Why a person has a big throat. Features of the structure and functions of the pharynx. Lymphy epithelial pharyngeal ring

The anatomy of human pharynx is designed in a special way to perform the functions of breathing and digestion. It is in this department that the intersection of these paths takes place, but its device allows food to penetrate only into the esophagus, and air to the respiratory organs.

The structure of the nasopharynk is arranged in such a way that during the commission of swallowing movements, the respiratory tract is open, but at the time of the movement of the lump of food on the esophagus they are blocked by the muscles of the larynx. These mechanisms prevent food penetration into the breathing hole.

The throat is considered as an entrance gate for a variety of microorganisms, including pathogenic. Due to the fact that its inner surface contains a cluster of lymphoid tissue, which is a component of the immune system, and neutralizing the pathogenic microflora occurs here.

The location of the pharynx towards other authorities:

ahead is a connection with a larynx and the transition to the oral cavity, bypassing ZEV;
at the top - a message through the joan (respiratory pass) with an inner nasal cavity;
bocames - a connection with the cavity of the middle ear through Eustachius channel;
below - goes into the esophagus.

The structure of man's pharynx

When considering the anatomical features of the pharynx, its 3 main departments allocate.

Basic departments:

Nasopharynk, or nasal top department. It is above the sky at one level with the first and second vertebra of the neck, his message with the nasal cavity occurs through the Hoans. With the help of the holes of the Eustachius pipe located at the level of the lower nasal stroke in the throat, there is a relationship with the inner drum cavity of the ear. Such an anatomical feature allows to equal pressure in both cavities and ventilate the latter. For this reason, the nasal breathing is important not only for respiratory organs, but also for the hearing function. There is a concentration of lymphoid fabric in the form of almonds between the soft heaven and the release of Eustachiev. They are represented by pairs of sky and tube, as well as adenoid and pagan almonds. Their accumulation forms a peculiar lymphatic ring, which is called the pyrogov-valtera rings. The growth, or hypertrophy of pharyngeal almond, can lead to the overlapping of Hoan or the mouth of hearing pipes, which causes symptoms of difficulty breathing and violating the function of Eustachiev Passing in children under 14. In more adult age, the pharyngeal almond is atrophy, and such a problem can no longer arise. The boundary between the upper and middle department is conditional, the separation occurs when the line is conducted regarding the solid sky.
The rotogling is the mouth, or the middle part. Includes a plot from the sky to the larynx. The connection to the oral cavity occurs through the oz. From above, zev is blocked by heaven and the tongue, it limits the root of the tongue below. On both sides of the ZEVA are pacifications. The rotogling is formed by the rear and two side walls. It is here that the intersection of the respiratory tract and the digestive tract is. The structure of the pharynx in this area has features that allow you to rise in a soft sky during swallowing and pronouncing sounds. Thus, it isolating the nasopharynx when the listed actions are made. The wall of the pharynx can be viewed with the widely opened oral cavity.
Gordanotka - Gundy, or lower part. Narrow passage located behind the larynx. Here you allocate the front, two side and rear walls. Staying at rest, the front and rear walls closed with each other. The front wall forms the protrusion over which the entrance to the larynx is located.

The throat has a funnel shape, flattened in the front seat, the wide end of which originates at the base of the skull, further reaches the level of 6-7 vertebra of the neck, is narrowing and continued by the esophagus. On average, the length of the organ is about 12-14 cm, its internal space is formed by the body cavity. The middle and upper parts are combined with the oral cavity, and the bottom connects to the larynx.

The organ wall consists of muscles, connected and mucous membranes. The latter is represented by a multi-core rash epithelium in its nose and is a continuation of the shells of the mouth and nose. The covering layer of other surfaces was lined with a multi-layered flat non-peer epithelium, which grows tightly with the muscle layer. Between the muscular layer and mucous membranes there is a submucosal layer represented by a fibrous fabric. The inclusion of connective tissue can be found in the cheek muscle and in the fabric of the esophagus.

Pot muscles:

cell chill - controlled by consciousness, raises the lads and the throat;
muscles-compressors (upper, medium, lower) are narrowing the lumen of the pharynx.

The alternate work of these muscle groups helps passing food lower towards the esophagus.

Glotania process

The particular structure and function of the pharynx allow it to perform swallowing movements. The process of swallowing occurs reflexively by voltage and relaxation of different muscle groups.

Switching process:

Food is mixed with saliva and thoroughly crushed. A homogeneous lump is formed from it, which further falls on the root area of \u200b\u200bthe tongue.
At the root of the language there is a group of sensitive receptors, the irritation of which provokes the contraction of the muscles, due to which the sky is raised. At the same time, the message pharynx with the cavity of the nose and food does not penetrate the air paths.
A lump of food is pushed through the language into the throat. Here the muscles shift the sublingual bone, which causes the lifting of the larynx, and the palpator closes the respiratory tract.
In the throat with the help of an alternate reduction of different muscle groups, a gradual passage of food towards esophageal is provided.

Functions of GLAGE

The throat performs the functions associated with the livelihood of the body and its protection.

Main functions:

Esophage - provides swallowing and sucking movements due to the contractile operation of muscles. This process is an unconditional reflex act.
Breathing is provided by all the divisions of the organ, since they do air from the nasal and oral cavity to the lower respiratory tract. This process becomes possible due to the combination of the pharynx with larynx, Hohanam and Zev.
The voization is to create and reproduce sounds, the formation of which is ensured inside the laryngeal by voice ligaments. When pronouncing sounds, the language and soft sky are closed and open the entrance to the nasopharynx, and the timbre and the height indicator is ensured. Human throat acts as a kind of resonator due to its ability to narrow and expand.
Protective - lymphoid ring together with other immunity bodies ensures the protection of the body from pathogenic microorganisms. The almond surface is made by furrows - lacunas, on the surface of which there is neutralization of infection. In addition, when irritating the faceted epithelium on the mucous surface, there is a reduction in the muscles, the lumen of the pharynx is narrowed, the mucus is distinguished and the cough begins, which begins with a protective reaction of the body.

Found a mistake? Highlight it and press Ctrl + Enter

The throat is a hollow organ that is simultaneously part of the digestive and respiratory system. It has the form of a muscular tube that originates at the base of the skull, connects the nasal cavity with the lane and goes into the esophagus in the lower departments.

Stroke structure

The throat begins at the base of the skull, connects the nasal cavity with the larynx, goes into the esophagus.

Given the anatomy-physiological features, the throat is made to divide into 3 parts:

Nose.
Rota.
Gundy.

The nasopharynx has the appearance of a small cavity and takes up the topmost departments of the organ. It connects the inner discharge department by Hoan with the underlying breathing paths, namely, larynx. This pharynx department is fixed and located at the level of the two first cervical vertebrae. On the lateral surfaces of the nasopharynk, there are holes of Eustachius pipes that provide a bond with a drum cavity.

The rotogling is a continuation of the nasal part of the organ. It has a direct message with the oral cavity through a zev, which is a hole limited to the sides of the palas, with a soft sky, from below - the root of the tongue. The mouth of the pharynx serves as a place of crossing the digestive and respiratory tract, it directly participates in food and air.

At the level of the top departments of the Nastestrian, the next part of the pharynx begins - the Gunding unit. It is at the level of the 4-5th cervical vertebrae, behind the larynx, in such a way that the rear wall of the latter becomes the front wall of the pharynx. At the same time, in a state of rest of the wall of the organ in contact between themselves and diverge only during the act of swallowing. On the front surface of the pharynx there is an entrance to the larynx with the pear-like pockets to the right and to the left of it. The book of Gartannotka narrows and goes into the esophagus.

Lymphy epithelial pharyngeal ring

The lymphoid formation of the pharynx is represented by almonds and small follicles. The latter are on the rear surface of the pharynx (in the form of granules), behind the sky meek (side rollers), in the pear-like pockets at the entrance to the larynx.

Almonds, located in the throat in the form of a ring, perform a protective role, being part of the immune system. Their person has six:

two sky
alone pharyngeal
one pagan
two pipes.

Plotp and pipe almonds are located in the nasal part of the pharynx on the top (in the zone of transition to the back) and the side walls.

Plug almond should be paid special attention. The second its name is. With diseases of the upper respiratory tract, it is inflamed, increasing in size, and prevents free nasal breathing. If such problems are often repeated, then adenoid fabric grows so much, leading to a chronic disruption of breathing through the nose. This can contribute to the development of the deformation of the facial skeleton, hypoxia and frequent colds. This almond is maximally expressed in childhood. With the beginning of puberty, it begins to gradually decrease and exposed to reverse development.

Sky almonds are in the oral part of the throat between skydly handles. These almonds have a rather complicated structure and are connected to the side surface of the pharynx using a fibrous capsule. They consist of connecting trabeculat, between which there are clusters of lymphocytes in the form of follicles.

On the free surface of the almonds addressed to the throat, there are more than 16 deep slots or lacunas with many branches. The surface of these slots is covered with a multilayer flat epithelium, which is constantly brazed, and the almonds are self-cleaning. In addition to the epithelium in Lakun's lumet, immune cells and microorganisms are contained. However, deeply and tree-shaped branched lacuna are not always empty in full. In combination with frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract, this contributes to the development.

The tongue almond is at the root of the tongue and is often connected to the lower poles of the sky almonds.

Building the wall of the organ

The wall of the pharynx consists of 4 main layers:

mucous
fibrous
muscular
adventization.

The mucous membrane sweeps the inner surface of the pharynx, it contains a large number of mucous glands and is covered with a multilayer epithelium, with the exception of the nasopharynx. In this area, the structure of the mucous membrane is somewhat different, as it is covered with a cylindrical fiscal epithelium, which continues here from the nasal cavity.

The fibrous shell is a thin coupling plate, fucked with a mucous and muscle layer, which is attached to the bones of the base of the skull - from above, thyroid cart and sub-band-up bone - bottom.

The muscular sheath of the pharynx consists of cross-striped muscle fibers, lifting and compressing the throat. Outside the muscles are covered by Adventization, which loosen is associated with the surrounding tissues.

Behind the pharynx and on the sides of it are the cellulum spaces, the presence of which contributes to the rapid spread of inflammation on the surrounding tissues and the development of complications.

Physiology Glotka

The throat is actively involved in the act of swallowing, contributes to the holding of a romka of food from the oral cavity in the esophagus.

The throat is of great importance in the human body. The main functions are:

Ensuring air intakes in the lower respiratory tract and back.
Participation in the act of swallowing (due to peristaltic contraction of the muscles, compressing the throat, the sky, and the soft sky) and the holding of the eating lump of the oral cavity in the esophagus.
Creates an obstacle in the form of a reflex reduction of the muscles of the pharynx on the path of penetration into the respiratory tract and the digestive tube of foreign bodies and irritating substances.
Serves as a sound resonator together with the indoor nose and the incomplete sinus (gives voice an individual sound).
Protective function (in the sip, warming and purification of air from the cavity of the nasal or mouth continues; the presence of a lymphoepithelial pharmaceutical ring and bactericidal immunity properties protect the body from the introduction of infectious agents).

Conclusion

The normal functioning of the pharynx is very important for the body. Any malfunction of this organ is reflected in general condition. At the same time, breathing or swallowing may find out, which represents a threat to human health and life.

Cognitive video "Harness":

The throat is a human body that belongs to the upper respiratory tract.

Functions

The throat helps to promote air to the respiratory system and food on the digestive system. Also in one of the parts of the throat there are voice ligaments and a protective system (prevents food from entering their path).

Anatomical structure of throat and pharynx

The throat has a large number of nerves, essential blood vessels and muscles. Mix two parts of the throat - a throat and larynx. Continues their trachea. The functions between the throat parts are divided as follows:

Food in the digestive system and air in the respiratory system promotes the throat.
Voice ligaments work due to larynx.

Pharynx

Another name of the pharynx - Farinx. It begins in the back of the oral cavity and continues further down the neck. The shape of the pharynx is an inverted cone.

The wider part is located at the base of the skull for strength. The narrow bottom is connected to the larynx. The outdoor part of the pharynx continues the outer part of the mouth - there are quite a lot of glands on it, which produce mucus and help moisturize the throat during speech or meals.

The pharynx has three parts - the nasopharynk, the rotogling and the swallowing department.

Nasopharynx

The upper part of the throat. She has a soft sky that restricts it and under swallowing protects his nose from food from entering it. On the upper wall of the nasopharynx, there are adenoids - cluster of fabric on the rear wall of the organ. A nasopherler with a throat and connects a special passage - Eustachiev pipe. The nasopharynx is not so mobile as the octopling.

Rotoglot

The middle part of the pharynx. Is behind the oral cavity. The main thing is that this body is responsible - air delivery to the respiratory authorities. A person's speech is possible thanks to the abbreviations of the muscles of the mouth. Even in the oral cavity there is a language that contributes to the movement of food into the digestive system. The most important organs of the doogle - are precisely they are most often involved in different throat diseases.

Glotania Department

The lowest of the pharynx departments with the speaking name. It has a complex of nerve plexus, which allow you to maintain the synchronous work of the pharynx. Thanks to this, the air goes into the lungs, and the food is in the esophagus and everything happens at the same time.

Larynx

The larynx is located in the body as follows:

Opposite the cervical vertebrae (4-6 vertebrae).
Rear - directly trampling of the pharynx.
In front - the larynx is formed, thanks to the group of subwage muscles.
At the top - the sub-band bone.
On the side - the lads adjacent to its side parts to the thyroid gland.

Large has a skeleton. The skeleton has unpaired and steam cartilage. Crying joined joints, ligaments and muscles.

Unpaired: Pisnevoid, Hummer, thyroid.

Paired: Rozhkovoid, Crapalovoid, Wedge-shaped.

Muscles of the larynx, in turn, are also divided into three groups:

Voice gaps are narrowed by four muscles: a pale-shaped, pisnopal-shaped, sinking sneak-shaped and transverse muscles.
Expands the voice gap Only one muscle is the rear perraspalo-shaped. She is a steam room.
Tension vocal ligaments Two muscles: voice and pisnostechyovoid.

Large has an entrance.

Rear to this entrance are slypalovoid cartilage. They consist of hornkid tubercles that are located on the side of the mucous membrane.
Front - Nastrostan.
On the sides - the Cherpealonad Garted Folds. They consist of wedge-shaped tubercles.

The cavity of the larynx is divided into three parts:

The run-up - stretching from the predetable folds to the nastaistan, the folds are formed by the mucous membrane, and between these folds - the predvender gap.
The interventricular department is the narrower. It is stretched from the lower voice ligaments to the upper ligaments of the run. Its narrow part of it is called the voice gap, and it is created by interchors and confused fabrics.
Podolm region. Based on the name, it is clear that there is a bottom of the voice slot. Expands and trachea begins.

Large has three shells:

The mucous membrane is unlike the vocal ligaments (they are made of a multi-core prismatic epithelium from a flat non-coating epithelium.
Fibrozno-cartilaginous shell - consists of elastic and hyaline cartilage, which are surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue, and ensures all this design of the larynx frame.
Connectant - binder of the larynx and other neck formations.

Lanes are responsible for three functions:

Protective - There is a fixder epithelium in the mucous membrane, and there are many glands in it. And if food fell by, then the nerve endings carry out the reflex - cough, which displays food back from the larynx in the mouth.
Respiratory - associated with the previous function. The voice gap can shrink and expand, thereby directing the flow of air.
Voice - speech, voice. Characteristics of votes depend on the individual anatomical structure. and voice ligaments.

In the picture, the building of the larynx

Diseases, pathology and injury

There are the following problems:

Laryingospasm
Insufficient moistening of voice ligaments

The throat (Pharynx) enters the initial department of the digestive tract and the respiratory path. It is a hollow organ formed by muscles, fascias and an inside-free mucous membrane. The throat connects the cavities of the nose and mouth with a lane and the esophagus, through auditory pipes the throat is reported to the middle ear. The cavity of the pharynx is vertically projected on the base of the occipital and wedge-shaped bones, horizontally - on the body of six cervical vertebrae. Three departments are distinguished in the throat: the upper is the nasopharynx, the average is the rotogling and the lower - the Gordanotka (Fig. 2.1).

Fig. 2.1.

(inside view).

1 - skate skull; 2 - roller of the pharyngeal mouth of the hearing pipe; 3 - naso-cell pocket; 4 - Shielded muscle; 5 - pharyngeal mouth of the hearing pipe; 6 - sky curtain; 7 - Rear pacific shackle (non-hemal fold), 8 - tongue almond; 9 - the root of the language; 10 - pharyngeal fold; 11 - Cherpealonadcanic fold; 12 - the mucous membrane of the esophagus; 13 - trachea; 14 - esophagus; 15 - pear-shaped sinus; LB - the fold of the gentle nerve; 17 - Login's entrance; 18 - Gartannotka (hypopharinx); 19 - the Nastestrian; 20 - rotoglotk, (mesopharynkx); 21 - soft sky tongue; 22 - nasopharynx (epifarry); 23 - tube-pharmacted fold; 24 - couch; 25-wandering nerve; 26 - internal carotid artery; 27 - internal jugular vein; 28 - Hoans.

N O S O G L O T K A (Nasopharynx, or Epipharynx) performs a respiratory function, the walls are not accumulated and still. The top of the nasopharynx is fixed to the base of the skull, it borders with the base of the occipital bone and the front of the wedge-shaped bone, behind - with C, and SI, there are two joans, on the side walls at the level of the rear ends of the lower nasal shells there are funnel-shaped hearing holes of hearing pipes. From above and behind these holes are limited to pipe rollers formed by the protruding cartilage walls of hearing pipes. From the rear edge of the pipe roller, the book is a fold of the mucous membrane, in which the muscular beam (M.Salpingopharyngeus) is laid from the upper muscle, compressing the throat, which is involved in the peristalsis of the hearing tube. The stop from this fold and the mouth of the hearing tube on each side wall of the nasopharynx is a deepening - a silent pocket, or a rosenmulller of a fossa, in which there is usually a cluster of lymphadendic tissue. These lymphadendic formations are called "pipe almonds" - the fifth and sixth almond pharynx.

On the border between the upper and rear walls of the nasopharynx is a sipset (third, or nasopharynk) almond.

Sulfing almond is well developed only in childhood (Fig. 2.2). From the moment of puberty she

A - clinical picture: 1 - extended nose; 2 - constantly open mouth; 3 - an elongated face (Dolihocephaliya), b - the arrangement of adenoid vegetations in the nasopharynx: 4 - Obrament Hoang adenoids (sagittal section).

It begins to decrease and by 20 years it seems in the form of a small strip of adenoid fabric, which continues to atrophy with age. The boundary between the upper and middle parts of the pharynka is a mentally extended plane of a solid sky.

From the r e d n i h and a with t and g l about t and - r about t about g l o t to a (mesopharynx) participates in both air and food; Here, the respiratory and digestive paths are crossed. The front of the rotogling has a hole - ZEV, leading to the oral cavity (Fig. 2.3), the rear wall borders it from SS. Zev is limited to the edge of the soft sky, the front and rear packed lugs and the root of the tongue. In the middle of the soft sky there is an extension in the form of an outflow, which is called the tongue (UVULA). In the side departments, the soft sky is split and goes into the front and rear pacific, in which the muscles are laid; With the reduction of these muscles, opposite handles are closer, acting at the time of swallowing as a sphincter. In the most soft sky, the muscle is laid, which raises it and presses to the rear wall of the throat (M.Levator Veli Palatini), while reducing this muscle, the clearing pipe is expanding. The second muscle of the soft sky strains and stretches it to the sides, expands the mouth of the hearing pipe, but narrows her clearance in the rest (M.Tensor Veli Palatini).

Between the sky almonds in triangular niches are packed with pacific almonds (first and second). The histological structure of the lymphadendic tissue of the pharynx of the same type; There is a mass of lymphocytes between the connecting fibers (trabez), some of which are in the form of spherical clusters, called follicles (Fig. 2.4). However, the structure of palatal almonds has important features from the point of view of the clinic. Free, or zhing, the surface of the sky almonds is facing the cavity of the pharynx and is covered with a multilayer flat epithelium. Unlike other tensile tonsils, each palatine almond has16-18 deep slots called lacunas, or crypts. The outer surface of the tonsils is connected to the side wall of the pharynx by means of a dense fibrous shell (crossing the cervical and pebble fascia), which is called the almond capsule in the clinic.

Between the almond capsule and phasmarket fascia, the coatings, there is a loose paratonic fiber, which facilitates the removal of almonds with tonsillectomy. From the capsule in the almond parenchyma, there are many connecting fibers, which are connected by crossbars (trabeculas), forming a dense power network. The cells of this network are filled with a mass of lymphocytes (lymphoid tissue), which are formed in places to follicles (lymphatic, or a nodular, fabric), forming a general lymphadendic fabric. There are other cells - obese, plasma, etc. Follicles are spherical cloppinglimphocytes in different degrees of maturity.

Lakuna permeate the thickness of the almonds, have branches of the first, second, third and even fourth order. The walls of the lacoon are lined with a flat epithelium, which in many places is rejected. In Lakun, along with the rejected epithelium, which constitutes the basis of the so-called almond cell plugs, always contain microflora, lymphocytes, neutrophils, etc.

It is important in terms of pathology a factor is that emptying (drainage) of deep and tree-shaped branched lacuna is easily violated due to their narrowness, depth and branching, as well as due to the scar essence of the Lakun, part of which in the post-section department of the sky almonds are also covered Flat fold of the mucous membrane (the fold of the Gis), which is an extended part of the front handing.

Above the upper pole of the almond is part of the Minda

Fig. 2.3.

(Sagittal section).

1-solid sky; 2 - sky curtain; 3 - upper nasal sink; 4 - "Highest" nasal shell; 5 - the oddism of the main sinus; 6 main sinus; 7 - Hoan; 8 - tube-palate fold; 9 - Plottle of the hearing pipe; 10 - nasopharynk (pharyngeal) almond; 11 - Pull pocket; 12 - pipe roller; 13 - Atlanta's handle (1 cervical vertebra); 14 - nasopharynk; 15 - tube-pharmacted fold; 16 - soft sky tongue; 17 - a gentle-tongue fold (front pane); 18 - Sky Almond; 19 - Gabno-Pin (Rear Sky) Mudka; 20 - oral bump; 21- Nastrial; 22 - Glowing; 23 - Pisnevoid cartilage; 24 - esophagus; 25- trachea; 26 - thyroid cartilage (an angle area of \u200b\u200bAdam Apple); 27 - the cavity of the larynx; 28 - body of subwage bones; 29 - maxillary muscle; 30 - child-supporting muscle; 31- chore-tongue muscle; 32 - the run-up of the mouth; 33 - oral cavity; 34 - lower nose sink; 35 - middle nasal sink; 36-front sinus.

1 - crypt (lacuna); 2 - lymphoid follicles; 3 - connective tissue capsule; 4- mouth lacquer (crypts).

The leak niche filled with a loose fiber, which is called the Supratonsillarae (Fossa Supratonsillarae). It opens up top lacuna almonds. The development of paratonicillitis is often associated with the characteristics of the structure of this area. The above anatomy and topographic features create favorable conditions for the occurrence of chronic inflammation in palatine almonds. The structure of the upper pole of almonds is especially unfavorable in this regard; As a rule, it is here that inflammation is most often developing.

Sometimes in the region of the upper pole of the sliced, the Sky almonds to lay down in the most mildly sky above the almonds (internal adding almonds on B.S.Prepezhensky), which should take into account the surgeon when performing tonsillecthectomy.

The lymphadendic fabric is also available on the rear steamboard in the form of small (point) formations, called granules, or follicles, and behind the sky the sidelines on the sideways of the pharynx - side rollers. In addition, small clusters of lymphadendic tissue are at the entrance to the larynx and in the pear-shaped sines of the pharynx. At the root of the language, there is a pagan (fourth) pharynge almond, which, through lymphoid tissue, can be connected to the lower pole of the sky almonds (with tonsillectomy, this cloth needs to be deleted).

Thus, lymphadudium formations are located in the sip in the form of the ring: two pacular almonds (first and second), two pipes (fifth and sixth), one pharyngeal (naso-cell, third), one paternal (fourth) and smaller clusters of lymphadendic tissue. All of them combined and got the name "lymphadenoid (lymphatic) sipboard Waldeer-Pirogov".

G O R T A N N A I C A C T L G L O T K I - G O R T A N O G L O T K A (HYPOPHARYNX). The boundary between the rotor and aluminum is the top edge of the Nastestrian and the root of the language; The book of Gartannotka is fruitlessly narrows and goes into the esophagus. The hydraulic part of the pharynx is located ahead of C, V-CV spells. In the front and from the bottom in the alignment, the entrance to the larynx opens. On the sides of the entrance to the ladies, there is a deepening between her and side walls of the pharynx, the cone-shaped under the bottom, the pear-like pockets (pits, sinuses), along which the food lump is moving towards the entrance to the esophagus (Fig. 2.5).

The main part of the lower pharynx (Gordanotka) is located behind the larynx so that its posterior wall is the front wall of the pharynx. With indirect laryngoscopy, only the upper part of the lower throat department is visible, to the lower departure of the pear-like pockets, and the front and rear walls of the pharynx come into contact and only when the food is passing.

1-pear-shaped sine; 2 - the Nastestrian; 3 - Cherpealonad citys; 4-voice folds; 5 - vestibular folds.

S t e n k a g l o t k and consists of four layers. Its base is a fibrous shell, which from the inside of the cavity side of the pharynx is covered with a mucous membrane, and outside the muscular layer. The muscles located outside are covered with a more subtle connective tissue layer - Adventization, which lies a loose connective tissue that provides the mobility of the pharynx in relation to the surrounding anatomical formations.

From l and s and with t and I am about and in the upper part, near Hoan, covered with multi-row fishering epithelium in accordance with the respiratory function of the nasopharynx, in the middle and lower parts - multi-layer flat epithelium. In the mucous membrane of the pharynx, especially in the nasopharynk, on the pharyngeal surface of the soft sky, at the root of the language and the almonds contain many mucous glands.

The fibrous sheath of the pharynx at the top is attached to the main part of the occipital bone, the medial plate of the walled process and other bones of the base of the skull.

The fibrous shell is somewhat thinned and goes into a thin elastic membrane, attached to the sublingual bone and thyroid chip plates. From the side of the pharynx, the fibrous layer is covered with mucous membrane, outside the muscular layer.

The muscular layer of the pharynx consists of transverse-striped fibers and is represented by circular and longitudinal muscles, compressing and lifting a throat. The throat squeezes three conservitors - upper, middle and lower. These muscles are placed on top down in the form of plates, tile-shaped covering each other. The upper muscle, compressing the throat, begins in front of the wedge-shaped bone and the lower jaw, go back to the midline of the rear wall of the throat, where the upper part of the median pharyngeal seam is formed. The middle muscle, compressing the throat, begins on the horns of the sub-speaking bone and the shieldy-language ligament, goes fan-shaped by the stop to the pharyngeal seam, partially covers the upper muscle, compressing the throat, and below is located under the bottom muscle, compressing the throat. This muscle begins on the outer surface of the pisnoid cartilage, the lower horns and the rear edge of the thyroid cartilage, goes the stop and in the middle line of the rear wall of the pharynx forms its attachment of the silence. At the top of the lower muscle, compressing the throat, covers the bottom department of the middle compressor of the pharynx, at the bottom of its bundles function as a compressor of the esophagus.

The throat lifts two longitudinal muscles - a cylinder (main) and a cessary, forming the rear pacific. Reducing, the muscles of the pharynx carry out the movement of the peristaltic type; The throat at the time of swallowing rises upstairs, and thus the food lump moves the book to the mouth of the esophagus. In addition, the upper compressor gives muscle bundles to the auditory tube and participates in its function.

A blockage space in the form of a flat slit filled with loose connective tissue is located between the mucous membrane of the rear wall of the throat and suppressible fascia. From the sides, the capped space is limited by the fascial leaflets that go to the wall of the pharynx from the pre-arising fascia. Starting from the base of the skull, this space passes down behind the pharynx to the esophagus, where its fiber goes into the possession of the fiber, and then into the tape of the rear mediastinum. The median septum, the capped space is separated by the sagittal into two symmetric halves. In children near the median partition, there are lymph nodes in which flowable fluidized vessels coming from the sky almonds, the rear departments of the nasal and oral cavities; With age, these nodes are atrophy; In children, they can appreciate, forming a cap abscess. Over the sides of the pharynx is located a fiber optic space (Fig. 2.6), in which a neuro-vascular bundle passes and there are basic lymph nodes of the neck.

The length of the grip of an adult from its arch to the bottom end is 14 (12-15) cm, the transverse size of the pharynx is greater than the front-factor and on average is 4.5 cm.

I - chewing mice; 2 - lower jaw; 3 - internal alveolar artery; 4 - VII (facial) nerve; 5 - Easy gland. 6 - Outdoor carotid artery; 7 - rear facial vein; 8 - near-wing fascia; 9 - inner jugular vein and languagehiller (IX) nerve; 10-supplied (xi) nerve; II - internal carotid artery and wandering (x) nerve; 12 - upper cervical sympathetic node; 13 - Atlant with pre-agricultural fascia; 14 - long muscle head and neck; 15 - sub-public (XII) nerve; 16 - Sky Almond; 17 - a shilovoid process; 18 - internal wing like muscle; 19 - Occonditioning space.

The main thing about the pharynx takes place from the pharyngeal ascendens (A.Pharyngica Ascendens - a branch of the outer carotid artery - A.Carotis Externa), an upward sky artery (A.Platina ascendens - a branch of the facial artery - A.Facialis, which also proceeds from the outer carotid artery), descending by the sky arteries (AA.Palatina Descendens - the branches of the maxillary artery - a.maxillaris, the ultimate branch of the outer carotid artery). The bottom of the throat is partially powered from the bottom of the thyroid artery (A.Thyreoidea Inferior - the branch of the plug-in artery - A.Sub-Clavia - on the left and the shoulder barrel - Truncus BrachioOcephalicus - right). The blood supply to the sky almonds is carried out from the system of the outer carotid artery with various options (Fig. 2.7).

Pharynx, pharynx., - The unpaired organ located in the head and neck is part of the digestive and respiratory systems. The throat is flattened in the head-rear direction a funk-shaped tube suspended to the base of the skull. At the top, it is attached to the base of the skull, rear - to the pharyngeal tuberculosis of the basilar part of the occipital bone, on the sides - to the pyramids of the temporal bones (kinfi from the outer opening of the sleepy channel), then to the medial plate of the walled process. At the level of VI-VII cervical vertebrae, the pharynx goes into the esophagus. The throat of the nasal cavity (Hoans) and the oral cavity opens in the throat. The food mass from the oral cavity through the ZEV during the swallowing act falls into the throat, and then in the esophagus. The air from the nasal cavity through the homans or from the oral cavity through zev also falls into the throat and then in the larynx. Thus, the throat is the point of crossing the digestive and respiratory tract.

The rear, the surface of the pharynx arrives to the front surface of the body of the cervical vertebrae, separating from the last pre-show muscles and the pre-planing plate of the cervical fascia. 1. The rear surface of the pharynx and the plate of cervical fascia is the so-called pilot spacesPDTIUM. re. tropharyngeum, filled with a loose connective tissue, in which casting lymph nodes are located. Late-rapidly from the pharynx pass the vascular-nerve bundles of the neck, the inner jugular vein, wandering nerve), there are a nasal cavity in front of the pharynx (at the top), the oral cavity and larynx (below).

The throat has the largest transverse size at the level of the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. The length of the pharynx on average 12-14 cm. In addition to the front, rear and side walls, in the sip, the upper wall is isolated, which is formed by the mucous membrane with a part of the base of the skull, which is the shore from the large occipital hole.

Top wall is code of Hallfornix. pharyngis. The rear wall of the pharynx does not have holes, and the front is almost absent, as the holes are located here: Hoans, Zev and the entrance to the larynx

Three parts are distinguished in the sip, respectively, the organs located the Kepende from it: the nasal, oral and gentle. Nasal part of the throat,pars nasalis pharyngis, is at the Hoan level and constitutes the upper pharynx department, the mouth of the throat,pars oralis pharyngis, it extends from the sky curtains to the entrance to the larynx and is at the level of the zea (level III of the cervical vertebra). Gunted part of the throat,pars laryngea. pharyngis, it is the lower pharynx department and is located, from the level of entrance to the larynx before the transition of the pharynx in the esophagus. The one-piece part of the pharynx (nasopharynk) belongs only to the respiratory tract, the mouth - to the digestive and respiratory tract, Gundan - only to the digestive path. Upper (nose) part of the pharynx constantly gaps, as its walls do not fall. With the act of swallowing, the nasal part of the pharynx (nasopharynk) is separated from the other parts of the pharynx by the sky curtain, and the nastestrian closes the entrance to the larynx, so the nutritional mass is sent only to the esophagus and does not fall into the nasal cavity or in the cavity of the larynx.

On the "inner surface of the pharynx, the location of its upper wall in the rear, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe arch area there is a slight exaltation formed by the cluster in the mucous membrane of lymphoid tissue - pulp (adenoid) almond,ton.- silla. pharyngealis (adenoidea.). The sipstage almond is well developed in children, and in adults weakly stands out on the inner surface of the rear wall of the pharynx. On the side walls of the pharynx, behind Hoan, at the level of the rear end of the bottom nasal shell, noticeably funnel sip of the hearing pipe,ostiutn. pharyngeum tubae. auditivae.. The auditory pipe connects the cavity of the middle ear with the cavity of the pharynx and contributes to the alignment of the atmospheric pressure inside the drum cavity. The sip of the hearing pipe is rear and from above limited by a pipe roller, torus. tubarius..

In the mucous membrane around the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tissue and in the thickness of the front surface of the pipe roller there is a cluster of lymphoid fabric - pipe Almondtonsilla. tubdria. Thus, the entrance to the cavity of the throat of the nasal and oral cavities, as well as the initial part of the hearing tube is surrounded by the clusters of lymphoid tissue. So, behind Hoan are sizzling and pipe almonds, at the hole of the ozo - the paternal almonds. In general, this complex of six almonds received the name of the lymphoid ring (Ring of Pyro-Gova - Waltera).

On the front wall of the lower (gentle) part of the pharynx is a hole leading to the larynx. It is limited at the top of the Nastrostnik, on the sides - the Cherpealonad Garted folds, and at the bottom - the sneak-shaped cartilage of the larynx. Book of this hole is the ledge of the larynx - the result of the absorption of the larynx in the cavity of the pharynx. Lateral and a few above this protrusion in the wall of the pharynka is located pear-shaped pocketgesoneyssus. piriformis.

The wall of the pharynx is formed mucous membranetunica. mu.- cosa., which lies on a dense connective tissue plate replacing the submissible base. At the bottom of the throat, this plate has a building loose submucosal basetela submucosa., and in the upper departments - fibrous structure and got a name gloticultural Basilar"Fascia, fascia. pha.- r. yngobasildris.. Outside from the submucosal base is muscular sheath,tunica. musculdris, and connected book on the i am a shell- Adventization, adventitia..

Mucous membrane, lining from the inside of the pharynx wall,

the upper folds of the folds do not forms, as it goes

mediocre to dense and durable pharyngeal basilar

fascia. At the level of the nasopharynx, the mucous membrane is covered with a semicole (flicker) epithelium, and below - a multi-layer flat epithelium in accordance with the function of these parts of the pharynx. In the mucous membrane of the pharynx there are mucous glands, the secret of which, standing out into the throat, moisturizes its walls, facilitates the sliding of the edible lump during swallowing.

Outside, a submucoscent base, and at the top, the phase-base basic fascia is covered with a pharynx muscles formed by a cross-striped muscle tissue.

MusclesHot Muscles form the compressors of the pharynx - the contents (upper, medium and lower) and longitudinal muscles - the lifts of the pharynx (cylinder-silicon and pipe-sizzets) (Fig. 198; see Table. XV applications).

Upper phary constructiont.constrictor pharyngis sU. perior., it begins from the medial plate of the walled frequency of wedge-shaped bone, from wonderland-mandibular seam,raphe. pterygomandiBulare., - fibrous strips stretched between the walled crochet and the lower jaw, from the lower jaw (linea. rNYlohyoidea.) and the root of the tongue in the form of continuing the transverse muscle of the language. The fibers of the upper stroke and downstream fibers go hide and down, fucked by the median line on the back surface of the throat with the same bunches of the opposite side. Since the upper bundles of this constructor do not cover the wall of the throat in the uppermost department, the throat is formed by the phase-base fascia and the mucous membrane, covered outside by Adventization.

Medium pharyngeonistm.. constrictor pharyngis medius., starts from the big and small horns of the ply. Next, the bundles of this muscle are fanlikely diverge to up and down, heading on the back surface of the pharynx, where "they grow up with muscle beams of the opposite side. The upper edge of the middle conservator is superimposed on the lower part of the muscle bunches of the upper stroke.

Lower pharyngeonistm.. constrictor pharyngis infe riOR., starts on the lateral surface of the thyroid and hand-shaped cartilage. Muscular bundles diverge in fan-like, the book, horizontally and upstairs, cover the lower half of the midrange and they grow up with the beams of the same muscle of the opposite side on the rear surface of the pharynx.

Bottom muscular bundles of the lower stroke bundle enter the back surface of the start of the esophagus.

Due to the excursion of muscle beams of connectors of the right and left sides on the rear surface of the pharynx in the midline, seams of pharynx is formed, raphe. pharyngis.

I. Cell chill musclet.stylopharyngeus., it begins on a host-shaped process of temporal bone and goes down the book and shock, penetrates between the upper and middle constructors and ends in the wall of the pharynx. A part of the beams of this muscle reaches the top edge of the thyroid cartilage.

Pipe-sizzet,t.salpingopharyngeus., steam, originates on the bottom surface of the chipping of the hearing pipe, near the pharyngeal hole. Muscular bundles are descended down, connected with the celestial muscle and woven into the lateral wall of the pharynx.

The muscles of the pharynx take part in the act of swallowing. When admitting the food lump in the body cavity, longitudinal muscles raise the throat upwards, as if pulling it on the food lump, and the compressors of the pharynx are reduced in series from top to bottom, as a result of which the food lump is pushed towards the esophagus. Outside the throat is covered with a thin connecting layer (adventitia.), with the help of which it is in contact with nearby organs.

Vessels and nerves of the pharynx.In the throat wall, the ascending pharyngeal artery (from the outer carotid artery), sipboard branches (from the parallers - branches of the subcontractor artery), silent branches are branched (from the ascending paradise of the face artery. Venous blood flows through the pharyngeal plexus, then sizzle veins into the inner jugular vein. The lymphatic vessels of the pharynx fall into cap and deep lateral (internal jugs) lymph nodes. The innervation of the pharynx is carried out by the branches of the language inheritant (IX steam) and the vaga (x pair) of the nerves, as well as through the gantry-sizzm branches (from the sympathetic barrel), which form nervous plexus in the wall of the pharynx.