Thrush: Where does it come from and when to run to the doctor. Candidiasis. Types and forms of candidiasis. Symptoms of the main forms. Diagnosis and treatment of genital candidiasis. The difference between male and female candidiasis Fungal thrush

Thrush in women is a lesion of the lower genitals by fungi from the genus Candida (belong to yeast-like fungi). The second name found in medicine is candidiasis. The fungus of the genus Candida is quite common in the environment and easily enters the human body. It lives both on soil, plants and other components of nature, and on the human body (patient or carrier).

Causes of the disease in women

There was no single cause for the development of thrush in women. However, there are a number of predisposing factors that increase the risk of developing candidiasis:

Long-term use of antibiotics, glucocorticosteroids or cytostatics (both systemically and locally, in the vagina)
Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to hormonal changes in the body and reduced immunity)
Endocrine diseases (especially diabetes mellitus)
Sexual contact with an infected man
Decreased immunity (including HIV infection)
Vaginal dysbiosis (absence of physiological lactobacilli)

More information about the causes of candidiasis can be found on the page "Causes of thrush".

Symptoms of candidiasis

In women, thrush most often affects the vagina (vaginitis and vulvovaginitis). In more rare cases, the process involves the urethra, bladder and cervix.

Symptoms typical for this disease:

Vaginal discharge (white, curdled, sour odor, abundant enough)
Itching on the labia and vagina
On examination, the gynecologist determines the redness of the walls of the vagina (up to the presence of small erosions)
Burning sensation during sexual intercourse (intermittent symptom)
Feeling of constant discomfort in the perineal area
Discomfort and burning sensation when urinating

You can read more about the symptoms of thrush in women on the page "Symptoms of thrush in women."

Diagnostics

To diagnose thrush (candidiasis) in a woman, you must first undergo an examination by a gynecologist. After examining in mirrors and detecting characteristic secretions, the doctor takes a smear, dries it on a glass slide, stains it with special dyes and examines it under a microscope, detecting characteristic colonies (microscopic method). Additional survey methods are not required. You can read more about the definition of candidiasis on the page "Diagnosis of thrush".

Treatment of thrush in women

The main treatment for thrush in women is antifungal agents that affect the vital activity of this particular fungus. For greater effectiveness, they should be applied both locally (in the vagina) and systemically. The first of them include special creams, ointments, suppositories or vaginal tablets. The second - capsules or tablets, which are taken through the gastrointestinal tract.

The main ones include:

Terzhinan (nystatin)
Canison (clotrimazole)
Diflucan (fluconazole)
Pimafucin (Natamycin)

Usually they are prescribed once or for a maximum of 3 days. In the case of a profuse lesion, the duration of treatment may be prolonged (the duration is determined by the patient's condition).

Suppositories against thrush are rarely prescribed. For many women, dysbiosis occurs on drugs in this form of release and complications of thrush have to be treated.

As additional methods of treatment, vitamins, drugs that increase immunity and fortifying agents can be prescribed.

It is necessary when treating one sexual partner, prescribe drugs for the second, which may be a common carrier, without clinical manifestations.
More information about the treatment of candidiasis can be found on the page "Treatment of thrush".

Prophylaxis

To prevent the development of thrush, certain conditions must be observed:

When taking antibiotics, take the tablet form of the drug inside for prevention (for example, fluconazole for 7-10 days)
Wear cotton underwear
Avoid casual sex

More information on measures to prevent thrush can be found on the Prevention of thrush page.

Additional Information

Thrush in newborns
Sex with thrush
Douching for thrush
Instructions for Pimafucin candles
Thrush pills

When examined by a gynecologist, a woman, regardless of age, can hear that it is necessary to pass an analysis for atypical cells. Based on the results of this study, a diagnosis such as atypia is made or rejected. This term, which is not clear to many, requires detailed presentation in a simple and accessible language.

The concept of "atypia" and the causes
Diagnostics and options for smear results
The main methods of treatment

The concept of "atypia" and the causes

The word "atypia" means a deviation from the norm, that is, something atypical, wrong. It can be applied in different directions.

With regard to this concept in gynecology, it means various disorders at the cellular level in the tissues of the female genital organs. Accordingly, this is a certain set of certain signs by which the formation of abnormal cells of tissues and mucous membranes is clearly revealed. This can manifest itself both in their incorrect functioning and in their distorted structure.

Most often, the disease occurs on the cervix, which is more susceptible to certain influences and damage.

Atypia is considered a precancerous condition, but this is not yet oncology, and with timely and proper diagnosis, it responds well to treatment.

The path to the body of the uterus is through its cervix. Due to the higher frequency of development of inflammatory processes in this organ, there is a greater risk of various kinds of anomalies and failures in the processes of cellular recovery. This leads initially to atypia.

Atypical cells of the cervix are new cells of the cervical canal and cervical walls of irregular structure, while various disorders in their functioning, quantity and quality are noted.

This phenomenon in most cases is accompanied by a very rapid growth of neoplasms of abnormal layers of the cervical epithelium. In parallel with this, the blood supply in these areas also changes, vascular atypia appears, that is, distortion of the vessels.

Atypical vessels of the cervix are vessels that differ from normal ones in that their numerical increase and proliferation occurs. This process can be both a consequence and a culprit for the appearance of atypical cells.

Atypia of the cervix, like all other diseases, provides for the presence of a number of causes and processes that precede it, which are the impetus for the development of this ailment.

There are quite a few of them, but the main and determining factors include the following factors:

All this leads to inflammatory processes in the epithelial layers and mucous membranes of the cervical walls. Subsequently, this inflammation, which was not cured in time, or was of some infectious nature, along with a number of additional factors (exacerbation of chronic diseases, lack of vitamins, etc.), causes cell changes.

Diagnostics and options for smear results

Atypical changes in the cervix are diagnosed in two ways:

Both methods should be carried out for women not only when disturbing symptoms appear, but also at the annual recommended examination by a gynecologist. Such a preventive examination makes it possible to diagnose abnormalities in the early stages, which, in turn, are much better treatable.

It should be noted that dysplasia in this case practically does not manifest itself in any way, and is detected in most cases purely by chance.

In order for the results of the analysis to be the most reliable, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules before passing the scraping. These include:

lack of sexual contact for at least 5 days;
lack of menstruation;
refusal to use gels and lubricants;
lack of treatment for an infectious disease in the past couple of months.

The reliability of the final data, subject to all the listed requirements, will be several times higher.

The conclusion is made according to a standardized scheme of the results obtained, where the shape, structure, quantity, and quality of cells are studied. In this regard, the material must be collected in an appropriate way (in the required volume and from a certain place).

The results subdivide the smear into types:

The presence of an anomaly is considered with the results of the second and third types, and the diagnosis of "dysplasia of the initial stage" is made. With the fourth type - "middle stage dysplasia" (the beginning of a precancerous state), but the fifth type is the neglected atypical cells and blood vessels of the walls, with the transition to oncology.

The main methods of treatment

Depending on the stage and degree of development of the disease, treatment can be:

The first is possible and effective when atypical cells and blood vessels are identified in the early stages of formation, as well as in the presence of prerequisites for them. The age of the woman, the presence of pregnancies and childbirth, the size of the affected areas, the presence of chronic and viral diseases are taken into account.

Conservative treatment includes complex therapy aimed at:

removal of inflammation;
stopping the development of abnormal processes;
restoration of the microflora of the vagina;
strengthening the immune system.

It implies the use of appropriate medications, suppositories, as well as the use of physiotherapeutic procedures (douching with medicinal solutions, etc.).

Surgical treatment can be divided into two groups:

The choice of the method of surgical treatment depends on the stage and scale of the affected area. The desire to have children in the future is also decisive. So if a woman has children and is over forty, then it would be most reasonable to remove the entire organ in the presence of atypical cells if there is at least a minimal risk of going into oncology.

Signs of atypia of cells and vessels of the cervix, detected in time, are well treated due to timely diagnosis.

The health of every woman is only in her hands. Do not neglect the annual scheduled examinations and examinations with your gynecologist. Any disease is easier to prevent than to cure.

You can clearly see what thrush (candidiasis) looks like in women in the photographs.

Thrush on the tonsils

In the article: "Thrush in men" you can see what a thrush looks like in men in photographs.

According to statistics, about 70% of women suffer from vulvaginal candidiasis at least once in their life, and half of them subsequently have a relapse of the disease. The genital species is more widespread in countries with high air temperatures and lack of necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions. The urogenital appearance is manifested several times more often in women than in men.

Symptoms have the ability to come on suddenly and then reappear. The cause of candidiasis is Candida fungi, which are present in the body of every person, but begin to multiply actively under favorable conditions.

Why thrush appears in women can be explained by the presence of various concomitant infections in the body or as a result of sexually transmitted infection. It must be understood that the disease does not go away on its own, it should be treated correctly, otherwise it will become chronic and will return regularly after a while. It is important to understand what is happening and take the necessary measures in time. Thrush is more common in girls or women, regardless of age, than in men or boys.

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Pathology in adults develops against the background of reduced immunity. In the case when it manifests itself in adolescent girls, it indicates an insufficiently formed immune system. With the active reproduction of spores of fungi of infection, they from time to time displace useful lactobacilli, and as a result, dysbiosis develops. Epidemiology is associated with an imbalance in an alkaline or acidic environment.

Thrush: wikipedia

Types of candidiasis: superficial and visceral (systemic)

Generalized candidiasis

Fungi of the genus Candida infect various organs in humans, as a result of which a disease appeared - Candidiasis.

Depending on how thrush manifests itself in women, which areas it affects, it is customary to subdivide the disease into 2 types:

surface;
visceral.

Surface

There are varieties of superficial candidiasis, in which different areas of the skin are affected.

Damage to the skin and mucous membrane, which manifests itself in the form of external rashes of an infectious - allergic nature.
Localization on the genitals in the perineum and oral mucosa, expressed in a characteristic white plaque.
Localization in the corners of the mouth, resulting in cracks, white crusts and various erosion.
Localization on the lips, affecting the border, which ultimately causes the formation of edema and characteristic peeling.
Localization between fingers and toes, feet and is expressed in increased dryness of the skin and rash: small bubbles filled with liquid, causes a burning sensation and itching.
Localization on the nails and nail ridges, which is expressed in skin peeling, thickening of the nail plate, and discoloration to a brown tint.
Localization between large skin folds, in the form of yeast diaper rash, appears in the armpits, anus, on the chest, in the abdominal cavity, on the pubis. Ulcers form in the areas, the surface of the skin becomes oozing, cracks appear, and white plaque accumulates in the folds, which causes a feeling of discomfort.

A common cause of occurrence is the penetration of infection into the bloodstream in violation of the skin. It can also develop against the background of other pathologies such as dysbiosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic blood diseases.

The lack of proper and timely treatment leads to the fact that thrush covers new zones.

Visceral

This is a simultaneous damage to both internal organs and the outer surface of the skin. It is noticed that such a pathology appeared as a result of taking antibiotics, which give an impetus to the development of dysbiosis. This is due to the suppression of the vital activity of beneficial bacteria that keep the development of Candida fungi under control.

Systemic disseminated candidiasis is characterized by an infection pathway without the influence of environmental factors. Spread through the blood leads to the fact that the infection can develop in any internal organ.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis can affect the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract. As a result, candidiasis manifests itself in the lungs, kidneys, stomach. Due to damage to the oral cavity, it can pass to the human esophagus. Sometimes it manifests itself in the intestines and in the anus (anus).

According to ICD-10, this variety has a different name - candidal stomatitis (oral): it looks like a white plaque, which can be one continuous spot or accumulate in separate places: on the cheeks, on the tongue, on the back of the throat. Initially, the affected areas are painless, but if the situation worsens, they become denser and cracks appear.

Babies, newborns and the elderly are at risk. If thrush is present in pregnant women, then the chances are high that the child will also have this disease. Like chlamydia, it can be passed from mother to child through the birth canal. In addition, you can get infected by kissing the mother, if she is a carrier of an erythematous species.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis begins with a feeling of dry mouth, then many small white dots appear on the palate, cheeks, tongue. In the absence of proper treatment, candidiasis can spread further and affect the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes, the brain. It can be a manifestation of an allergic reaction of the body to prolonged use of acrylic dentures in the oral cavity.

As a rule, the regular appearance of oropharyngeal candidiasis of the nasopharynx is a sign that a person is sick with AIDS, therefore, first of all, the doctor prescribes tests for the presence of HIV infection in the body.

Laryngeal candidiasis occupies one of the main places of the general problem of mycosis.

The defeat of the bronchi and trachea is a common pathology, which tends to further pass into the bronchopulmonary form, accompanied by lymphadenitis.

In medicine, the following classification is distinguished.

Pseudomembranous candidiasis - affects the oral mucosa. It is very common in infants under one year old who are on the guards.

Atrophic candidiasis is characterized by increased dryness of the oral cavity. The pink color of the tongue changes to bright red. The filiform papillae on it atrophy.

Hyperplastic candidiasis - manifested by a thick layer of fungal plaque on the palate in the form of characteristic plaques and nodules. With a long course of the disease, the plaque is impregnated with fibrin, forming a yellow film tightly adhered to the mucous membrane.

With a bronchial variety, the symptoms may resemble chronic bronchitis and be accompanied by rectal body temperature, cough with a slight secretion of vitreous sputum. In some cases, there may be blood impurities in it.

With a bronchopulmonary form, a more severe course of the disease is observed, which is expressed in a high body temperature and a cough with purulent sputum. The disease can be diagnosed as pneumonia and then a course of antibiotics is prescribed, which in the end only aggravates the situation.

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Candidiasis of the upper respiratory tract is initially manifested by an inflammatory process in the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or in the ear. In the future, there is severe pain with a sharp jump in temperature.

The defeat of the intestine by an infection is associated with a disruption of the woman's immune system against the background of gastrointestinal pathologies, and then it is generalized, that is, not one, but several organs are affected at the same time.

It is accompanied by diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, fungal sepsis, excessive flatulence, nausea, vomiting, loose stools with bloody impurities. Development of the disease is caused by concomitant pathology in the body, and requires complex treatment.

In practice, a non-invasive form is more common, the development of which occurs against the background of dysbiosis or intestinal infection, while fungal spores begin to actively multiply in the rectum, without penetrating into the mucous membrane. As a result of their vital activity, toxins are formed, which is the reason why thrush occurs in women.

The pathogenesis of the invasive form differs in that the fungal plaque affects the mucous membrane and eventually enters the bloodstream, as a result of which the infection affects the liver and pancreas. This can occur as a result of a lack of neutrophilic leukocytes or late stage AIDS.

Cutaneous candidiasis

Regardless of age, the disease can affect the skin on the body or face, older people and children are more susceptible to it.

Depending on the area of distribution, there are:

candidal bite (in the corners of the mouth);
candidal cheilitis, when the area of the red border of the lips is affected;
candidiasis of the skin folds: often appears in babies in the groin in the form of diaper rash and overweight people in the fat folds;
interdigital erosion, may be associated with a consequence of the economic activity of a woman, when the fingers are often in a humid environment, also manifests itself in the armpits;
shivering paronochia, the nail folds turn red, and when pressed on them, pus appears;
candidiasis of the palms, develops as a result of a neglected form of the interdigital variety;
candidiasis of smooth skin, more often manifests itself in infants, when the disease spreads from the skin folds further to a smooth surface;
candidiasis on the nipples, appears in nursing women if the rules of personal hygiene are not followed;
candidiasis of the scalp, manifests itself in rare cases, looks like acne, follicles and seborrheic dermatitis;
spiky candidiasis, which is expressed in the formation of papillomas or warts on the genitals, in the absence of timely treatment, the likelihood of developing cervical cancer and deformity of the genitals is high.

Cervix with thrush

Causes

The first signs of thrush in women is an itching sensation, which can manifest itself on both external and internal genital organs. Most lovely ladies at doctors' appointments complain that itching has a habit of showing up at night when it comes to bed. Such an increased manifestation of such symptoms becomes the cause of irritability, anxiety, the inability to concentrate on work or any other matter.

Since the epithelium is in a state of inflammation, it is impossible to comb the areas affected by fungi, otherwise such actions will lead to the fact that the yeast microorganisms penetrate much deeper, then the therapeutic therapy will have to be carried out much longer and more difficult. By the way, you can independently conduct a mini-test for thrush. It is simple to do this: you need to sit in the usual position for many - put one foot on the other. If there are unpleasant sensations in the form of itching, it means that the thrush has not bypassed you.

The first signs also include burning. All the severity of the burning sensation is usually felt after or during washing, hot baths, urination, during intercourse. Therefore, such processes are painful and unpleasant. It is best to refuse intimate relationships, since you will not be able to achieve the desired unearthly pleasure, instead you will have to feel significant discomfort. This happens because in most cases, fungi begin to establish colonies and settle down on the vaginal mucosa, gradually leading to:

to the destruction of the upper epithelial cells;
to the penetration of Candida deep into the layers.

As a result, small lesions are formed, similar to ulcers, which, in fact, cause inflammation of the mucous membrane. It is worth noting that if the immunity of the sexual partner was weakened for any reason, the likelihood of transmitting a fungal infection to him is not excluded. A clear sign of thrush is vaginal discharge, like a curd or cream.

The discharged masses are very different from the usual white discharge, which can be noticed almost every day in any healthy female representative. They are also characterized by a white color, but with a yellowish or grayish tint. As for the specific smell, it is either absent or similar to sour kefir. (Hence its name - "kefir").

The next characteristic symptom, which is difficult to ignore, is the swelling of the vaginal walls. It occurs due to the expansion of small vessels located on the surface of the mucous membrane. With this method, the body tries to get rid of toxic substances secreted by yeast-like microorganisms - fungi of the genus Candida.

As a result, blood circulation is intense, and the tissue of the genitals absorbs the fluid that has flowed out through the capillary walls. In parallel with the swelling, significant redness appears. It is possible to recognize a popular ailment of our century thanks to rashes in the form of small pimples with liquid on the labia, the vestibule of the vagina. After a few days, they burst, forming small erosive patches.

The main causes of thrush in women, giving impetus to the development of fungi in the vagina, are:

decreased immune defense;
changes in hormonal levels in the body;
violation of the composition of the bacterial environment and acidity of the vagina;
non-compliance with hygiene rules;
eating a large number of sweet and flour products.

Many factors contribute to the occurrence of these reasons.

The state of a woman's immune system depends on her health, physical form, conditions and lifestyle, the nature of her diet, and the presence of bad habits. A sharp decrease in immunity is facilitated by the occurrence of chronic diseases of various organs (liver, kidneys, heart, intestines). The load on the immune system increases in the presence of inflammatory processes, trauma, after surgery.

A person is more likely to get sick if the body is weakened due to improper nutrition (starvation, lack of proteins and vitamins in food), lack of sleep, depletion of the nervous system, lack of normal sanitary and living conditions. A sedentary lifestyle, lack of hardening lead to the fact that a person often suffers from colds, which take away the strength necessary to protect against infection. Smoking, alcohol addiction, drug addiction also increase the sensitivity to infections, and can cause an exacerbation of thrush.

Hormonal background

The ratio of various hormones is interconnected with the work of the reproductive system. Often, thrush worsens before menstruation, during pregnancy, with menopause. This is due to the influence of hormones on the condition of the genitals, the structure of their mucous membranes, and the body's susceptibility to infection.

The reason for hormonal changes can be the use of hormonal medications and contraceptives, endocrine diseases, metabolic disorders. Often the causes of thrush in women are diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyroid dysfunction.

The reasons for the violation of the bacterial flora can be:

Long-term or uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Killing pathogenic bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci), they simultaneously destroy the beneficial microflora that inhibits the growth of fungi, which leads to their overgrowth in the intestines, from where the fungus can easily enter the vagina.
Frequent douching, use of alkaline intimate hygiene products. There is a washout of beneficial bacteria, a change in the acidity of the environment, overdrying of the vaginal mucosa.
Misuse of probiotics to treat bacterial vaginosis. They can be used to restore the bacterial environment only in the absence of fungi in the microflora.
Eating a large amount of sweets, yeast dough products. In addition to creating a favorable environment for the development of fungi, there is also an increase in blood sugar, which contributes to the onset of diabetes mellitus.

Supplement: Changes in the microflora of the vagina also occur when changing a sexual partner. Thrush is not classified as a sexually transmitted disease, but infection of a woman during intercourse often occurs. In men, the disease usually proceeds in a latent form, so infection is quite possible with unprotected sexual intercourse.

The cause of an exacerbation of thrush can be improper care of the genitals, including during menstruation, a rare change of underwear and sanitary napkins. The growth of the fungus is facilitated by wearing tight synthetic panties, which facilitate the penetration of infection into the vagina from the intestines.

There are a lot of reasons for thrush. Let's note the main ones.

Vaginal dysbacteriosis; - taking antibiotics; - changes in the hormonal background of the body (taking contraceptives, menstrual irregularities, pregnancy); - improper diet (few vitamins and the predominance of carbohydrates in the diet - sweets, cakes, sweets); - after surgical interventions; - wearing tight synthetic panties; - non-observance of the rules of personal hygiene; - weakened immunity; - metabolic disorders; - diseases and infections in the body; - diseases transmitted through sexual contact.

Stress; - reduced immunity; - endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, decreased glucose tolerance); - blood diseases, anemia, cancer; - deficiency of vitamins and trace elements; - hypothermia; - non-observance of personal hygiene; - taking antibiotics, and also steroid hormones (corticosteroids); - abuse of sunburn in the sun and tanning beds; - overweight, metabolic disorders.

The main cause of thrush is intense local reproduction of Candida fungi, located on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. The most favorable conditions for their active growth are an acidic environment (metabolic acidosis), a high level of humidity, a temperature of 30–37 ºС, a high concentration of glycogen in tissues against the background of a weakening of local immunity.

Conditions predisposing to the development of thrush:

pregnancy (candidiasis develops in 20-30% of women);
the use of oral contraceptives (especially those containing estrogens in high concentrations);
prolonged psycho-emotional stress;
acute stressful effects;
taking antibacterial drugs (the risk of developing thrush increases as the duration of the course of antibiotic therapy increases);
diabetes ;
suffered severe acute inflammatory diseases;
condition after surgery;
non-compliance with personal hygiene measures;
hot climate (intense sweating);
the use of aggressive cosmetics that disrupt the natural balance of microflora;
the presence of sexually transmitted diseases;
wearing synthetic underwear.

In addition to endogenous, thrush can be caused by exogenous causes - a drift from the outside. Infection in this case occurs in utero or after birth, in childhood or adulthood.

Intrauterine infection with Candida fungi is possible in several cases:

transplacental penetration;
intrapartum (contact infection) when the child passes through the birth canal;
ascending infection in case of fungal infection cervix or vagina, the presence of candidal endometritis in the mother.

After birth, the infection can be transmitted to a child from the mucous membrane of the mother's mouth, from the skin of the nipples, hands. In addition to the mother, the source of infection for the newborn can be medical personnel transmitting fungi during invasive manipulations, or non-sterile material (oilcloths, diapers, nipples).

In adulthood, the main cause of thrush is unprotected sexual contacts, the use of dishes contaminated with mushrooms, and household items.

The microflora of the vagina is very sensitive to changes in the woman's body and the appearance of symptoms of thrush is a signal that warns of any trouble. The following reasons can contribute to the active reproduction of candida mushrooms:

Weakened immunity. A decrease in immunity can cause many reasons. These are hypothermia, stress, any inflammatory processes, the presence of bad habits, operations, infection with a viral or bacterial infection;
Antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics kill both "beneficial" and pathogens;
High blood sugar. "Sweet" blood is an excellent breeding ground for Candida yeast-like fungi;
HIV infection. In persons with immunodeficiency, candidiasis is an opportunistic infection and manifests itself in its generalized form;
Pregnancy. Hormonal changes and a decrease in the body's defenses contribute to the growth of opportunistic microorganisms;
Violation of personal hygiene creates conditions for the multiplication of bacteria;
Hormonal changes. Some pathologies of the endocrine system, taking oral contraceptives can contribute to the development of thrush;
Improper nutrition. The consumption of large amounts of simple carbohydrates, flour products, products containing yeast can provoke an increased increase in the number of Candida mushrooms.

Candidiasis on the lip

Discharge color	What is evidenced by
White	Thick, heterogeneous discharge of this color is a classic symptom of candidiasis.
Yellow	Abundant discharge with an unpleasant odor indicates the development of thrush in combination with another venereal disease (trichomoniasis)
Pink	In a pregnant woman with thrush, the discharge has exactly this color, otherwise it indicates the development of cervical erosion
Brown	At the beginning of menstruation, slight brown discharge is normal, but otherwise it indicates an ectopic pregnancy or hormonal disruption
Green	They are accompanied by an unpleasant smell of fish. The green discharge is often thick and dense. This color suggests a serious complication and indicates the presence of pus in the mucus. An urgent need to consult a specialist.

Forms of the disease

The main types of candidiasis:

candidiasis of the nail plates (paronychia and onychia), skin and mucous membranes (superficial candidiasis);
visceral (damage to internal organs);
generalized candidiasis.

According to the degree of involvement of organs and tissues in the pathological process, the following types are distinguished:

widespread candidiasis;
local or focal, characterized by the defeat of a limited area or a separate organ.

Superficial candidiasis can be manifested by stomatitis, lesions of the lips and tongue, the formation of candidal seizures, a pathological process in the vagina and its vestibule or the glans and foreskin of the penis, colonization of large folds of the skin, skin of the palms and feet by the fungus.

In visceral candidiasis, various internal organs are affected: parts of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, bronchial tree, lung tissue.

Generalized candidiasis is diagnosed when Candida fungi enter the systemic circulation, which is rare (against the background of severe immunodeficiency states, in extremely malnourished patients).

Types of thrush, depending on the phase (severity) of the process:

candidacy;
acute form;
chronic thrush.

In accordance with the etiological factor, thrush can be endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous thrush is an autoinfection, and exogenous thrush is the result of external infection.

Also, thrush can be complicated and uncomplicated.

On the basis of the presented classifications, we can conclude that the term "thrush" is the accepted name in everyday life for superficial focal endo- or exogenous candidiasis of acute or chronic course, localized in the genital area or oral cavity. It is incorrect to call other forms of candidiasis thrush.

What is PMS and what are its symptoms 3

Thrush or candidal colpitis is the infection of the vagina with the yeast-like Candida fungi. The disease occurs mainly in women of reproductive age. Candida are part of the permanent microflora of the vulvar mucosa. When favorable conditions are created, protozoa begin to actively grow and multiply, causing irritation and inflammation of the reproductive organs.

Vaginal candidiasis is most often diagnosed when the immune system is weakened. The provoking factors can be:

concomitant diseases of internal organs;
endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism;
hypothermia;
poor hygiene;
antibiotic treatment;
promiscuous sex;
chronic dysbiosis;
wearing tight clothes, underwear made of synthetic fabrics;
taking oral contraceptives.

Thrush infection occurs during sexual intercourse, through personal hygiene items. Chronic candidiasis develops if the acute stage was not treated on time. Gradually, the symptoms subside, appear weaker, but relapses periodically occur. An exacerbation can be provoked by a cold, viral disease, hypothermia, a stressful situation, hormonal disorders. Most often, the recurrent form of thrush appears before the onset of menstruation.

In the acute stage, women are worried about severe itching, burning and the appearance of a rash on the external genitals, white discharge with an unpleasant sour odor, similar to cottage cheese. Discomfort occurs during urination, painful intercourse. Due to constant scratching, microcracks appear on the outer mucous membranes, the tissues turn red and swell strongly.

The acute period can last up to 2 months, then chronic candidiasis develops. Fungi deeply affect the mucous membranes, forming areas of infiltration, erosion. Symptoms of the recurrent form of the disease in the remission stage are less pronounced, there are cheesy discharge, slight burning and itching of the genitals, which intensifies in the evening and at night.

Chronic thrush in women is manifested by periodic exacerbations. Again, there are typical signs of candidal colpitis, the urinary system is involved in the inflammatory process. Cystitis, pyelonephritis may develop, sometimes on the skin in the perineum, inguinal folds, painful ulcers are formed, covered with a whitish coating.

If chronic thrush is not treated for a long time, the disease can lead to serious complications. Women develop adhesions in the fallopian tubes and increase the risk of bladder and kidney infections. The adhesion process leads to obstruction of the tubes, as a result - the symptoms of PMS intensify, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, and infertility develops.

How to cure chronic thrush, what drugs help get rid of itching and discharge? The treatment regimen is selected by the gynecologist, taking into account the severity of the disease and the presence of complications. Recurrent thrush is treated with the same drugs as the acute form, but it will take much more time to completely get rid of the disease. The doctor prescribes the topical application of vaginal suppositories and the intake of antifungal tablets by mouth.

How to treat chronic thrush in women is determined by the gynecologist. Self-administration of pills and the use of suppositories can aggravate the course of the disease, cause side effects and the development of complications. Before starting therapy, tests and a doctor's examination are required. With a mixed type of infection, antifungal drugs will not give the desired result.

Treatment should be carried out by both sexual partners, otherwise re-infection occurs. It is necessary to take pills strictly according to the prescribed scheme, even if the symptoms of chronic thrush have already passed. An interrupted course threatens the re-development of a fungal infection.

If, during treatment, menstruation begins, tampons cannot be used, they increase the symptoms of candidiasis. It is necessary to give preference to gaskets with a top layer of natural cotton.

But you can use the funds only with the permission of the doctor; with an untreated thrush, a relapse may occur.

In addition to drug treatment, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed. Magnetotherapy, electrophoresis with zinc, dirt, laser technologies help to strengthen local immunity, increase resistance to pathogenic microorganisms.

Diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease can cause the development of thrush. These pathologies develop due to a violation of the hormonal regulation of the body and require special treatment from an endocrinologist. Thrush often appears against the background of these ailments, as immunity is weakened and a favorable environment for the reproduction of fungi is created.

The use of local antimycotics in such cases will not give results; elimination of the main cause of the disease is required. With diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to control blood sugar levels. Thyroid diseases are treated by adjusting the hormonal balance of thyroid hormones.

A cured tooth, inflamed gums, intestinal dysbiosis or sinusitis can provoke the development of thrush. It is necessary to eliminate foci of infection, consult with specialized specialists.

The necessary drugs are selected by the attending physician, taking into account individual characteristics, the patient's age and the severity of the disease. Be sure to take vitamins and immunomodulators: Immudon, Echinacea.

In order not to be bothered by thrush every month, it is necessary to observe preventive measures for exacerbations:

prevent hypothermia of the body;
treat concomitant diseases in time;
wear cotton underwear;
avoid casual sexual intercourse;
limit the use of sweets, flour products, alcoholic beverages;
wash yourself 2 times a day, you cannot use intimate gels with an antibacterial effect;
when using panty liners, you need to replace them 2-3 times a day;
antibiotics should only be taken as directed by a doctor.

In severe forms of chronic thrush during the period of remission, antimycotics are prescribed in the form of tablets or vaginal suppositories.

Treatment of the recurrent form of vaginal candidiasis is carried out in a complex manner. It is necessary to use antifungal drugs for local treatment of the genitals and internal administration. It is important to strengthen the immune system, restore the vaginal microflora with the help of bifidobacteria.

Many women are familiar with the strange and unpleasant feelings before menstruating regularly. During this period, the most cheerful and balanced persons are able to turn into furies or monstrous crybaby. To the inadequate psychological state, purely physical, rather uncomfortable sensations are also added. Every woman has experienced a similar state to a greater or lesser extent at least once in her life.

What does

How is PMS deciphered and what is this phenomenon? While waiting for an answer to these questions, it is worth remembering that nature has entrusted the mission of giving birth to a new life on a woman. It is with this feature that the monthly rejection of the upper layer of the uterine mucosa in the form of menstrual bleeding is associated. The process is regulated by changes in the concentration of hormones in the body, which are responsible for PMS.

There was a time when experts believed that PMS in women is associated exclusively with their state of mind and lies in the plane of psychology. With the development of medical science, it was found that this syndrome has an organic basis. It has been established that during this period the amount of estrogen and progesterone decreases, which provokes:

An increase in aldosterone, which retains fluid in the body, affects overall well-being and the functioning of the nervous system;
An increase in the concentration of monoamine oxidase in the brain tissues, which can cause depression;
Decrease in the "hormone of joy" serotonin, which gives a clear understanding of what PMS is in girls, not only to themselves, but also to their loved ones.

Other reasons

Liquid or thick discharge with white lumps, which resemble curd mass, have a sour smell;
Burning sensation during intercourse, associated with inflammation of the vagina - vaginitis;
Painful, possibly rapid, urination. It is caused by the ascending path of the spread of Candida through the urethra into the bladder;
Swelling and irritation, redness of the external genital organs. It occurs due to a change in the ph balance of the acidic side;
Severe itching of the genitals and around the anus is caused by the body's allergic response to the waste products of fungi. Scratching the itchy surface is highly undesirable so as not to aggravate the irritation.

Candidiasis on the lip

excessive enthusiasm for antibiotics;
the use of hormonal drugs (Duphaston);
chemotherapy performed;
widespread HIV infection;
concomitant chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, arthritis);
intensive therapy course;
abdominal surgery;
renal failure;
disorders of the immune system, for example, during ovulation during conception;
dysbiosis;
excessive alcohol consumption;
frequent change of partner;
having sex without condoms;
swimming in the sea;
use of gaskets from an unverified manufacturer;
hormonal imbalance;
the use of cheap products.

chronic fatigue;
significant redness of the skin;
a sharp change in body temperature;
profuse sweating;
frequent migraines;
general weakness;
inability to concentrate on work;
dizziness.

lean meat of poultry, fish;
cereals, dry bread, eggs;
spices (cloves, caraway seeds, bay leaves);
fermented milk products (cottage cheese, fermented baked milk, kefir);
oatmeal jelly - good to drink on an empty stomach and before bedtime.

Features of the course of thrush in children

The infection of the child occurs either in utero or after birth. Thrush symptoms appear within a few weeks.

Prematurity, congenital immunodeficiency states, taking antibacterial drugs in the first days (weeks) of life, neglect by the mother of hygiene measures during breastfeeding, the use of insufficiently clean dishes, pacifiers, frequent regurgitation (shift of the acid-base balance of the oral cavity to the acidic side) are risk factors for the development thrush of newborns.

In addition, the clinical manifestation of thrush can occur during teething periods in infants and toddlers, hormonal changes in adolescents.

The following signs indicate the possible presence of thrush in an infant:

anxiety;
sleep disorders;
refusal to eat;
unreasonable crying;
rejection of the nipple;
obsessive touching with hands to the genital area or oral cavity (depending on the localization of the process).

When examining the oral cavity or genitals with thrush in children, there is a characteristic plaque, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membrane, a specific sour smell.

Diagnosis of thrush

The diagnosis of thrush is usually carried out on the basis of a characteristic clinical picture. In case of doubtfulness of the alleged diagnosis, the following studies are carried out:

microscopy of a smear from the oral cavity or genitals with the detection of Candida fungi in the material;
polymerase chain reaction (determination of pathogen DNA sites);
sowing material taken from a smear on nutrient media.

A characteristic feature is the presence of a certain amount of fungi in a normal smear of a healthy woman, therefore, to establish a reliable diagnosis of thrush, a combination of signs of local dysbiosis with an increased concentration of Sandida fungi is necessary.

Diagnosis of thrush, however, like any other disease, begins with a survey. Sometimes the diagnosis can be made with a gynecological examination. However, laboratory diagnostic methods are considered the most informative.

Microscopic examination of the smear. The biological material is examined under a microscope. Mushrooms of the Genus Candida, when enlarged, represent a convex, shiny colony of a creamy consistency;
Sowing on a colony of fungi of the genus Candida with determination of sensitivity to antifungal drugs. A titer of yeast-like fungi higher than 10 to the 4th power cfu / ml indicates thrush. For treatment, antimycotic drugs are selected, to which microorganisms are sensitive;
Determination of DNA of yeast-like fungi in human biomaterial (PCR method). Biological material can be smear, blood, saliva, urine.

In the case of symptoms of thrush, a specialist prescribes an examination, which consists in passing tests in the following areas:

smear microscopy (flora examination);
PCR studies (to detect the DNA of yeast-like fungi);
bacterial culture (to identify the fungus and the species, it also helps to determine the level of sensitivity of the detected fungus to the drugs that are planned to treat the patient).

Do not under any circumstances diagnose yourself. Since in most cases, laboratory diagnostics reveal concomitant infections, and complex treatment is prescribed.

Important! Treatment of any disease can only be prescribed by a doctor!

Important! Both sexual partners must be treated for candidiasis.

Treatment of thrush in men

Fluconazole commercial names: Diflazon, Diflucan, Medoflucon, Mikosist, Forcan.

Treatment of thrush in women

Some drugs (in brackets) based on active ingredients:

Clotrimazole ("Antifungol", "Yenamazole 100", "Candibene", "Kanesten", "Kanizon", "Clotrimazole");
- isoconazole ("Gyno-Travogen Ovulum");
- miconazole ("Ginesol 7", "Gino-dactarine", "Klion-D 100");
- natamycin ("Pimafucin");
- nystatin ("Polygynax", "Terzhinan").

Additionally, like men, they can prescribe a single dose of fluconazole (150 mg) inside - "Diflazon", "Diflucan", "Medoflucon", "Mikosist", "Forcan".

Treatment of thrush with folk remedies

Calendula and tea tree oil. Add 2 drops of tea tree oil to 1 teaspoon of calendula oil. Inject the solution overnight with a syringe without a needle.

Calendula and chamomile. 1 tbsp. mix a spoonful of chamomile with 2 tbsp. spoons of calendula and pour 1 liter of boiling water overnight. Strain and sprinkle in the morning. Or, brew the herb, let it brew a little and cool (until warm) and use it as a bath.

Oak bark, chamomile, sage and nettle. Mix 1 tbsp. spoon of oak bark, 1 tbsp. a spoonful of chamomile, 1 tbsp. spoon sage officinalis and 3 tbsp. tablespoons of nettle. Take 2 tbsp. tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water and let it brew overnight. Strain in the morning and use for douching.

Soda and iodine. During the day, sprinkle with a solution: 1 teaspoon of baking soda in 1 liter of boiled water. Before going to bed, make a bath: 1 tbsp. spoon of baking soda for 1 liter of warm boiled water with the addition of 1 teaspoon of iodine. Pour into a bowl and sit in the product for 15-20 minutes. Repeat such baths and douching within a week.

Honey. Dissolve honey in boiled water (1 part honey to 10 parts water). Treat affected areas with thrush in the morning and evening.

Kefir. Make a gauze swab and sew a string securely to it so that you can remove it later. Soak a tampon in fat-free kefir, insert it into the vagina and leave it overnight, and in the morning do a douching with a decoction of chamomile or calendula.

Honey and aloe. In 2 tbsp. tablespoons of aloe juice add 1 tbsp. spoon of warm boiled water, and 0.5 teaspoon of honey. Stir, moisten a swab and insert into your vagina overnight. Do 2-3 procedures.

Prevention of thrush

Which doctor should I go to?

List of drugs used in the treatment of mastopathy in women

Treatment of thrush during pregnancy takes place strictly according to the scheme drawn up by the attending physician and implies a gentle regimen so as not to harm the baby. Otherwise, it will be necessary to treat thrush (candidiasis) in newborns.

For treatment, of course, you will need external or internal antifungal drugs.

To determine how to treat thrush in the mouth in adults, the doctor initially specifies the individual characteristics of a woman and possible allergic reactions of the body.

The most effective and fast acting methods of treatment are: smearing, rinsing, douching, and of course pills. These methods can clear up symptoms in one day.

It is also important to analyze nutrition and revise the daily menu. The diet must contain vegetables, citrus fruits and remove flour containing starch and sugar.

An alternative to treating candidiasis in the mouth can be various remedies for thrush, which look in the form of: lozenges, liquid solution, cream, suspensions, ointments or chewable tablets for resorption. Even a single application allows you to quickly relieve symptoms, cope with the cause of the disease and destroy accumulations of fungi.

For other types of candidiasis, oral antifungal drugs or suppositories may be prescribed. During treatment, the doctor recommends remedies that will not only help to cure, but also restore the vaginal microflora in the urethral or anorectal form of pathology.

There are many common medications for thrush that can be purchased from your pharmacy with a prescription or over-the-counter.

The acute form is treated exclusively in a hospital. In addition to conventional means, bacteriophages are now actively used, which, unlike antibiotics, have a selective effect on the pathogen. The duration and frequency of therapy depends on the doctor's recommendations.

Homeopathic medicines are also used to treat thrush. Mostly used internally.

If a woman is treated incorrectly or does not complete the treatment (does not kill) the fungus to the end, then the thrush will come back again, maybe every month. Therefore, after treating thrush, you need to do a test and make sure that there is no fungus.

Quite quickly, treatment of thrush with folk remedies takes place at the initial stage. For this, phytotherapy is used using herbal tinctures for baths, washing, oral rinsing and douching.

Folk remedies will help get rid of not only vaginal candidiasis, but also its other varieties.

1 part chamomile, 2 parts calendula, pour 1 liter of boiling water, let it brew for at least 12 hours, strain. The therapy should be carried out 3 times a day for at least 10 days.

2 drops of tea tree oil and 1 tsp. l. olive oil, douching with a syringe without a needle. The duration of treatment is 7 days at least 2 times a day.

Hydrogen peroxide - for douching with a 3% solution;

1 part celandine, 2 parts chamomile, pour 1 liter of boiling water and leave for 3 hours. Rinse every hour for 4 days.

Grate 1 clove of garlic, add 1 tsp. honey and 1 tsp. sunflower oil. Drip into the nose three times a day for at least 7 days in a row.

It is recommended to use a soda solution for thrush, it removes itching well, boric acid solution, which effectively help relieve discomfort. It is used both for douching, washing, and for rinsing the mouth.

Effective for vaginal candidiasis are vaginal tampons, which are made by soaking cotton pads with sea buckthorn oil with a high content of vitamins, which are laid at night for 7 days.

Before treating thrush, it is necessary to exclude factors that could provoke it (neglect of the rules of personal hygiene, wearing thongs, underwear made of synthetic fabric), it may be worth changing the detergent for intimate hygiene or abandoning scented sanitary napkins in favor of the most common ones or change your diet. There can be a great many reasons.

If, after eliminating possible causes, the symptoms of thrush do not disappear, then etiotropic treatment is necessary. The modern market is replete with antifungal drugs. These drugs are divided into 2 groups:

Systemic drugs. Taken orally, they affect the body as a whole, however, they can have a negative effect on the liver, nervous and digestive systems. These are, for example, Ketoconazole tablets, Flucostat capsules.
Dosage forms for topical use. Local treatment is characterized by a more gentle action, fights microorganisms, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Pimafucin, Livarol, Klion-D suppositories, Clotrimazole vaginal tablets, Candide ointment, Pimafucin are often used.

When prescribing treatment, the doctor should be based on the sensitivity of the identified colony to drugs with antifungal action.

Never try to cure thrush yourself. Some hidden infections can disguise themselves as thrush (chlamydia, ureaplasma). And they already require more serious treatment. The drugs should have antifungal, antibacterial and antiprotozoal effects. These are such vaginal suppositories as Terzhinan, Palizhinaks.

At the initial occurrence of thrush, vaginal suppositories Zalanin have proven themselves well, the active ingredient of which is sertaconazole nitrate. These candles help get rid of thrush in one day.

Sexual life with thrush is contraindicated (even with the use of barrier remedies), since it leads to mechanical trauma to the affected areas, as a result of which the inflammation increases. In men, thrush is often asymptomatic, therefore, when thrush appears in a woman, her sexual partner must also undergo treatment.

As an additional treatment, traditional medicine is used. Of course, they cannot replace medications, but the quality of life with thrush significantly improves.

To prepare an infusion for douching, you need to take one tablespoon of chamomile flowers and two tablespoons of calendula flowers, pour a liter of boiling water and leave in a thermos for 10-12 hours. Strain the ready-made infusion and use it warm.

Candida loves an acidic environment, which is why our grandmothers used soda to combat it. The fact is that soda is alkaline and can neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina, which is detrimental to fungi. To prepare a solution for douching, take a teaspoon of baking soda and dissolve it in a liter of warm boiled water. Douching with this solution can be done 2-3 times a day.

Important! Treatment of any disease can only be prescribed by a doctor!

Important! Both sexual partners must be treated for candidiasis.

For the treatment of thrush in men (treatment of candidal balanoposthitis (lesion of the glans penis and foreskin)), local treatment is sufficient. For this, a cream with clotrimazole is used. The agent is applied to the affected areas with a thin layer 2 times a day, for 5-7 days.

At the same time, you can take fluconazole (150 mg) by mouth once, but this is usually not necessary.

Commercial names of fluconazole: Diflazon, Diflucan, Medoflucon, Mikosist, Forcan.

With a mild course of vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis - damage to the vagina and external genital organs), local treatment is sufficient, but sometimes additional antifungal drugs, fortifying drugs, means to strengthen the immune system, physiotherapy, etc. are added to the set of measures to eliminate thrush.

Clotrimazole ("Antifungol", "Yenamazole 100", "Candibene", "Kanesten", "Kanizon", "Clotrimazole"); - isoconazole ("Gino-travogen Ovulum"); - miconazole ("Ginezol 7", "Gino- dactarine "," Klion-D 100 "); - natamycin (" Pimafucin "); - nystatin (" Polygynax "," Terzhinan ").

Additionally, like men, they can prescribe a single dose of fluconazole (150 mg) inside - "Diflazon", "Diflucan", "Medoflucon", "Mikosist", "Forcan".

The use of vaginal tablets and suppositories of a wide spectrum of action ("Terzhinan", "Polygynax", "Betadin") for thrush is impractical, since they contribute to the development of gardnerellosis. These drugs contain broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that suppress the normal microflora of the vagina.

In addition to treatment with drugs for recovery, it is necessary to eliminate the causes that led to thrush. Also, after the course of treatment, it is necessary to come for a second examination, because the symptoms may go away, but the thrush may still remain.

Home treatment should only be used after consulting a specialist. Improper treatment can lead to chronic thrush, which is already a more serious problem.

For men, for treatment from the following folk recipes, you can use baths and solutions to wipe the affected areas.

Calendula and tea tree oil. Add 2 drops of tea tree oil to 1 teaspoon of calendula oil. Inject the solution overnight with a syringe without a needle.

Oak bark, chamomile, sage and nettle. Mix 1 tbsp. spoon of oak bark, 1 tbsp. a spoonful of chamomile, 1 tbsp. spoon of medicinal sage and 3 tbsp. tablespoons of nettle. Take 2 tbsp. tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water and let it brew overnight. Strain in the morning and use for douching.

Possible complications

When the first symptoms appear, you should consult a gynecologist. Incorrect and untimely treatment of candidiasis leads to frequent exacerbations in the future, causing complications:

dysbacteriosis of the vagina, decreased local immunity;
synechiae in the uterus and fallopian tubes, which leads to infertility or ectopic pregnancy;
generalized form of candidiasis (sepsis);
cystitis, pyelonephritis (ascending route of infection).

The main negative consequence of mild to moderate thrush is a short-term decrease in the quality of life, which is fully restored after the therapy.

With a severe course of thrush, the following complications may develop:

accession of a secondary bacterial infection;
the development of resistance to therapy;
candidal septicemia;
involvement of neighboring organs in the inflammatory process.

Signs of thrush

Signs of thrush in women are clearly visible in the photo in the article above.

A woman can herself recognize what she has on the basis of characteristic features:

itching and burning sensation;
numerous red dots on the skin;
copious white vaginal discharge;
painful urination;
pain during intercourse.

Self-medication is not allowed, because how to cure thrush once and for all can only be learned from a qualified specialist.

After infection, the incubation period begins, which lasts a week and after that discomfort is felt. If this is an intimate candidiasis, then even faster: maybe in 2, 3 days.

Prevention of thrush

In order to reduce the risk of developing candidiasis, a woman should take care of strengthening the immune system (this is facilitated by hardening, active recreation in the fresh air, and combating the lack of vitamins in the body). It is necessary to control body weight and metabolism. To do this, you need to limit the use of sweet and baked products, salt, fatty foods.

An important preventive measure is the timely treatment of endocrine disorders, inflammatory and other diseases of the genital organs.

Warning: Antibiotics and hormonal agents should only be used in the doses prescribed by your doctor.

It is required to maintain normal bowel function (avoid constipation, diarrhea).
It is recommended to wear underwear made from natural materials, to minimize the use of
panty liners. With thrush, you can not smoke, drink alcohol.

To prevent the appearance of thrush, you must:

Keep the genitals clean. A woman should wash herself in the morning and in the evening, while the direction of the stream of water should be from the vagina to the anus, and not vice versa;
Proper nutrition. It is advisable to exclude sweet, flour products, potatoes, yeast, sugar from the diet. It is useful to use sour milk products;
Wear natural breathable underwear;
Refuse to use panty liners;
Use a condom when having sex with unverified partners;
Increase the body's defenses (douche, rubdown);
Lead a healthy lifestyle and give up bad habits;
Do not get carried away with self-medication with antibiotics.

Use of barrier methods of contraception.
Compliance with hygiene of the intimate area and oral cavity.
The use of eubiotic drugs against the background of antibiotic therapy.
Refusal to use aggressive cosmetics that violate the balance of microflora.
Timely treatment of diseases that can cause thrush.

In order not to get sick with thrush, you must follow these simple rules:

observe intimate hygiene (wash yourself at least 2 times a day);
women are not recommended to use tampons for more than 4 hours; gaskets need to be changed frequently;
when taking antibiotics, strictly follow the doctor's recommendations, and after taking it, take probiotics that normalize the intestinal microflora;
wear loose underwear made from natural fabrics, also avoid tight clothes;
do not use colored flavored hygienic antibacterial gels and soaps for intimate hygiene, colored flavored toilet paper;
do not stay in a wet swimsuit for a long time (if it is very hot, quickly dry in the sun, otherwise change the wet swimsuit to a spare, dry one);
Eat fewer rolls and sweets, preferring fruits, vegetables, and foods containing Omega 3 and Vitamin C.
avoid casual sex;
do not douching unnecessarily, so as not to wash out the beneficial microflora.

Psychosomatics

From the point of view of psychosomatics, thrush can develop due to psychological factors that a woman faces. Regular stress and not perceiving life in such a perspective as it is leads to the fact that a person develops his own emotional assessment of everything that happens. As a result, blocks are formed in the woman's body, which then take on the outlines of the disease.

Now there are many experts who are conducting research on the psychosomatic causes of thrush, among them: Louise Hay, Liz Burbo. In this regard, along with drug treatment for re-development or latent form, a woman visits a psychotherapist who helps her overcome psychological barriers.

Diagnostics

When establishing the diagnosis, the gynecologist conducts a visual examination of the patient, and also prescribes additional microbiological studies and analyzes. Moreover, not only the woman herself, but also her husband must go through them in order to identify whether this form of pathology is dangerous or not.

Initially, a smear of the vaginal mucosa and a scraping of the cervix, a smear from the gums, teeth or auricles are taken, which makes it possible to examine the mycelium of the fungi under a microscope, to reveal the level of ureplasma.

To identify the pathogen, bacterial inoculation is carried out, the number of bacteria is also determined, since their insignificant content is considered the norm. An additional test can be used to identify their response to antifungal drugs.

Thrush can mask other infections of the body and therefore the doctor additionally prescribes a differential diagnostic method, which will make it possible to confirm or deny the presence of concomitant pathologies such as herpes, ureaplasmosis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis.

Also, the doctor prescribes additional blood, urine and feces tests. Laboratory diagnostics allows you to determine the sugar level and identify the source of the inflammatory process.

Abdominal ultrasound;
urethral smear;
Ultrasound of the bladder and kidneys;
frautest.

Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to detect candidiasis at the initial stage of development, as well as to recognize more serious diseases in which thrush is a symptom. Papillomas may appear on your body, and during examination, the doctor can ask a question about neoplasms: what are papillomas and where they come from, you can read here.

Thrush is a fungal infection that almost all women face at least once in their lives. The danger of thrush (candidiasis) is the risk of the disease becoming chronic. Women with this problem are more susceptible to other infectious and inflammatory diseases in the gynecological field. To avoid unpleasant consequences, thrush should be treated from the first symptoms.

What is candidiasis

Thrush is caused by various strains of yeast-like fungi from the genus Candida. Most of the world's population is carriers of these microorganisms. Fungi live asymptomatically on their mucous membranes, without causing any trouble. Candida are part of the microflora of the large intestine, mucous membranes of the genitals and the oral cavity. Normally, there are too few of them to cause illness. The amount of fungal bacteria corrects local immunity - beneficial microflora and antimicrobial components of natural secretions.

Problems begin when favorable conditions for the growth of fungi arise:

the number of beneficial bacteria decreases;
the composition of the discharge changes;
lesions are formed on the mucous membranes.

Then the fungi begin to intensively divide, form colonies, displacing the remaining beneficial bacteria.

In the process of their vital activity, they release toxic substances - mycotoxins. The compounds have an irritating effect - they provoke a local inflammatory process. Hence the unpleasant symptoms:

swelling;
redness;
unusual discharge.

This is how acute thrush arises.

The structure of the epithelium of the female vagina is multilayered. Under favorable conditions, candida acquire the ability to penetrate into the deeper layers of the mucous membrane. Here they "hide" from defense mechanisms and multiply by spores. With a shift in acidity and a violation of the composition of the microflora, spores are activated, causing acute symptoms of thrush or relapse. If there are few fungal bacteria, the signs of the disease are poorly expressed and may go unnoticed. This is how the chronic form of genital candidiasis in women proceeds.

Why is the fungus activated

Fungi of the genus Candida are classified as opportunistic (potentially dangerous in special conditions). Their number increases with episodic and persistent disorders in the work of the immune system. Such changes cause:

chronic infectious diseases;
sexually transmitted diseases;
endocrine disorders;
transferred ARVI;
immunodeficiencies (including HIV);
depletion of the body;
unfavorable living conditions;
avitaminosis;
nutritional deficiencies;
alimentary malnutrition (in other words, regular malnutrition);
hormonal changes (during puberty, pregnancy, menopause).

Stress, tension, fatigue - prerequisites for weakening the immune system

The work of the immune system is extremely adversely affected by psychoemotional overstrain, stress, overwork. Some medications also weaken the body's defenses. We are talking about immunosuppressants (hormones, chemotherapy drugs), antibiotics, oral contraceptives.

There are also commonplace reasons for thrush - neglect of the rules of intimate hygiene, wearing synthetic underwear, abuse of hygiene products (pads, tampons), and their irregular replacement. The composition of the vaginal microflora is disturbed by the use of aggressive detergents, excessive diligence in matters of intimate cleanliness (frequent washing is just as harmful as lack of hygiene). The spread of candida into the vagina is facilitated by wearing a thong. The infection can intensify against the background of regular mucosal injuries. For example, during intercourse.

There are many reasons for the development of thrush. Contrary to popular belief, this fungal infection is not spread through intercourse. Thrush in a woman is not a reason to suspect a sexual partner of infidelity.

Thrush symptoms

Vaginal candidiasis in women differs in the degree of intensity of symptoms. The clinical picture varies, depending on the state of immunity and the presence of aggravating factors. These include sexually transmitted infections and other diseases. So, in diabetics, the symptoms are always more intense, which is justified by the tendency to imbalance in pH.

The first "bells"

The initial symptoms of thrush often go unnoticed or are attributed to temporary discomfort. The first and main symptom is itching in the vagina. Discomfort is localized in the area of the labia minora. It is exacerbated by going to the toilet and using toilet paper.

The second inherent sign of thrush is discharge. Normally, the vaginal secretion has a slimy consistency. It is transparent or slightly unclear. With thrush, the discharge looks dense, grainy, and has a pronounced white color. As a rule, the first changes coincide with the onset of itching. A little later, the volume of the secret increases, and its consistency changes even more noticeably. Among the white-gray viscous mass, the replacements are compacted inclusions, similar to cottage cheese. That is why such discharge is called cheesy. The grains can be soft or grainy. The volume of discharge also varies - from a few inclusions to a complete change in the vaginal secretion.

Another early symptom giving out candidiasis is the characteristic odor. It appears already with the first changes in the consistency of the discharge. Typically, women will notice it immediately, but using scented sanitary napkins can hide this symptom. The smell of thrush is characteristic - lactic acid. Normal discharge has no odor.

The most often ignored symptom of thrush is discomfort during intercourse. In the beginning, mechanical stimulation is enjoyable. However, after intercourse, a burning sensation appears.

Pronounced signs

As candidiasis progresses, symptoms worsen. The discharge becomes even more voluminous - about 15 ml (the volume of a tablespoon) per day. Due to inflammation, mucous or bloody inclusions may be present in them. A small volume of blood stains the secret in a pale pink color.

The mucous membrane of the vagina and vulva becomes edematous. This is noticeable during hygiene procedures. Intense itching gives way to burning, especially after washing.

Often, erosion forms on the labia minora and majora - red spots covered with a dense white bloom. After its removal, erosion is exposed, it can bleed. The woman experiences a burning sensation while emptying the bladder.

Signs of complications

In the absence of treatment or weakness of the immune system, candidiasis proceeds with complications. Perhaps the attachment of a bacterial or viral infection, the spread of the fungus through the internal genital organs, their inflammation against the background of infection. Secondary infection is manifested by additional changes in the nature of the discharge - they become brown, yellowish, greenish. At the same time, the cheesy consistency is preserved. With sexually transmitted infections, the smell of rotten fish appears. The spread of thrush to the skin looks like red spots in the groin folds. They also itch, get wet, and bloom.

How to recognize chronic thrush

The development of chronic candidiasis is preceded by an acute phase. If the treatment was inadequate (too short or with the use of ineffective drugs), the symptoms only weaken, but do not disappear completely. Sluggish candidiasis manifests itself periodically - itching and characteristic discharge, discomfort during sexual intercourse and burning sensation after it. Symptoms appear and disappear, so the patient has no special complaints.

With recurrent candidiasis, the discharge remains normal or becomes cheesy only occasionally. Most often - in the second phase of the cycle or just before menstruation. Lactic acid odor is also not always present. Women attribute such symptoms to mild malaise or hormonal disorders and do not go to the doctor. With strong immunity, thrush recurs 3-4 times a year. If it is weak, it can make itself felt every month.

Is thrush dangerous for pregnant women?

Pregnant women experience candidiasis twice as often as ordinary women. The first cases of the disease occur at different stages of gestation. Doctors reassure the patients - the child is reliably protected from the fungus in the uterus. In fact, there is a risk of miscarriage and harm to the baby. It is especially great if a woman suffers from a chronic form of candidiasis at the time of conception. In this case, intrauterine infection of the fetus is not excluded. This is fraught with miscarriage or serious disabilities in the development of the child.

If the infection gets to the baby at a later date, there is a risk of generalized forms of thrush, lesions of the spinal cord and brain. If the expectant mother falls ill with thrush before childbirth, the baby can become infected with the fungus while passing through the birth canal. In this case, the risk of candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract, hearing, vision, and extensive skin lesions in the newborn increases.

Chronic thrush should be treated before pregnancy. If the disease manifests itself while carrying a child, you need to urgently consult a doctor and undergo therapy with drugs that are allowed for expectant mothers. Fungal infection cannot be neglected - this can lead to disastrous consequences.

How to treat thrush in women

A doctor should treat candidiasis. If the first symptoms occur, you should contact your gynecologist. The specialist will take swabs from the vagina, cervical canal (cervix). This is necessary to accurately determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antifungal drugs. Based on the test results, the specialist will select the appropriate medications that can completely eliminate the fungus. Self-medication for thrush in acute form is fraught with chronicity of the disease. It will be much more difficult to cure it. During pregnancy, it is forbidden to independently use any drugs for candidiasis. The doctor will select medications for the expectant mother, which will fully eliminate the fungus as soon as possible.

The main cause of chronic thrush is self-medication or violation of the therapy regimen prescribed by the doctor. It is impossible to stop treatment immediately after the symptoms have subsided. Even in the absence of signs of infection, fungi remain in the mucous membrane.

Can I use folk remedies

Serum is an ineffective remedy for thrush

For the treatment of thrush, traditional medicine recommends douching with whey, herbal decoctions, soda or iodine-soda solution, tampons with honey, aloe, raw egg and other means. Their use for the treatment of candidiasis is a direct path to the chronic form of the fungus. Food and herbs are not capable of eliminating the fungus. Most douching simply mechanically flushes them off the mucous membrane, without eliminating the infection in its deepest layers. The fungus can use some foods as a breeding ground. In this case, alternative treatment will not only be ineffective, but will also provoke an aggravation of symptoms.

Douching with soda and iodine can be considered the most effective folk method. The solution has antimicrobial properties, alkalizes the environment in the vagina, creating unfavorable conditions for the fungus. This method can only be used in addition to medication and in consultation with your doctor.

You cannot douche at any stage of pregnancy. This can provoke a miscarriage or premature onset of labor.

Effective candles

Suppositories are the optimal dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The active ingredients work directly at the site of infection. With the correct use of suppositories, even a chronic form of thrush can be cured.

Any drug can cause an allergic reaction. When using candles for the first time, you should carefully listen to the sensations. Increased burning and itching in the vagina after the administration of the suppository is a reason for discontinuing the drug.

In addition to suppositories, other vaginal dosage forms can be prescribed - ovules (rounded capsules), creams for insertion into the vagina, tablets. Together with creams and tablets, a special applicator is provided. With its help, the drug should be administered. Pregnant women should not use such devices. Any intravaginal forms, they should be inserted with your finger.

Candles are used 1-2 times a day. The drug is administered after hygiene procedures. Most medicines are recommended to be used at night. This ensures a uniform distribution of the mass of the suppository, long-term interaction of the drug with the mucous membrane, and prevents premature flow of the molten base.

Candles, pills, creams, can contaminate underwear and bedding, since some of the product still leaks out. To prevent discomfort, sanitary pads should be used during treatment. The most popular drugs for the treatment of thrush in women are as follows.

Candles Pimafucin... The drug of choice for vaginal candidiasis. The active substance is Natamycin, kills candida, leaving no opportunity for the fungus to acquire resistance (resistance) to the drug. The active substance is not absorbed into the systemic circulation. The drug is approved during pregnancy. Used for medicinal and prophylactic purposes. For prophylaxis, it is used for 3 days, for treatment - for 6 days. Candles are injected at night.
Candles Nystatin... The active substance of the same name is effective only against candida. It is not absorbed into the bloodstream, however, the drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the lack of evidence of safety. For the treatment of thrush, 1 suppository is injected into the vagina 2 times a day (in the morning and at night). The treatment lasts 10-14 days.
Livarol candles... A drug based on Ketoconazole, a broad-spectrum antifungal agent. It is prescribed for the treatment of acute and chronic thrush. During pregnancy and lactation, use with caution, since a small amount of the substance is absorbed into the blood. In acute candidiasis, 1 suppository is used at night, for 3-5 days. The timing of treatment depends on the intensity of the symptoms. In the chronic form, the drug is used for 10 days.
Zalain... Means based on Sertaconazole. The substance has an antifungal effect, is active against staphylococci and streptococci. Prescribed for the acute form of thrush. The candle is administered once, at night. If symptoms persist, repeat the procedure in a week. The active ingredient is not absorbed into the bloodstream, however, use during pregnancy is possible only as directed by a doctor.
Vaginal capsules Polygynax... Contains 2 antibiotics and an antifungal component. It is prescribed for the treatment of mixed fungal and bacterial infections. During pregnancy, use only as directed by a doctor. For the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, capsules are administered at night, for 12 consecutive days.
Lomexin capsules... The drug is based on Fenticonazole. It has antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Take 1 capsule at night. If symptoms persist, the second capsule is used after 3 days. Contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.

When treating with suppositories, it is undesirable to douche. The external genitals can be treated with special detergents with antifungal effect (Citeal, Lactacid antifungal).

Why do you need ointments

With pronounced signs of thrush on the external genital organs (erosion, swelling, accumulation of white plaque), antifungal creams are prescribed in parallel with the candles. Suitable means for intravaginal administration, preparations for the treatment of fungus on the skin. Recommended for treatments:

Clotrimazole cream;
Nystatin ointment;
Pimafucin cream;

The drugs are used to treat the vulva, labia majora and labia minora. Enough two applications per day. For optimal results, creams are used after hygiene procedures and the introduction of suppositories.

the remedy prescribed for a woman can be used by her sexual partner. Doctors advise to be treated together to prevent relapse. In some cases (if a man himself suffers from candidiasis or violates the rules of hygiene), it is sexual intercourse that triggers the development of acute thrush in a woman, contributes to repeated episodes of the disease.

Treatment with systemic drugs

Systemic antimycotics help to cure thrush quickly and effectively. These are antifungal drugs taken by mouth. Absorbed into the systemic circulation, they are distributed in the body. The agents accumulate especially well in the epithelium of the mucous membranes and skin, eliminating the infection from the inside.

For the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, Fluconazole is most actively prescribed (Fucis, Diflucan, Flucostat). To eliminate acute symptoms, one intake of 150 mg of the substance is enough. To prevent recurrence of chronic thrush, take 3 capsules at intervals of 3 days. Maintenance therapy involves taking Fluconazole 1 time per week for 3-6 months.

In the treatment of genital candidiasis, the popularity of Itraconazole (Orungal, Rumikoz, Itrazol) has increased. For the treatment of an acute form with moderate symptoms, it is enough to take 2 capsules (100 mg each) in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening. With severe symptoms, treatment takes 3 days. Capsules are taken 1, 2 times a day. To prevent relapses, take 2 capsules of Itraconazole on the first day of the cycle for 3 months.

The success of the treatment of thrush depends on the effectiveness of eliminating the main provoking factor. Even the correct treatment regimen will not give a long-term result if a woman continues to violate intimate hygiene or suffers from diseases of the immune system. With recurrent forms that are difficult to treat, you should undergo a comprehensive examination of the body. The reason may lie in problems of hematopoiesis or an immunodeficiency state.

The number of diseases caused by fungal infections is constantly growing. The leading position among them is held by candidiasis. In everyday life, this disease is better known as "thrush". The disease is a chronic infectious process that is caused by pathogenic fungal microorganisms of the genus Candida. Fungi affect not only the skin and mucous membranes, but also internal organs, which can lead to serious health consequences.

It is impossible to completely get rid of fungal microorganisms. However, lifestyle changes and the correct treatment tactics selected by the doctor will help stop their growth and reduce their number to normal. In this article, you will learn everything about candidiasis, its symptoms and treatment.

Why does the disease occur?

In small quantities, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida are present in the body of any person. However, when an immunodeficiency occurs, their active growth begins, the organisms' defenses cannot cope, and a disease arises.

Various reasons can lead to a decrease in immunity. However, the most important culprit is inappropriate or inappropriate antibiotic use. They destroy the "good" microorganisms in the intestines, which are the guardians of human health. Without them, the defense weakens, and the infection rises.

There are also negative factors that can provoke the disease. They are divided into 2 large groups:

External.

Thanks to them, the infection enters the body through damaged skin (burns, cuts, cracks). For example, damage to the oral mucosa can occur due to poor hygiene, periodontitis, and improperly fitted prostheses.

Internal (endogenous).

These include diseases that lead to a decrease in immunity, as well as a congenital state of immunodeficiency. These are vitamin deficiency, hormonal disruptions, metabolic disorders, anemia, chronic gastrointestinal pathologies, diabetes mellitus.

Signs of candidiasis may appear due to frequent exposure to the skin or mucous membranes of chemicals. Taking hormonal contraceptives, alcohol abuse, smoking, an unfavorable environment in the place of residence and frequent stress can also lead to illness.

How does candidiasis manifest?

The manifestations of this infectious disease are varied. They depend on the place of origin and on which organ was attacked by the yeast-like fungi of the genus Sandida. Consider the main types of the disease and its symptoms.

Superficial candidiasis

It develops on the surface of the skin and its appendages (hair, nails), and also affects the mucous membranes of the lips, mouth, genitals and the anal region.

Oral and laryngeal candidiasis

The most common complaint is that a person is worried about burning, dryness or discomfort in the mouth. The pain gets worse with eating. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity becomes edematous, small white rashes appear. A whitish film or a strong gray coating may form.

Lesions of the skin, nails and hair

With cutaneous candidiasis, symptoms at the initial stage appear as a slightly noticeable white strip in the folds of the skin. Then itching joins, and erosive lesions occur. Small bubbles merge, and the fungal disease spreads to healthy areas. If, as a result of scratching, a secondary infection joins, then ulcers occur.

When a fungal infection affects the nails, reddening of the nail fold first occurs, and then ulcers may appear. The nail plate itself becomes fragile, it can crack, and there is a throbbing pain.

Hair follicle infections are not common. This disease is manifested by the formation of a purulent rash at the site of hair growth on the head or in the area of the beard, mustache.

Genital candidiasis

In women, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the genus Candida are constantly present in the vagina, and normally do not manifest themselves in any way. But under the influence of unfavorable factors, their number increases, and then a woman develops candidiasis or thrush.

Usually, burning and itching in the genital area of male organs is felt 2-3 hours after contact. However, after a couple of days, the symptoms subside or disappear completely before the next sexual intercourse. In severe cases, multiple abscesses occur, which can pass from the genitals to the skin (inguinal folds).

The female form of candidiasis is accompanied by itching, which intensifies during movement, during intercourse and during menstruation. Burning sensations, pain and discomfort are possible. Often there are complaints of thick, cheesy discharge. Externally, you can see the edematous mucous membrane of the labia with small dotted blotches.

Chronic generalized candidiasis

This form of the disease is characterized by multiple lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs. It externally manifests itself in the formation of a dense white plaque, after the removal of which erosion is formed. A rather rare form of the disease, therefore, the exact reasons for its occurrence are poorly understood. It is manifested by general malaise, lethargy, headaches, apathy, fever.

Systemic candidiasis

Fungal microorganisms infect only internal organs and systems.

Gastrointestinal tract

With damage to the esophagus, stomach or intestines, painful sensations appear when swallowing, a burning sensation, nausea, vomiting, and frequent belching. Due to pain during a meal, a person's appetite decreases, weight decreases, which leads to a deterioration in general well-being.

Respiratory organs and airways

Fungal microorganisms can enter the larynx, trachea or bronchi from the affected oral cavity. It is characterized by cough, shortness of breath, itching. The disease negatively affects the vocal cords, which can lead to hoarseness or temporary disappearance of the voice.

Genitourinary system

Nosocomial infection is a common cause of candidiasis in the genitourinary organs. It is also possible the appearance of such a disease in the form of a complication after surgery. It mainly takes the form of diseases such as cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis with all the accompanying symptoms.

If you do not start adequate treatment in a timely manner, then candidal infection of any kind becomes chronic.

Diagnostic methods

It is known that there are more than 70 species of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Many of them can lead to painful symptoms, therefore, preliminary examination is extremely important to determine the correct and effective treatment.

To determine the causative agent of an infectious disease, a number of laboratory tests are necessarily carried out. Diagnosis of candidiasis includes the following methods:

study of biological material (skin, mucus, plaque). For this, skin scraping, smears are prescribed, and also taken to study scales, crusts or plaque from mucous membranes;
hemotest to determine the level of globulins. If their number exceeds the norm, then there is a high probability of infection;
general tests: feces, urine, blood. Needed if a systemic form of candidiasis is suspected.

If the gastrointestinal tract is affected by fungal microorganisms, an endoscopic examination is performed. Often it is appointed for the collection of material for subsequent detailed laboratory study. The doctor may also order a colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, or X-ray.

How to cure candidiasis

A thorough preliminary study reveals the type of fungus, as well as its sensitivity to certain bacterial drugs. If this is not done, then the treatment will be ineffective, and the disease will worsen. In no case should you self-medicate.

The doctor selects medications depending on what type of fungal infection has been identified. To eliminate external manifestations, various antifungal ointments, gels, and creams are used. Treatment of concomitant diseases is carried out, it is especially important to put in order the intestinal microflora.

At the same time, immunostimulating therapy is carried out. This is taking vitamins, changing lifestyle, adhering to the recommended diet. All flour products, sugar, alcohol and fatty foods are excluded. You can supplement drug therapy with folk remedies, but only after consulting your doctor.

Any disease is easier to prevent than to cure. The presence of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the genus Candida in itself does not pose any harm to the body. People who do not have immunodeficiency, even with constant contact with the pathogen, do not get candidiasis, since the immune system copes well with the infection. Therefore, the main prevention is to maintain the body's defenses in a workable active state. To do this, you need to eat right, exercise, avoid chronic diseases, and undergo preventive examinations.

Nutrition is an important item. Many products provide a breeding ground for the active growth of a yeast-like fungus. The most dangerous in this regard is sugar. Do not overuse sweets and pastries.

Also eliminate bad habits, try to avoid stress, and allow yourself more rest in the fresh air. Take antibiotics only on the recommendation of your doctor and only in conjunction with probiotics.

Be sure to practice personal hygiene. You should be especially careful in public places where it is humid and warm. This is a sauna, swimming pool, bath.

Taking care of yourself is the basis of good health, and then no amount of infection can harm and lead to disease. But if you suspect you have symptoms of a fungal infection, consult a doctor in a timely manner, and then you can quickly cope with the disease.

- a fungal disease, mainly affecting the skin and mucous membranes, less often internal organs. There are candidiasis of the respiratory, digestive, genitourinary systems. With a sharp weakening of immunity, generalized candidiasis (candidal sepsis) may develop. Genitourinary candidiasis in men is manifested by inflammation of the penis (redness, swelling, grayish coating and erosion, itching, burning and pain in the head of the penis). Candida urethritis and cystitis are possible. In women, there is a lesion of the external genital organs and the vagina. Without timely treatment, candidiasis takes on a chronic recurrent course.

Urogenital candidiasis is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, representatives of the normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. The development of candidiasis occurs as a result of the intensive multiplication of Candida fungi and their violation of the natural balance of the environment of the genitourinary tract. The development of candidiasis is largely promoted by a general decrease in the body's resistance.

Genitourinary candidiasis is not a health and life-threatening disease, but it is extremely unpleasant for its manifestations, leading to disorders in the intimate and psycho-emotional spheres. In addition, the presence of candidiasis may indicate a severe concomitant pathology ( diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, etc.).

Genital candidiasis, or so-called thrush, affects the mucous membranes of the urogenital tract of men and women, being inherently a genital infection. Often, thrush is accompanied by other sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, etc.

Acute and subacute candidiasis lasts no more than 2 months. During this period, edema, hyperemia, discharge from the genital tract and other inflammatory symptoms are pronounced. Chronic forms of candidiasis are characterized by a duration of more than 2 months. On the mucous membranes, foci of dryness develop, hyperpigmentation, infiltration, tissue atrophy.

Recently, atypical, worn-out and treatment-resistant forms of genitourinary candidiasis have become common.

Thrush is an inflammatory lesion of the vaginal mucosa caused by Candida fungi. It is characterized by burning and itching in the vagina, white cheesy discharge. Thrush is also called neonatal candidiasis, most often manifested as oral candidiasis... Diagnosis of thrush is carried out by detecting the fungus by microscopy and culture examination of vaginal smears. To exclude concomitant STIs, ELISA, RIF and PCR studies are performed. Chronic recurrent thrush is an indication for a complete examination of the patient in order to identify those disorders in the body that could cause such a course of thrush. Treatment is carried out with local and general use of antimycotic drugs.

The yeast-like Candida fungi, which provoke the development of thrush, are conditionally pathogenic flora of the vagina of most women and do not cause any pathological symptoms. Therefore, unlike classic STIs, thrush cannot be 100% attributed to sexually transmitted diseases, although Candida fungi can be transmitted from sexual partners. Clinical gynecology is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis in view of the similarity of its clinical picture with genital infections and the frequent cases of a combination of these diseases.

Causes of the disease

Various factors that disrupt the healthy microflora of the vagina lead to the development of thrush. As a result, there is a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria, which normally inhibit the growth of fungal flora, and an intensive reproduction of fungi. The active growth of fungi leads to the manifestation of their pathogenic properties with the appearance of inflammatory changes in the vaginal mucosa like colpitis or vaginitis.

Violation of the normal ratio of microorganisms in the vagina with the development of thrush can be caused by treatment with cytostatics and other immunosuppressants, the use of hormonal contraception, decreased immunity due to somatic diseases (HIV, Chronical bronchitis, tonsillitis, chronic pyelonephritis, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.), hormonal abnormalities (diabetes mellitus, ovarian dysfunction, menopause, hypothyroidism, obesity), anorexia, pregnancy, stressful situations, a sharp change in climate.

Long-term or frequent antibiotic therapy, the use of antibacterial drugs without the additional prescription of probiotics primarily causes intestinal dysbiosis... Since the intestine is a reservoir of Candida fungi, its diseases (dysbiosis, colitis, etc.) lead to the spread of Candida to other organs and especially to the vagina with the development of thrush.

Various local factors can adversely affect the biocenosis of the vagina with the appearance of thrush: lack of personal hygiene, irregular change of pads and vaginal tampons, the use of local contraceptives, the use of deodorized pads and scented colored toilet paper, wearing synthetic underwear. Frequent use of antibacterial agents for hygienic purposes (antibacterial soap, intimate gel, vaginal spray) often leads to a decrease in local natural immunity and can provoke thrush.

In some women, the appearance of thrush is observed after wearing wet clothes, visiting the pool or swimming in open bodies of water. This is due to the beneficial effect of a humid environment on the vital activity of Candida fungi. An unhealthy diet with an excessive intake of sweets can also contribute to the development of thrush.

Newborns born to mothers with thrush may develop thrush as a result of infection during the prenatal period or passing through the birth canal. The development of thrush in such cases is facilitated by the weakened state of the child's body in connection with the received birth trauma, premature birth, hemolytic disease, intrauterine hypoxia carried over asphyxiation of the newborn.

The causes of thrush are different factors:

infectious diseases, as well sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis;
endocrine diseases: diabetes mellitus, obesity, etc .;
taking medications (especially antibiotics);
with hormonal disorders (for example, taking hormonal contraceptives increases the risk of thrush);
diseases in which immunity decreases: viral infections, acute respiratory infections, ARVI;
non-compliance intimate hygiene;
exacerbation is observed in hot weather, when various bacteria and fungi are activated;
sexual intercourse without barrier contraception;
stress, nervous experiences;
improper nutrition;
wearing too tight synthetic underwear.

Many different factors can cause the presented ailment. Among them are:

stress;
hypothermia;
hormonal imbalance;
venereal diseases;
infections;
disruption of the thyroid gland;
diabetes;
using uncomfortable or synthetic underwear.

Development of genital candidiasis

According to the research carried out in the field of venereology, the following factors most often contribute to the development of genital candidiasis:

taking antibacterial and a number of hormonal drugs;
pregnancy;
intestinal candidiasis (dysbiosis);
diabetes;
HIV and other infections that suppress the immune system;
excessive douching;
wearing synthetic and tight underwear;
long-term adverse effects of physical factors (work in warm, humid rooms, etc.).

Symptoms

Thrush is manifested by severe burning and itching in the vulva and vagina. These symptoms are accompanied by the appearance of a discharge that is characteristic of candidiasis, white. For thrush, a heterogeneous consistency of secretions with small lumps resembling grains of cottage cheese is typical. The discharge may have a sour odor. Many women suffering from thrush note an increase in the amount of discharge after intercourse, water procedures, at night. Redness of the labia minora is often observed, sometimes - swelling of the labia minora and large labia, which can reach the anus. Puffiness and inflammatory changes in the vaginal mucosa with thrush lead to the fact that during intercourse a woman experiences pain. Soreness of urination may be noted.

Quite often there is an erased course of thrush, when its clinical manifestations are mild or only one of the indicated symptoms is present. Symptoms of thrush can spontaneously disappear with the onset of menstrual flow, since during this period the vaginal environment shifts to the alkaline side, which is less favorable for fungi. However, thrush can also become chronic. Its relapses, as a rule, occur at least 4 times a year and usually occur a week before the onset of menstruation. Chronic thrush is much more difficult to treat and can lead to complications. A combination of thrush with other infectious lesions of the vagina (ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, genital herpes and etc.).

The most common manifestation of thrush in newborns is candidal infection of the gums (gingivitis), soft palate, mucous membranes of the cheeks (stomatitis) and tongue (glossitis). It is manifested by the appearance of white patches or spots on the mucous membrane. When the plaque is removed, a red and inflamed mucous membrane is exposed under it. A newborn with thrush is restless, screams often, does not suckle well, and may refuse to breastfeed. Less commonly, thrush of newborns manifests itself in the form of candidal conjunctivitis. Consequence intrauterine infection pneumonia caused by fungi can become.

Taking into account the area of damage to the disease, the following types of candidiasis are distinguished:

Surface.
Interdigital.
Candidiasis of the mucous membranes.
Yeast paronychia and onychia.
Candidal vulvitis and colpitis (vulvovaginal candidiasis).

Surface

This form of the disease is characterized by damage to the smooth skin of the mucous membranes. Skin candidiasis originates from large folds, where the formation of erymatous punctate foci with vesicles, erosions and pustules occurs. Skin candidiasis implies the presence of lesions, which are characterized by clear scalloped edges.

The erosion surface has a smooth, shiny appearance, sometimes a whitish coating is found.

Skin candidiasis can be of two types: erythematous and vesicular. The first type is characterized by the presence of foci, on the surface of which erosion and weeping prevail. Vesicular-type skin candidiasis is characterized by the formation of a large number of serapules, blisters, pustules and vesicles.

Interdigital

This form of yeast lesion is most often diagnosed in schoolchildren and adults, whose work involves a long stay in garden plots. In this case, you can find foci of maceration between the fingers with edematous-congestive hyperemic skin.

With this form of the disease, genital candidiasis and yeast-like lesions of the oral cavity develop. Symptoms depend on the location of the lesion. Candidiasis of the oral cavity and mucous membranes is accompanied by the presence of a whitish cheesy plaque, on the surface of which there is a removable film. If it is removed, erythema may develop. Oral candidiasis can affect:

language;
corners of the mouth;
lips;
tonsils.

Oral candidiasis occupies a leading place in relation to all localizations of this ailment in the gastrointestinal tract. Candidal stomatitis very often affects newborns, adults who use dentures.

Due to the presence of white cheesy plaque in the oral cavity, candidal stomatitis is also called "thrush". At the initial stage, candidiasis stomatitis has the following characteristic symptoms:

small foci of redness;
swelling of the mucous membrane of the gums, cheeks, tongue;
when the lesions are drained, white curdled deposits appear, which increase in size over time;
when the film is removed, the surface becomes smooth, shiny and deep red.

Oral candidiasis does not cause fever or swollen lymph nodes.

If chronic candidiasis stomatitis is present, then it has its own manifestations:

rough, more densely adjacent to the affected mucous membrane;
after removing the film, erosion forms under them;
an increase in the size of the tongue, covering its surface with deep grooves.

Oral candidiasis that affects only the corners of the mouth is formed due to the spread of yeast bacteria from the affected area. It is characterized by the presence of erosions or cracks of a grayish-white hue with clear boundaries. Lip candidiasis has a bluish tint in the area of the red border of the lips, peeling in the form of grayish plates.

If we are talking about a disease such as candidiasis of the tongue, then its symptoms are very similar to the manifestations of a fungal infection of the throat. An ailment occurs in the form of stomatitis, bleeding wounds and ulcers form on the mucous membrane. After a certain time, white bubbles and films appear on the site of these wounds. Gradually, candidiasis of the tongue spreads and captures an ever larger surface.

Lesion of the gastrointestinal tract

Stomach candidiasis is a type of visceral candidiasis. It is formed for the following reasons: peptic ulcer, low acidity of gastric juice.

Intestinal candidiasis is a consequence of long-term therapy with modern antibiotics. Intestinal candidiasis is accompanied by the following symptoms:

flatulence;
the discomfort;
diarrhea.

In addition, intestinal candidiasis can cause pain in the abdomen, and blood or mucus is found in the patient's feces. The person has a feeling of incomplete bowel movement. If intestinal candidiasis is severe, then it is characterized by an invasive phase. It is possible to diagnose intestinal candidiasis only after the composition of the intestinal flora has been studied.

Esophageal candidiasis is a disease that is very difficult to define among all those in the field of gastroenterology. The disease is characterized by a discrepancy between the severity of the disease, the level of damage and the condition of the patient himself. Almost 30% of patients may not even suspect that they have esophageal candidiasis. As a rule, this applies to those people who have a low level of immunity. Nevertheless, esophageal candidiasis has the following manifestations:

heartburn;
poor appetite;
disturbances in the process of swallowing food;
painful sensations during swallowing;
chest pain;
frequent vomiting and nausea;
temperature increase;
diarrhea;
pain attacks in the upper abdomen.

There are times when esophageal candidiasis, accompanied by pain when swallowing, does not even allow you to swallow water. This condition can contribute to dehydration. When vomiting occurs in the vomit, characteristic whitish films can be found.

The presented form of the disease is characterized by itching, a burning sensation of varying intensity. There is candidal vulvitis in women in the premenstrual period and the postmenstrual phase. Vaginal candidiasis is accompanied by intense and moderate inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs, a purplish-cyanotic hue may be present. In addition, vulvitis is characterized by the following symptoms:

small rashes in the form of vesicles, upon opening of which erosion is formed;
vulvovaginal candidiasis may be accompanied by layers in the form of white cheesy crumbly films;
dryness and lichenification of the labia minora and majora with a whitish surface;
itching, which causes candidal colpitis, increases with urination, after taking a bath and intercourse.

Complications of thrush

Chronic thrush can cause a number of complications. First of all, they are caused by the spread of a fungal infection to structures located near the vagina: the cervix with the development of cervicitis, the urethra with the development of urethritis and the bladder with the development of cystitis. The combination of thrush with other STIs with prolonged recurrent course can lead to the development of infertility in women.

Diagnosis of genital candidiasis

Laser research methods include:

smear microscopy;
cultural diagnostics;
linked immunosorbent assay;
polymerase chain reaction.

When symptoms of candidiasis occur, men usually seek help from a urologist, and women come to gynecologist's consultation... Diagnosis of genitourinary candidiasis is carried out on the basis of complaints and examination of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. The diagnosis of candidiasis is confirmed by examination of the vaginal discharge or penis by light microscopy, bacterial culture and determination of the sensitivity of the isolated Candida species to antifungal drugs.

Consultation with a venereologist is necessary for the behavior of the differential diagnosis of candidiasis with trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, gardnerellosis, other urogenital infections and the exclusion of concomitant STIs.

With genital candidiasis, it is necessary to exclude the presence of chronic diseases of the body, to assess the state of immunity.

The diagnosis of candidiasis does not require the use of high-precision laboratory techniques, such as PIF or PCR, detecting even single pathogens. The criterion for making a diagnosis in candidiasis of the genitourinary organs is the identification of the fact of intensive reproduction of fungal pathogens.

Typically, patients with thrush symptoms visit a gynecologist. The doctor conducts examination on the chair and colposcopy, takes smears from the mucous membrane of the cervix and vagina. Microscopic examination of smears with thrush reveals the presence of fungal mycelium in the preparation. This is a quick research method, but it does not provide accurate information about which type of fungus caused the disease. To answer this question, a smear is cultured on special nutrient media, followed by the study of the grown colonies and the determination of the susceptibility of the isolated Candida fungi to antimycotic drugs. At the same time, the quantitative characteristics of the identified Candida colonies are taken into account, since their small number is normal for a healthy vaginal microflora.

Clinical observations show that thrush often occurs against the background of other genital infections and can "mask" their presence. Therefore, when detecting thrush, it is advisable to additionally consult a venereologist and undergo an examination for STIs. Usually, complex PCR diagnostics is used, which, if necessary, can be supplemented with ELISA and RIF.

Since the development of thrush is usually associated with certain disorders occurring in the body, then when it is detected, a complete examination of the woman is necessary. This is especially true in cases where thrush responds poorly to treatment or takes a chronic course. Thrush is often the first symptom of diabetes. Therefore, a woman needs to take a blood sugar test and, if an increase is detected, contact an endocrinologist. An examination by a gastroenterologist is also recommended: analysis for dysbiosis, coprogram, gastroscopy, X-ray of the stomach, Abdominal ultrasound, irrigoscopy, X-ray examination of the small intestine.

With the development of complications of thrush from the urinary tract, it is necessary urologist consultation, study of urine and smear from the urethra, Zimnitsky test, ultrasound of the bladder. The differential diagnosis of thrush should be carried out with bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, trichomoniasis.

Generalized form of candidiasis

In especially unfavorable cases, the pathological process can capture many organs with the development of a generalized form of candidiasis. Risk factors in the development of generalization of candidiasis are prematurity, the use of glucocorticoids and antibiotics, artificial nutrition, chemotherapy, drug addiction, surgery and the postoperative period, etc.

Treatment of thrush in pregnant women

Thrush occurs in more than half of pregnant women. Its treatment requires an integrated approach, taking into account the contraindications existing during pregnancy. It is important to identify diseases and pathological conditions that can provoke thrush. In pregnant women, the treatment of thrush is carried out mainly by local means. Most often these are suppositories with miconazole or clotrimazole. If necessary, systemic antifungal therapy thrush in pregnant women it is possible to use natamycin, since it does not have an embryotoxic effect.

During pregnancy, it is possible to use alternative methods of treating thrush. These include washing with a decoction of oak bark, calendula or soda solution, soda-iodine baths, etc. These methods are poorly effective in terms of completely curing thrush, but can help relieve its symptoms during pregnancy.

Prophylaxis

The best prevention of thrush is personal hygiene.
Regular washing and changing of underwear are required.
It is advisable to use a separate genital towel.
You need to regularly visit a gynecologist (once every six months).
After visiting the pool or swimming in the open water, it is advisable to do herbal douching.
Remember to use condoms or other barrier methods of contraception.

Prevention of thrush includes adequate antibiotic therapy against the background of the mandatory prescription of probiotics; timely and correct treatment of chronic diseases, STIs, hormonal disorders; observance of intimate hygiene; wearing cotton underwear. The use of hygiene and intravaginal products should be avoided, which can change the pH of the vagina from the acidic side or cause an imbalance in its microflora. To prevent thrush from the misuse of tampons and pads, women should remember to change them every 3-4 hours. Women who have a wet environment provoke thrush should dry themselves thoroughly after bathing, avoid wearing a wet swimsuit, and use a spare dry bathing suit when relaxing on the pond.

Prevention of thrush in newborns is facilitated by a complete examination of women when planning pregnancy, early detection and treatment of thrush in pregnant women.