Penicillin tablets are the name of the drugs. The entire list of antibiotics of the penicillin series, indications for use. Penicillins: definition and properties

Content

The first antibiotics were penicillins. Medicines have helped save millions of people from infections. The drugs are effective in our time - they are constantly modified, improved. Many popular antimicrobial agents have been developed on the basis of penicillins.

General information about penicillin antibiotics

The first antimicrobial drugs developed on the basis of the waste products of microorganisms are penicillins (Penicillium). Their ancestor is benzylpenicillin. Substances belong to a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics. A common feature of the beta-lactam group is the presence of a four-membered beta-lactam ring in the structure.

Penicillin antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of a special polymer - peptidoglycan. It is produced by the cell to build a membrane, and penicillins prevent the formation of a biopolymer, which leads to the impossibility of cell formation, causes lysis of the exposed cytoplasm and the death of the microorganism. The drug does not have a detrimental effect on the cellular structure of humans or animals due to the fact that peptidoglycan is absent in their cells.

Penicillins work well with other drugs. Their effectiveness weakens with complex treatment together with bacteriostatics. The penicillin series of antibiotics is effectively used in modern medicine. This is possible due to the following properties:

• Low toxicity. Among all antibacterial drugs, penicillins have the smallest list of side effects, provided that they are correctly prescribed and the instructions are followed. Medicines are approved for use in the treatment of newborns and pregnant women.
• Wide spectrum of action. Modern antibiotics of the penicillin series are active against most gram-positive, some gram-negative microorganisms. Substances are resistant to the alkaline environment of the stomach and penicillinase.
• Bioavailability. A high level of absorption ensures the ability of beta-lactams to quickly spread through tissues, penetrating even into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Classification of penicillin antibiotics

Antimicrobial agents based on penicillin are classified according to many criteria - belonging, compatibility, mechanism of action. The inability of natural penicillin substances to resist penicillinase determined the need for the creation of synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs. Based on this, the classification of this type of antibiotics according to the method of manufacture is informative for understanding the pharmacological properties of penicillins.

Biosynthetic

Benzylpenicillin is produced by the fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium notatum. According to the molecular structure, the active substance belongs to acids. For medicine, it is chemically combined with potassium or sodium, resulting in salts. They are the basis of powders for injection solutions, which are quickly absorbed into the tissues. The therapeutic effect occurs within 10-15 minutes after administration, but after 4 hours the effect of the substance ends. This necessitates multiple injections.

The active substance quickly penetrates into the mucous membranes and lungs, to a lesser extent - into the bones, myocardium, synovial and cerebrospinal fluid. To prolong the action of drugs, benzylpenicillin is combined with novocaine. The resulting salt at the injection site forms a drug depot, from where the substance slowly and constantly enters the bloodstream. This helped to reduce the number of injections to 2 r/d while maintaining the therapeutic effect. These drugs are aimed at long-term treatment of syphilis, streptococcal infection, rheumatism.

Biosynthetic penicillins are active against most pathogens, except for spirochetes. For the treatment of moderate infections, a benzylpenicillin derivative, phenoxymethylpenicillin, is used. The substance is resistant to the effects of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, so it is produced in the form of tablets and taken orally.

Semi-synthetic antistaphylococcal

Natural benzylpenicillin is not active against staphylococcus strains. For this reason, oxacillin was synthesized, which inhibits the action of beta-lactamases of the pathogen. Semi-synthetic penicillins include methicillin, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin. These drugs are rarely used in modern medicine due to their high toxicity.

Aminopenicillins

This group of antibiotics includes ampicillin, amoxicillin, thalampicillin, bacampicillin, pivampicillin. Means are active to a wide range of pathogens and are available in tablets. The disadvantage of drugs is the ineffectiveness of amoxicillin and ampicillin to strains of staphylococcus aureus. For the treatment of such diseases, substances are combined with oxacillin.

Aminopenicillins are rapidly absorbed and act for a long time. For a day, 2-3 pills are prescribed according to the doctor's decision. Of the side effects, only an allergic rash is observed, which quickly disappears after the drug is discontinued. The drugs are used to treat the following conditions:

• upper respiratory and urinary tract infections;
• sinusitis;
• enterocolitis;
• otitis;
• causative agent of stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori).

Antipseudomonal

Antibiotics of the penicillin group have a similar effect to aminopenicillins. The exception is pseudomonads. Substances are effective in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The drugs in this group include:

Inhibitor-protected combined

Preparations of this group are artificially synthesized to increase the resistance of the active substance to most microorganisms. Medicines are obtained by combining with clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam, which provide immunity to beta-lactamases. Protected penicillins have their own antibacterial effect, enhancing the action of the main substance. Drugs are successfully used in the treatment of severe nosocomial infections.

penicillin tablets

The use of penicillins in tablets is convenient and beneficial for patients. No need to spend money on injection syringes, treatment is carried out at home on your own. Penicillin antibiotics:

Name	Active substance	Indications	Contraindications	Price, rub
Azithromycin	Azithromycin dihydrate	Acute bronchitis, impetigo, chlamydial urethritis, borreliosis, erythema	Kidney disease, component intolerance, myasthenia gravis
Oxacillin	oxacillin	Joint, bone, skin infections, sinusitis, bacterial meningitis, and endocarditis	Hypersensitivity to penicillins
Amoxicillin Sandoz	amoxicillin	Tonsillitis, bacterial pharyngitis and enteritis, community-acquired pneumonia, cystitis, endocarditis	Sensitivity to penicillin, cross-allergy with other beta-lactam agents
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	phenoxymethylpenicillin	Angina, bronchitis, pneumonia, syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, anthrax	Pharyngitis, aphthous stomatitis, sensitivity to penicillins
Ampicillin	ampicillin trihydrate	Infections of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchopulmonary and urinary tract, meningitis, sepsis, erysipelas	Lymphocytic leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, liver dysfunction
Amoxicillin	amoxicillin	Urethritis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, bronchitis, listeriosis, gonorrhea, leptospirosis, Helicobacter	Allergic diathesis, hay fever, infectious mononucleosis, asthma, lymphocytic leukemia, diseases of the liver, blood and central nervous system
	azithromycin	Soft tissue infections, skin infections, respiratory tract infections, Lyme disease, cervicitis, urethritis	Azithromycin sensitivity, liver disease, combination with dihydroergotamine and ergotamine
Amoxiclav	amoxicillin, clavulanate	Acute otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngeal abscess, pneumonia, infections of the skin, gynecological, biliary tract, connective and bone tissue	Liver disease, lymphocytic leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, hypersensitivity to penicillins

In injections

For injections, penicillin G sodium salt is used 500 thousand or 1 million units. The powder is released in glass bottles sealed with a rubber cap. Before use, the product is diluted with water. Examples of drugs:

Name	Active substance	Indications	Contraindications	Price, rub
Ampicillin	ampicillin sodium salt	Cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacterial sinusitis, intra-abdominal and female genital infections	Liver and kidney disorders, colitis, leukemia, HIV
Bicillin-1	benzathine benzylpenicillin	Syphilis, scarlet fever, bacterial skin infection	Intolerance to components, a tendency to allergies
Benzylpenicillin	benzylpenicillin	Sepsis, pyemia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, diphtheria, actinomycosis, scarlet fever, blennorrhea	Hypersensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins
Ospamox	amoxicillin	Pneumonia, otitis media, bronchitis, prostatitis, endometritis, gonorrhea, erysipelas, typhoid fever, listeriosis	Epilepsy, acute lymphocytic leukemia, asthma, allergic diathesis, hay fever
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt	benzylpenicillin	Croupous and focal pneumonia, syphilis, diphtheria, meningitis, septicemia, blennorrhea	Hypersensitivity to penicillins, epilepsy - for endolumbar injections

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are the first drugs created from the waste products of certain types of bacteria. In the general classification, penicillin antibiotics belong to the class of beta-lactam drugs. In addition to them, non-penicillin antibiotics are also included here: monobactams, cephalosporins and carbapenems.

The similarity is due to the fact that these drugs contain four-membered ring. All antibiotics of this group are used in chemotherapy and play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Properties of penicillin and its discovery

Before the discovery of antibiotics, many diseases seemed simply incurable, scientists and doctors around the world wanted to find a substance that could help defeat pathogenic microorganisms, while not causing damage to human health. People died from sepsis, wounds infected with bacteria, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia and other dangerous and serious diseases.

A key moment in medical history is 1928 It was in this year that penicillin was discovered. Millions of human lives for this discovery are due to Sir Alexander Fleming. The accidental appearance of mold on the nutrient medium of the Penicillium notatum group in Fleming's laboratory and the observation of the scientist himself gave a chance to fight against infectious diseases.

After the discovery of penicillin, scientists faced only one task - to isolate this substance in its pure form. This case turned out to be quite complicated, but in the late 30s of the 20th century, two scientists Ernst Cheyne and Howard Flory managed to create a drug with an antibacterial effect.

Properties of antibiotics of the penicillin group

antibiotic penicillin inhibits the emergence and development pathogenic organisms such as:

This is only a small list of those pathogenic bacteria in which penicillin and all penicillin preparations suppress vital activity.

The antibiotic effect of penicillin is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. In the latter case, we are talking about the complete destruction of pathogenic organisms that caused the disease, most often acute and extremely severe. For diseases of moderate severity, antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect are used - they do not allow bacteria to divide.

Penicillin is an antibiotic with a bactericidal effect. Microbes in their structure have a cell wall in which the main substance is peptidoglycan. This substance gives the bacterial cell stability, preventing it from dying even in very unsuitable conditions for life. By acting on the cell wall, penicillin destroys its integrity and disables its work.

In the human body, cell membranes do not contain peptidoglycan and therefore antibiotics of the penicillin group do not have a negative effect on our body. Also, we can talk about a small toxicity of these funds.

Penicillins have a wide range of dosages used, which is safer for the human body, since it makes it possible for a particular patient to choose a therapeutic dosage with minimal side effects.

The main part of penicillin is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine (more than 70%). Some antibiotics of the penicillin group are excreted using the biliary system, that is, they are excreted with bile.

List of drugs and classification of penicillins

The basis of the chemical compound of the penicillin group is beta-lactam ring, therefore they belong to beta-lactama drugs.

Since penicillin has been used in medical practice for more than 80 years, some microorganisms have developed resistance to this antibiotic in the form of the beta-lactamase enzyme. The mechanism of the enzyme's work consists in the connection of the hydrolytic enzyme of a pathogenic bacterium with the beta-lactam ring, which, in turn, facilitates their binding, and as a result, the inactivation of the drug.

To date, semi-synthetic antibiotics are most often used: the chemical composition of a natural antibiotic is taken as a basis and subjected to useful modifications. Due to this, humanity can still resist various bacteria that constantly produce different antibiotic resistance mechanisms.

To date, the Federal Guidelines for the Use of Medicinal Products provides such a classification of penicillins.

Short acting natural antibiotics

Natural antibiotics do not contain beta-lactamase inhibitors, so they are never used against diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus.

Benzylpenicillin is active during treatment:

Side effects: for all antibiotics of the penicillin series, the main side effect is an allergic response of the body in the form of urticaria, anaphylactic shock, hyperthermia, Quincke's edema, skin rashes, nephritis. Possible failures in the work of the heart. During the introduction of significant dosages - convulsions (in children).

Restrictions on use and contraindications: hay fever, allergy to penicillin, impaired kidney function, arrhythmia, bronchial asthma.

Natural antibiotics with prolonged action

Benzylpenicillin benzathine is used in cases of:

• inflammation of the tonsils;
• syphilis;
• wound infections;
• scarlet fever.

It is also used to prevent complications after surgery.

Side effects: anemia, allergic response, abscess at the injection site of the antibiotic, headache, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.

Contraindications: hay fever, bronchial asthma, propensity to allergies to penicillin.

Benzylpenicillin procaine is used in the treatment of:

It is used for relapses of erysipelas and rheumatism.

Side effect: convulsions, nausea, allergic reaction.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to procaine and penicillin.

Antistaphylococcal agents

Oxacillin is the main representative of this group of antibiotics. The result of treatment is similar to benzylpenicillin, but unlike the second, this drug can destroy staphylococcal infections.

Side effects: skin rashes, urticaria. Rarely - anaphylactic shock, edema, fever, digestive disorders, vomiting, nausea, hematuria (in children), jaundice.

Contraindications: allergic reactions to penicillin.

Broad spectrum drugs

As an active substance, ampicillin is used in many antibiotics. Used to treat acute infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, infectious diseases of the digestive system, chlamydial infections, endocarditis, meningitis.

List of antibiotics that contain ampicillin: Ampicillin sodium salt, Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin-Inotec, Ampicillin AMP-Forte, Ampicillin-AKOS, etc.

Amoxicillin is modified derivative of ampicillin. It is considered the main antibiotic, which is taken orally only. It is used for meningococcal infections, acute respiratory diseases, Lyme disease, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used to prevent anthrax in women during pregnancy and children.

List of antibiotics that contain amoxicillin: Amoxicillin Sandoz, Amoxicar, Amoxicillin DS, Amoxicillin-ratiopharm, etc.

Side effects: dysbacteriosis, dyspeptic disorders, allergies, candidiasis, superinfection, CNS disorders.

Contraindications for this group of penicillins: hypersensitivity, mononucleosis, impaired liver function. Ampicillin is prohibited for newborns up to one month.

Antipseudomonal antibiotics

Carboxypenicillins contain active ingredient - carbenicillin. In this case, the name of the antibiotic is the same as the active ingredient. It is used in the treatment of diseases that are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Today, they are almost never used in medicine due to the availability of more powerful drugs.

Ureidopenicillins include: Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin.

Side effect: nausea, eating disorders, urticaria, vomiting. Possible headache, drug-induced fever, superinfection, impaired renal function.

Contraindications: pregnancy, high sensitivity to penicillin.

Features of the use of antibiotics of the penicillin group in children

The use of antibiotics in children's treatment is constantly given great attention, since the child's body has not yet fully formed and most organs and systems still not fully functional. Therefore, the choice of antibiotics for infants and growing children, doctors must be treated with great responsibility.

Penicillin in newborns is used for toxic diseases and sepsis. In the first years of life in children, it is used to treat otitis, pneumonia, meningitis, pleurisy.

With angina, SARS, cystitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, as a rule, children are prescribed Flemoxin, Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav. These antibiotics in relation to the child's body are the least toxic and the most effective.

Dysbacteriosis is one of the complications of antibiotic therapy, since beneficial microflora in children dies simultaneously with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, antibiotic treatment must be combined with the intake of probiotics. A rare side effect is an allergy to penicillin. in the form of a skin rash.

In infants, the excretory work of the kidneys is not sufficiently developed and the accumulation of penicillin is likely in the body. The result of this is the appearance of seizures.

Treatment with any antibiotics, even the latest generation, always has a significant impact on health. Naturally, they relieve the main infectious disease, but overall immunity is also significantly reduced. Since not only pathogenic bacteria die, but also healthy microflora. Therefore, it will take some time to restore the protective forces. If side effects are pronounced, especially those associated with the gastrointestinal tract, then a sparing diet is necessary.

Be sure to use probiotics and prebiotics (Bifidumbacterin, Linex, Bifiform, Acipol, etc.). The beginning of the reception must occur simultaneously with the start of the use of an antibacterial agent. At the same time, after a course of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics must be used for about 14 more days to populate the stomach with beneficial bacteria.

When antibiotics have a toxic effect on the liver, the use of hepatoprotectors can be recommended. These drugs will protect healthy liver cells and restore damaged ones.

Since immunity is reduced, the body is particularly susceptible to colds. Therefore, you need to take care of yourself and not overcool. Use immunomodulators, while it is desirable that they be of plant origin (purple Echinacea, Immunal).

If the disease is of viral etiology, then in this case antibiotics are powerless, even the latest generation and a wide spectrum of action. They can only serve as a prophylaxis in joining a bacterial viral infection. Antivirals are used to treat viruses.

To reduce the need to use antibiotics and get sick less often, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle. The most important thing is not to overdo it with the use of antibacterial agents in order to prevent the development of bacterial resistance to them. Otherwise, it will not be possible to cure any infection. Therefore, always consult your doctor before using any antibiotic.

Today, no medical institution can do without an antibiotic. Successful treatment of various diseases is possible only through the appointment of effective antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic today is represented by a wide range of different drugs aimed at the death of the pathogenic environment of a bacterial nature.

The first antibiotic created was penicillin, which defeated some epidemics and deadly diseases in the 20th century. To date, antibiotics of the penicillin group are rarely used in medical practice due to the high sensitivity of patients and the risk of developing allergies.

Groups of antibiotics without penicillin

Antibacterial therapy without the use of penicillin components involves the appointment of alternative drugs of other pharmacological groups. Antibiotics without penicillin in a large assortment are available for the treatment of various diseases in hospital and outpatient practice in children or adults.

Group of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics, which is due to the detrimental effect on many groups of microorganisms, strains and other pathogenic environments. Preparations of the cephalosporin group are available as intramuscular or intravenous injections. Antibiotics of this group are prescribed for the following conditions:

Known cephalosporins include Ceforal, Suprax, Pancef. All antibiotics of this series have similar side effects, for example, dyspeptic disorders (stool disorder, skin rashes, nausea). The main advantage of antibiotics is not only the detrimental effect on many strains, but also the possibility of treating children (including the neonatal period). Cephalosporin antibiotics are classified into the following groups:

1st generation

Antibiotics-cephalosporins include Cefadroxil and Cefalexin, Cefazolin, Cefuroxime.

They are used for inflammatory diseases caused by many anaerobic bacteria, staphylococcal infection, streptococci and others.

Forms of release of the drug are varied: from tablets to solutions for parenteral administration.

II generation

Known drugs in this group: Cefuroxime (injections), Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetil. The drugs are particularly active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The drugs are available both in the form of solutions and in tablet form.

III generation

Antibiotics of this series just belong to a wide spectrum of action. The drugs act on almost all microorganisms and are known by the following names:

• Ceftriaxone;
• Ceftazidime;
• Cefoperazone;
• Cefixime and Ceftibuten.

Release form - injections for intravenous or intramuscular administration. When the drug is administered, it is often mixed with saline or lidocaine solution to reduce pain. The drug and additional components are mixed in one syringe.

IV generation

The group is represented by only one drug - Cefepime. The pharmaceutical industry produces the drug in the form of a powder, which is diluted just before administration through the parenteral or intramuscular route.

The detrimental effect of the antibiotic is to disrupt the synthesis of the body wall of the microbial unit at the cellular level. The main advantages include the possibility of outpatient treatment, ease of use, use in young children, minimal risks of side effects and complications.

Macrolide group

Antibiotics from the group of macrolides are a new generation of drugs, the structure of which is a complete macrocyclic lactone ring. According to the type of molecular-atomic structure, this group received its name. Several types of macrolides are distinguished from the number of carbon atoms in the molecular composition:

• 14, 15-membered;
• 15 members.

Macrolides are particularly active against many gram-positive cocci bacteria, as well as pathogens acting at the cellular level (for example, mycoplasmas, legionella, campylobacter). Macrolides have the least toxicity and are suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs (sinusitis, whooping cough, otitis media of various classifications). The list of macrolide drugs is as follows:

Numerous medical studies have confirmed the low likelihood of side effects. The main disadvantage can be considered the rapid development of resistance of various groups of microorganisms, which explains the lack of therapeutic results in some patients.

Fluoroquinolone group

Antibiotics from the fluoroquinol group do not contain penicillin and its components, but are used to treat the most acute and severe inflammatory diseases.

These include purulent bilateral otitis, severe bilateral pneumonia, pyelonephritis (including chronic forms), salmonellosis, cystitis, dysentery and others.

Fluoroquinols include the following drugs:

• Ofloxacin;
• Levofloxacin;
• Ciprofloxacin.

The very first developments of this group of antibiotics date back to the 20th century. The best-known fluoroquinols can belong to different generations and solve individual clinical problems.

1st generation

Well-known drugs from this group are Negram and Nevigramone. The basis of antibiotics is nalidixic acid. Drugs have a detrimental effect on the following types of bacteria:

• Proteus and Klebsiella;
• shigella and salmonella.

Antibiotics of this group are characterized by strong permeability, a sufficient number of negative consequences of taking. According to the results of clinical and laboratory studies, the antibiotic confirmed the absolute uselessness in the treatment of gram-positive cocci, some anaerobic microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (including the nosocomial type).

II generation

Second-generation antibiotics are derived from a combination of chlorine atoms and quinoline molecules. Hence the name - a group of fluoroquinolones. The list of antibiotics in this group is represented by the following drugs:

Second-generation antibiotics are prescribed for serious surgical situations and are used in patients of any age group. Here the main factor is the risk of death, and not the appearance of any side effects.

III, IV generation

The main pharmacological drugs of the 3rd generation include Levofloxacin (otherwise, Tavanic), used for chronic bronchitis, severe bronchial obstruction in other pathologies, anthrax, diseases of the ENT organs.

Moxifloxacin (pharmacol. Avelox), known for its inhibitory effect on staphylococcal microorganisms, is reasonably ranked as the 4th generation. Avelox is the only drug that is effective against non-spore-forming anaerobic microorganisms.

Antibiotics of various groups have special indications, indications, as well as contraindications for use. In connection with the uncontrolled use of antibiotics without penicillin and others, a law was passed on prescription dispensing from pharmacy chains.

Such introductions are very necessary for medicine due to the resistance of many pathogenic environments to modern antibiotics. Penicillins have not been widely used in medical practice for more than 25 years, so it can be assumed that this group of drugs will effectively affect new types of bacterial microflora.

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groups penicillins depends on which drug is being discussed.

Currently, four groups are used:

• natural penicillins;
• semi-synthetic penicillins;
• aminopenicillins, which have an extended spectrum of action;
• penicillins with a wide antibacterial spectrum of influence.

Release form

Injectable preparations are produced, as well as penicillin tablets.

Means for injections are produced in glass bottles, which are closed with rubber stoppers and metal caps. The vials contain different doses of penicillin. It is dissolved before administration.

Penicillin-ecmolin tablets are also produced, intended for resorption and for oral administration. Sucking tablets contain 5000 units of penicillin. In tablets for oral administration - 50,000 units.

Tablets of penicillin with sodium citrate may contain 50,000 and 100,000 units.

pharmachologic effect

Penicillin - this is the first antimicrobial agent that has been obtained using the waste products of microorganisms as a basis. The history of this medicine begins in 1928, when the inventor of the antibiotic Alexander Fleming isolated it from a strain of the fungus Penicillium notatum. In the chapter describing the history of the discovery of penicillin, Wikipedia indicates that the antibiotic was discovered by accident, after entering the culture of bacteria from the external environment of the mold fungus, its bactericidal effect was noted. Later, the formula of penicillin was determined, and other specialists began to study how to get penicillin. However, the answer to the questions, in what year this remedy was invented, and who invented the antibiotic, is unequivocal.

The further description of penicillin on Wikipedia testifies to who created and improved the drugs. In the forties of the twentieth century, scientists in the USA and Great Britain worked on the process of producing penicillin in industry. The first use of this antibacterial drug for the treatment of bacterial infections occurred in 1941. And in 1945, for the invention of penicillin, the Nobel Prize was awarded to its creator Fleming (the one who invented penicillin), as well as scientists who worked on its further improvement - Flory and Chain.

Speaking about who discovered penicillin in Russia, it should be noted that the first samples were obtained in the Soviet Union in 1942 by microbiologists Balezina and Yermolyeva. Further, the industrial production of the antibiotic began in the country. In the late fifties, synthetic penicillins appeared.

When this medicine was invented, for a long time it remained the main antibiotic used clinically throughout the world. And even after other antibiotics without penicillin were invented, this antibiotic remained an important drug for the treatment of infectious diseases. There is a claim that the medicine is obtained using cap mushrooms, but today there are different methods for its production. Currently, the so-called protected penicillins are widely used.

The chemical composition of penicillin indicates that the agent is an acid, from which various salts are subsequently obtained. Penicillin antibiotics include Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), etc. The classification of penicillins involves their division into natural and semi-synthetic.

Biosynthetic penicillins provide a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. They act on some Gram-positive bacteria ( Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheria), some Gram-negative bacteria ( Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), on anaerobic spore-forming rods ( Spirochaetaceae Actinomyces spp.) and etc.

The most active of penicillin preparations is . Resistance to the influence of benzylpenicillin is demonstrated by strains Staphylococcus spp. that produce penicillinase.

Penicillin is not an effective remedy against bacteria of the enteric-typhoid-dysenteric group, pathogens of tularemia, brucellosis, plague, cholera, as well as pertussis, tuberculosis, Friedlander, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and viruses, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

The most effective method is intramuscular injection. After such application, the active ingredient enters the patient very quickly. The highest concentration of the agent is observed 30-60 minutes after application. After a single injection, only its trace concentrations are determined.

It is quickly determined in muscles, wound exudate, in joint cavities, in muscles.

In the cerebrospinal fluid, a small amount is observed. A small amount will also enter the pleural cavities and abdominal cavity, therefore, if necessary, direct local action of the drug is required.

Penetrates to the fetus through the placenta. It is excreted from the body through the kidneys, so about 50% of the drug is excreted. Also, part of it is excreted in the bile.

If the patient takes penicillin in tablets, he needs to take into account that when taken orally, the antibiotic is poorly absorbed, and part of it is destroyed by the action of gastric juice and beta-lactamase, which is produced by intestines .

Indications for use

Antibiotics of the penicillin group, the names of which will be prompted directly by the attending physician, are used to treat diseases provoked by microorganisms sensitive to penicillin:

• pneumonia (croupous and focal);
• pleural empyema;
• septic endocarditis in acute and subacute form;
• sepsis ;
• pyemia;
• septicemia;
• in acute and chronic form;
• infectious diseases of the biliary and urinary tract;
• purulent infectious diseases of the skin, mucous membranes, soft tissues;
• erysipelas;
• anthrax;
• actinomycosis;
• gynecological purulent-inflammatory diseases;
• ENT diseases;
• eye diseases;
• gonorrhea, , blenorea.

Contraindications

Tablets and injections are not used in such cases:

• with high sensitivity to this antibiotic;
• at , , and others;
• with the manifestation in patients of high sensitivity to sulfonamides, antibiotics, as well as to other drugs.

Side effects

In the process of application, the patient must understand what penicillin is and what side effects it can provoke. In the course of treatment, allergy symptoms sometimes appear. As a rule, such manifestations are associated with sensitization of the body due to earlier use of these drugs. Also may occur due to prolonged use of the drug. At the first use of the drug, allergies are less common. There is a possibility of fetal sensitization during pregnancy if a woman takes penicillin.

Also during the course of treatment, the following side effects may develop:

• Digestive system: nausea, , vomit.
• central nervous system: neurotoxic reactions, signs of meningism, convulsions .
• Allergy: , fever, rash on the mucous membranes and on the skin, eosinophilia,. Cases recorded and lethal outcome. With such manifestations, it is necessary to immediately enter intravenously.
• Manifestations associated with chemotherapeutic influence: oral cavity, vaginal candidiasis.

Instructions for use of penicillin (Method and dosage)

Antimicrobial action is observed with local and resorptive action of penicillin.

Instructions for the use of penicillin in injections

The drug can be administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously. Also, the drug is injected into the spinal canal. In order for the therapy to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to calculate the dose so that 0.1–0.3 IU of penicillin is in 1 ml of blood. Therefore, the drug is administered every 3-4 hours.

For treatment pneumonia , , cerebrospinal meningitis, etc. a doctor prescribes a special scheme.

Instructions for use of penicillin tablets

The dosage of penicillin tablets depends on the disease and on the treatment regimen prescribed by the attending physician. As a rule, patients are prescribed 250-500 mg, the drug should be taken every 8 hours. If necessary, the dose is increased to 750 mg. It is recommended to take the tablets half an hour before a meal or two hours after a meal. The duration of treatment depends on the disease.

Overdose

It should be borne in mind that when taking large doses of penicillin, an overdose may occur, which may cause unpleasant symptoms in the form of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea . But this condition is not life-threatening.

With intravenous administration of potassium salt in patients suffering from kidney failure , can develop hyperkalemia .

With the introduction of large doses of the drug intraventricular or intravenous, epileptic seizures may occur. But such a symptom appears in adult patients only after the introduction of at least 50 million units. medicines. In this case, the patient is prescribed the intake of barbiturates or benzodiazepines.

Interaction

When taking an antibiotic, the elimination process may be slowed down. from the body due to inhibition of its tubular secretion.

Terms of sale

Drugs are sold by prescription, the doctor writes out a prescription to the patient in Latin.

Storage conditions

Store at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees, in a dry place.

Best before date

The shelf life of penicillin is 5 years.

special instructions

Before using penicillin, it is important to conduct tests and determine the sensitivity to the antibiotic.

Carefully prescribe the drug to people who have impaired kidney function, as well as patients with acute heart failure , people who have a tendency to allergic manifestations or severe sensitivity to cephalosporins .

If after 3-5 days after the start of treatment there is no improvement in the patient's condition, it is important to consult a doctor who will prescribe other antibiotics or combined treatment.

Since in the process of taking antibiotics there is a high probability of manifestation fungal superinfection , it is important to take antifungal agents during treatment. It is also important to consider that with the use of subtherapeutic doses of the drug or with an incomplete course of therapy, resistant strains of pathogens may appear.

When taking the drug inside, you need to drink it with plenty of liquid. It is important to strictly follow the instructions on how to dilute the product.

In the process of treatment with penicillins, it is necessary to follow the prescribed treatment regimen very precisely and not to skip doses. If a dose is missed, the dose should be taken as soon as possible. You can not interrupt the course of treatment.

Since an expired medicine can be toxic, it should not be taken.

Analogues

Coincidence in the ATX code of the 4th level:

There are a number of penicillin preparations, the most optimal of antibiotics is determined by the doctor individually.

With alcohol

children

It is used to treat children only after a doctor's prescription and under his supervision.

Penicillin during pregnancy and lactation

It is advisable to prescribe an antibiotic during pregnancy only if the expected benefit outweighs the likelihood of negative effects. Lactation for the period of taking the drugs should be stopped, since the substance enters the milk and can provoke the development of severe allergic manifestations in the child.

Penicillin is the very first in the world, which has become a real salvation for millions of people. With his help, doctors were able to declare war on diseases that were considered fatal at that time: pneumonia, tuberculosis,. However, the treatment of pathologies with the use of antibiotics should be carried out only after an accurate diagnosis has been established and strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Discovery history

The discovery of the antibacterial properties of penicillin occurred in 1928. The famous scientist Alexander Fleming, as a result of an ordinary experiment with colonies, found spots of ordinary mold in some cups with cultures.

As it turned out upon further study, there were no harmful bacteria in the cups with mold stains. Subsequently, it was from ordinary green mold that a molecule was derived that was capable of killing bacteria. This is how the first modern antibiotic, Penicillin, was born.

Penicillium group

Nowadays, penicillins are a whole group of antibiotics produced by certain types of mold (genus Penicillium).

They can be active against entire groups of gram-positive microorganisms, as well as some gram-negative ones: staphylococci, spirochetes, meningococci.

Penicillins belong to a large group of beta-lactam antibiotics that contain a special beta-lactam ring molecule.

Indications

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are used in the treatment of a huge number of infectious diseases. They are prescribed for the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to the drug for the treatment of the following pathologies:

• many types of pneumonia;
• osteomyelitis;
• infections of the genitourinary system, most of the digestive tract;
• scarlet fever;
• diphtheria;
• anthrax;
• gynecological diseases;
• diseases of ENT organs;
• syphilis, gonorrhea and many others.

Also, this type of antibiotic is used in the treatment of wounds infected with bacteria. As a prophylaxis of purulent complications, the drug is prescribed in the postoperative period.

The drug can be used in childhood with umbilical sepsis, pneumonia, otitis in newborns and infants, also of early age. Penicillin is also effective in purulent pleurisy and meningitis.

The use of penicillin in medicine:

Contraindications

The use of the penicillin series for the treatment of infections is not always possible. It is strictly forbidden to take the drug to people with high sensitivity to the drug.

The use of this antibiotic is also contraindicated in patients suffering from asthma of various origins, hay fever, with a history of or others on the active substance.

Release form

Modern pharmacological companies produce penicillin preparations for injections or in the form of tablets. Means for intramuscular injection are produced in bottles (made of glass), sealed with rubber stoppers, and on top with metal caps. Before administration, the substrate is diluted with sodium chloride or water for injection.

Tablets are produced in cellular packaging with a dosage of 50 to 100 thousand units. It is also possible to produce ecmolyn lozenges for resorption. The dosage in this case does not exceed 5 thousand units.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of penicillin is to inhibit the enzymes involved in the formation of the cell wall of microorganisms. The cell membrane protects bacteria from environmental influences, violations of its synthesis leads to the death of pathogenic agents.

This is the bactericidal effect of the drug. It acts on some varieties of gram-positive bacteria (streptococci and staphylococci), as well as several varieties of gram-negative ones.

It is worth noting that penicillins can only affect multiplying bacteria. Inactive cells do not build membranes, so they do not die due to enzyme inhibition.

Instructions for use

The antibacterial effect of penicillin is achieved by intramuscular injection, by ingestion, and also by local action. More often, the injection form is used for treatment. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is rapidly absorbed into the blood.

However, after 3-4 hours, it completely disappears from the blood. Therefore, regular administration of drugs at regular intervals of 4 times a day is recommended.

It is allowed to administer the drug intravenously, subcutaneously, and also into the spinal canal. For the treatment of complex pneumonia, meningitis or syphilis, a special scheme is prescribed, which only a doctor can prescribe.

When taking penicillin in tablet form, the dosage should also be determined by the doctor. As a rule, 250-500 mg every 6-8 hours is prescribed for bacterial infections. If necessary, a single dose can be increased to 750 mg. Tablets should be taken half an hour before meals or 2 hours after. The duration of the course will tell the doctor.

Side effects

Since penicillins are a natural drug, they have minimal toxicity among other groups of artificially derived antibiotics. However, the occurrence of allergic reactions is still possible.

Wash down the tablet form of penicillin with a large amount of liquid. In the process of treatment with antibiotics of the penicillin series, it is important not to skip the recommended doses, since the effect of the drug may be weakened. If this happens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible.

It happens that after 3-5 days after regular intake or administration of the drug, there is no improvement, then you should consult a doctor to adjust the course of treatment or the dose of the drug. It is not recommended to interrupt the course of treatment without consulting a doctor.

Rules for the use of antibiotics:

drug interaction

When prescribing penicillin, attention should be paid to its interaction with other drugs used. You can not combine this antibiotic with the following drugs:

1. reduces the effectiveness of penicillin antibiotics.
2. Aminoglycosides are able to conflict with penicillin in the chemical aspect.
3. Sulfonamides also reduce the bactericidal effect.
4. Thrombolytics.

The price of penicillin

Penicillin is considered one of the most inexpensive antibacterial drugs. The price of 50 bottles of powder to create a solution varies from 280 to 300 rubles. The cost of tablets 250 mg number 30 is just over 50 rubles.

cheap

Cheap analogues of penicillin include Ampicillin and Bicillin. Their cost in tablet form also does not exceed 50 rubles.

Drug synonyms

Synonyms of the drug are called Procaine-benzylpenicillin, Benzylpenicillin sodium, potassium, novocaine salt.

Natural analogues

Natural medicinal penicillins include:

• Phencoxymethylpenicillin;
• Benzathine benzylpenicillin;
• Benzylpenicillin salts (sodium, potassium, novocaine).

Terms of dispensing from pharmacies

On prescription.

Storage conditions and shelf life