Sowing feces for dysbacteriosis decoding online. Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis: decoding, what is it and how to pass it correctly? Main groups of intestinal bacteria

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is usually prescribed as part of the diagnosis of intestinal pathology.

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) of the intestine is a syndrome characterized by a change in the microbial composition of the colon. Laboratory diagnosis of dysbacteriosis begins with a bacteriological analysis of feces. As a rule, the attending physician, writing out a referral for a study, tells not only where to take tests, but also how to properly prepare. Compliance with the rules of preparation and collection technique largely affects the reliability of the result of the study of intestinal microflora.

For the purpose of qualitative and quantitative determination of pathogenic forms of microorganisms in 1 g of feces, a tank analysis is used - sowing feces on nutrient media.

When is a stool test for dysbacteriosis indicated?

Suspicion of an imbalance in the microbial flora can be caused by signs of ill health that appear for a long time and are not explained by other reasons.

General symptoms:

loss of appetite;
general malaise;
decreased immunity;
violation of normal weight gain in children.

Local symptoms:

stool disorders, pain during defecation;
flatulence, bloating, rumbling;
cramping pain in the abdomen;
nausea, belching, bad taste in the mouth.

Stool disorders are determined by the localization of dysbiotic changes: enteric diarrhea is a sign of dysbacteriosis in the small intestine. Due to impaired absorption of nutrients, the volume of feces is increased, feces are fetid, foamy. Violation of the colitis-type stool indicates dysbiosis with localization in the large intestine. The volume of bowel movements in this case is often meager, with an admixture of mucus, streaks of blood.

Violation of the absorption of essential nutrients in the intestine for a long time can cause hypovitaminosis, protein-energy deficiency, ionic imbalance, calcium deficiency and has the following manifestations:

mood swings, irritability, cognitive decline;
dryness and pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
skin itching;
dullness and fragility of hair, delamination of nails;
decreased mineralization of bone tissue;
angular stomatitis.

Preparation for the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

A week before the study, antibiotics and other drugs that affect the microbial flora, as well as fecal parameters, are canceled. The stool intended for testing should be formed naturally; enemas, laxatives or rectal suppositories should not be used.

An analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis can only reveal its presence; an additional examination is necessary to determine the causes.

It is forbidden to collect material for research earlier than two days after X-ray contrast examination of the digestive tract. On the eve of the fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that contribute to the staining of feces, excessive gas formation, diarrhea or constipation.

Urine or vaginal secretions must not enter the test material, therefore, before collecting feces, empty the bladder, then wash with soap and water without foaming additives or fragrances.

In advance, you need to take care of the container from which the feces will be collected. It can be a dry and clean vessel, if this is not the case, you can fix a plastic film on the surface of the toilet bowl. Immediately after defecation, feces from different areas must be collected in a sterile plastic container using a special spatula built into the lid. About 10 ml of biomaterial will be needed to analyze for dysbacteriosis. Feces are delivered to the laboratory within three hours from the moment the analysis is collected. It is allowed to store the material in a refrigerator at a temperature of +3 to +7 °C for six hours; with longer storage, the reliability of the results is considered to be reduced.

During the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, the concentration and ratio of normal, conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms are determined.

Normal intestinal microflora and its functions in the body

Microbial flora is essential for the life of the organism. The intestines of a healthy person normally contain 400–500 strains of various microorganisms. They ensure normal digestion, participate in the synthesis and absorption of vitamins, inhibit the activity of pathogenic microbes.

Sometimes an express method for diagnosing dysbacteriosis is used, the results of which can be obtained within an hour, however, with such a test, the content of only bifidobacteria and its own protein in the feces is assessed.

The normal intestinal microflora performs the following functions:

participation in the development of local immunity, the implementation of the synthesis of antibodies that suppress foreign microflora;
increase in the acidity of the medium (decrease in pH);
protection (cytoprotection) of the epithelium, increasing its resistance to carcinogenic and pathogenic factors;
the capture of viruses, preventing the colonization of the body by foreign microorganisms;
bacterial enzymes break down food substances, and various compounds are formed (amines, phenols, organic acids, and others). Under the influence of enzymes, the transformation of bile acids also occurs;
participation in the final decomposition of undigested food residues;
providing the body with nutrients, the synthesis of low molecular weight fatty acids, which are a source of energy for intestinal cells;
formation of gas composition, regulation of peristalsis, strengthening of absorption processes in the intestine;
synthesis of B vitamins, nicotinic, folic and pantothenic acids, vitamin K, ensuring the absorption of calcium, magnesium, iron;
participation in the mechanisms of regulation of reparative processes during the renewal of intestinal epithelial cells;
synthesis of a number of amino acids and proteins, metabolism of fats, proteins, carbons, bile and fatty acids, cholesterol;
disposal of excess food, the formation of feces.

In a healthy person, a dynamic balance is maintained in the intestine between the host organism, the microorganisms inhabiting it, and the environment. Violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora causes dysbacteriosis.

Usually, dysbacteriosis is a consequence or complication of intestinal pathology or irrational antibiotic therapy.

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

For the purpose of qualitative and quantitative determination of pathogenic forms of microorganisms in 1 g of feces, a tank analysis is used - sowing feces on nutrient media. Bacteriological culture is used to diagnose intestinal infections and bacterial carriage. The material for culture is placed in a sterile container with a preservative, then a pure culture of the microorganism is isolated, its properties are studied, and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) is counted.

How much is a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis done? As a rule, the waiting time for the result is from two days to a week. Sometimes an express method for diagnosing dysbacteriosis is used, the results of which can be obtained within an hour, however, with such a test, the content of only bifidobacteria and its own protein in the feces is assessed.

Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is carried out by the attending physician, taking into account the history and clinical manifestations of the disease.

Normal performance

The norms for newborns are significantly different, since the children's intestines are not yet fully populated with microorganisms. With the transition to artificial feeding, many parents are faced with the problem of dysbacteriosis in children, since in infants the balance of microorganisms often helps to maintain the mother's microflora.

On the eve of the test, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that contribute to the staining of feces, excessive formation of gases, the occurrence of diarrhea or constipation.

Deciphering the analysis: dysbacteriosis, its stages and types

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is divided into several phases depending on changes in the intestinal microflora and the severity of the clinical picture:

Latent phase (compensated dysbacteriosis)- the predominance of anaerobic microorganisms, the number of apathogenic microbes is slightly reduced, conditionally pathogenic flora begins to multiply. There are no clinical manifestations, violations are detected in a laboratory study of feces for a different reason.
Starting phase (subcompensated dysbacteriosis)- the number of bifido- and lactobacilli decreases, the normoflora is suppressed with the development of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Clinical manifestations are moderate and are corrected by the basic treatment regimen.
Aggressive microbial association (common dysbacteriosis)- the predominance of aerobic microflora, Escherichia coli undergo structural and functional changes. Hemolytic cocci, Proteus and other pathogenic flora appear. A pronounced clinical picture of digestive disorders, the appearance of an inflammatory process in the intestine.
Associated dysbacteriosis (decompensated dysbacteriosis)- there are no bifidobacteria in the intestinal microflora, the number of lactobacilli is significantly reduced, Escherichia coli are practically not detected. The replacement of normal microflora with pathogenic strains of microorganisms is accompanied by severe local symptoms, a severe disorder of the general condition with the development of intoxication or sepsis, foci of inflammatory processes are located in different internal organs.

Suspicion of an imbalance in the microbial flora can be caused by signs of ill health that appear for a long time and are not explained by other reasons.

By type of pathogen, intestinal dysbacteriosis is divided into the following groups:

staphylococcal;
bacteroid;
candidomycosis (fungi from the genus Candida);
protein;
clostridious;
klebsiella;
associated (Protein-enterococcal, etc.).

Causes of dysbacteriosis

An analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis can only reveal its presence; an additional examination is necessary to determine the causes. Usually, dysbacteriosis is a consequence or complication of intestinal pathology or irrational antibiotic therapy. In addition, the composition of the microflora in the intestine can change under the influence of the following factors:

endocrine disorders, especially diabetes mellitus;
immune disorders;
irrational use of antimicrobial agents, steroid hormones;
radiation therapy;
nervous disorders, stress;
alcohol abuse.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis

Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults is aimed at eliminating the root cause of the disorder, relieving acute symptoms of the disease, normalizing the microflora of the colon and eliminating excessive bacterial contamination of the small intestine, improving intestinal digestion and absorption, strengthening the protective functions of beneficial bifidus and lactobacilli, restoring impaired intestinal motility.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Immune functions largely depend on the state of the intestine. The close relationship between health and the state of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is especially pronounced in children. In many ways, the functions of the intestines depend on the state of its flora, which can be pathogenic and healthy. If a child has unhealthy intestinal symptoms, his examination should begin with a study on dysbacteriosis.

Video - When is an analysis for dysbacteriosis needed?

How to do research, and what does it reveal?

Important! To obtain an objective result, the study is carried out strictly before the start of medication.

Children's feces without urine impurities are used, collected in a sterile container with sterile instruments. It is better to take the analysis in a good laboratory, where, when placing an order, you will be given a container with a screw cap and a spoon. Sample storage depends on the method to be tested.

The state of dysbacteriosis occurs as a result of a weakening of the immune response, irrational therapy, congenital disorders in the function of enzyme production. In some cases, there is a complete disappearance of bacteria belonging to the normal microflora, first of all, this applies to Escherichia coli, bifidus and lactic acid bacteria.

Their place is occupied by fungi of the genus Candida, the number of staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus increases. As a result, the clinical symptoms of intestinal diseases become characteristic - diarrhea, anemia (decrease in hemoglobin), steatorrhea (excess fat excretion with feces), weight loss. And with a sharp drop in immunity, the development of a strong intestinal infection up to sepsis is possible.
Thus, timely analysis for dysbacteriosis helps protect the child from serious diseases. It can be done with or without symptoms.

Video - Dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis in children: how to identify violations by analysis?

Normal microflora

Normal microflora in children has the following composition and quantitative range.

Anything outside these ranges indicates intestinal dysbiosis or infectious diseases. In infants with the age before and after the year, the microflora differs in composition, it can be assessed for the presence of disorders using the following table.

The composition of the microflora of children's feces, depending on
age and type of feeding (cu/g)

Description of microflora components and clinical disorders

Detection of enteropathogens - infectious infection.

E. coli - E. coli

Increased content e. coli - rarely, it is treated as an opportunistic flora with sensitive antibiotics or corrected due to the balanced composition of the flora when taking Hilak Forte.

E. coli can be found in several forms: typical, lactose-negative, hemolytic, and with reduced enzymatic activity.

If Escherichia coli with reduced enzymatic activity is found. It manifests itself quite often, but does not carry any functional role due to its inferiority.

E. coli with reduced enzymatic activity with indicators above the norm - beginning dysbacteriosis.

Hemolyzing E. coli have been identified. - there are clinical signs in the form of the production of toxins that affect the nervous system, primarily the intestines. There is a violation of digestion and allergies.

Hemolyzing E. coli were not detected. - the norm.

Lactose-negative enterobacteria have been identified - if 5% (104 - 105) of the barrier of the total number exceeds the barrier, digestive problems, flatulence, heartburn and belching in children can be observed.

Lactobacilli below normal - beginning dysbacteriosis as a result of antibiotic therapy, malnutrition and other factors, impaired digestive function and decreased immunity. Accepted for correction: Canadian yogurt, Enterogermina.

Lactobacilli above normal - as a rule, are not observed and do not require treatment. Enterogermina is taken to correct the condition.

Bifidobacteria below the norm - a significant decrease in the resistance of the child's body to intestinal infections, is observed in newborns born by caesarean section.

Bifidobacteria above the norm - as a rule, are not observed, but do not require treatment.

Enterococci above normal - can lead to infectious damage to the kidneys and reproductive organs. In general, the number of enterococci should be commensurate with the total number of Escherichia coli. Bacteriophages are used for treatment.

Bacteroids are above the norm - eating fatty foods.

Bacteroids are below normal - antibiotic therapy, intestinal infections.

Peptostreptococcus is below normal - is not a pathology, but may indicate an incipient dysbacteriosis.

Peptostreptococci above normal - infectious lesions of the intestine, eating food with a high content of carbohydrates, chronic diseases of the digestive tract.

Clostridia above the norm - a state of intestinal dysbacteriosis. The reason is the consumption of excessive amounts of protein foods. Preparations are used that balance the normal intestinal microflora in its composition, and a diet with a small amount of protein is established. Symptomatic treatment is carried out with the help of Hilak Forte, Enterogermina.

Proteus above the norm - personal hygiene rules are not observed or nosocomial infection occurs.

Klebsiella above normal is a gastroenterological disease that occurs more often as a result of nosocomial infection of a child. Treatment is carried out with bacteriophages.

Pathogenic staphylococci:

The recovery time of the child depends on the state of the microflora before the disease. Severe in infants. A mild course of the disease is observed in babies with normal intestinal microflora. During the disease, there is a change in the leukocyte blood count, stools up to 7-10 times a day, and other signs of intestinal damage.

Non-pathogenic staphylococci:

non-hemolytic and epidermal - saprophytic microflora, acceptable in a given range;
fungi of the genus Candida belong to the pathogenic flora, but in small quantities can be detected. With normal intestinal microflora, fungal infection is not observed even with an increase;
Fungi of the genus Candida (represented by oval budding yeast cells, pseudohyphae and septate hyphae)
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candida is found and above the norm - indicates candidiasis, with a rash on the skin - candidomycosis. With candidiasis in children, the pain is concentrated at the navel, the stomach swells and heaviness is constantly felt. A fungal infection is characterized by a liquid mushy stool with mycotic lumps and films 6 or more times a day. study the link.

Video - Intestinal microflora

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is manifested by a violation of the composition of the microflora, in which the number of healthy bacteria decreases and the number of pathogenic bacteria increases.

The intestines are inhabited by representatives of two floras: obligate and facultative (conditionally pathogenic). Microorganisms of the obligate flora provide complete digestion, metabolism, and natural cleansing of the body. They protect against allergies, the penetration of pathogenic elements of a pathogenic nature that cause dangerous intestinal diseases. Bacteria of the facultative flora do not cause disease, provided that a person has strong immunity. Decreased protective functions of the body, antibiotic therapy, past viral and bacterial infections, nutritional errors, prolonged stress conditions lead to a decrease in the number of healthy elements of the obligate flora.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis develops, accompanied by characteristic symptoms:

change in stool (constipation, disorders);
pain in the lower abdomen at the site of the intestine;
lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting;
swelling;
undigested pieces of food in the feces, blood stains, mucus;
allergic skin rashes;
in children it is manifested by cramping pains, greenish liquid stools of a frothy nature, and vomiting. Babies are restless, sleep poorly, lose weight.

Treatment of the disease is mandatory, otherwise dangerous complications develop: sepsis, anemia, beriberi, severe dehydration. Complex therapy is prescribed by a doctor after examining the patient, evaluating the results of the analysis of feces, urine, blood. Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is an important method for diagnosing a disease at any stage of development. Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is the topic of our article.

What is bacteriological seeding for dysbacteriosis?

Tests for dysbacteriosis are mandatory research methods, without which it is impossible to make a final diagnosis. They include a general analysis of feces (coprogram), bacteriological culture for dysbiosis.

An analysis for dysbacteriosis (microbiological study of feces) determines the composition of the intestinal flora, reveals the number of beneficial and pathogenic organisms, determines the quality of the existing microflora, and establishes dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). An analysis for dysbacteriosis determines the sensitivity of inoculated harmful organisms to antibiotics, increasing the effectiveness of further treatment.

Even "neglected" hemorrhoids can be cured at home, without surgery and hospitals. Just remember to apply once a day.

Feces are handed over for bakposev, observing the following rules:

3 days before the collection cancel the use of rectal suppositories, enemas, petroleum jelly, laxatives;
before taking the material, treat the used container with an antiseptic, followed by rinsing with boiling water;
it is unacceptable for urine to enter the stool;
feces for microbiological examination are suitable exclusively fresh. Do not allow long-term storage, freezing of the material;
tightly close the lid of the container.

Decryption Features

Analyzes for dysbacteriosis are carried out from 1 to 7 days. The coprogram is ready a day after the delivery, the results of bacterial culture for dysbiosis are available after 5-7 working days. How to decipher the analysis? The question is asked by many people who are faced with the problem of intestinal dysbiosis. Each bacterium, its number indicate changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Tests for dysbacteriosis determine deviations in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, breakdown of food).

Deciphering the analysis for dysbacteriosis in adults:

see blood on paper again
wake up in the morning with the thought of how to reduce swollen painful bumps
suffer every trip to the toilet from discomfort, itching or an unpleasant burning sensation
Hoping for success again and again, looking forward to results, and getting frustrated by a new ineffective drug

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis decoding in adults

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis - decoding in adults

There are 3 kinds of microorganisms that live in the human intestine:

lactobacilli;
gram-positive anaerobic bacteria (bifidobacteria);
Escherichia.

Each of these groups of bacteria takes part in many processes of the body.

There are also conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that can, under favorable conditions, become pathogenic:

staphylococci (non-motile gram-positive cocci);
clostridia;
genus of Gram-positive cocci of the family Enterococcaceae (Enterococci);
genus of yeast (candida).

Pathogenic (getting into the body, lead to serious diseases):

a genus of non-spore-bearing bacteria - salmonella;
bacterium that causes dysentery (shingella).

An imbalance of these microorganisms leads to a disease - dysbiosis.

To determine the presence of such a disease, it is necessary to pass the biomaterial after an arbitrary bowel movement. At the same time, observe all the necessary rules for collecting raw materials for research. Such an examination makes it possible in a simple way to qualitatively determine the intestinal microflora. Normally, the intestines should contain all of the above groups of microorganisms. But it is important to detect pathogenic microorganisms in the results of the study. Such as the:

It is they who help to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the right treatment.

But, it should be remembered that after passing the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, decoding in adults will distinguish children's norms.

Having passed the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, the decoding table of which includes the quantitative norms of bacteria, it is still worth knowing what deviations from the norms of some indicators mean:

Pathogenic enterobacteria (causing AII). Their detection is an indicator of developing serious infections.

Bifidobacteria - reducing their level contributes to:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;

Cholecystitis, etc.

A decrease in their level (at least 95%) means the development of dysbiosis.

Lactobacilli - (4-6% of the total number of bacteria) regulate acidity in the colon, break down lactose, activate phagocytosis.

They are decreasing due to:

The presence of intestinal infections;

Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract of a chronic nature.

A decrease in their number also leads to dysbiosis.

Creation of intestinal immunity;

Absorption and processing of carbohydrates.

Exceeding their norm may be due to:

Allergies to certain foods;

Their increase leads to urinary tract infections, excitation of infections of other pelvic organs.

Candida - excess of the norm contribute to:

Exceeding their norm indicates infection of the intestines with these fungi.

How to decipher the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

Fecal analysis allows you to identify the quantitative content of certain microorganisms in the human intestine. Such an examination is prescribed in case of the development of the following symptoms:

Stool disorders (development of constipation or diarrhea).
Impurities of mucus in the feces, staining of feces in green.
Complaints of flatulence, the development of pain in the epigastric region.

Fecal analysis reveals a large number of gastrointestinal diseases, including microflora disorders. After deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, the doctor prescribes the appropriate treatment.

What are bacteria?

The classification of microorganisms that are present in the intestine is as follows:

The normal ones include bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and also Escherichia.
To conditionally pathogenic - staphylococcal, enterococcal bacteria, fungi of the genus Candida, as well as clostridia. When the microflora is disturbed, these microorganisms become pathogenic and can contribute to the development of unpleasant symptoms of the disease.
Pathogenic bacteria include Salmonella and Shigella. The active reproduction of these bacteria can provoke the development of serious complications.

Violation of the norm of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli

Bifidobacteria form the basis of the intestinal microflora, their quantitative content exceeds 90%. If the quantitative content of these microorganisms is disturbed, the production of B vitamins and vitamin K fails. With the help of bifidobacteria, vitamin D is absorbed, and the normal functioning of the immune system improves.

The number of bifidobacteria can decrease due to the use of antibacterial drugs, malnutrition, intestinal infections, immune diseases, stress, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, and even due to climate change.

The quantitative content of lactobacilli is 5%. They contribute to maintaining the pH level, the production of lactic and acetic acids, hydrogen peroxide and lactocidin, which actively fight pathogenic microflora. The reasons for the decrease in the quantitative content of lactobacilli are identical to those of bifidobacteria.

The presence of Escherichia coli

A decrease in the quantitative content of Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli indicates that the absorption of such beneficial trace elements as iron and calcium is impaired in the body. Escherichia coli prevent the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and promote the formation of B vitamins. A decrease in the number of Escherichia can be an alarm signal that indicates the presence of helminths. If the content of Escherichia coli is exceeded, dysbacteriosis may develop.

The role of bacteroids and enterococci

Bacteroids contribute to the digestion of food, namely, they process the fats that enter the body. The reason for the increase in bacterioids may be excessive consumption of fatty foods. A decrease in these microorganisms is observed with the use of antibacterial drugs and intestinal infections.

Enterococci process carbon, produce vitamins and contribute to the normalization of local immunity (in the intestines). If the quantitative content of enterococci is increased, this may indicate the development of a large number of diseases, including dysbiosis. The reasons for the increase in enterococci can be: reduced immunity, helminths, the development of food allergies, a decrease in the quantitative content of Escherichia coli.

Norm or deviation?

Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is provided by the laboratory that conducts the examination. An approximate table of indicators of the norm and deviation from the norm is as follows:

Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

Table 1. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the main microflora of the large intestine in healthy people (CFU/g Faeces)

(Industry standard 91500.11. "Protocol of patient management. Intestinal dysbacteriosis" - APPROVED by order of the Ministry of Health of Russia of 09.06.2003 N 231)

<*>- representatives of the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus, Morganella, Providecia,

<**>- Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter etc.

The microorganisms listed in the dysbacteriosis analysis form can be divided into three groups:

lactic acid bacteria of normal microflora - mainly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli,
pathogenic enterobacteria,
conditionally pathogenic flora (UPF).

The basis of the normal intestinal microflora is lactic acid bacteria - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and propionic acid bacteria with a predominance of bifidobacteria, which play a key role in maintaining the optimal composition of the biocenosis and its functions. A drop in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli below the norm indicates the presence of problems in the body. At a minimum, this is inflammation on the mucous membranes and a decrease in immune defenses.

Pathogenic enterobacteria are bacteria that can cause acute intestinal infections (causative agents of typhoid fever - salmonella, causative agents of dysentery - shigella, causative agents of yersiniosis - yersinia, etc.) Their presence in feces is no longer just dysbacteriosis, but an indicator of a dangerous infectious bowel disease.

Conditionally pathogenic flora (UPF)

The opportunistic flora includes lactose-negative enterobacteria, clostridia, various cocci, etc. The essence of these microbes is reflected in the name of the group: “opportunistic pathogens”. Normally, they do not cause disturbances. Many of them can even be useful to the body to a certain extent. But when the norm is exceeded and / or the immune defense is ineffective, they can cause serious diseases. Competing with beneficial bacteria, opportunistic flora can become part of the intestinal microbial film and cause functional disorders, inflammatory and allergic diseases.

It is possible for opportunistic flora to enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall and spread throughout the body (translocation), which is especially dangerous for young children and people with severe immunodeficiencies, in whom these microorganisms can cause various diseases, including life-threatening ones.

Explanations for the table

Usually, the number of detected bacteria in the analysis form is indicated by the number 10 to some extent: 10 3, 10 5, 10 6, etc. and the abbreviation CFU / g, which means the number of live, capable of growing bacteria in 1 g of feces.

The abbreviation "abs" opposite the name of the bacterium means that this microorganism was not found within the normal range and above it, and the values below the norm (subnormal) were not considered as insignificant.

Bifidobacteria are the basis of the normal microflora of the large intestine. Normally, their content in the intestines should be in children under one year old, in adults 0 10 CFU / g. A noticeable decrease in the number of bifidobacteria is the main sign of the presence of dysbacteriosis and immune disorders.

Deficiency of bifidobacteria leads to an increase in intoxication, disruption of carbohydrate metabolism, absorption and assimilation of vitamins, calcium, iron and other micro- and macroelements in the intestine. Without a biofilm of bifidobacteria, the structure and functions of the intestinal mucosa change, the number of immune cells and their activity decrease, and the intestinal permeability for foreign agents (toxins, harmful microbes, etc.) increases. As a result, the toxic load on the liver and kidneys increases significantly, the risk of developing infections and inflammations, vitamin deficiencies and various microelementoses increases.

Lactobacilli, as well as bifidobacteria, are one of the main components of the normal human microflora. The norm of content in the intestines in children up to a year 10 7, in adults 0 8 CFU / g. A significant decrease in the number of lactobacilli indicates not only dysbiotic disorders, but also that the body is in a state of chronic stress, as well as a decrease in antiviral and antiallergic protection, lipid metabolism disorders, histamine metabolism, etc. A deficiency of lactobacilli greatly increases the risk of developing allergic reactions, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, can also cause constipation, the development of lactase deficiency.

Bacteroides are opportunistic bacteria. The second largest (after bifidobacteria) group of intestinal microorganisms, especially in adults (normal - up to CFU / g), in children under one year old0 8 . When kept within the normal range, they perform many useful functions for the body. But if the balance in the intestinal microcenosis is disturbed or if the norm is exceeded, bacteroids can lead to a variety of infectious and septic complications. When overgrown, bacteroids can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli by competing with it for oxygen. The uncontrolled growth of bacteroids and the manifestation of their aggressive properties limit the main components of the protective flora - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and propionic acid bacteria.

Enterococci are the most common opportunistic pathogens in the intestines of healthy people. The maintenance rate for children under one year old is 0 7, for adults -8 (up to 25% of the total number of coccal forms). Some experts consider them harmless. In fact, many enterococci are capable of causing inflammatory diseases of the intestines, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs, not only when they exceed the permissible amount (with a content of more than 10 7), but also in an amount corresponding to the upper limit of the norm (), especially in people with reduced immunity.

Fusobacteria are opportunistic bacteria whose main habitats in the human body are the large intestine and respiratory tract. The adult oral cavity contains 4 cfu/g of fusobacteria. Permissible amount in the intestines in children under one year old< 10 6 , у взрослых– 10 9 .

Some types of fusobacteria in immunodeficiencies can cause secondary gangrenous and purulent-gangrenous processes. With sore throat, herpetic stomatitis, malnutrition in children, with immunodeficiency conditions, the development of fusospirochetosis is possible - a necrotic inflammatory process on the tonsils, oral mucosa.

They belong to the main resident microflora of both the small and large intestines of a person and make up a significant part of all microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Permissible amount of eubacteria in the feces of healthy people: in children of the first year0 7 CFU/g; in children older than a year and adults, including the elderly0 10 CFU / g.

Approximately half of the species of eubacteria living in the human body can be involved in the development of inflammation of the oral cavity, the formation of purulent processes in the pleura and lungs, infective endocarditis, arthritis, infections of the genitourinary system, bacterial vaginosis, sepsis, abscesses of the brain and rectum, postoperative complications.

An increased content of eubacteria is found in the feces of patients with colon polyposis. Eubacteria are rare in breastfed children, but formula-fed children may be found in amounts corresponding to the adult norm.

Peptostreptococci belong to the normal human microflora. The norm of content in the feces in children up to a year< 10 5 , у детей старше года и взрослых–. В организме здорового человека пептострептококки обитают в кишечнике (в основном, в толстой кишке), ротовой полости, влагалище, дыхательных путях. Обычно пептострептококки являются возбудителями смешанных инфекций, проявляясь в ассоциациях с другими микроорганизмами.

Conditionally pathogenic bacteria, representatives of putrefactive and gas-producing flora, the number of which depends on the state of local intestinal immunity. The main habitat in the human body is the large intestine. The allowable amount of clostridia in children under one year old is not more than 10 3, and in adults - up to 10 5 CFU / mg.

In combination with other opportunistic flora, clostridia can cause liquefaction of the stool, diarrhea, increased gas formation, which, along with the rotten smell of feces (symptoms of putrefactive dyspepsia), is an indirect sign of an increased number and activity of these bacteria. Under certain conditions, they can cause necrotizing enteritis, cause food poisoning, accompanied by watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever.

With certain antibiotics, clostridia can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis. In addition to problems with the intestines, clostridia can cause diseases of the human genitourinary organs, in particular, acute prostatitis. Symptoms of inflammation provoked by clostridium in the vagina are similar to the symptoms of candidal vaginitis ("thrush").

E. coli typical (Eshechiria, Escherichia coli typical), i.e. with normal enzymatic activity

Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, which, together with bifido- and lactobacilli, belong to the group of protective intestinal microflora. This bacillus prevents colonization of the intestinal wall by foreign microorganisms, creates comfortable conditions for other important intestinal bacteria, for example, absorbs oxygen, which is a poison for bifidobacteria. This is the main "factory of vitamins" in the body.

Normally, the total content of Escherichia coli is 0 8 CFU / mg (which corresponds to one million / g). Elevated levels of E. coli in the gut can cause inflammation, accompanied by loose stools and abdominal pain. And its penetration from the intestine into other econiches of the body (urinary tract, nasopharynx, etc.) is the cause of cystitis, kidney disease, etc.

Escherichia coli with reduced enzymatic activity (E. coli lactose-negative).

E.coli hemolytic (hemolytic Escherichia coli)

Pathogenic variant of Escherichia coli. Normally, it should be absent. Its presence requires immunocorrection. May cause allergic reactions and various intestinal problems, especially in young children and those with weakened immune systems. It often forms pathogenic associations with Staphylococcus aureus, but unlike it, it is practically not found in breast milk.

Other opportunistic enterobacteria

(Proteus, Serrations, Enerobacter, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Citrobacter, Morganella, etc.) A large group of lactose-negative enterobacteria of greater or lesser degree of pathogenicity. The allowable amount of these microorganisms is less than 10 4 CFU/g. A greater number of these bacteria is a sign of dysbacteriosis. A significant excess of the norm (more than 10 6) can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (manifested by stool disorders, pain), urogenital area and even ENT organs, especially in young children and people with reduced immunity.

The most unpleasant bacteria of this group:

Proteas - constipation is most often associated with them, but they can also cause acute intestinal infections, diseases of the urinary tract and human kidneys, in particular, acute and chronic prostatitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis.
Klebsiella - direct antagonists (competitors) of lactobacilli, lead to the development of allergies, constipation, manifestations of lactase deficiency. An indirect sign of the excessive presence of Klebsiella is a green stool with mucus, a sour smell of feces (symptoms of fermentative dyspepsia).

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

One of the most unpleasant representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora. Normally, it should be absent, especially in children. For adults, the content is 10 3 CFU / g.

Even small amounts of Staphylococcus aureus can cause pronounced clinical manifestations (allergic reactions, pustular skin rashes, intestinal dysfunction), especially in children during the first months of life. In addition to the intestines and skin, staphylococci live in considerable quantities on the mucous membranes of the nose and can cause inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx, otitis media.

The main conditions on which the degree of pathogenicity of staphylococci and the susceptibility of the body to them depend are the activity of the body's immune defenses, as well as the number and activity of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli competing with staphylococcus, which are able to neutralize its harmfulness. The more strong, active bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the body, the less harm from staphylococcus (there may be no clinical manifestations, even if its amount has reached 10 5 CFU / g). The greater the deficiency of bifidus and lactobacilli and the weaker the immune defense of the body, the more active the staphylococcus.

At risk are sweet tooth and people with weak immunity. First of all, these are children - premature, born as a result of a problematic pregnancy, caesarean section, deprived of natural breastfeeding, who underwent antibiotic therapy. Staphylococci can enter the child's body through mother's milk, from the mother's mucous membranes and skin (close contact).

Staphylococci saprophytic, epidermal (S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus)

Refers to conditionally pathogenic microflora. When normal values \u200b\u200bare exceeded (10 4 CFU / g or 25% of the total number of cocci), these staphylococci are capable of causing certain disorders. As a rule, they act as a secondary infection. In addition to the intestines, they live in the upper layers of the skin, on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and outer ear. The pathogenicity of the microorganism increases with a significant decrease in the body's defenses, with prolonged chronic diseases, stress, hypothermia, immunodeficiency states.

Yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida

The maximum allowable quantity is up to 10 4 . Exceeding this level indicates a decrease in the body's immune defenses and a very low pH in the candida habitat, and may also be a consequence of the use of antibiotics and a large amount of carbohydrates in the diet. With an increased number of these fungi, against the background of a decrease in the amount of normal flora, symptoms of candidiasis, often called thrush, may appear on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genital organs. Infection with fungi in the intestines against the background of a deficiency of the main groups of intestinal bacteria indicates systemic candidiasis, inoperative immunity and an increased risk of developing diabetes.

Non-fermenting bacteria (labeled as "Other micro-organisms" on some forms)

Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and other species of bacteria rarely found in the human intestine, the most dangerous of which is Pseudomonas aerugenosa. The maximum allowable amount in adults is no more than 10 4 . As a rule, their detection in an amount above the norm requires antibiotic therapy and immunocorrection.

In a normal state, the human intestine contains a large number of bacteria that are actively involved in the processing and further assimilation of nutrients.

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is carried out in order to determine the content of bacteria in the intestinal environment. In most cases, it is prescribed for children in the presence of certain disorders, leading to digestive disorders, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and abdominal pain. The analysis is also advisable in the case of long-term use of antibiotics. Preparations of this group destroy not only pathogenic microflora, but also beneficial bacteria that live in the intestines.

Main groups of intestinal bacteria

Bacteria found in the intestines are divided into three groups:

1. Normal:

bifidobacteria;
lactobacilli;
Escherichia.

This group takes an active part in the work of the intestines.

2. Opportunistic pathogens can transform into pathogenic ones and lead to the development of diseases under certain conditions. These include:

enterococci;
staphylococci;
clostridia;
candida.

3. Pathogenic when penetrating the intestines lead to severe infectious diseases. Representatives of this group are:

shingella;
salmonella.

Rules for collecting feces for analysis

1. Three days before sampling, you must follow a diet. Foods that lead to the activation of fermentation processes in the intestinal environment should be excluded from the diet:

fish and meat dishes;
beets;
alcoholic drinks.

2. Also, within three days before the test, you can not use medicines:

antibiotics;
bacterial preparations.
laxative medicines;
rectal suppositories;
vaseline or castor oil.

3. Before collecting the sample, wash the anus and perineum.

4. The feces intended for analysis are taken from the material obtained by spontaneous defecation, without the use of auxiliary means to accelerate the act.

5. The sample is collected in an absolutely sterile container with a tight-fitting lid. Care must be taken to ensure that no urine enters the container.

6. At least 10 grams of feces (about 1 teaspoon) should be taken into the container.

7. On the lid, indicate the full name, date of birth, specific time and date of receipt of the laboratory sample.

How should a sample be stored until delivery to the laboratory?

You should try to send the material for analysis for analysis as soon as possible - preferably in 30-40 minutes. The maximum allowed time is 2 hours.

The less time passes, the more reliable the tests will be.

The reason for this is the anaerobic nature of most intestinal bacteria. In other words, they can live in an oxygen-free environment and die on contact with it, which naturally affects the reliability of the analysis results.

	adults	Children under 1 year old	older children
bifidobacteria	10 8 – 10 10	10 10 – 10 11	10 9 – 10 10
lactobacilli	10 6 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8
Escherichia	10 6 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8
Bacteroids	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8
Peptostreptococci	10 5 – 10 6	10 3 – 10 5	10 5 – 10 6
Enterococci	10 5 – 10 8	10 5 – 10 7	10 5 – 10 8
Saprophytic staphylococci	≤10 4	≤10 4	≤10 4
Pathogenic staphylococci	—	—	—
Clostridia	≤10 5	≤10 3	≤10 5
candida	≤10 4	≤10 3	≤10 4
Pathogenic enterobacteria	—	—

bifidobacteria

The vast majority of intestinal bacteria (approximately 95%) are bifidobacteria. They take part in the synthesis of B vitamins, as well as vitamin K, and contribute to the absorption of vitamin D.

In addition, bifidobacteria produce substances that destroy pathogens and strengthen the immune system.

The main reasons for the reduction in their number are:

1. Taking medication:

antibiotics;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin);
laxatives.

2. Poor nutrition:

with an excess content of proteins, fats or carbohydrates;
starvation;
wrong mode;
artificial feeding.

3. Intestinal infections:

salmonellosis;
dysentery;
viral infections.

4. Chronic pathologies of the digestive tract:

gastritis;
stomach ulcer;
duodenal ulcer;
cholecystitis;
pancreatitis.

5. Immune pathologies:

immunodeficiencies;
allergies.

6. Fermentopathy:

lactase deficiency;
celiac disease

7. Stress.

8. Change of climatic zone.

lactobacilli

This group of bacteria occupies from 4 to 6% of the mass of intestinal bacteria. They also play an important role in the body:

1. Maintain the pH level;

2. Synthesize substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogenic microflora:

lactic and acetic acid;
acidophilus;
lactocidin;
hydrogen peroxide.

3. They produce lactase.

The level of lactobacilli may decrease for the following reasons:

1. Due to the use of certain medications:

antibiotics;
NSAIDs;
laxatives.

2. As a result of malnutrition, starvation, artificial feeding.

3. In the presence of intestinal infections.

4. With pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract with a chronic course.

5. Due to stress.

Escherichia

This group of microorganisms is present in the intestine from birth and remains in it throughout life. Escherichia are involved in the following processes:

in the synthesis of vitamin K and B vitamins;
in the absorption of sugars;
in the synthesis of antibiotic-like substances - colicins, which destroy pathogenic microflora and strengthen the immune system.

The reduction in the number of these bacteria occurs due to the following reasons:

antibiotic treatment;
helminthiases;
unbalanced nutrition;
intestinal infections.

Bacteroids

Bacteroids take an active part in the processes of digestion, and more specifically: in the processing and absorption of fats. It should be noted that normally in babies under 6 months they are not detected in stool tests. Bacteroides appear in the intestinal environment starting from the eighth or ninth month of life.

The number of bacteroids may increase as a result of the increased fat content in the diet.

Reducing the level of bacteroids is a consequence of:

antibiotic therapy;
intestinal infections (salmonellosis, dysentery, viral infections).

Peptostreptococci

Normally, these bacteria live in the environment of the large intestine. Their penetration into other areas and an increase in the number of these microorganisms lead to the development of inflammatory diseases.

Pepptostreptococci perform the following functions:

take part in the processing and assimilation of milk proteins and carbohydrates;
produce hydrogen, which in the intestinal environment turns into hydrogen peroxide and controls the pH level.

An increase in the number of peptostreptococci may be due to:

consumption of carbohydrates in large quantities;
the presence of chronic diseases of the digestive tract;
intestinal infections.

Enterococci

This group of bacteria is involved in three processes:

processing and assimilation of carbohydrates;
synthesis of vitamins;
the formation of local immunity (in the intestine).

Normally, the number of these bacteria should not exceed the number of Escherichia coli. Otherwise, they can provoke the development of a number of pathologies.

An increase in the content of enterococci may be due to:

helminthiases;
immune diseases and other conditions leading to a weakened immune system;
food allergies;
unbalanced nutrition;
antibiotic therapy (with resistance of enterococcus to the antibiotic used);
reducing the number of Escherichia coli (escherichia).

Staphylococci

This group includes:

non-pathogenic staphylococci;
pathogenic staphylococci.

Non-pathogenic varieties are:

non-hemolytic staphylococcus;
epidermal.

Pathogenic include:

golden (the most dangerous);
hemolytic;
plasmacoagulating.

Staphylococci do not belong to the normal intestinal microflora. They penetrate from the external environment with food
Entering the gastrointestinal tract of Staphylococcus aureus leads to the development of toxic infections. This usually happens due to poor hygiene (for example, dirty hands), with food or while in a medical facility.

Clostridia

These bacteria take part in the processing of proteins, resulting in indole and skatole. These are toxic substances, but in small doses they stimulate intestinal peristalsis and accelerate the evacuation of feces.

An increase in the number of clostridia in the intestine leads to the synthesis of more skatol and indole and can provoke the development of putrefactive dyspepsia.

candida

An increased content of candida in the intestinal environment leads to the development of fermentative dyspepsia and various types of candidiasis.

An increase in the number of candida may be a consequence;

consumption of foods high in carbohydrates;
taking antibiotics without the simultaneous use of antifungal agents;
the use of hormonal contraceptives;
diabetes;
stress
pregnancy.

A healthy intestine contains various bacteria that take part in the processing and assimilation of food, protecting the body. Imbalance of beneficial and opportunistic bacteria can lead to gastrointestinal dysbacteriosis, which is expressed by such diseases as flatulence, diarrhea, constipation or other intestinal disorders.

At the first symptoms of dysbacteriosis, the doctor prescribes an examination, the patient submits the material, and deciphering the analysis for dysbacteriosis in adults determines the composition of the microflora.

The list of analyzes for bakposev contains a lot of narrow-profile information, and a specialist's consultation is often required to decipher it. The table indicates the name of the bacterium, the result of the analysis and the norm. The doctor, comparing the indicators, draws a conclusion about the condition and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, establishes the fact of the development of dysbacteriosis and imbalance of microflora.

The decoding of laboratory tests for the development of dysbacteriosis in adults contains a list of all major bacteria, including those that should not be present in the body.

bifidobacteria

The normal content of these beneficial bacteria is at least 95% or higher. Bifidobacteria are responsible for the absorption of vitamins, are involved in the breakdown of food, its digestion and absorption of trace elements.

Bacteria also play another important role - they remove toxins by stimulating the intestinal walls.

lactobacilli

Sour-milk viruses, or lactobacilli, contribute to the production of lactic acid and are necessary for the full functioning of the intestine. The normal ratio of the content of lactobacilli is 5%.

Escheria coli or Escherichia coli

Despite the low content, the bacterium is necessary to maintain the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.

E. coli ferments lactose, prevents an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms, supports the vital activity of bifidobacteria in the intestine, promotes the production of B vitamins, the absorption of calcium and iron.

The normal content of Escherichia coli is 1%

Bacteroids

Anaerobic microorganisms that do not form spores. Bacteroides are involved in the breakdown of bile acids, digestion of food, and lipid metabolism processes.

These bacteria are sometimes mistakenly referred to as harmful trace elements, after birth they gradually inhabit the human body, but their role in the digestive tract is not fully understood.

Enterococci

Gram-positive aerobes, anaerobes and cocci that colonize the small and large intestines are involved in the fermentation of carbohydrates and prevent the reproduction of pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms.

Despite the fact that enterococci are causative agents of various diseases, a small amount of them is necessary for a healthy body.

Pathogenic microbes

Pathogenic bacteria include Salmonella, Shigella. Penetrating into the intestine, microorganisms provoke the development of infectious intestinal diseases. Their content, even in small quantities, can cause urgent hospitalization.

Staphylococci

Epidermal staphylococcus, like enterococci, belongs to the group of opportunistic bacteria, is part of the microflora of a healthy intestine. Its percentage is 25%.

Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the microbes of the external environment, the slightest ingestion of these microorganisms into the intestines can cause a serious disorder, accompanied by pain in the abdomen, vomiting or diarrhea.

Fungi

Yeast-like bacteria of the fungi of the genus Candida are contained in the microflora of a healthy intestine in a small amount, which can increase after taking antibiotics.

Indicators of normal and pathogenic microflora

Having studied the laboratory test sheet, even without a medical education, you can determine the state of the intestinal microflora, based on the norms of bacteria in the intestine

Different laboratories have a slightly different concept of "norm".

But there are basic standards that you can focus on when deciphering the results of laboratory analysis for dysbacteriosis in adults:

Bifidobacteria: 108 - 1010.
Lactobacilli: 106 - 108.
E. coli: 106 - 108.
Bacteroids: 107 - 108.
Enterococci: 105 - 108.
Pathogenic enterobacteria: absent.
Peptostreptococci: 105 - 106.
Saprophytic staphylococci: ≤104.
Pathogenic staphylococci: absent.
Candida: ≤104.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis can be different. Specialists establish a preliminary diagnosis when a patient has at least three signs for 10 days or longer.

Prolonged pain in the abdomen and intestines is the first signal of the development of the disease, a violation of the microflora becomes the cause of infectious diseases, and in some cases ulcers.

With dysbacteriosis, food is not digested properly, which leads to intoxication and such a symptom as an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, which is not associated with the use of various products.

It's important to know! Improper food processing prevents the full absorption of beneficial trace elements, which can provoke intense weight loss for no apparent reason.

Flatulence is also considered one of the signs of the disease, but only in cases where gas formation is permanent and not associated with the use of certain foods. A large formation of gases in the intestine against the background of dysbacteriosis causes severe physical discomfort.

Intestinal imbalance is often expressed by a regular violation of the stool, which subsequently leads to diseases such as anal fissures or hemorrhoids.

Severe discomfort in the stomach (voluntary bubbling, rumbling), as well as general malaise, is a natural reaction of a weakened organism to the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. It should be taken into account that drowsiness and headaches are not a reason to make a diagnosis, but, in combination with other symptoms, this will become an additional confirmation of the disease.

How to submit material

Before taking material for tests for dysbacteriosis in adults or children, must be familiar with the rules, otherwise the decryption will show erroneous data.

Let's consider the main ones:

Stop taking probiotics and eubiotics 4 weeks before donating the material.
Antibiotics are prescribed after the study or a day after administration.
4 days before collecting the material, all drugs that can affect the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, with the exception of the necessary ones, as well as rectal suppositories, should be abandoned.

If in doubt, it is better to visit a specialist and consult which medications can be temporarily excluded.

Before collecting the material, it is forbidden to use any creams, give an enema or use other stimulants.

Defecation should be natural

During stool collection, urine must not enter the material container.
To avoid research errors, it is recommended to use only sterile containers. The lid of the jar must be tightly closed so that other microorganisms do not get inside.
Only fresh material is suitable for analysis, it must be submitted to the laboratory no later than 3 hours later.
Do not store the material for 5 hours or more, and do not freeze it.

It's important to know! When collecting material on a diaper or towel, the fabric must be ironed with a hot iron, this is necessary to sterilize the surface.

How accurate is the analysis

The maximum accuracy of the analysis is guaranteed by compliance with all the rules for collecting material, but there are some nuances. Only those microorganisms that move freely in the intestines enter the feces. The study of the mucous membrane will give a more accurate "picture" of the state of the microflora, because it contains several times more different bacteria.

Among microorganisms there are also so-called "anaerobes", that is, bacteria that exist without oxygen. Naturally, when collecting material, most of these bacteria die, in fact, there are much more of them than the decoding of the analysis for dysbacteriosis in adults shows.

In clinics, it is often recommended to donate material immediately after collection, despite the fact that in practice it is difficult, you should not neglect this rule. The longer the feces are stored, the less accurate the analysis will be.. Some of the bacteria will inevitably die under the influence of the external environment.

It is allowed to take tests again, to compare readings or when there is doubt about their accuracy. You can use the services of research tests for dysbacteriosis in adults in different laboratories, but from each you need to take a ready-made transcript indicating the norm.

How to treat dysbacteriosis in adults, restoration of intestinal microflora. Learn useful information from the video:

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