biochemical blood test varies depending on the age and gender of a person. The difference in women's values ​​is associated with hormonal status, which is inherently associated with age. At a young age, the result is affected by menstruation, hormonal contraceptives, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation, and for older women - menopause and the period of menopause. The minimum and maximum values ​​\u200b\u200bof the indicators of a biochemical blood test can be seen in the table.

Indicator	Norm	Unit.
Squirrels
Albumen	33-50	g/l
total protein	64-83
C-reactive protein (CRP)	up to 5	mg/l
myoglobin	12-76	µg/l
Transferrin	2,50-3,80	g/l
ferritin	10-120	µg/l
LWSS	20-62	µmol/l
OHSS	50-85
Enzymes
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)	up to 34
ASAT	up to 31
GGT	up to 32
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)	up to 250
Alpha amylase	27-100
Amylase pancreatic	up to 50
Creatine kinase	up to 167
Creatine kinase MB	up to 24
Alkaline phosphatase	120
Lipase	up to 190
Cholinesterase	5800-14000
Total cholesterol and lipoproteins
very low density	0,26-1,04	mmol/l
low density	1,92-4.51
high density	0,8-2,28
Triglycerides	0,34-3,00
Carbohydrates
Glucose	3,88-5,83	mmol/l
Fructosamine	up to 319	µmol/l
Pigments
Bilirubin total	3,4-17,1	µmol/l
straight	up to 3.4
indirect	up to 19
low molecular weight nitrogenous substances
Creatinine	53-97	mmol/l
Uric acid	145-350
Urea	2,4-6,4
Inorganic substances and vitamins
Serum iron	8.9-30,4
Potassium	3,5-5,5	mmol/l
Calcium	2,15-2,5
Sodium	135-145
Chlorine	98-107
Magnesium	0,66-1,05
Phosphorus	0,87-1,45
Folic acid	3-17	ng/ml
Vitamin B-12	180-900

After reviewing the data in the table, you might think that there is nothing difficult in order to decipher the blood test and make a diagnosis accordingly. But deciphering the results of the study requires certain knowledge. Each of the indicators contains specific characteristics. Changing one of the values ​​may contribute to the rejection of the other. For example, an excess of bilirubin (direct or indirect) indicates the presence of liver pathologies. It is possible that due to this violation there are infectious diseases. It is extremely difficult to decipher the results of the study without the help of a qualified doctor.

One of the important conditions for deciphering analyzes in women is pregnancy. During this period, liver tests are mandatory, that is, blood from a vein is examined for bilirubin, ALT, AST, GGT and alkaline phosphatase. The need is due to the fact that when carrying a fetus, the load on the liver increases significantly. In addition, a biochemical blood test during pregnancy makes it possible to determine the state of other indicators, which will allow you to monitor the health of a woman. The norms of biochemistry indicators during pregnancy are presented in the table.

Indicator	Norm during pregnancy
	I trimester	II trimester	III trimester
Total protein, g/l	from 63 to 83	from 63 to 83	from 62 to 83
Albumin, g/l	from 32 to 50	from 28 to 55.8	from 25.6 to 66.1
Globulin, g/l	from 28 to 112	from 28 to 112	from 28
Urea, mmol/l	2.5 to 7.1	2.5 to 7.1	2.5 to 6.3
Creatinine, µmol/l	from 32 to 70	from 32 to 51	from 32 to 47
Cholesterol, mmol/l	from 6.16 to 13.72	from 6.16 to 13.72	from 6.16 to 13.72
Glucose, mmol/l	from 3.5 to 5.83	from 3.5 to 5.83	from 3.5 to 5.83
Diastasis, units/l	from 25 to 125	from 25 to 125	from 25 to 125
Bilirubin total, µmol/l	from 3.4 to 21.6	from 3.4 to 21.6	from 3.4 to 21.6
Bilirubin direct, µmol/l	0 to 7.9	0 to 7.9	0 to 7.9
Bilirubin indirect, µmol/l	from 3.4 to 13.7	from 3.4 to 13.7	from 3.4 to 13.7
ALT, units/l	up to 32	up to 31	up to 31
AST, units/l	up to 31	up to 30	up to 30
GGT, units/ml	up to 36	up to 36	up to 36
Alkaline phosphatase, units	from 40 to 150	from 40 to 190	from 40 to 240
Sodium, mmol/l	from 135 to 155	from 135 to 145	from 135 to 145
Potassium, mmol/l	3.4 to 5.3	3.5 to 5.5	3.4 to 5.3
Chlorine, mmol/l	from 98 to 107	from 98 to 107	from 98 to 107
Calcium, mmol/l	2.2 to 2.5	2.2 to 2.5	from 2.2 to 2.55
Magnesium, mmol/l	0.85 to 2.0	from 0.85 to 1.7	from 0.85 to 1.4
Phosphorus, mmol/l	1.0 to 1.57	1.0 to 1.4	from 0.87 to 1.47
Iron, µmol/l	from 8.93 to 30.4	from 8.93 to 30.4	from 7.2 to 25.9

You can evaluate the deviation of indicators from the norm on your own based on these data, but only a doctor can determine what caused this change. Therefore, when receiving the results of the analysis, you need to visit a specialist. Timely treatment and prevention will avoid many problems and complications for both the mother and the unborn child.

Reasons for deviation of indicators

There are a huge number of reasons for the deviation from the norm of indicators studied in a biochemical blood test. In this connection, there is a need for internal consultation with a doctor. After studying the results, the specialist will prescribe an additional examination, as well as select the appropriate treatment. The deviation of a specific indicator indicates the corresponding disease:

1. Cholesterol. An increase in the level can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction. An increase can be observed in people subject to frequent stress, abusing bad habits. Elevated cholesterol is possible with disorders in the functioning of the kidneys and liver, pancreatitis, pancreatic tumors, diabetes mellitus, alcohol dependence, heart ischemia, atherosclerosis. A decrease in the indicator can be a symptom of chronic heart failure, anemia, sepsis, liver tumors, tuberculosis and other lung diseases.
2. Glucose. An increased rate is typical for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, endocrine pathologies, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, chronic forms of the course of liver and kidney diseases. An increase in the indicator can be observed after emotional upheavals, stressful situations, smoking. The decrease is typical for disorders in the pancreas, many liver pathologies, cancer of the stomach and adrenal glands, with toxic poisoning or drug overdose.
3. Creatinine An increased amount is a sign of renal failure, hyperthyroidism. A decrease in the level is possible with prolonged refusal of food, lack of body weight, during the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy.
4. Bilirubin. Needed to assess liver function. The growth of the indicator occurs with a lack of vitamin B12, liver diseases, various poisonings, cholelithiasis.
5. Urea. An increase may mean that there are kidney pathologies, heart failure, leukemia, cancer, shock, myocardial infarction. The decrease is typical for liver diseases, poisoning with phosphorus compounds or arsenic, as well as during pregnancy.
6. total protein. An increase in the level is provoked by infectious and oncological diseases, rheumatism. A decrease is possible with pancreatitis, pathologies of the liver, intestines, kidneys, bleeding, extensive burn lesions, and injuries. Also, a decrease can be triggered by prolonged starvation, severe physical overstrain.

This list consists only of the main indicators used in the diagnosis of diseases. Since more than 40 values ​​are examined in biochemistry, there are a huge number of diseases in which they deviate from the norm. Depending on the patient's complaints, the list of studied parameters changes. When prescribing an analysis, the doctor specifically indicates the subject of diagnosis, based on the patient's complaints.

Study preparation

In addition to inflammatory processes and pathologies, the result of a blood test can be significantly affected by improper preparation for the procedure. Consequently, the diagnosis will be incorrect, which will mislead the doctor and he may make an incorrect diagnosis, and, accordingly, prescribe the wrong treatment. Therefore, before taking the analysis, you need to conduct a simple preparation.

1. Refuse food for 8-10 hours before the analysis. For several days, do not eat fatty and spicy foods. Drinking water is allowed.
2. If possible, avoid taking medications or inform your doctor about their use.
3. Do not drink alcohol a few days before the study.
4. Eliminate physical and emotional stress.
5. Do not smoke for several hours before the analysis.
6. Do not do physiotherapy and x-ray examinations.

If the preparation was not carried out, then there is a high probability of obtaining unreliable results. Most likely, the attending physician will prescribe a second blood test and an additional examination. And he will pre-diagnose and prescribe the appropriate treatment, which may not be necessary at all. Before taking a blood test, it is necessary to prepare, then the work of the doctor, laboratory assistant and the patient himself will not be wasted.

A biochemical blood test is an accessible and informative diagnostic method. With its help, you can determine the development of diseases, assess the general state of health and prevent the development of complications in time. The norms of indicators differ depending on the gender and age of a person, so it makes no sense to compare the results of male and female analyzes. In women, the value differs due to different hormonal conditions. The decoding of the study should be carried out by a doctor, since certain medical knowledge is required for a correct assessment of the total set of indicators.

Blood chemistry- called the "king" of analyzes. Specialists often prescribe it to clarify the diagnosis of the patient, to control the treatment, its effectiveness.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test with an English (Latin) abbreviation begins with a comparison of the average statistical data of a healthy person. The norm depends on the age of the person, the gender of the patient and other factors. All these data are compared with the norms accepted in medicine for a healthy average person and an assessment is made of his state of immunity and the quality of metabolism in the body. Evaluate the work of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other vital internal organs.

• Biochemistry of blood - obtained by cleaning the blood from formed elements: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, etc. In the general analysis, these cells are of primary importance.

Biochemical blood test - the norm in the table with the decoding of the abbreviation

Indicator	Norm
Amylase AMYL	up to 110 E per liter
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ALT	Up to 38 U/l
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Up to 42 U/l
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)	Up to 260 U/l
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)	in men, the norm is up to 33.5 U / l in women - up to 48.6 U / l
Homocysteine ​​Homocysteine	men: 6.26 - 15.01 µmol/l; women: 4.6 - 12.44 µmol/l.
Myoglobin Myoglobin	in men - 19 - 92 mcg / l in women - 12 - 76 mcg / l
ferritin	The norm of ferritin is expressed in micrograms per liter of blood (mcg / l) or in nanograms per milliliter (ng / ml), depends on age and gender and has a large difference in values.
Serum iron-binding capacity (total transferrin) TIBC	Men 45 - 75 µmol/l Women 40 - 70 µmol/l
Bilirubin (total) BIL-T	8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Direct bilirubin D-BIL	2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Creatine kinase (CK) creatine kinase	The norm of total creatine kinase: For women: no more than 146 U / l; For men: no more than 172 U / l. Norm of creatine kinase (CK-MB): < 24 U/l, < 6% от уровня активности КФК.
Protein (total) BELOK
Protein fractions: albumins globulins (α 1 , α 2 , β, γ)
C-reactive protein
Urea UREA	2.5-8.3 mmol/l
Creatinine	a woman has 44-97 micromoles per liter in a man 62-124
Uric acid	in men, the norm is 0.12-0.43 mmol / l in women, the norm is 0.24-0.54 mmol / l
Glucose Glu	3.5-6.2 mmol per liter
Cholesterol (total) CHOL	3.3-5.8 mmol/l
LDL ( low density lipoproteins) see cholesterol	less than 3 mmol/liter
HDL ( high density lipoproteins) see cholesterol	a woman's norm is greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per liter men 1 mmol/liter
Triglycerides TG	the norm is less than 1.7 mmol per liter
Osteocalcin	men: 12.0 - 52.1 ng / ml,
Rheumatoid factor	Slightly elevated - 25-50 IU / ml -increased - 50-100 IU / ml -significantly increased - more than 100 IU / ml
Sodium Na	130-155 mmol/l
Potassium K+	For adults: 3.5-5.5 mmol / l
Iron Fe	Men: 10.7 - 30.4 µmol/l Women: 9 - 23.3 µmol/l
Calcium Ca	in adults from 2.15 to 1.5 mmol / l.
Chlorine Cl	Adults: 98 - 107 mmol/l
Magnesium Mg	Adults 20 to 60 years old 0 66 - 1.07 mmol / l. Adults 60 to 90 0.66 - 0,99 Adults over 90 0.70 - 0.95 mmol/l
Phosphorus P	from 12 - to 60 years: 0.87 - 1.45 mmol / l Men over 60: 0.74 - 1.2
Vitamin B12	in adults - 100-700 pg / ml (average values ​​\u200b\u200bof 300-400 pg / ml).
Folic acid B9	3 - 17 ng/ml

Latin (English) letters in biochemical blood tests

Designation	Decryption	Norm
WBC	The number of leukocytes (white blood cells - white blood cells)	4.0 – 9.0 x 10 9 /l
GLU	Glucose, mmol/l	3,89 – 6,38
BIL-T	Total bilirubin, µmol/l	8,5 – 20,5
D-BIL	Direct bilirubin, µmol/l	0,86 – 5,1
ID-BIL	Indirect bilirubin, µmol/l	4.5 - 17.1 (75% of total bilirubin)
UREA	Urea, mmol/l	1.7 - 8.3 (over 65 - up to 11.9)
CREA	Creatinine, µmol/l	men - 62 - 106 women - 44 - 88
CHOL	Cholesterol (cholesterol), mmol/l	3,1 – 5,2
AMYL	Alpha-amylase, U/l	28 – 100
KFK	Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), U/l	men - 24 - 190 women - 24 - 170
KFK-MB	Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB), U/l	up to 25
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase, U/l	men - up to 270, women - up to 240
LIPASE	Lipase, U / l	13 – 60
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), U/l	225 – 450
HDL	HDL, mmol/l	0,9 – 2,1
LDL	LDL, mmol/l	up to 4
VLDL	VLDL, mmol/l	0,26 – 1
TRIG	Triglycerides, mmol/l	0,55 – 2,25
CATR	Atherogenic coefficient	2 – 3
ASLO	Antistreptolysin-O (ASL-O), U/ml	up to 200
CRP	Ceruloplasmin, g/l	0,15 – 0,6
HP	Haptoglobin, g/l	0,3 – 2
a2M		1,3 – 3
BELOK	Total protein, g/l	66 – 87
RBC	The number of erythrocytes (red blood cells - red blood cells)	4.3-6.2 x 10 12 /l for men 3.8-5.5 x 10 12 /l for women 3.8-5.5 x 10 12 / l for children
HGB (Hb)	hemoglobin - hemoglobin	120 - 140 g/l
HCT (Ht)	hematocrit - hematocrit	39 – 49% for men 35 – 45% for women
MCV	mean erythrocyte volume	80 - 100 fl
MCHC		30 - 370 g/l (g/l)
MCH	average hemoglobin content in a single erythrocyte	26 - 34 pg (pg)
MPV	mean platelet volume - mean platelet volume	7-10 fl
PDW	the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume, an indicator of platelet heterogeneity.
PCT	thrombocrit	0.108-0.282) fraction (%) of whole blood volume occupied by platelets.
PLT	The number of platelets (platelets)	180 – 320 x 109/l
LYM% (LY%)	lymphocyte - relative (%) content of lymphocytes	25-40 %
LYM# (LY#)	(lymphocyte) - absolute content of lymphocytes	1.2 - 3.0x10 9 / l (or 1.2-63.0 x 103 / μl)
GRA%	Granulocytes, relative (%) content	47 - 72%
GRA#)	Granulocytes, absolute content	1.2-6.8 x 10 9 /l (or 1.2-6.8 x 103 / μl)
MXD%	relative (%) content of a mixture of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils	5-10 %
MXD#	absolute content of the mixture	0.2-0.8 x 10 9 /l
NEUT% (NE%)	(neutrophils) - relative (%) content of neutrophils
NEUT# (NE#)	(neutrophils) - absolute content of neutrophils
MON% (MO%)	(monocyte) - relative content of monocytes	4 – 10%
MON# (MO#)	(monocyte) - absolute content of monocytes	0.1-0.7 x 10 9 /l (or 0.1-0.7 x 103 / μl)
EOS, %	Eosinophils
EO%	relative (%) content of eosinophils
EO#	absolute content of eosinophils
BAS, %	Basophils
BA%	relative (%) content of basophils
BA#	absolute content of basophils
IMM%	relative (%) content of immature granulocytes
IMM#	absolute content of immature granulocytes
ATL%	relative (%) content of atypical lymphocytes
ATL#	absolute content of atypical lymphocytes
GR%	relative (%) content of granulocytes
GR#	absolute content of granulocytes
RBC/HCT	mean volume of erythrocytes
HGB/RBC	average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte
HGB/HCT	average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte
RDW	Red cell Distribution Width - erythrocyte distribution width
RDW-SD	relative width of distribution of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation
RDW-CV	relative width of distribution of erythrocytes by volume, coefficient of variation
P-LCR	Large Platelet Ratio - ratio of large platelets
ESR	ESR, ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate	Up to 10 mm/h for men Up to 15 mm/h for women
RTC	Reticulocytes
TIBC	Total iron-binding capacity of serum, µmol/l	50-72
a2M	Alpha 2-macroglobulin (a2MG), g/l	1,3-3

Video: Biochemical blood test - transcript, table and norm

Deciphering a biochemical blood test

Amylase

• Men 45 - 75 µmol/l
• Women 40 - 70 µmol/l

Features of preparation for the study: during the week before the test, do not take iron supplements, 1-2 days before the test, it is necessary to limit the intake of fatty food.

Normal saturation of transferrin with iron:

• in men - 25.6 - 48.6%,
• in women - 25.5 - 47.6%.

Physiological changes in YSL occur during a normal pregnancy (increase to 4500 mcg/l). In healthy children, VR decreases immediately after birth, then increases.

High rates indicate: iron deficiency anemia, oral contraceptives, liver damage (cirrhosis, hepatitis), frequent blood transfusions. Low levels of YBC are manifested: with a decrease in total protein in plasma (starvation, necrotic syndrome), iron deficiency in the body, chronic infections.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin in the analyzes depends on the age of the patients.

• Newborns up to 1 day - less than 34 µmol / l.
• Newborns from 1 to 2 days 24 - 149 µmol1 hzl.
• Newborns from 3 to 5 days 26 - 205 µmol/l.
• Adults up to 60 years 5 - 21 µmol/l.
• Adults age 60 to 90 3 - 19 µmol/l.
• People over 90 3 - 15 µmol/l.

Bilirubin is a component of bile, a yellow pigment, the breakdown of direct (bound) bilirubin and the death of red blood cells is formed.

What is AST and ALT

AST - astspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and the like. Elevated levels of AST, as well as ALT, may indicate necrosis of liver cells. In chronic viral hepatitis, you need to monitor the ratio of AST / ALT, which is called the de Ritis ratio.

Elevated AST over ALT may indicate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis or alcoholic, chemical liver damage. Elevated AST also speaks of cellular decay of liver tissues (necrosis of hepatocytes).

ALT - transcript

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) or ALT.

ALT is a special liver tissue enzyme that is released when it is diseased. When ALT biochemical analysis is elevated, they can talk about toxic or viral damage to liver tissues. With hepatitis C, B, A, this indicator must be monitored constantly, once a quarter or every six months. The level of ALT is judged on the degree of damage to the liver by hepatitis, however, in chronic forms, the level of ALT may remain within the normal range, which does not exclude latent liver damage. ALT is more recorded in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis.

• Read: diagnosis of hepatitis;

Glucose

Glucose in biochemical analysis:

• Up to 14 years - 3.33 - 5.65 mmol / l
• From 14 - 60 - 3.89 - 5.83
• From 60 - 70 - 4.44 - 6.38
• Over 70 years - 4.61 - 6.10 mmol / l

Glucose analysis is a very important indicator in the diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose is the energy of our body. It is in demand and intensively consumed during physical and mental stress, stressful conditions. A high rate indicates diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, thyrotoxicosis, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, chronic kidney and liver diseases, cystic fibrosis.

Video: About blood test AST and ALT

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin norm:

• men: 12.0 - 52.1 ng / ml,
• women - premenopause - 6.5 - 42.3 ng / ml.

postmenopausal - 5.4 - 59 ng / ml.

Osteocalcin (Osteocalcin, Bone Gla protein, BGP) is a sensitive marker of bone turnover. Used to diagnose osteoporosis.

High value: Paget's disease, rapid growth in adolescents, diffuse toxic goiter, bone metastases, bone softening, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic renal failure;

Low osteocalcin: pregnancy, hypercortisolism (Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome), hypoparathyroidism, somatotropin deficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, glucocorticoid therapy.

Triglycerides (fats)

Triglycerides 165mg% (1.65g/l). Triglycerides are prescribed for analysis for heart disease, strokes. As a factor in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Violation of lipid metabolism is not one of the reasons for the maturation of atherosclerosis. Therefore, lipid metabolism tests must be taken into account along with other factors. The indicators of fat metabolism are corrected with the help of diet and the use of drugs.

Decryption for C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is an indicator of the acute phase of the inflammatory process, the most sensitive and fastest indicator of tissue damage. C-reactive protein is most often compared to the ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Both indicators rise sharply at the onset of the disease, but CRP appears and disappears before ESR changes. With successful treatment, the level of CRP decreases over the next days, normalizing on days 6-10, while ESR decreases only after 2-4 weeks.

Such sensitivity can capture changes in CRP not only under conditions of acute, but also chronic inflammation. A number of scientific works have shown that an increase in CRP, even in the concentration range of less than 10 mg / l in apparently healthy people, indicates an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as the first myocardial infarction, thromboembolism.

Uric acid

Uric acid is normally:

• Children under 12: 119 - 327 µmol/l
• Men 12 to 60 years old: 262 - 452 µmol/l
• Women from! 2 to 60: 137 - 393
• Men 60 to 90: 250 - 476
• Women 60 to 90: 208 - 434 µmol/l
• Men over 90: 208 - 494
• Women over 90: 131 - 458 µmol/l

The uric acid level indicates normal or not kidney function and a violation of their filtration. Uric acid is a metabolic product, (purine bases), which are part of proteins. Excreted from the body by the kidneys. Uric acid is a metabolic product of purine bases, which are part of complex proteins - nucleoproteins, and is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Rheumatoid factor

• negative - up to 25 IU / ml (international unit per milliliter)
• slightly elevated - 25-50 IU / ml
• elevated - 50-100 IU / ml
• significantly increased - more than 100 IU / ml

Rheumatoid factor is determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in patients with other inflammatory pathologies. Normally, rheumatoid factor is not detected by conventional methods.

Reasons for rejection: detection of rheumatoid factor - rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Waldenström's disease, Felty syndrome and Still syndrome (special forms of rheumatoid arthritis).

Iron

• Men: 10.7 - 30.4 µmol/l
• Women: 9 - 23.3 µmol/l

Iron is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Indicates hematopoietic diseases and anemia. Approximately 4 g of iron is in the human body. Approximately 80% of the total amount of the substance is placed in the composition of hemoglobin, 25% of iron is in reserve, 10% is contained in the composition of myoglobin, 1% is stored in respiratory enzymes that catalyze the processes of cell respiration. Iron deficiency states (hyposiderosis, iron deficiency anemia) are one of the most common human ailments.

Potassium

• Up to 12 months 4.1 - 5.3
• 12 months - 14 years 3.4 - 4.7
• Over 14 years old 3.5 - 5.5

Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells. The biological role of potassium is great. Potassium promotes mental clarity, improves oxygen supply to the brain, helps to get rid of toxins, acts as an immunomodulator, helps reduce blood pressure and helps in the treatment of allergies.

Potassium, is in the cells, regulates water balance, normalizes the rhythm of the heart.

Increasing potassium levels

This phenomenon is called hyperkalemia and is a sign of the following disorders:

• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns)
• dehydration
• acidosis
• acute renal failure (impaired excretion by the kidneys)
• adrenal insufficiency
• increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is increased due to the intake of antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and certain other drugs. A decrease in potassium concentration (hypokalemia) begins with insufficient intake from food, increased losses in urine and feces, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of potassium-depleting diuretics, the use of steroid drugs, certain hormonal disorders, intravenous administration of large volumes of fluid that does not contain potassium.

Deciphering the indicators of calcium in the blood:

• Newborn children: 1.05 - 1.37 mmol / l.
• Children from 1 year to 16 1.29 - 1.31 mmol / l
• Adults 1.17 - 1.29 mmol / l.

Calcium

• Normal calcium in an adult is from 2.15 to 1.5 mmol / l.

Among the nutrients contained in the body in the largest quantities, calcium ranks next after protein, fat and carbohydrates. Although 99 percent of all calcium is used for the needs of bones and teeth, the tasks of the remaining one percent are also extremely important.

An elevated calcium level, also known as hypercalcemia, means that there is too much calcium in the blood. Most of the human calcium is found in bones and teeth. A certain amount of calcium helps the body to work properly. Too much calcium damages the nerves, digestive tract, heart, and kidneys.

Sodium

The norm of sodium in the body (mmol / l):

• Newborns sodium rate: 133 - 146
• Babies under 1 goal: 139 - 146
• Children norm: 138 - 145
• Adults: 136 - 145 mmol / l.
• Adults over 90 within: 132 - 146.

Sodium is the main cation that neutralizes acids in the blood and lymph; in ruminants, sodium bicarbonate is the main constituent of saliva. It regulates to an optimal level (pH 6.5-7) the actual acidity of the chyme in the pancreas.

Sodium chloride regulates osmotic pressure, activates the enzyme amylase, which destroys starch, accelerates the absorption of glucose in the intestine, and serves as a material for the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

Chlorine

• Newborns up to 30 days: 98 - 113 mmol / l.
• Adults: 98 - 107
• Elderly patients over 90: 98 - 111 mmol / l.

Chlorine, like sodium, is found in plant foods in small amounts; Plants grown on saline soils are distinguished by a high content of chlorine. In the animal body, chlorine is concentrated in the gastric juice, blood, lymph, skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Magnesium

• the norm of magnesium for newborns is 0.62 - 0.91 mmol / l.
• For children from 5 months. up to 6 years 0.70 - 0.95
• Children aged 6 to 12: 0.70 - 0.86
• Adolescence norm from 12 to 20: 0 70 - 0 91
• Adults from 20 to 60 years old 0 66 - 1.07 mmol / l.
• Adults 60 to 90 within 0.66 - 0.99
• Adults over 90 years old 0.70 - 0.95 mmol/l

Magnesium, like potassium, calcium or sodium, belongs to electrolytes, ions with a positive or negative charge, each of which performs its own specific physiological function.

An increase in the norm of a biochemical blood test is observed in the following diseases:

• Renal failure (acute and chronic)
• Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia (an overdose of magnesium drugs or antacids)
• Diabetes,
• hypothyroidism,
• adrenal insufficiency,
• Addison's disease.
• tissue injury
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• multiple myeloma

Despite the fact that magnesium is widely distributed in nature, its deficiency is found very often (approximately 50%), and clinical signs of magnesium deficiency are detected even more often.

Possible symptoms of magnesium deficiency: unexplained anxiety, stress, irregular heartbeat, muscle cramps (especially nocturnal calf cramps), insomnia, depression, muscle twitching, tingling in the fingertips, dizziness, constant fatigue, migraine attacks.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus rate, mmol/l:

• Up to 2 years 1.45 -2.16
• 2 years - 12 years 1.45 - 1.78
• from 12 - to 60: 0.87 - 1.45
• Women over 60: 0.90 - 1.32
• Men over 60: 0.74 - 1.2

Determining the concentration of phosphorus is most often prescribed for disorders of calcium metabolism, since the ratio of the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus has the greatest diagnostic value.

An increase in the concentration of phosphorus is noted in renal failure, an overdose of vitamin D, insufficiency of the parathyroid glands, in some cases with multiple myeloma, and lipid metabolism disorders (lipid phosphorus).

The amount of acid-soluble phosphorus increases in all diseases accompanied by oxygen deficiency. A decrease in the concentration of phosphorus occurs when there is a deficiency of vitamin D, malabsorption in the intestines, rickets, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is normal in newborns - 160-1300 pg / ml, in adults - 100-700 pg / ml (average values ​​\u200b\u200bof 300-400 pg / ml).

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is found in the proteins of the regular diet. The absorption process of vitamin B12 follows five sets of measures that create the pancreas, duodenum, gastric juice and saliva.

Vitamin B12 is one of the B vitamins. It is the only vitamin that contains a metal - cobalt ion. It is because of cobalt that vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin. The cobalt ion in the vitamin B12 molecule is coordinated to the corrin heterocycle.

Vitamin B12 can exist in different forms. The most common form in human life is cyanocobalamin, obtained by chemical purification of the vitamin with cyanides.

Vitamin B12 can also exist in the form of hydroxycobalamin and in two coenzyme forms - methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. The term pseudo-vitamin B12 refers to substances similar to this vitamin found in some living organisms, for example, in the blue-green algae of the genus Spirulina. Such vitamin-like substances do not have a vitamin effect on the human body.

Folic acid

The norm of filic acid in the human body is 3 - 17 ng / ml.

Folic acid is our most significant deficiency. Folic acid is named after the Latin word folium, meaning leaf, because it was first isolated in a laboratory from spinach leaves. Folic acid belongs to the group of B vitamins. It is easily destroyed during cooking and is lost during the processing and preservation of vegetables and grain peeling.

Folic acid is a vital vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects in an unborn child, such as spina bifida, when the spinal canal in a newborn remains open, with the spinal cord and nerves exposed, or anencephaly (congenital absence of the brain and spinal cord), hydrocephalus, cerebral hernia.

The neural tube develops very quickly after conception and forms the baby's spinal cord. Studies say that increasing the amount of folic acid that pregnant women take makes it possible in 70% of cases to avoid spinal cord fractures.

With a lack of folic acid, the process of formation of the placenta may be disrupted, and the likelihood of miscarriage increases.

Women who may become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take supplements in foods rich in folic acid to reduce the risk of certain serious birth defects. Having enough folic acid supplements in the months leading up to pregnancy is very important to prevent neural tube defects. It has been suggested taking 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods or supplements. The folic acid equivalents APP in pregnant women is 600-800 mcg, twice the usual 400 mcg APP for women who are not pregnant.

Albumen

Albumin molecules are involved in the binding of water, so a drop in this indicator below 30 g / l causes the formation of edema. Elevated albumin practically does not occur and is associated with a decrease in plasma water content.

How to pass

Biochemical analysis is prescribed for:

• acute diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas)
• many different hereditary diseases,
• with beriberi,
• intoxication and many others.

Not infrequently, I prescribe an analysis to make an accurate diagnosis, when the doctor has doubts, if it is based only on the indications and symptoms of the patient himself. This analysis is often prescribed by a doctor to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of a particular disease.

Before taking the analysis, IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN TO EAT ANY FOOD! Incorrect examination indicators can lead to incorrect diagnosis and, as a result, incorrect treatment. Biochemistry of blood shows a close relationship between the exchange of water and mineral salts in the body. The results of the examined blood taken 3-4 hours after breakfast will differ from those taken on an empty stomach; if it is taken 3-4 hours after lunch, then the indicators will differ even more.

Referring the patient for analysis, the doctor wants to know and evaluate the work of a particular organ. This makes it possible to determine the state of the endocrine system (hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, male and female sex hormones), indicators of the immune status.

This study is used in various fields of medicine, such as urology, internal medicine, gastroenterology, cardiology, gynecology, and a number of others.