Ancient anvarians. Madelena Hajiyev Avars. History, culture, tradition. Total Asian Folk Fields

Interest information about the origin of the name of the Highlanders (Maarulal) - Avars. Highlanders (Maiarallal) - self-calf. The current name - Avaral, Avars - got spread thanks to the literary tradition.

For the first time, the term Avar is found in the message of Ibn Rusta (x in.), Where it is said that the king of Serious was called Avar. It should be noted that, according to Academician N. Ya. Marra, N. S. Trubetsky, I. Bekhter, and others, the old name of the Avars, who called them and neighboring peoples, was encountered as Halbi compared with the Caucasian Alban of Greek origin.

From written sources it is known that the Avarians began to be called a similar name at a fairly late time, almost from the XIX century. As some researchers believe, the appearance of the term Avar may be due to the nomadic tribes of Avarov, which appeared from the depths of Asia in the steppes of the North Caucasus in 558. One of the Avarian leaders of Kandih at the head of the embassy arrived, according to the sources, in the capital of Byzantia, Constantinople and informed the emperor: "Avar people came to you - the greatest, most important of the peoples. It can easily repel and destroy the enemy, so it is advisable to you to conclude a union with Avara: you will find reliable defenders in them "(Artamonov M. I., 1962).

In a difficult political situation, which established on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire with the penetration of various nomadic peoples, Avars were advantageous allies for Byzantium, and she concluded an agreement with them, allowing them to settle in their territory. So they found themselves in the territory of the current Hungary, where they created a new state education - Avar Kaganat, whose first ruler was their leader - Kagan named Bayan. In the new homeland, the Avarian Kaganat Rasp and reached great power, spreading his power to South Russian Steppes, subjugate the many Slavic and other tribes. Avar Kaganat is so much so that I roldied with Byzantium, his troops led by the accordion reached Constantinople, cities protected by powerful fortress walls. Two centuries later, Avar Kaganat loses its power. Final strikes on Kaganata inflicted in 796. Frankish king of Karl Great.

According to the Byzantine Chronicles, the last Avar saw in 828 at the Imperial State Assembly, where they represented the conquered Avarian people. It is of interest to the response of the captive Avara to the question of the Bulgarian Khan Krum: "Why were your cities and your people were ruined?" He replied: "At the beginning, because of a quarrel, deprived of the kagan of the faithful and truthful advisers, the power fell into the hands of people wicked. The judges were then corrupted, who were to defend the truth before the people, but instead they were twitched with hypocritical thieves; The abundance of wine gave rise to drunkenness, and Avars, weakened physically, lost and reason. Finally, the trading passion went: Avars became triggers, one deceived the other, brother sold his brother. This, our Mr., and became the cause of our shameful misfortune. "

Already after the fall of the Avarian Kaganate in the Russian Chronicles (XII century) it is said: "They have no offspring, who have already had a bark (Avara)." Researchers not without reason noted the possibility of a chronicler's mistake, saying that this people disappeared without a trace. Maybe Dagestan Avars and there are their descendants, especially since Dagestan is located near the path of movement of Avars from Asia to Europe in the VI century. And maybe therefore they have the same name. The famous Russian historian of the XVIII century wrote about the likely connection of the Dagestan Avar residents with the remnants of Nomadic Avar. V. N. Tatishchev.

This possibility allowed M. V. Lomonosov. This version is popular in oriental historiography. In this regard, the statements of Muhammed Murad Ar-Ramzi (XIX century) are noteworthy: "Small remnants of those nomadic Avar and now exist in Dagestan. They are known for their courage and comprehensive and retain the old name Avar.

This topic concerned the famous orientalists J. Marquart and V. F. Mingorsky, who believed that part of the nomadic Avar, about 600, passing near Dagestan during his promotion from Asia to Europe, leaked to the Mountains of Dagestan, was dissolved in the local environment and gave They have their own name - Avara. The Hungarian researcher I. Erdel also admits that nomads Avara, moving to the West, temporarily stopped in the steppes of Northern Dagestan and politically subordinate or made their ally the kingdom of Seriel. Another Hungarian researcher - Academician Kari Setlee - denies all the relationship between Avara and Dagestan Avars, as they spoke only to distant languages \u200b\u200bfrom each other.

The well-known researcher M. A. Aglarov, who summarized all existing versions about Avary, reasonably believes that the Dagestan Avaras cannot be said about the direct residues of nomadic avar, because the dissolution of aliens in the local ethnic environment means only the participation of nomadan avarines in the ethnogenesis of Dagestan peoples. Another thing, if local peoples were dissolved in the nomadic avar environment, which would give them not only their name, but also the language. Then it would be possible to say that the remains of those nomadic Avar were preserved in Dagestan. The question arises, whether the nomadan avars were given their name to Dagestan mountainees in the literal sense, because the Highlanders (Maarulal) were never called Avarians before. In history, there are examples, when the people themselves call out otherwise than the neighbors. For example, Hungarians in history and neighbors are known as Hungarians, and they themselves are called Magyars. So the mountains - not only themselves, but the neighbors did not call them Avars, the Georgians called them to themekami, Lakza - Yarussal, Andiyza - Hindalal, Avashaki - Geay-Bul (Albi), Kumyki - Tavlu, etc., but Avars no one. All this suggests that the nomadic avars of their name is the local people, apparently did not give (Aglarov M. A., 2002). At the same time, today Maarulal is officially called Avars, and this fact requires an explanation. The new original interpretation of this offers M. A. Aglarov, who notes that, according to the authoritative testimony of the Arab historian of Ibn Rusta, the king of Serius called Avar. Therefore, in the literary tradition, this name is increasingly used to mean the people who once obeyed the king Avar. In the books since then they rarely write, they do not write Maarulal at all, and more and more often they are called Avars (Avaras). Such a transfer of the name of a person for a whole people happens quite often: on behalf of Khan Uzbek, the name of Uzbeks, Hana Noga - Nogai, from the Kajar dynasty - the name of the Persians in Dagestan - Kajara, etc. So and the name of the king of Seriou Avar was used to designate residents Serio. It is reliably known that the people of Maarulal Avara called the historian of the XIV century. Mohammed Rafi in his essay "Tariha Dagestan", which was popular in the region as the official history of Dagestan.

Since then, the name of Avarov was nomaded from the book in the book, appeared in the archives, official documents, scientific publications, etc. So, the artificially educated name occupied the place of ethnonym, more popular than the name Maarulal, used only among Avartsev (self-talent). In this regard, it remains a mystery: why did the king of Seriouse named the name Avar? Is this name called those nomadic Avar or is it a random coincidence? Probably no, because the border of the state of the Serbon was in contact with the region of habitat of nomadic avar in the VI century, and the very name of Avar alone Caucasian languages. Nevertheless, the reason why the name of nomads has become the name of the king of Serio, continues to be a mystery that allows you to put forward various hypotheses.

Most researchers do not exclude the possibility that part of the nomads of Avarov went into the mountains and installed their dynasty, and Seriore's breeding was ordered by Avar or Tsar Seriore called the loud name of the Military neighbors Avar. There are examples of examples when the humanities are called by the name of neighboring peoples, such as Circass (Circassians), Orskhankhan (Russian Khan), etc.

Thus, it can be concluded that the modern name of the Dagestan Maarulal (Highlanders) - Avarza is one of the traces of the once mighty people who disappeared from the historical arena.

Avarza is a brave and independent mountainous people, who have remained independence throughout its history: to win him failed to anyone. In antiquity, their totem animals were wolves, bears and eagles - a strong spirit and body, free, but devoted to their native land.

Name

The exact origin of the name of the people is unknown. According to one version, it is associated with the ancient nomadic people of Avara from Central Asia, which in the 6th century migrated to Central Europe, and then in the Caucasus. This version is supported by archaeological finds on the territory of modern Dagestan: rich graves of Asian-type people.

Another version is associated with the ruler of the random-medieval state Sarir named Avar. Part of the researchers converge in the opinion that the ancestors of the kings of Sarira were those the most Avarian tribes. During the resettlement in Europe, they passed to the Caucasus, where Sarir founded or at least they had a significant impact on its formation.

According to the third version, the name of the nationality was given by the Turkic tribes, which he conveyed to the Russians. In Turkic, the words "Avar" and "Avarala" mean "restless", "alarming", "militant", "daring". Definitions correspond to Avarian character, but in Turkic languages \u200b\u200bthese words were nominated and could relate to any people, subjects or groups.
The first reliable mention of the name refers only to 1404. Diplomat, writer and traveler John de Galonifibus in his notes ranked Avar to the peoples of Nagorno Dagestan, along with Alans, Circassians and Lezgins.
The Avarians themselves called themselves by Maarulalala (in the Avar language Magichallal). The origin of the word is unknown, and most researchers consider it an undivative ethnonym. However, there is a version that the word is translated as "Highlander" or "Supreme".
Interestingly, the Avarians themselves never called themselves. They either used the word "Magiculal" common to all Caucasian peoples, or appeared on the name of the terrain or community in which they live.

Where live

The vast majority of Avars residents live in the Republic of Dagestan, which is the subject of the Russian Federation and is part of the North Caucasus Federal District. They occupy most of the mountain Dagestan, where they lived historically. Part of the Avar residents lives in the plains in Kizilyurtovsky, Buinak and Khasavurtovsky districts. 28% of the nationality lives in cities, but the basins of the Avar Kois, Kara Cois and Andy Koisu can be considered the main settlement zone.
A significant part of Avars residents live in other regions of Russia and foreign countries. Among them:

• Kalmykia
• Chechnya
• Azerbaijan
• Georgia
• Kazakhstan

The descendants of the Avars, which have been significantly assimiced, but preserved their national identification, live in the territory of Jordan, Turkey and Syria.

Although Avars considered themselves a single people, they allocated smaller ethnic groups inside the community, referred to the name of the place of residence. From the preserved until today's days are allocated:

• bagulala, Hwarshina and Cahmalins - live in the villages of the Tsumadinsky district;
• botlihs and Andiyza - live in the Botlikh district;
• awakhatsy - live in the Awak district;
• plagets and Gunzibans are the village of the Beginsk Plot.

Number

There are more than 1 million representatives of the Avar Nation in the world. Most of the nation is located in the Russian Federation: 912,000 people. 850,000 of them live in their historic homeland - in Dagestan.
About 50,000 people live in Azerbaijan - this is one of the largest foreign diasporas. The Arvartse diaspora in Turkey has about 50,000 people in Turkey, but it is documented to confirm it, since the country's laws do not oblige to indicate the national affiliation.

Language

The language of Avar residents refers to the North Caucasian Superstician allocated in it the Nakh-Dagestan family. In different areas there are brightly pronounced dialect differences, but all Avarians easily understand each other. National language owns 98% of the nationality.
Avar writing began to be issued during the Islamization of the Region. It was founded in the Arabic chart, which the educated ministers of the Church were taught to children of prosperous Avars. Since 1927, letters have changed to Latin, at the same time began to increase the level of education. Finally, the alphabet was formed only in 1938: it was created on the basis of Cyrillic.
Today, Avarian language is taught in primary schools of Nagorno regions of Dagestan. From the fifth grade, teaching is conducted in Russian, and Avar is studied as an additional subject. Along with other national languages, he is among the state languages \u200b\u200bof the Republic of Dagestan.

History

The first people appeared on the territory of modern Dagestan another 8 thousand years BC. In the era of the upper Paleolithic Mesolithic. In the Neolithic Epoch, they already had stone dwellings, cattle breeding, animal husbandry and agriculture were actively developed. It is believed that the ancestors of the Avarians were the tribes of Albanov, Leggs and gels, which were part of an ancient state in the eastern Caucasus - Caucasian Albania.

The first stage, which laid the foundation of the national affiliation of Avars, belongs to the VI century of a new era. During this period, the state of Sarire (also Seried), which existed until the XIII century was considered the largest and most powerful in Rannessee Dagestan. Crafts, agriculture were actively flourished here, trading routes were held. Neighboring states paid to the rulers of Sarira tribute to gold, silver, tissues, furs, food, weapons. Aviation Avarov residents during this period took place on a religious basis: in return of pagan mythology came Orthodoxy.
Starting from the XII-XIII century, Islamic preachers are becoming increasingly increasing, which soon turn into a new faith almost the entire population. At the same time, Sarir is crushed into small feudal settlements, living independently and uniting only in the event of war.
Avar lands have repeatedly tried to capture the Mongols, but they met serious reversal and changed tactics. In 1242, during the campaign of the Golden Horde, the Union was concluded supported by dynastic marriages. As a result, Avars retained their own independence, however, under the influence of the allies, a new Avar Khanate was formed, which existed for more than five centuries.

Period of Wars

In the XVIII century, a new threat was hanging over Avars: the invasion of Nadir Shah, the ruler of the most powerful Persian Empire, which occupied the territory from Iraq to India. The Persian army quickly captured the entire Dagestan, but the resistance of the Avars residents could not break for several years. The result of the confrontation was the battle in the fall of 1741, which lasted 5 days and the ending victory of the Avars. The losses of Nadir-Shaha were huge: only 27 thousand soldiers remained survivors from 52 thousand. The battle was widely described in the folk epic. The fact that the Army of Persians used the entire arms arsenal of those years, the Avarians are only Musketes and Sabli.

In 1803, Avar Khanate ceased to exist, and part of the Avarian territories became part of the Russian state. However, the Russians did not take into account the freedom-loving mentality of the people: sharply postponed his taxes, began to cut down the forests and master the lands. As a result, the national liberation revolution occurred, as a result of which the people again gained independence. Avars and other nations of the Caucasus were rallied under the banners of Sharia, and the role of the leaders took over the Supreme Imams. One of the folk heroes, who began a sacred war against the Russians, became Shamil, who led the movement of 25 years.
Over time, his popularity began to fall, and the Avarians again entered into Russia. Praying the past unsuccessful experience, the Russian rulers strongly encouraged the people, softened taxes for him. A special Avar unit even was part of the elite guard, guarding the peace of the family.
After the revolution, part of the Caucasian peoples was merged into the Dagestan ASSR. Representatives of the Republic of the Brave manifested themselves in the fields of Battles of the Second World War, made a significant contribution to the development of industry and culture of the republic.

Appearance

Avar residents belong to the Caucancing anthropological type, which refers to the Balkan-Caucasian race. The main external signs of this group include:

• white skin;
• eyes of green, karego or blue, as well as transition shades, for example, green-kargo;
• "Orline" or even high nose;
• red, dark brown, dark blonde or black hair;
• narrow and protruding jaw;
• big head, wide forehead and middle part;
• high growth;
• large or athletic physique.

Many Avarians have retained the appearance that have not been similar to the appearance of other Caucasian nationalities. However, the influence of neighboring Alanians, Chechens, Lezgins could not but affect the guise of Avars. Gaplogroups I, J1 and J2 include the ancestors of the Avars to the Semitic peoples and the "Northern Varvarars", which later had a significant impact on the formation of Nations of Croats and Chernogorstsev.

clothing

The clothes of Men-Avar residents are similar to the costumes of other Dagestan nations. Casual outfit consisted of a simple flat shirt with a collar-rack and spacious pants. The appeal necessarily complemented Beshmet - the quilted national fitted semi-confent. Circusca is widely used - a longer caftan fitted with a neckline. Burki, sheep's fur coats were performed as winter clothes, fastened the lining to Beshmet. Supplemented the appearance of the dad - a high headdress from fur.

Women's clothing differed significantly depending on the region: it could contain not only the place of residence, but also social and family status. Most often, the outfit consisted of a long spacious shuttle, tailored from straight pieces of matter, with swelled sleeves and a rounded neckline.
In some areas, it was subjected to a bright Kushak, the length of which reached 3 m. Rich Avarka used a leather belt with silver clasps for this, put on top of the shirt-colored silk capes. Young girls preferred the fabrics of green, blue, red shade, and women aged and married chose black and brown colors. Traditional headdress - Chukhta: Hepes with bags for Kos, on top of which they told the handkerchief.

Men

The man held a dominant situation, solved all public and financial issues. He fully secured his family and was responsible for children, including their upbringing, the choice of the bride and the future profession. Only men were wrong to vote, the majority came in 15 years.

Women

Despite the patriarchal structure, the Avar residents did not have the tyranny of women, they were read and did not even respected them. Even touching the outflower was considered a shame for her, and rape meant blood revenge, so almost never found.
The kingdom of a woman is a house, here she was the main thing and solved all the economic issues, without asking her husband's opinions. In the Avar women appreciated hard work, humble character, decency, honesty, cleanness, cheerful temper. The Avarka was distinguished by a slim figure and an attractive appearance, which had repeatedly noted their foreigners.

Family manner

The life of the Avarians was based on the worship and respect for the older generation. So, the daughter-in-law, coming into the house of her husband, did not have the right to first disclaimen with the mother-in-law. Usually, the mother-in-law started the conversation already the next day, and the silence of the mother-in-law could last for years. However, more often young lived alone: \u200b\u200baccording to tradition, her husband's parents built a new home for her son and after the wedding sent him to live there.
In the Avarian families there always existed a clear sexual separation. The young men and girls were not allowed to stay alone, struggle to each other, tightly communicate. The house has always been a female and male half, and even after the wedding, a woman slept and lived in one room with children, and not with her husband. When the boys were completed for 15 years, they crossed to live in the father's bedroom. Children loved, but since childhood they were taught to work and morality, taught the military case, because the Avarians themselves considered themselves to be a warrior.

Housing

Avarians lived in houses from the treated stone, which were boring, which was caused by a lack of space in the mountains and defensive goals. The houses were quadrangular, single, two- or three-story with a terrace gallery equipped for recreation.

In some villages, the house consisted of one room with an area of \u200b\u200b80-100 m2, in the center of which the focus was stood and decorated with a thread of a pillar around which ate and took guests. In multi-room homes, there was necessarily equipped with a room with fireplace, carpets and a carved sofa: guests were resting and received.
Avars settled by the relative communities - Tukhumi. They, in turn, united into large settlements - from 30-60 yards in highlands to 120-400 in the foothills and mountains. At the head of each village stood an elder, the decisions took together on the Council. All men participated in it, the decisive voices were at the heads of tumors.
Most of the villages were fenced with walls and strengthened by defensive towers. In the center of the village, there was a central square at which general meetings and a walk were held.

A life

Starting from the era of Neolithic, the ancestors of Avars were actively engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Most of the herds were sheep, about 20% - large-life livestock. For the utility needs kept horses, goats, bird.
Agriculture was terraced, arable. In the highlands, it was much more difficult to cultivate land than on the plains, and due to limited territory, it was appreciated above. Wheat, barley, rye, millet, pumpkin were grown from the main crops. In the gardens and gardens, plums, Alych, peaches, apricots, corn, beans, lentils, beans were put in the gardens and gardens.

The crafts flourished, among which the blacksmith, jewelry, weapons, pottery, weaving was distinguished. Especially famous for graceful jewelry made of silver and needlework of Avarian masters:

• warm woolen socks
• shawl and shawls
• ferrous bags from felt
• sucpower
• embroidery with golden threads
• wicker carpets

Military preparation occupied a special role in the life of Avars. Boys from early childhood trained battle on sticks and sabers, near battle, tactics. Later, all kinds of training moved into the direction of freestyle wrestling, popular in all Dagestan.

Culture

Avar Folklore is represented by legends, fairy tales, proverbs and sayings, as well as songs:

• love
• military
• crying
• heroic
• historical
• laroepical
• lullaby

All songs, except love and lullabies, were performed by men in one voice, singing and penetrating. For accompaniment, singers and dancers were used a large number of traditional musical instruments. Among them:

1. String tools: Chagur and Komuz.
2. Language: Zurena and Yaster-Balaban.
3. Impact: tambourine and drum.
4. Bow: Chagana.
5. Spear type: Lalu.

The art of chasing decorations of silver, weaving patterns was widely developed. Images of wolves and eagles, spiral swastikas, labyrinths, Maltese crosses, solar signs considered traditional ornaments and symbols.

Religion

Before the adoption of Christianity, Avars believed in white and black spirits. In the first, they asked mercy, recovery, good luck, and from the second wore charms. Totem animals of different ethnic groups were wolves, bears and eagles. The wolf was called "God's Watchman", respected for his courage, independence and desire to live according to their rules. Orlov was honored for their strength and freedom, and they said that the eagles would not fly to winter edges, and Avars would never leave their homeland.
During the domination of Christianity, the people adhered to Orthodox faith. The ruins of temples and Orthodox graves reached this day: one of the well-preserved village is at the village of Datong and belongs to the X century. Today, most of the Avarians confesses Islam Sunni and Schvitsky.

Traditions

The wedding from Avars always took place with a scope and lasted from three to five days. There were the following options for choosing the bride:

1. By agreement of the parents. Practiced "lulents", but more often woven for cousins \u200b\u200band sisters, preferring to marry within Tuhume.
2. By choosing a young man. To do this, he came to the disclosure house and left his thing in it: a knife, dad, belt. If the girl answered agreement, walling began.
3. Against the will of parents. If young fell in love with each other, but their parents did not approve the choice, the bride and the bride ran away and were crowned. I had to pray for the parent blessing postfactum: although such a wedding was considered a shame, forgiveness a new family received.
4. At the insistence of society. They died in girls and widows were displayed on the central square and asked to call the name of the free man who she likes. The selected had to marry if he was not in collusion with anyone else.

On the first day of the wedding, the noisy feast was arranged from a friend of the groom, and only on the second - in the house of the culprie of the celebration. The bride was given in the evening, closed in the carpet, and took it to another room, where she spent the evening with his friends. On the third day, the relatives of her husband honored the newlyweds and gave them gifts.

A special rite of entry into a new family existed by the bride and was called the "first water rite." In the morning, 3-5 days of the sister and the groom's beds were given in the daughter-in-law of the pitcher and with the songs went along with her water. After that, she was obliged to engage in everyday economic affairs.

Anvartsev had a special attitude towards guests: they were taken with honor, even if they did not know the purpose of the visit. Any stranger who came to the Avar Selo, the elder determined on the post. In the house, he was placed in the best room, festive dishes were preparing, did not stick to the abrasions. The guest, in turn, should not have a negative effect on the food or host, get up due to the table without demand and go to the female half of the house.

Food

It is mistaken to assume that the basic diet of Avarians occupied meat: it only performed an addition to other dishes. The main one is Khinkal, nothing like Georgian Hinky. The dish consisted of large pieces of dough cooked in meat broth with greens and vegetables. In many villages, instead of Hincale, soups were cooked, the main of which was a disc on sorrel, beans or lentils.
In each house there were pellets from a thin dough - boots. As a filling used meat, cottage cheese with greens, cheese with seasonings. Avars residents and analogue of dumplings: Kurza. They are distinguished by a drop-shaped form, a large size and mandatory braid, which allows the filling not to flow.

Famous Avartse

The well-known Avatary - Poet and Prosisais, Rasul Gamzatov, writing a kind of Avar Anthem: "Avarians" song. His works are translated into dozens of languages, for a special contribution to the culture in 1999, he was awarded the Order "For merit to the Fatherland" of the III degree.

Avarians were always famous for excellent physical fitness and possession of martial arts. These titles confirm the fighter of Habib Nurmagomedov - the current champion in light weight on battles without UFC rules.

Video

Persons of Russia. "Live together, remaining different"

The multimedia project "Persons of Russia" has existed since 2006, telling about the Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together, remaining different - such motto is especially relevant for the countries of the entire post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we have created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. There were also 2 cycles of radio broadcasts "Music and the songs of the Peoples of Russia" - more than 40 gears. In support of the first series of films, illustrated almanacies were released. Now we are halfway to the creation of a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot, which will allow residents of Russia to know themselves and to descend to leave a picture of what they were.

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"Persons of Russia." Avars. "Wedding character"

General

Avars - The people of Dagestan, inhabiting the mountainous part of this republic. According to the 2002 census, 758,438 people live here. In total, in Russia, according to the correspondence of 2009, 912 thousand 90 Avars live. In addition, about fifty thousand Avarians live in Sunnaisk and Belokan regions of Azerbaijan.

Avars - Ancient people, already in the VII century, he is mentioned in the Armenian geography of Anania Shiracatsi. Avar language belongs to the Dagestan branch of the Iberian-Caucasian family of languages. Until 1928, the Avarians enjoyed the Arabic alphabet, using some additional signs for specific avian consonants. In 1938, the currently existing alphabet was adopted on the basis of Russian graphics, which was favorably distinguished from previous in that it uses the letters of the Russian alphabet with the addition of the sign "I".

The poet's famous Poet Rasul Gamzatov wrote his works on the Avarian language. Many of his poems have folk roots. For example, those that entered into the popular cycle "Inscriptions on the doors and gates". ("Do not stand, do not wait, passersby, at the door. You come out Il away go back").

Believers Avarians confess Islam. For a long time, he had to compete with local pagan beliefs. Gradually, some of them acquired a new Islamic color, and some preserved only in the form of legends and superstitions. But they are also very interesting and can tell a lot about the Avarian people. For example, Bouys are perfume, patroneal hunting. On the hunt of a man who made some sinful act, spirits thrown by stones. Normal hunter, that is, righteous, they, on the contrary, welcome and treat.

Essays

The softness of the pencil wins the saber hardness

Avarza - the people of Dagestan, inhabiting the mountainous part of this republic. According to the 2002 census, 758,438 people live here. In total, in Russia, on the same census, 814 473 Avars live. In addition, about fifty thousand Avarians live in Sunnaisk and Belokan regions of Azerbaijan. Avars - Ancient people, already in the VII century, he is mentioned in the Armenian geography of Anania Shiracatsi.

Avarians confess Islam. For a long time, he had to compete with local pagan beliefs. Gradually, some of them have acquired a new Islamic painting, while others have been preserved only in the form of legends and superstitions. But they are also very interesting and can tell a lot about the Avarian people.

Led the groom to the native of the bride

About Avarian wisdom go legends. In general, Avarians are able to find a way out of very difficult situations. Let's listen to one Avarian parable.

Brought the groom to the native of the bride. He brought him as a gift of ram and sweets. The bridesmaid brides are asked:

Why did you choose our sister into the bride?

And he answered them the fiance of a fairy tale.

A long time ago, a huge and terrible dragon-howy captured the only source in the accident. People remained without water. Women crying, children moaned from thirst.

The wildest and strong jigs were thrown into a monster with sabers in their hands, but he knocked all the long-tail blows.

Morehak built a huge beautiful palace from the source. Heobed him with a palico and embraced his heads killed on him.

People were desperate. Who will win the terrible dragon?

At that time, the son was born at the poor widow. He walked to drink water from the source at night. And recruited with unprecedented strength, courage and delete. He saw, as the dragon was saturated at the source, and hated him. And he swore in front of the whole people to free the country from the monster.

Mother, relatives, neighbors and friends discussed him for a long time:

You just grown. Still young. You will die in the color of years. Praise yourself!

But the young man sat down at the horse and went to fight the monster.

The Dragon Morehah was already published hurt him and roared a terrible voice:

Who dares to approach the source?!

I want to fight you, the monster ispayan! - The young man replied proudly.

Dragon Gang up:

Insane! Don't you know that I do not fight weapons? You must know that there is no one in the world, equal to me by strength. With all your opponents I ask only one question. If he cannot answer him correctly, then I kill it with one blow of my huge tail!

And if you answer correctly, then I immediately and die!

Ok, I agree! - The young man is responsible. - ask a question!

The dragon buried loudly, and two women appeared in the window of his palace. One is an incredibly dazzling beauty, the other is an ordinary simple woman.

Which is more painful? Dragon asked.

The young man looked at women and replied:

Tajes that you like more!

You're right! - Dragon stuck and emptied the spirit.

So the accident was delivered from the monster.

He graduated from the fiance of a fairy tale and said: "I like your sister!"

You're right! - exclaimed the bridesmaid brothers.

And they uttered the words of prayer for the newlyweds:

And Allah bless you, and yes he is my blessings to you, and he will connect you for good!

Wedding enriched with new customs

Once I went in this Avarian parable about the newlyweds, then it's time to tell about the Avar wedding. Wedding is one of the most vintage solemn and responsible events in a person's life, which marks the creation of a new family. Avar residents have their wedding customs and traditions that originate from ancient times. They are enriched with new rituals, fun, ideological content, consonant with modernity, interests of different peoples and young people.

But the main thing remains unchanged: the weddings serve as a means of transmission from generation to a generation of cultural traditions, folklore knowledge, social experience and moral norms.

Until the last century, anvarians basically lived in mountain villages, so folk wedding rites were formed mainly there.

In the past, at the conclusion of marriage, it was necessary that the bride and groom came from equal in the meaningfulness, influence and power of the names. Back in the XIX century, Avars, like many other Dagestan peoples, adhered to endogamy, that is, they tried to make marriages within their aul. At Avars, such marriage unions were preferred to conclude between close relatives and the same names.

The most stronger was the marriage concluded between fellow villagers. The inter-marriages of the Avarians were few.

As for international marriages, they were extremely rare until the mid-40s of the 19th century. Previously, the prerogative of the conclusion of marriage mainly belonged to parents. And daughters it concerned first. Recently, these traditions are not allowed everywhere, for example, in cities there are much more liberty and innovations. But still at the conclusion of marriage, nationality, village, district takes into account.

Marriage on Shariat (Magar) and Divorce (Talak) continue to be sustainably maintained in our time and complemented by civil marriage and divorce.

It is interesting to note that calm charge for Avars, as well as for some other Dagestan peoples, was not characteristic custom. In modern conditions, Adat Villas Calma enhances and quickly applies, which is explained by the improvement of the economic situation of people.

In rural areas, many positive aspects of customs and traditions are more preserved, in particular, the ethereal highlighting the status of the elders. According to this ad, younger sister or brother do not marry before the elders. The marriage between dairy brother and sister is not allowed.

Currently, the Avarians have two kinds of weddings. The first form, which the majority of the rural population adheres to is traditional. He is practiced only with minor innovations. In the second form of a wedding, modern elements prevail and traditional rites are partially observed.

And men sing heroic songs

Well, where the wedding, there is music, there and singing. Avarus music is distinguished by bright identity. Experts have long noticed that in the music of Avar residents prevail natural minor frets, most of all - Dorian. Combined two-dollar and three-tetral meters. One of the characteristic sizes is 6/8. There are also complex and mixed dimensions.

Avar men sing epico-heroic songs. They differ in the three-part melody structure. The extreme parts fulfill the role of entry and imprisonment. And in the middle (spectative warehouse) outlines the main content of the poetic text.

Typical female genre: lyrical song. For the female manner of vocal performance, the "thorny" singing is characteristic. Also prevails solo singing with instrumental support.

Unison ensemble (female duet) and choral (male) singing are found. For vintage lyrical songs is characterized by a dialogical manner of singing. Movies and dancing melodies are used as independent works. Female singing is often accompanied by a tambourine. In addition to the national instruments, Harmonics, Bayan, Accordion, Balalaika, Guitar are widespread. Traditional instrumental ensemble - zurna and drum. The first records of the People's Avar Music were made in the second half of the XIX century.

A few words about the Avar language. It refers to the Dagestan branch of the Iberian-Caucasian family of languages. Anvarians received his writing only after the establishment of Soviet power. Until 1928, the Avarians enjoyed the Arabic alphabet, using some additional signs for specific avian consonants. In 1938, the currently existing alphabet was adopted on the basis of Russian graphics, which is favorably different from previous in that it uses the letters of Russian alphabet with the addition of only sign I sign.

Inscriptions on the doors and gates

As you know, the poet famous for Russia, Rasul Gamzatov wrote his works in the Avarian language. Many of his poems have folk roots. For example, those that entered into the popular cycle "Inscriptions on the doors and gates".

Do not stand, do not wait, passerby, at the door.
You come in Ile away go back soon.

Passerby, do not knock, the owners are not awake,
With evil came - go away
with good came - come in.

Not in early hour or late
Do not knock on the door, friends:
And the heart is selected for you,
And my door.

I am jigit, and there is only one
Request for me:
Do not go, since not praise
Mine horse.

But not only horse I want to praise us. I want to praise that an anonymous author, who composed the instructive anvar fairy tale "Fox and Snake."

Somehow a fox be friends and snake and decided to wander through the light. They walked for a long time in the forests, fields, mountains and gorges, until they went to the wide river, where there were no fusion.

Let's throw in the river, - suggested Fox.

But I do not know how to swim, "Snake sewed.

Nothing, I will help you, will conceive me around me.

The snake was walked around the fox, and they swam.

It was hard was the fox, but she did not give her mind and sailed, knocking out of his strength.

Already at the very shore of the snake began to firmly compress the fox with his rings.

What are you doing? After all, it is possible to strangle! - screamed fox.

So you need, - Snake replied.

Well, it can be seen, death does not be able to avoid, - Lisa moor. - Only sorry. How many years we have been friends, and I have never seen your face near. Make the last favor - let me look at you before your death.

Okay. Yes, and I also want to look at you finally, "said the snake and brought her head to the fox.

Lisa immediately sprinkled the snake head and went ashore.

Here she was freed from the dead snake and exclaimed:

Do not trust friends who are wring!

It is easy to guess that this thought very soon became an avian proverb. Here are some more interesting proverbs of the Avarian people who are worth it to the USS:

A good man of one word is enough, a good horse - one kick.

Bee and fly together do not work together.

While game is still in the mountains, do not put the boiler on fire.

From one person the troops will not be, there will be no tower from one stone.

But a very interesting proverb, emphasizing the high role of education, as well as art in the Avar Society:

The softness of the pencil wins the saber hardness.

From myself add, but only if this pencil falls into talented hands.

Household and life

Traditional classes - cattle breeding and fatty agriculture. Archaeol. and letters. Sources indicate the antiquity of the origin and developed forms of agriculture in A. In the mountainous district and the foothills, agriculture was combined with cattle breeding, in highlands the leading role belonged to livestock. Created arts, terraced fields, strengthened by stone walls on dry laying; The terracement was combined with the drainage device. Practiced three-tiered use of sites (under the fruit trees were sled by corn, in the aisle - beans, potatoes, vegetables), ceremonary crop rotation, alternation of S.-H. cultures. Fields fell by manure, ash. In the mountain valleys, the irrigation system was developed (channels, gutters, woods, sampling).

The tools of labor: a wooden plow with an iron lemene, a hoe, Kirk, a small braid, sickle, threshing boards, volokusi, forks, rake, der. shovel; in gardener. X-Wah in the mountain valleys used a special shovel for manual plowing. Embedded barley, wheat, hungry barley, rye, oats, millet, legumes, corn, potatoes.

From tech Crops were sown flax and hemp. Molly grain on water mills with a horizontal wheel. In the mountain valleys were engaged in gardening and viticulture; Endemic varieties had. Peaches, apricots, cherry, apples, pears, Alych and others were practiced. Personal fruit drying, with con. XIX century - Processing them on handicraft canning plants, as well as exporting accidents for sale and for exchanging for grain. Of the best grape varieties did wine for sale.

With con. XIX century Began to grow onions, garlic, in owls. Period - cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes. In owls. The time the zonal specialization intensified, in a number of R-new branches of Prom. enterprises, canning plants.

It is believed that in the era of bronze cattle breeding on terr. A. had a settled character. Divided small (sheep, goats), as well as kr. cattle, horses, donkeys, mules. Prevailed, especially in high-mountain R-na, sheep, which is already with the XVI century. Developed as a commodity industry with geographic. division of labor.

Students. The rocks of the sheep coarse sheep (Andyaya, Hunibskaya, Avar), in owls. Time appeared and fine-dimensional. In the alpine zone, distant cattle breeding prevailed, in the mountain - stalk-distant combined with distant (sheep), in the foothill - stallo-distant. Subscribed classes - hunting (wild goats, deer, tours, foxes, etc.) and beekeeping (especially in Sadovoyatch. R-NA).

Homemade crafts and crafts: wives. - weaving (cloth, carpets), knitting from wool (socks, shoes), highlighting felt, bugs, embroidery; husband. - skin treatment, stone carving and tree, blacksmith, copper chasing, weapon, jewelry, wooden utensils. Sukna was distinguished from antiquity (there are medieval archaeol. Finds) and were considered the best in Dagestan, taken out of its limits (especially white in Tbilisi); Factory fabrics looked only in Nach. XX century There are archaeol. Finds of the VIII - X centuries. Bronze openwork belt buckles, bleaks.

A silver case stands out (the masters worked for sale and to order), Naib. kr. Centers - Sogrant, Russian, Choch, Gotsatl, Gamsutle, Unzucul. Daggers, gazei, sets for gathering, husband were distinguished. and wives. Belts, wives Decorations (bracelets, rings, chains, places, pendants, necklaces, earrings, etc.), in owls. Time is also dishes, Split. Houseware.

XIX products. Often repeated older samples. In Gotsatle in 1958 there was a landline. Art, combine. Metalworking technique: engraving, black, filigree (especially invoice), notch, grains; Inserts from natural stones, stained glass, chains, and other set details were used. In Sovr. The art of Gotsatl is a big role playing the technique of blacks.

With con. XIX - NCH. XX centuries. World fondness is used by products from Unzucul: household items (tubes, ports, caskets, canes, sticks, ink sets, boxes, caskets, etc.) from a cross-tree with a thin notch (geom pattern) from silver, copper, later and Melchior; in owls. Time is open here. Hood. factory.

OSN. Centers of carpet-va - Hongzakh, Tlyaratinsky district, part with. Levashinsky and Buynaksky district: pile and lounge double-sided carpets, smooth double-sided palaces, patterned felt carpets, chibt mats (to wool. Skier added marshes), small carpeting (traveler bags of perspirations, weekly, sponctions, pillows, etc. .).

Threaded wood was engaged in almost every village; She was decorated with windows and doors, columns, pillars, balconies, furniture, lari, etc. Objects of utensils, dishes. OSN. Types of threads - contour, flat-meter, triangular. Threads on the stone were decorated with facades of residential buildings, mosques, magic monuments. Especially famous carvers from her.

Russian, Choha, Kuyadinsky farm (Gunibsky district). Students. Ornament motifs - stylized animal images, astral symbols, geometric, vegetable, ribbon patterns, braid.

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avarians who are the, Avartse Wikipedia
Avaral, Magӏarulal

Number and range

Total: more than 1 million people
Russia, Russia
912 090(2010)
(+168 people with the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol)

• • Dagestan Dagestan 850 011 (2010)
    • Makhachkala: 186 088
    • Botlikh district: 51 636
    • Kizilyurtovsky district: 51 599
    • Khasavurtovsky district: 44 360
    • Khasavyurt: 40 226
    • Kazbekovsky district: 36 714
    • Kizlyar district: 31 371
    • Kizilyurt: 31 149
    • Hongzakh district: 30 891
    • Unzuculsky district: 28 799
    • Buinaksk: 28 674
    • Shamil district: 27 744
    • Gunibsky District: 24 381
    • Tsumadinsky district: 23 085
    • Awakha district: 21 876
    • Tlyratinsky district: 21 820
    • Gumbetovsky district: 21 746
    • Gergebil district: 19 760
    • Tsntinsky district: 18 177
    • Buinak district: 17 254
    • Levashinsky district: 15 845
    • Caspian: 14 651
    • Charodinsky district: 11 459
    • Kizlyar: 10 391

• • Stavropol Territory Stavropol Territory 9 009 (2010)
  • Moscow Moscow 5 049 (2010)
  • Chechnya Chechnya 4 864 (2010)
  • Astrakhan region Astrakhan region 4 719 (2010)
  • Rostov region Rostov region 4 038 (2002)
  • Kalmykia Kalmykia 2 396 (2010)

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
49 800 (2009)

• Nakaltalsky district: 25 578 (2009)
• Belokansky District: 23,874 (2009)

Georgia Georgia
1 996 (2002)

• • Kakheti
    1 900 (2002)
    • Quartille municipality
      1 900 (2002)

Turkey Turkey
53 000

Ukraine Ukraine
1 496 (2001)

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
1 206 (2009)

Language

Avar language

Religion

Islam (Sunni)

Racial type

Europeanoids

Enters B.

Caucasian family
North Caucasian family
Nakho-Dagestan group,
Akharo-Ando-Cesse branch,
Avaro Andy

Avars (Avar. Avarala, Magiarulal) is one of the numerous indigenous peoples of the Caucasus, which is historically living in Nagorno Dagestan, East Georgia and Northern Azerbaijan, the most numerous people of modern Dagestan.

The Avarians are included in the Avdo-Cesse peoples related to them, as well as Archintians.

• 1 Ethnonym
• 2 Number and resettlement
• 3 Anthropology
• 4 Language
• 5 religion
• 6 Origin and History
  • 6.1 HUNZ - Caucasian Hunga "Land of throne"
  • 6.2 Public Education
    • 6.2.1 from Mongols to wars with Persians
  • 6.3 Herb of Avar Khanate
    • 6.3.1 Comparison with Wolf as a compliment
  • 6.4 Expansion of the XVI-XVII centuries.
    • 6.4.1 Relationship with Chechens
  • 6.5 Caucasian War and Imamat Shamil
  • 6.6 End of the Sacred War
  • 6.7 of the USSR
• 7 Culture and customs
  • 7.1 Traditional Lifestyle
  • 7.2 Traditional clothes
• 8 Avar kitchen
• 9 Notes
• 10 literature
  • 10.1 Used Literature
• 11 Links

Ethnonym

Regarding the origin of the ethnonym, the alert there are several versions. The overwhelming majority of scientists, in particular J. Marquart, O. Prince, V. F. Minorsky, V. M. Beilis, S. E. Flowers, M. G. Magomedov, A. K. Alikbers, T. M. Aitberov and Dr., called the ancestors of the modern Avarians of the ancient Avars, arguing that the second had a great influence on the ethnogenesis of the Avar people.

In the pre-revolutionary period, the current name of the people was occasionally used, the designation "Avar" dominated the literature. Efron and Brockhause Encyclopedia, speaking about the inhabitants of the Avar district, writes that these lands are "the advantage of Avars, or Avarov, one of the Lezgh tribes, once, especially in the XVIII century, a very strong, fear of neighbors. Apparently, with time Avar transformed into Avathere, which is very typically for the Russian language. In many countries, due to the absence of the prefixes "EC" in their languages, the Avars on Eurasian and Caucasian are distinguished.

According to another version, the name of this people was given by Turks, from which the Russians were adopted. The Turkic words "Avar", "Avarala" mean "Restless", "alarming", "militant", etc. There is also the assumption that the Avarians received their name on behalf of the Tsar of the medieval Avarian state - Sarir, whose name was "Avar".

Until the beginning of the 20th century, anvarians were also known as the brass and Lezgins. Vasily Potto writes that the Avar tribe:

He himself called the general name Maarulal, but the neighbors known to the names of the very names of the very names, then - in the south; On the other side of the mountains, in Georgia, - Lezgin.

The ethnonym "Lezgina", in addition to the Avarians, was marked by the entire mountain population of Dagestan. Some modern sources believe that such a designation was erroneous. From the 20th year. The XX century, the publicity of the ethnonym crossed Cürinz - residents of Southeast Dagestan.

Number and settlement

Inhabited most of the mountain territory of Dagestan, and in part and plains (Buynakian, Khasavyurt, Kizilyurtovsky, etc. Districts). In addition to Dagestan, they live in Chechnya, Kalmykia and other subjects of the Russian Federation (total - 912,090 people). The main area of \u200b\u200bthe excavation region of Avars in Dagestan - the pools of the Avar-OR rivers (Avarian Koisu), Andi-Or (Andiy Koisu) and Caer-Ora (Kara-Kois). 28% of Avars residents live in cities (2002).

Avarians also live in Azerbaijan, mainly by Belokansky, Zakaltal region, as well as in Baku, where, according to the 1999 census, their total number was 49.8 thousand people.

"Very complex and controversial today," Dagestan scientist B. M. Ataev was forced to state in 2005, is the question of the number of Avar Diaspora outside Russia. This is primarily due to the fact that in their countries of residence for political and other reasons, the population censuses are not conducted indicating national affiliation. Therefore, data cited in various sources on the number of descendants of Avarov are very approximate, in particular, in the Turkish Republic. But if we consider the statements of the Dagestan oriental A. M. Magomeddadayev, that "in the territory of modern Turkey by the 1920s. XX century There were more than 30 Dagestan villages, 2/3 of which consisted of Avars "and," from the words of the old-timers living in this country, currently there are no more than 80 thousand Dagestanians here, then the number of descendants of Avar can be removed by simple counts, Resisting to this point in the Republic of Turkish republic - over 53 thousand people. "

Thus, the most numerous Avar diaspora outside the borders of the former USSR and, probably, outside Russia, is presented in Turkey. At the same time, it should be noted that the small islands of the descendants of the Avarian "Muhadzhirov" of the former Ottoman Empire were also recorded in Syria and Jordan, where they, in view of their smallarity, experienced a strong cultural and linguistic effect of both the local Arab population and other North Caucasians, mostly Adygs. and Chechens. As evidenced by the author of the two-volume monograph "Emigration of Dagestanis to the Ottoman Empire" Amirkhan Magomeddadayev: "Representatives of North Caucasian, and in particular the Dagestan diaspora played and play a significant role in the socio-economic and socio-political, spiritual and ethnic life of Turkey, Jordan and Syria ... Speaking about Modern Turkey, quite, in our opinion, indicate that the Minister of State Security of the Turkish Republic in the government of Tansu Chiller was Mehmet Gulkhan - a descendant of Mughadzhirov from the village of Kulezma, or Abdulhalim Menteusha, the commander of the airlock, who was an attempted public coup in 1960 in Turkey. "

Areas of historical accommodation of Avars residents in Dagestan:

Avar Koisu.

• Ahwaki
• Gergebilsky,
• Gumbetovsky,
• Gunibsky,
• Kazbekovsky,
• Tlyratinsky,
• Unzuculsky,
• Hongzakh,
• Charodinsky
• Shaminist.

Anthropology

Fragment of the tombstone XX century. (Gunibsky district, Farm Sech)

The Caucusque type some scientists consider the final result of the transformation of the Caspian type in the conditions of high-altitude isolation. In their opinion, the formation of the Caucusque type in Dagestan refers to the XIV century BC. e. Considering the problem of the origin of the Caucancing type, Academician V.P. Alekseev noted: "Theoretical disputes around the problem of origin of this type led to a more or less unambiguous solution to the issue of the local population of the central foothill Caucasian ridge, not later than in the bronze era, and maybe And at earlier time. " However, there is another, more substantiated and common point of view, according to which the Caspian anthropological type is not directly related to the Caucusian, being somewhat depigmented as a result of mixing with the Caucancing of the ADDU-Pamir race. It should be emphasized that with the Caspian coast on the plain and foothill areas of Dagestan and only on the valleys of Samura and Chira, the representatives of this group penetrated high in the mountains.

Avar crosses and a spiral swastika. Stone carving

G. F. Debets witnessed the similarity of the Caucusian anthropological type with an ancient population of Eastern European Plain and then until Scandinavia, expressing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe penetration of the ancestors of the Caucusque type in the field of their modern settlement from the north.

Despite all its peculiarity, outside the Caucasus, the Caucasians are closest to the Dinar anthropological type of the Balkano-Caucasian race, which is characteristic primarily for Croats, Chernogorstsev.

Anthropological type, closest to the "Classic" Creemone, is usually linked to the spread of the culture of cord ceramics. The latter is often seen as the original Indo-European. The era of the late Neolithic and the bronze of the culture of cord ceramics is localized along the large spaces of the North-West of the European coast and the Baltic States, in the festival and aisle, as well as in some areas of Central Europe, where it is in contact with the culture of tape ceramics. In the II millennium BC. e. The branch of this culture applies to the upper Volga (Fatyan culture). On this occasion, Kuzmin A. G. Writes the following: "It is the main anthropological type of population associated with the cultures of cord ceramics, puzzled anthropologists with extremely wide geography of his distribution, especially since the Caucasus (the Kavkaya population) and the Balkans needed to be added to the above-mentioned regions (Dinar type in the area of \u200b\u200bAlbania and Montenegro). Literature has different options for explanation of the noted similarity. One of the pillars of the German nationalist archeology of Kososin wrote about the "German" expansion from the north to the Caucasus. In addition to German archaeologists, this point of view was supported by Swedish scientist N. Oberg and Finnish A.M. Talgren. Our literature was rightly pointed to the unscientific news of the concept of Kososos. But the problem itself exists, and relatively recently, this question was raised again, and some domestic scientists were supported by the opinion on the migration of the population from the North-West of Europe in the Caucasus. With regard to the Caucasus, this opinion challenged V.P. Alekseev. Recognizing that "the similarity of the Caucusque type with the anthropological type of the population of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia ... Undoubtedly," he explained his uneven evolution of the same Paleolithic ancestor, that is, he pushed the overall source. same time he admits the direct relationship of the Kavkiy and Dinar Types. "

Language

Main articles: Avar language, Avar Alphabet The distribution map of the Avar language (AV. Yaz., Latin). Zhirkov L. I. 1934

The Avar language belongs to the Nakh-Dagestan group of the North Caucasian family, has dialects divided into the Northern and South Groups (adverbs), which partly reflects the former division of the accident on Hunzakh Khanate and "Volny Societies". The first includes Satlatavsky, Hongzakh and East, in the second - Gedatlinsky, Anzuhsky, Zakaltalsky, Karakha, Andalal, Kakhibsky and Klursky; Intermediate position occupies a Batluki dialect. In general, phonetic, morphological and lexical differences are generally noted between individual dialects and dialect groups. Avar language is related to Ando-Cesse languages. Avar (along with other languages \u200b\u200bof the Nakho-Dagestan group) on Dyaconov I. M., is a living continuation of the ancient Alarodian language world, which includes such, now the dead languages \u200b\u200bas Caucasian-Albanian (Agva), Hurritsky, Urthi, Huhi

The Avarians of the Khasavyurt and Buinakian districts of Dagestan, as a rule, are freely expressing in Kumyk. The ability to speak and understand the Türkski among Avars traced, in part, and outside these areas, as Turkic language in the plain Dagestan, for many centuries, acted as a mediator language. Ethnic Avars, who reside in Turkey and Azerbaijan own, respectively, are Turkish and Azerbaijani at the level of the native.

Writing until 1927 was founded in Arabic graphics (Alezham), in 1927-1938. - Latin.

There were national schools in Dagestan. From 1938 to 1955, training in the schools of Western Dagestan to 5th grade was conducted in the Avar language, and in high schools in Russian. From the 6th class Avar ("native") language and literature studied as separate items. 1955-56 academic year Teaching in schools of accidents from grade 1 was translated into Avar. Since the 1964-65 school year, all urban national schools in the republic were closed. Currently, on the territory of Dagestan, schooling among the Avarians to the third grade is conducted in Arabic, then on Avar. But this concerns only rural schools with a mononational population, in the cities, teaching is mainly in Russian. According to the Constitution of Dagestan Avar language in Dagestan, together with other national languages, has the status of "state"

Since 2002, the North Caucasian studio of the American radio station "Freedom / Free Europe", funded by the US Congress broadcasts on Avarian language from Prague.

Religion

The overwhelming majority of the believers of Avartsev - Muslim-Sunni Sunni Schvitsky. However, as is known from numerous sources, the Avar State of Sarir (the 6th - XIII centuries) was predominantly Christian (Orthodox). The ruins of the accident still preserved ruins. The landmark is the Datushny Mosque of the village of Datuna (Shamilsky district), erected in the X century. Near the villages of Urad, Tydib, Hunsach, Halla, Tindy, Kvanada, Rugwhant, and others. Archaeologists found typical Muslim grace of VIII-X centuries. Starting in the middle of the VII century. The first steps on the territory of Dagestan, in the area of \u200b\u200bDerbent, Islamic religion slowly, but systematically expanded the range of its influence, covering one possession after another until he penetrated the XV century. In the most remote areas of Dagestan.

According to historical legends, some small part of Avars before appeal to Islam. Dagestan scientists regard these vague and fragmentary information as an echo memories of long-term contacts with Khazars. Among the samples of a stone thread in the accident, it is possible to occasionally meet "David Stars", which, however, cannot serve as evidence that the mentioned images did just Jews.

Origin and History

Main article: Sarir

HUNZ - Caucasian Hunga "Land of throne"

The wolf with the standard is a symbol of Avar Chanov on the cover of a book in Caucasian mythology. Coat of arms of the accident / Lecti.

The literature meets the view that Avars occurred from the Leggs, gels and caspis, but these statements are speculative. Neither in the Avar, nor in the Avar Toponymik, there are no lexemes that could be linked with the Legs, Gelami or Caspians, and the Avarians themselves never identified themselves with the tribes listed. According to antique sources, Caspians lived on the plain, and not in the mountains. The VI century through the North Caucasus to Europe invaded Avars ("Warhuna") - the nomadic people from Central Asia, probably - protonongol-East Iranian origin, which entered into itself at an early stage and some number of so-called "Sino Caucasians", ( And later - the thieves and turbs), although complete unity on the issue of their ethnogenesis does not exist. According to the British Encyclopedia, Eurasian Avars are the people of ancient origin. Apparently, part of them, the axis in Dagestan, gave the beginning of the state Sarir or contributed to its strengthening. To supporters of this "infiltration" point of view on the Avar ethnogenesis and the folding of statehood belong to: J. Markvart, O. Prince, V. F. Minorsky, V. M. Baleis, M. G. Magomedov, A. K. Alikbers, T. M. Aitberov. The latter believes that the proper ethnic element contributed to the reorganization and consolidation of the Avarian people not only by the power of weapons: "There is reason to believe that the rulers of the associate" Avara ", located in the Dagestan mountains, relying, apparently, on their knowledge, coming from Asia, understood the significance of the Unified Language within public education applying for centuries-old existence, and, moreover, the language of a specific, sufficiently isolated from the speech of neighbors. By spending certain and considerable funds, the rulers contributed to its formation and development - at a minimum within the Sulak basin. It is not interesting in this connection, which, early-medieval Christian propaganda in the specified territory, successfully carried out by the device of Katalikos Georgia, also walked on a single language for all. Later, in the XII century, Arab-Muslim intelligence officer Al-Gardisi noted that in South Dagestan and in the traditionally Dargin zone, the modern culture develops in several closely related languages, and in the Avaro-Ando-Cesse mountains, where local adverbs were and there are Only anvar. This circumstance seems to us the direct result of the targeted linguistic policy of the Avarian Vladyk. "

Does not see any serious reasons for doubt about the rightness of supporters of an infiltration point of view and Linguist Harald Haarmann, also linking the Dagestan ethnonym "Avar" with the heritage of Eurasian Avari ~ Warchonites. Hungarian archaeologist and historian Ishthan Erdei (in the literature in Russian widespread erroneous transcription - "Erdel"), although it comes to this topic extremely careful, but still does not deny the possibility of having a connection between Eurasian Avars and Caucasian Avars: "... according to the ancient information The authors, among the rulers of Avars Seriore (the ancient name Dagestan) was alone named Avar. Perhaps the nomads of Avara, moving to the West, temporarily stayed in the steppes of Northern Dagestan and politically subordinate or made their ally Seriel, the capital of which to the IX century. was in p. Tanyasi (not far from the modern p. Hunzakh). " A similar position is occupied by the Dagestan historian Mamaihan Aglarov. An outstanding German researcher Karl Mengaz considered the Avarov of the most ancient collunty protonongol, "whose traces" allegedly, "found in Dagestan".

Perhaps the situation with the existence of different "Avars" is possible somewhat clarifying the statement of House Housing G. V., who believed that the "Ear" and "Huni" tribes should be considered real Avars, as applies to the name "Avar" among other nations, then This case, we are dealing with something like a formidable nickname: "The word" Avara "was primarily not the name of a certain people, but was the designation of mythical creatures with superhuman abilities. Slavic designation of the giants" Obra "- Avars for so long Attending horror both on Western and Eastern Europe.

Avarians were not studied by geneticists to sufficiently (presented data on the paternal line, the Y-DNA differ significantly from one study to another) to judge how they can be related to Eurasian Avars in the genetic plan. Any special archaeological studies that have written the goal of the search for Avarian (Varhunsky) heritage in Dagestan while nobody were held by anyone, although the rich military burials of representatives of the Iranian-speaking nomadic world in the Alpine Avar district were found by archaeologists. The refugee dated to the VIII-X centuries. And conditionally attributed to Sarmatam. However, the situation is complicated by the fact that all the artifacts of the excavations of the burial grounds left by Iranian-speaking nomads on the territory of the accident only the vague definition of "Skifo-Sarmatian" is obtained. Similar sliding characteristics are devoid of specifics and do not contribute to the allocation of Avarian (Warrchunsky) propellation in the ethnogenesis and the culture of Avars, if such, of course, were. The data of the genetic molecular analysis of the parent line of origin (MTDNA) prove that the genetic distance between Avars and Tehran Iranians, Iranians of Isfahan are much less significant than between the first and almost all currently studied both Dagestan and Caucasian populations (the only exception - Rutults). Avars MTDNA test results confirm that the Poles are genetic closer to Avarz, than Karachai, Balkarians, Azerbaijanis, Ingush, Adygei, Kabardians, Circassians, Abkhaz, Georgians, Armenians, Dagestan Lezgins (I. Nasidze, Ey S Ling and others. Mithochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in The Caucasus. 2004). At the same time, the indicators of Ossetians, Chechens, Kurds, Dargintsev, Abazin demonstrate relatively close relatives. Poles in the degree of relationship are inferior only to the rudors, Iranians Tehran, Iranians of Isfahan. Following the Russians (with a slight difference in the distance), there are again not Caucasian-speaking populations, but Poles and Ossetians-Ardonians.

State Education

The territory inhabited by Avars was called Sarir (SeriL). The first mentions about this possession refer to VI. In the north and northwest, Sarir bordered by Alans and Khazari. The presence of a common border between sirry and Alania emphasizes al-Masidi.

Sarir reached the highest heyday in the X-XI centuries, being a major political formation of the Northeast Caucasus. When the Board of Surakat I, Sarira were subject to all nations from Shemakh to Kabarda, including extinguishes and Chechens. So, according to the memorization of the Imperial Geographical Society,

Avar Nuzal Surakat commanded the peoples from Shemakh to Kabarda, and Chechens and Tshai were in unconditional dependence on him.

His rulers and the bulk of the population in this period were confessed by Christianity. Arabic geographer and traveler Ibn Ruste (X century) reports that King Sarira is called Avar (Auhar). With the X century Current contacts of Sarira with Alania, which have developed, probably on antihazar soil are traced. A contract was concluded between the rulers of the two countries, and they mutually gave each other sisters. From the point of view of Muslim geography, Sarir as a Christian state was in the orbit of the Byzantine Empire. Al-Istahri reports: "... to the state Rum includes the limits ... Rus, Sarir, Alan, Arman and all others who professes Christianity." Sarira's relationship with neighboring Islamic Emirates Derbent and Shirvan were tense and from both sides, they were abused by frequent conflicts. However, ultimately, Sarira managed to neutralize the danger from there and even interfere in the internal affairs of the Derbent, providing support, in its discretion, one or another opposition. By the beginning of the XII century, Sarir as a result of internal strife, as well as folding a wide anti-Christian front in Dagestan, which caused the economic blockade, collapsed, and Christianity turned out to be gradually displaced by Islam. Received to us the names of the kings of Sarira, as a rule, - Syrian-Iranian origin.

From Mongols to wars with Persians

The territory of the accident and Western Dargin territories, unlike the rest of Dagestan, were not affected by the Mongolian invasion of the XIII century. The period of the first campaign of Mongolian detachments led by Jebe and Subuda to Dagestan (1222), the Sarirste took an active part in the fight against the enemy of the Mongols of Khorezmshaha Jelal Ad-Dina and his allies - Kypchakov. The events associated with the second campaign took place as follows: in the spring of 1239 from the Alanian capital of the magazine in the foothills of the Central Caucasus in the foothills of the Central Caucasus, a strong detachment was separated under the command of leaving. Having passed the North and Primorsky Dagestan, he turned around the Derbent area to the mountains and reached the autumn to the Agul Slah Richa. It was taken and destroyed, which is also evidenced by the epigraphic monuments of this village. Then the Mongols passed to the lacquers land and in the spring of 1240 were traded by their main reference point - Selo Kumuh. Mohammed Rafi notes, "that the inhabitants of Kumuchi fought with great courage, and the last defenders of the fortress - 70 boys - killed in the kikuli quarter. Saratan and Cautort devastated Kumuh ... And all the princes of Kumukhsky, originating from Hamza, dissipated in different parts of the world. " Further, according to Rashid-Ad-Dina, it is known that Mongols reached the "region of Avir" - this is an avian land. However, there are no any information about the hostile actions of the Mongols in relation to Avarz.

In the autumn of 1242, the Mongols took a new trip to the mountain Dagestan. Apparently, they penetrated there through Georgia. However, the way to the conquerors were blocked by Avars led by Avar Khan. All attempts by Mongols to conquer an accident did not have success. Muhammed Rafi writes about the prisoner alliance between the Mongols and Avars - "Such a union was founded on friendship, harmony and fraternity," - supported to the same and dynastic marriages. According to the modern researcher, Murada Magomedov, the rulers of the Golden Horde contributed to the expansion of the accidents of the accident, putting on her the role of a collector of Dani with numerous peoples conquered in the Caucasus: "The initially established peaceful relations between the Mongols and the accident may also be associated with historical memory of the Mongols. They obviously had information about the militant Avar Kaganate, which prevail in the IV century. On the ancient territory of Mongolia ... Perhaps the consciousness of the unity of the pranodine of two peoples and determined the loyal attitude of the Mongols to Avaras, which they could perceive as an ancient tribesmen who were in the Caucasus long before them ... With the patronage of the Mongols, it should be obviously borne and marked in sources States and the development of economic activities in the accident ... This can be judged from Hamdull Kazvini reports, which notes about the fairly extensive sizes of the accident at the beginning of the XIV century. (the length of supposedly in one month of the road), which united the plain and mountainous areas. "

By 1404, the first reliable mention of the population of Nagorno Dagestan called "Avara", it belongs to John de Galoniforibus, which wrote that "Circassians, Leki, Yassa, Alans, Avars, Kazikumuhi" live in the Caucasus. Nuzalhan's will (that is, the "ruler") of the Avarsky - Andduik, dated 1485, the latter also uses this term, calling himself "Emir of Vilayat Avar."

In the subsequent period, the ancestors of modern Avars were recorded as part of the Avarian and Mehtulin Khunni; Some combined rural communities (the so-called "free societies") preserved a democratic system of government (like ancient Greek policies) and independence. In the South Caucasus, such a status possessed the so-called Jared Republic - the state education of the Transcaucasian Avars in the Union with the Tsahurami. Dagestan was most famous of the republic - Andalal (Avar. - "ẅandalal), Ankratle (Avar. - Ankyrak) and Gedat (Avar. - Gyid). At the same time, Avars have possessed a single legal system. Martial spirit and military accounting of representatives of republics -" free societies »The accidents were traditionally very high. So, for example, in September 1741, on the territory of the Andalal, they, with the support of Darginian and Lakk squads, despite the significant numerical and technical superiority of the enemy, managed to strike a crushing defeat by the Iranian conqueror of Nadirshah Afsha, who did not know before Clashes with Avar "Jamaatami" (that is, "societies") not a single military failure and in the zenith of its power.

Military collisions of Avarstez with Persians began in the 30s. XVIII century. Persians have repeatedly made attempts to conquer Highlandes of Dagestan, but none of them were crowned with success. One of these expeditions undertaken in the fall of 1738, the Avarian village of Jar was defeated by 32 thousandths of Brother Nadir-Shah Ibrahim-Khan, he himself was killed. This battle Persians lost about 24 thousand people killed. Thirsting revenge for brother, Shah moved 100 thousandth army to Dagestan. Dagestan has joined Hasbulat Tarkovsky and Mehdi Khan. Meeting the resistance of local peoples, Nadir Shah responded with atrocities: burned whole aules, destroyed the population, etc. Conquering all the peoples in his way, Shah entered into an accident. As the English historian L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L. L.

While the accident remained uncompressed, the key to Dagestan was in the inadvertence of Nadir-Shaha.

After the battles in the Aimakinsky gorge, as well as under the villages, the clad, chole and oh, more than 100 thousandth army of Nadir - the ally of Russia on the antiturique coalition - was revealed to 25-27 thousand, with which the Persian autocratic was first retained to Derbent, and in February 1743 G. and in general left the limits of Dagestan. According to the contemporary - Russian resident at the Persian courtyard I. Kalushkina: "But ten persian against one Lezgints (that is, Dagestanz) is unable to stand."

The remains of the Persian troops scattered through Dagestan and Chechnya. Chechen ethnographer of the XIX century Umalat Laudaev reports this:

Persians, broken by Avars at Nadir Shahe, scattered through Dagestan, some of them settled between the Chechens.

Coat of arms of Avar Khanate

Coat of arms of Avarian Khanov (on the Georgian historian and traveler Vakhushti Bagrationi, the XVIII century)

At the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of the Academy of Sciences of Georgia named after K. Kekelidze, a map of Georgia is kept (1735), known as the "Map of the Iberian Kingdom or All Georgia", which depicts 16 "coat of arms" and "signs" of the components of Georgia of land, individual Georgian principalities and historical regions (Georgia, Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Vysheti, Guri, Samtshe, Svaneti, Abkhazeti, Ossetia, Combat, Shirvan, etc.), including Dagestan.

The author of the map - Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagration (1696, Tbilisi - 1757, Moscow), the son of King Kartli Vakhtanga VI Bagrationi, a famous Georgian historian, geographer and cartographer. He received a traditional spiritual and secular education at the court of his father, the Missionaries Catholics studied Latin and European languages, mathematics, astronomy, history, geography and other sciences, a lot traveled. 1724 due to the severe political situation created in the country, Vakhushti Bagrationi was forced together with the numerous retinue of Tsar Vakhtanga VI to emigrate to Russia, where he continued scientific activities in Moscow. Along with Mikhail Lomonosov Vakhushti Bagrationi was considered one of the founders of Moscow University (before the beginning of the 20th century, his name was indicated on a memorial plaque on the wall of the University building).

The main fundamental essay of Vakhushti, written in Moscow in 1742-1745 on the basis of the materials collected earlier, is the "History of Ancient Georgia" and the "Description of the Georgian Kingdom" attached to it, which includes the historical events "from the creation of the world" until 1745 and a detailed description of geography countries. The quality of the application to his work Vakhushti was a geographical atlas with 22 cards. These cards were copied and translated into Russian and French back in the 1730s. The Vakhushti map was published in French translation in 1766 in Paris, and Russian copies were kept in the Department of the Handwritten Book of the Library of the Academy of Sciences.

Vakhushti amounted to two atlas: "Kazan" in 1735 and "Petersburg" with clarifications and additions in 1742-1743. For the first time, both atlas were published in 1997, to the 300th anniversary of the scientist, the Academy of Sciences of Georgia and the Institute of Geography. Vakhushti Bagrations in the publishing house "Vakhushti Bagrationi. Atlas Georgia, XVIII century "(Tbilisi). Unfortunately, in Dagestan, this event turned out to be unnoticed, although the "Atlas of Vakhushti" contains a unique material on the historical geography of the Northeast Caucasus.

We are interested in the first Atlas of Vakhushti, in which there is a so-called "general map of Georgia". About this map In 1852, Academician M. Bross wrote: "... In the library of the University of Kazan University, five sheets of the eight-liter Russian atlas of the Transcaucasia, compiled by Tsarevich Vakhucht, were preserved. These cards entered the same library in 1807, among other books owned by the once prince G. A. Potemkin-Tauride ... The first of the preserved five cards of this satin is a common map of Georgia ... on a special shield Georgian inscription with a detailed calculus of different countries included in cards. This calculus ends with the words: "I me (described) with hasty hunt. Your servant regal Vakhushti. The coat of arms or signs of all those parts of the apodium above are exhibited. 1735 Jan. 22 ". Indeed, on the same map 16 emblems of all parts of the former Georgian kingdom are depicted. "

Vakhushti calls images on his "coat of arms" or "signs", among these traditional symbolic symbolic designations are also known and Dagestan coat of arms: on the light green cloth the wolf runs away from the mountain cracks (part of his body is hidden between the mountains), between the front paws Which is placed in the flag with impurge. Above the coat of arms was made on the Georgian language: "Lekiisa Dagiystanis", that is, "(coat of arms) of Lekov Dagestan."

Comparison with Wolf as a compliment

If we talk about the wolf as the central plot of the coat of arms, then it is necessary to note the fact that this animal has traditionally been used by Avars and some other nations of Dagestan (not all) as a symbol of courage and courage. G. F. Chursin In the work on the ethnography of Avars, he writes that courage and courage, with which wolf makes their predatory raids, "they spawned respect for Him, some kind of cult. "Wolf - God's Watchman," Avars say. He has neither herd, no bins, he extracts food to be pretty. Respecting wolf for the strength, courage and courage, the people naturally attribute to various parts of the body of the wolf magical properties. For example, the wolf's heart is boiled and gives there a boy so that a strong, warlike man will come out of it. " P. K. Uslar in a brief dictionary to his work on the Avar language gives such an explanation to the perception of a wolf at Avarz residents: "Any likelihood of the wolf at the horses is considered to be praise, just as we like to lion." There, he gives five expressions of comparisons with a wolf having a compliment character in everyday avian speech (wolf temper, a shortwheat wolf, etc.). At the same time, the wolf, even at the Avarians themselves, did not use such a diet everywhere, part of the Western Avarian societies in this role used an eagle, and a portion of the bear. The cult of the Wolf The same Chursin was noted especially in the central Avar region.

Expansion of the XVI-XVII centuries.

XVI-XVII centuries. Characterized by the processes of strengthening of feudal relations in Avar Nucelly. Territorially, it was quite extensive: the southern border was held along the Avar Koisu River, and North reached the Argun River. This period lasted the intensive resettlement of Avars in Jaro-Bellokana. Using a favorable moment of weakening, and then the collapse of shamhamn, the Avarian khans subordinate to their power the neighboring rural communities of Bagvalinesev, Chamalians, Tindintsev and others, due to which significantly expanded their territory. Umma-Khan Avar (nicknamed "Great") was achieved the greatest success in this. With it, nutsalism expanded its borders both at the expense of the subordination of the Avarian "free societies" and due to the neighboring Chechen territory (primarily Cheberela's society). Umma-Khan paid Dan Georgian king Heraclius II, Derbent, Cuban, Shekinsky, Baku, Shirvan Khan, Vassal Turkey - Pasha Akhaltsichsky, as well as Ichkerinsky and Aukhov Chechens. During hostilities, the Allied Society with Hongzakh Khan was obliged to supply the army and ensure it all necessary. Speaking about Umma-Khan, Kovalevsky S. S. notes that he is a man of large enterprises, leaning and courage. His own possession was small, but the influence on the surrounding peoples is "very strong, so he represents something like the Lord of Dagestan." Describing the Umma-Khan Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff of the Russian Army, the Neverovsky writes,

That no domain in Dagestan reached the extent of the power as Omar-Khan Avar. And if Kazikumaki is proud of their Surhai Khan, then Avarians, always the strongest tribe in the mountains, even more have the right to remember with pride about Omar-Khan, the former is really a thunder of all the Transcaucasia.

According to Y. Kostenetsky's testimony,

The accident was once the most strongest in the mountains of Lezgistan by Society - Khanate. She not only owned many, now from her independent societies, but there was almost the only ladies in this part of the mountains, and the Khans trembled all the neighbors.

Relationship with Chechens

Until the beginning of the XIX century, the entire territory of Big Chechnya belonged to the Avarian Khanam, "but about 80 years old, as those who lived in the mountains in the mountains of the Chechens spread, on the lack of land and civilians, came out of the mountains on the pioneer of Argun and Sunii. At the same time, Chechens pledged to pay to Avar Nuzalu. In detail about this period tells the Chechen ethnographer Umar Laudaev:

Ichkeria was not still inhabited by this tribe, they owned the Avarian Khan. With his green hills and fat meadows, she greatly manilated half-oral Chechens. Tradition silent about the reasons that prompted half the names of the then Chechen tribe to move to Ichkeria. Many reasons could encourage them: 1) lack of land from multiplied surnames and population; 2) disagreement and discreets for landmarks and 3) they could encourage political reasons. Georgia acquired power over these people and imposed difficult conditions on the country; You could not fully want to fulfill them in the country and had to move. Queuing to pay Avarian Khan Yasak (file), they began their resettlement; But since for Khan was material interest to settle more people to sue, then he promoted various benefits to the strongest relocation. More fruitful land of Ichkeria and the power of Avarian Khanov attracted half of the then the names of this tribe; Endless fights and discords that took place in the priority land have even more strengthened resettlement. Weak, hoping on the power of Khan, resorted under his cover, and the relocation occurred so quickly that the territorial constraint was soon felt and the following sim implications, inevitable in the middle-aged people: fights, murders.

On behalf of the Avarian Khanov, Andean Avarians were to "collect to file in favor of the Khanov", also indicated in the source, "what this file was not Yasak, but to raise (serfs), since Ichkerins were Hopes of Avar Khanov." By the end of the reign of Umma-Khan Avar, the power over Chechens begins to fade. Chechen society has been so multiplied as he managed to fold the Avarian Khan's service. According to Laudaev at the end of the XVIII century

"The state of the societies of the Chechen tribe at that time, that is, at the end of the XVIII century, there was the following. Aukhovtsy, who were under the authority of the Avarians, freed themselves ... Ichkerins who were under the authority of the Avarian Khanov, reject their power and take adoption of the earth ... Ichkerinians remained the beginning of public life, whims from them by thevarians, and they were less rude and dangerous. "

Caucasian War and Imamat Shamil

In 1803, part of the Avar Khanate was part of the Russian Empire. However, initially, the royal administration made a number of major errors and miscalculations. Heavy defeats and grants, expropriation of land, deforestation of forest land, construction of fortresses, ubiquitous tensions caused displeasure people, first of all, his most freedom-loving and warlike part, - "WORKING" (that is, "free communities"), never before those who did not live under the like by the Board. All supporters of Russia have been declared "bootiers" and "traitors", and the royal administration "the conductors of the slaving system, -nualizing and offensive to true Muslims." On this social and religious basis at the beginning of the 20s of the XIX century. The anti-sacristian movement of the hustances under the slogans of Sharia and Muridism began. The end of 1829 with the support of the generally accepted spiritual leader of the Caucasus, Lezgin Magomeda Yaragsky (Mohammed Al Yaragi), elected the first imam of Dagestan Avacure - Mullah Gazi-Mohammed from the village of Gimra. Gazi-Mohammed with a small detachment of his adherents was introduced by Sharia in Avar Aulach, often by the power of weapons. Having organized the fortified camp of Chumgesgen, Gazi-Muhammed hosted against the Russians at the beginning of 1831. In 1832, he made a successful raid towards Chechnya, as a result of which most of the region moved on his side. Soon, during the battle in his native village, Gazi-Muhammed died.

After the death of Gazi-Mohammed, Muridian movement was localized within the framework of Nagorno Dagestan societies and experienced far from the best times. At the initiative of Sheikh Magomeda Yaragsky (Mohammed Al Yaragi) was convened by the "Supreme Council of Scientists" - Ulam, the second Imam was elected Gamzat Beck from the village of Gotsatl, who for two years continued the case of Gazi-Mohammed - "Gazavat" ("Sacred War" ). 1834. They were exterminated by the Khan dynasty, which caused anger among Hongzakh. After the murder, Hamzat-Beka Imam elected Shamil - a student Magomeda Yaragsky (Mohammed Al Yarahi) and the Association of Gazi-Mohammed, who headed the national liberation movement of the horses for 25 years. All these years, Shamil remained the sole political, military and spiritual leader not only from Dagestan, but also Chechnya. I wore the official title to imam. 1842-1845 On the territory of the entire accident and Chechnya Shamil was created a military-theocratic state - Imamat, with his hierarchy, internal and foreign policy. The entire territory of Imamata was divided into 50 terms - military administrative units, at the head of which were the most appointed Shamil. Based on the experience of war, Shamil held a military reform. Mobilization among men's population aged from 15 to 50 years, the army is divided into "thousands", "hundreds", "dozens". The core of the armed forces was a cavalry, which included the Guard "Murtazeks". The manufacture of artillery guns, bullets, powder was established. He had the title of Marshal Ottoman Empire, and in July 1854 officially received the title of Generalissimus. Long war destroyed the farm, brought huge human and material losses, many villages were destroyed and burned. He, in view of the relative small number of the Avar and Chechen peoples, tried to find among the one-day Muslims as many allies as possible, but not at all the desire to join Turkey. Avarians, Chechens, Dargins, Lezgins, Kumyki, Laksi and other nations of Dagestan participated in hostilities.

The total number of Chamil's troops reached 15 thousand people. More than 10 thousand of them were provided by the avarian location. Thus, the number of anvarts in the army's troops exceeded 70%.

As for the military training of Avars, the general of the royal army Vasily Potto wrote:

The Grid Army has many people enriched Russian military affair, was the phenomenon of unusual strength. It was definitely the strongest popular army with which tsarism met. Pure Military Training Caucasian Highland seemed amazing. Neither the Highlanders of Switzerland, nor Moroccans Abd El Cader, nor Sikhi India, have never reached in the military art of such striking heights as an awers and Chechens.

Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, who served in the Caucasus writes about Avartz:

Avarmen - the people are free. They do not know and do not endure any power. Each Avacar calls himself to be a bidder, and if she has no (prisoner), he considers himself an important Barine. Poor, investigators, and brands to an eye; The taller arrows from the rifles - are nice to foot; The riding is sent only to raids, and that is very few. The loyalty of the Avar word in the mountains appealed to the proverb. Houses are quiet, hospitable, welcome, do not hide in wives, nor daughters - for the guest ready to die and revenge until the end of generations. Revenge for them - shrine; Robbery - glory. However, it is often forced to be needed ...
Avarza is the most militant tribe, Caucasian cores.

End of the Sacred War

Tsarism did not fail to learn lessons from his mistakes and failures and radically changed tactics, temporarily abandoning the policy of a rigid colonial negle. Muridist slogans on the need to keep a "sacred war" with Russia to the last teenager who can hold weapons in their hands, not believing with any victims, no loss, - they began to be perceived by the horses like horses and disastrous. The authority of Shamil and his Nabs began to melt. Shamil often had to fight not only with the Russians, but also with her "frondlers." So, part of the Avarians (first of all, Hongzakh and Chochi) fought on the side of Russia in the divisions of the Milk Militia and the Dagestan horse shelf. After the capitulation of Shamil, all Avarian lands were included in the Dagestan region. 1864 The Avar Khanate was liquidated, the Avar district was formed on its territory. In relation to the Avars, there are numerous facts in Dagestan, testifying to empower them with such benefits and the privileges that even the vast majority of Russians themselves were deprived. Particularly, this applies to the rapid provision of high military awards, noble ranks, officers. Captured Shamil from the king was rendered maximum honors. The royal administration and Russian military leaders spoke very highly about Shamile as a courageous and decent personality, emphasized his outstanding talent of the commander and politics. Avars at the Emperor Alexandra II was part of the Life Guards Units of the Tsarist Conv, including the guard service in the palace rest of the monarch of the family.

By the beginning of the Caucasian war in Dagestan, about 200 thousand Avars lived, and more than 150 thousand Chechens lived on the territory of Chechnya. Wars with the Russian Empire led to the fact that Avartsev and Chechens by the end of the Caucasian war left less than half. 1897 - 18 years after the end of the war, the number of Avars reached only 158.6 thousand people. 1926, Avars residents in Dagestan numbered 184.7 thousand people. One of the consequences of the Caucasian War was also the emigration of Dagestanis to the Ottoman Empire. The royal administration initially even encouraged this phenomenon, but after the emigration became from year to year to acquire the nature of the mass exit of the Avarian people to Turkey, she began to impede. Tsarism, on the one hand, could not settle the Avar Mountains with Cossacks, and on the other hand, it turned out to be a witness to the use of the Ottoman Empire of the North Caucasian ethnic element as shock fork compounds against its internal and external enemies.

As part of the USSR

In 1921, the Dagestan ASSR was formed. The end of the 1920s on the lands, populated by Avars, began collectivization and industrialization.

In 1928, the Avar Alphabet was created on a Latin basis (in 1938 translated into Cyrillic). Numerous Avarian schools opened, the language began to teach in universities, the national secular intelligentsia appeared.

In 1940-1960, many Avarians moved from the mountainous area to the plain.

Culture and customs

Swasty and crosses of Maltese type from the accident. Stone carving

Traditional lifestyle

The social organization of the people was based on a rural community, which consisted of blood-study associations - Tukhumov; Community members were private owners, but at the same time and co-owners of the property of the community (pastures, forests, etc.). The average community included 110-120 yards. The head of the community was an elder (from the end of the XIX century - a foreman), which was eating on a rural approach (Jamaat) with all male population over 15 years old. By the end of the XIX century, the role of rural communities in the life of anvars was noticeably decreased; The elders were under strong pressure of the Russian authorities.

The traditional settlement of Avarz residents is a fortress, consisting of houses adjacent to each other (stone, with a flat roof, usually two- or three-story) and combat towers. All settlements are oriented to the south. The settlement center was usually arranged in the area, which was a public gathering venue; Here, as a rule, there was a mosque. The life of the Avarian family almost always proceeded in one room, which had significantly large sizes relatively to other rooms. The most important element of the room was a hearth that was in her center. An decoration of the room was also a pillar with an ornament. Currently, the interior of the housing of Avars is close to city apartments.

The most popular and typically mountain symbolism in Dagestan is considered swastiki, first of all - spiral shape and with rounded edges, as well as Maltese crosses, labyrinths in large numbers occurring on carved stones, antique carpets and women's decorations. Mentioned and the fact that Hongzakh Khans often used as a state emblem (including on steaks) an image of the "Wolf with a Standard", and Andiyza, - "Eagle with a saber".

Avarka from with. Choke in the national dress. Figure Khalil-Bek Musayasul, Germany, 1939

Avarians are engaged in animal husbandry (on plains - cattle breeding, in the mountains - sheep-flowering), pool (in the mountains, terraced agriculture is developed; Rye, wheat, barley, oats, millet, pumpkin, etc.), gardening (apricots, peaches, plum, Alycha and dr.) and viticulture; Frequently developed carpetworking, suknerem, leather treatment, copper chasing, stone carving and wood. By the end of the XX century, zonal specialization of agriculture increased; So, the importance of agriculture fell in the mountains. Avarians are also engaged in industry and services.

Avarians had a developed folklore (fairy tales, proverbs, various songs - lyrical and heroic). Traditional Avar Musical Instruments - Chagana (Booked); (Tlamur, Randur), (Zurma-Kyli, Zurna-Kuli); Chagur (string), Lalu (species of swirls), tambourine.

In the past, the entire Avar people, with the exception of the dependent class, represented "Bo" (< *bar < *ʔwar) - вооружённое ополчение, народ-войско. Это обстоятельство предъявляло высокие требования к духовно-физической подготовке каждого потенциального «бодулав» (то есть «военнообязанного», «ополченца»), и, естественно, сказалось на культивировании среди аварской молодёжи таких видов единоборств без оружия как «хатбай» - разновидность спортивной драки, практиковавшей удары ладонями, «мелигъдун» (поединки с применением шеста, вкупе с ударной техникой ног) и борьбы на поясах. Впоследствии все они были вытеснены, в основном, вольной борьбой и восточными единоборствами, ставшими для аварцев подлинно национальными и весьма престижными видами спорта.

Traditional clothes

Traditional clothes from Avars residents are similar to the clothes of other nations of Dagestan: it consists of a nice shirt with a collar-rack and ordinary pants, Besht was put on top of the shirt. In winter, a cotton lining was fasted to Beshmet. Phapa lagged on his head. Women's clothing from Avar residents was distinguished by a great variety. Clothing was essentially an ethnic sign, a distinctive element. According to the method of wearing dresses and handkerchief, in shape and color, by type of fur coats, shoes and decorations, especially on the head fault, it was possible to determine from which society or the village of one or another woman. The girl put on a dress made of colored fabric with a red belt, senior women preferred to wear clothes of monochrome and dark flowers.

Avar kitchen

Main article: Avar kitchen

Hincal (from Avar. Hinkial, where Hinki 'Galushushka, a boiled piece of dough' + -al suffix mn. h.) - The traditional dish of Dagestan cuisine, one of the most popular and these days. It is a piece of dough-welded in meat broth (actual "quinkalina"), supplied with broth, boiled meat and sauce.

Hinkal should not be confused with Georgian Hinkali, which is essentially different type of dishes.

Miracle - Traditional dish, which is round thin dough cakes with different stuffing. Pellets are filled with cottage cheese with greenery or crumpled potatoes with greens and roasted on a flat frying pan. Fixed with lubricated oil or sour cream and cut to 6-8 parts by diameter. Use hands.

Notes

1. Information materials on the final results of the All-Russian Census of the 2010 population. National population of the Russian Federation
2. Including related Avartz Anders-Cesse nations: 14 peoples with a total number of 3,548,646 people
3. 1 2 3 4 Information materials on the final results of the All-Russian Census of the 2010 population. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls.
4. Including Related Avarians Andard Cesse nations: 13 peoples with a total number of 48 184 people
5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Results of the All-Russian Census of the 2010 population in the Republic of Dagestan, Volume 3 National Composition
6. 1 2 3 4 Including Related Avarians Ando Casse Peoples
7. Applications for the results of the VPN 2010 in Moscow. Appendix 5. National composition of the population in administrative districts of the city of Moscow
8. Including related Avartz Anders-Cesse nations: 7 nations with a total number of 41 people
9. All-Russian Census of 2002. Volume 4 - "National Composition and Languages, Citizenship". Population by nationality and ownership of the Russian language in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
10. Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan
11. 1 2 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF AZERBAIJAN 2009
12. ETHNIC GROUPS OF GEORGIA: Censuses 1926-2002
13. 1 2 Population census of Georgia 2002. Population of rural settlements (Census_of_village_population_of_georgia) (cargo.) - P. 110-111
14. 1 2 Atayev B. M. Avarza: language, story, writing. - Makhachkala, 2005. - P. 21. - ISBN 5-94434-055-X
15. All-Ukrainian population census 2001 nationality and native language
16. Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on statistics. Census 2009. (National population .RAR)
17. 1989 in the Kazakh SSR was 2,777 Avars: a demoskop. Ethnosostav of the Kazakh SSR in 1989
18. http://www.irs-az.com/pdf/090621161354.pdf.
19. SAMIZDAT MATERIALS. - Ohio State University, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, 2010. - P. 114.
20. V. A. Tishkov, E. F. Kisraiov Multiple identity between theory and policies (example of Dagestan)
21. Baylis V. M. From the history of Dagestan, the VI-XI centuries. (Sarir) // Historical Notes. - 1963. - T. 73.
22. Magomedov Murad. History of Avars. Makhachkala: DGU, 2005.
23. Studies in Caucasian History. - Cambridge University Press, 1957.
24. S. E. Flowers. Historical moment: twelve centuries of our history for twelve months.
25. Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Archived from primary source May 16, 2015.
26. Collection "Caucasian Highlanders". Tiflis, 1869 year.
27. E. I. Kozubsky. History of the Dagestan equestrian shelf. 1909 S.-9
28. Kisriev E. Republic Dagestan. Model of ethnological monitoring / ed. Series Tishkov V. A., Ed. Books Stepanov V. in .. - M.: IEA RAS, 1999. - P. 132.
29. Atayev B. M., 1996, researchers consider the "Avar" territory that corresponded to the Hongzakh plateau. "The name Avar is given by strangers and may relate exclusively to Hongzakh," PK wrote at one time. Usar.
30. The experience of analyzing the ethnonym Yarussa "Avars" // Collection of articles on the issues of Dagestan and Vainakhovsky linguistics. - Makhachkala, 1972. - 338 p.
31. Tauridtes // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: 4 volumes. - SPb., 1907-1909.
32. Lezgins. Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982.
33. Cürinians. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D. N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
34. Big Encyclopedia: Dictionary of publicly available information for all branches of knowledge. / Ed. S. N. Yuzhakova. 20 volumes. - SPb.: Publishing house T-Va "Enlightenment".
35. The State Statistic COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN. Population by Ethnic Groups.
36. By the author of the post "Emniyet Bakanı" erroneously translated as "Minister of Defense", whereas it means "Minister of State Security". We corrected this mistake, which the author of the monograph also informed.
37. Magomeddadaev Amirkhan. "Emigration of Dagestanis to the Ottoman Empire. (History and modernity) Book II - Makhachkala: DNH RAS. 2001.S. 151-152. ISBN 5-297-00949-9
38. Debets G. F. Paleoanthropology of the USSR. - M., 1948. - T. IV. - (Proceedings of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR).
39. Rizakhanova M. Sh. On the issue of ethnogenesis Lezgin // Lavrovsky (Central Asia-Caucasian) reading, 1998-1999: Principal. Content. Dokl. - 2001. - P. 29.
40. D. A. Krinov. The oldest history of the Volga-Okrug interfluid. M., 1972. P. 241.
41. G. F. Debets. Anthropological studies in Dagestan // Proceedings IE. T. XXXIII. M., 1956; Its: anthropological types. // "Peoples of the Caucasus". T. 1. M., 1960.
42. V.P. Alekseev. The origin of the peoples of the Caucasus. M., 1974. P. 133, 135-136
43. Dyakonov I. M. Together with Starostin S. A. Hurrito-Uranty and East Caucasian languages \u200b\u200b// Ancient East: Ethnocultural Communications - M.: 1988
44. On April 3, 2002, Radio Liberty began to regularly broadcast on the North Caucasus
45. Radio "Freedom" spoke in Chechen
46. As radio "Freedom" broadcasts to the North Caucasus
47. Isabdullaev M. A. Mythology of the peoples of the Caucasus. - Makhachkala: KSI, 2006
48. Vakhushti Bagrationi. Atlas of Georgia (XVIII century). - TB., 1997.
49. Gardi. History.
50. Notes of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Book VII. Under. ed. D. I. Kovalensky. First edition. Tiflis, 1866. P. 52.
51. Magomedov R. M. History of Dagestan: Tutorial; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House Pedagogy, 2002.
52. Magomedov Murad. History of Avars. - Makhachkala: DGU, 2005. S. 124.
53. The history of Dagestan from ancient times until the end of the nineteenth century. Part 1. CPI DSU. Makhachkala, 1997, p.180-181
54. Muhammad Kazim. Nadir Shaha's campaign to India. M., 1961.
55. AVPR, f. "Decisions of Russia with Persia", 1741
56. Lokhartl., 1938. R. 202.
57. Umalat Laudaev. "Chechen tribe" Collection of information about the Caucasian mountaineers. Tiflis, 1872.
58. Vakhushti Bagrationi. Geography Geography. 1904 Translation of M. G. Dzhanashvili. Tiflis, typography K. P. Kozlovsky.
59. Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. III. Avar language. - Tiflis, 1889. - 550 s.
60. Lieutenant Colonel Neverovsky. A brief historical look at the Northern and Middle Dagestan before the destruction of the influence of Lezgins in the Transcaucasia. C-n. 1848 year. p. 36.
61. Magomedov M. History of Avars. Checked on January 26, 2013. Archived from the source on February 2, 2013.
62. Lieutenant Colonel Neverovsky. Ibid.
63. Ya. I. Kostenetsky. Avar Expedition 1837 // "Contemporanik" 1850, KN. 10-12 (Separate publication: Notes on Avar Expedition SPB., 1851)
64. RGVIA. F. 414. OP. 1. D. 300. L. 62B; Toteev V. F. Public system of Chechnya: the second half of the XVIII - 40s of the XIX century. Nalchik, 2009. P. 238.
65. Laudaev U. "Chechen tribe" (a collection of information about the Caucasian mining of 1872 editions). P. 11-12.
66. CGA RD. F. 88 (Commission for the parsing disputes and the establishment of the without-free border between Dagestan and Terek regions (with the commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Army). OP. 1. D. 4 (report of the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District to establish the border between Dagestan and Terek region. 1899). L. 6.
67. Laudaev U. Decree. slave P. 10, 22.
68. Yusuf-Haji Safarov. The number of troops collected from different locations. SSCG. Tiflis, 1872. POS.6. PL.1. Section 2. C. 1-4.
69. Potto V. A. Caucasian War in individual essays, episodes, legends and biographies: 5 tons - SPb.: Type. E. Evdokimova, 1887-1889.
70. Bestuzhev A. A. "Caucasian Tale"
71. Shap Kaziev. Ahulgo
72. Avars. Dagestan truth.
73. N. Dagchen. Dialogues with Adallo. Part 23.
74. Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.
75. Atayev B. M. Avarza: history, language, writing. Makhachkala, 1996.
76. N. G. Volkov. Resettlement from the mountains to the plain in the North Caucasus in the XVIII-XX centuries. SE, 1971.
77. Gadzhiyev Madelena Narimanovna. Avars. History, culture, tradition. - Makhachkala: Epoch, 2012. - ISBN 978-5-98390-105-6.
78. Avars. Dagestan truth.
79. Avar miracle or boots.

Literature

• Avarians // Peoples of Russia. Atlas cultures and religions. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8.
• Avars // Ethnoatlas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Administration Council of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Management of public relations; GL ed. R. G. Rafikov; Rodic.: V.P. Krivonogov, R. D. Tokayev. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - Krasnoyarsk: Platina (Platina), 2008. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3.

References

• Aglarov M. A. The rural community in Nagorno Dagestan in the XVII - early XIX century. - M.: Science, 1988.
• Aglarov M. A. Andier. - Makhachkala: Jupiter, 2002.
• Aitberov T. M. and Avar Language needs state support // Magazine "Peoples of Dagestan". 2002. - № 5. - P. 33-34.
• Alekseev M. E., Ataev V. M. Avar. - M.: Academia, 1998. - P. 23.
• Alekseev V.P. The origin of the peoples of the Caucasus - M.: Science, 1974.
• Alarody (ethnogenetic studies) / resp. ed. Aglarov M. A. - Makhachkala: DNC RAS \u200b\u200bIIEE, 1995.
• Atayev B. M. Avarza: history, language, writing. - Makhachkala: ABM - Express, 1996.
• Atayev B. M. Avarza: language, story, writing. - Makhachkala: DNH RAS, 2005.
• Hajiyev A.G. The origin of the peoples of Dagestan (according to anthropology). - Makhachkala, 1965. - P. 46.
• Gökbür Mohammed. "On the great Allah, you are a gray wolf to us ..." // Our Dagestan magazine. 1993. № 165-166. - P. 8.
• Dadaev yusup. State language of Imamata // Journal "Akhulgo", 2000. No. 4. - P. 61.
• Debets G. F. Anthropological studies in Dagestan // Proceedings of the Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Xxxiii. - M., 1956.
• Devir P. M. Stone carving in Dagestan. - M.: Science, 1966. - P. 106-107.
• Dyakonov I. M., Starostin S. A. Khurrito-Uranti and East Caucasian languages \u200b\u200b// Ancient East: Ethnocultural Communications. - M.: Science, 1988.
• John Galonifibus. Information about the peoples of the Caucasus (1404). - Baku, 1980.
• Magomedov Abdullah. Dagestan and Dagestanis in the world. - Makhachkala: Jupiter, 1994.
• Magomeddadaev Amirkhan. Emigration of Dagestanis to the Ottoman Empire (history and modernity). - Makhachkala: DNH RAS, 2001. - Book II.
• Magomedov Murad. Hiking Mongol-Tatars in Mountain Dagestan // History of Avars. - Makhachkala: DGU, 2005. - P. 124.
• Murtzaliev Ahmed. Marshall Muhammad Fazil-Pasha Dagestani // Magazine "Our Dagestan". - 1995. - № 176-177. - P. 22.
• Musaev M. Z. To the origins of the Fraco-Daci Civilization // Magazine "Our Dagestan". - 2001-2002. - № 202-204. - P. 32.
• Musaev M. Z. Afgree - Afghan Avara Aparshahra - Newspaper "New Business", № 18'2007.
• Muhӏammadova Maisarat. Avarazullas Bihyenaz Tsӏar Ragӏarab Dagiistan (Avarian men, a famous Dagestan). - Makhachkala: Jupiter, 1999.
• Takhnaeva P. I. Christian culture of a medieval accident. - Makhachkala: Epoch, 2004.
• Khalilov A. M. The National-Liberation Movement of the Highlanders of the North Caucasus under the leadership of Shamil. - Makhachkala: Daguckedgiz, 1991.
• Chetinbash Mehdi Nudet. Trail of Caucasian Eagle: Last Shamil // Magazine "Our Dagestan". - 1995. - № 178-179-180. - P. 36.
• Nikolajev S. L., Starostin S. A. A North Caucasian Ethymological Dictionary. - MOSCOW, 1994.

Links

• Avarbo (Avars and Avara M. Shakhmanov)
• http://www.osi.hu/ipf/fellows/filtchenko/professor_andrei_petrovitch_duls.htm.
• Starostin S. A. Sino-Caucasian Macros
• http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/starostin-03a.htm.
• http://www.cbook.ru/peoples/obzor/div4.shtml.
• Article Harald Haarmann "Avarian language" (on it. Yaz., 2002)
• Kuzmin A. G. from the prehistory of the peoples of Europe
• Theorien und Hypotheesen. Urheimat Und GrundsPrache Der Germanen Und Indogenman Oder Basken und Germanen Können Linguistisch Keine Indogermane Gewesen Sein
• Avars and the Kavkiy anthropological type
• Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation In The Caucasus (2004)
• Ishthan Erdei. Disappeared peoples. Avara
• About the phenotype of the ancient Iranians - Aryans - and modern Persians - Persian Aryans - see
• Iranian Huns.
• History of Kashmir. THE ARYAN HUNS INVADE THE IVC
• About Avary as the last wave of Iranian nomads, see Scytho-Sarmatians
• Photocatalog of the museum of anthropology and ethnography them. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• John M. Clifton, Janfer Mak, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, and Calvin Tiessen. The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Avar in Azerbaijan. SIL INTERNATIONAL, 2005

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History	Caucasian Albania Sarir Mongolian Invasion Avarian Khanate Andalal Guidatl Tlensers Caucasian War North Caucasian Imamat Rebells 1877

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Avars information O.

Avars - the indigenous people of Dagestan, most of which live in the territory of the republic, also many representatives of this nationality are called their home eastern Georgia and Azerbaijan. Residential complexes of Avars residents are mainly located in the mountainous part. For the first time, the people were mentioned by Anania Shiracatsi in his work "Armenian geography". Avarians profess Islam than and explained by many traditions in their behavior and vital gelady.

Wedding customs

1 day. At the invitation, all Aul was gathered in the house of a friend of the groom at a festive table, which was covered at the expense of guests. Here, immediately chose the chapter of the feast and toasta: they should have headed the celebration and entertain the audience.

2 day. All guests passed into the groom's house and continued the holiday. In the evening, the head of the groom was heading the procession led by a bride, which was walked over the wedding dress with a covering. Several times the bride was blocked and demanded a ransom. The mother-in-law met the daughter-in-law, gave her valuables, then he took the girl with girlfriends in a separate room, where none of the men dare to enter. For the fiance at that time, friends were closely followed, in order not to "stole" the girlfriends of the bride, if it happened, had to pay redemption. The wedding was having fun under the maintenance of dances and music. Later night, the bride met the groom in her room.

3 day. The last day of the wedding is the day of gifts from the relatives of her husband's bride. After the donation procedure, guests ate traditional dish - ritual porridge.

Sacrament of birth

The birth of a child was considered the greatest happiness for the Avar family. The desire of each Avar woman was to give birth to a healthy firstborn boy, because this event automatically increased its authority in the eyes of the whole relatives and aula in which she lived.

The fellow villagers learned about the birth of a child on the sounds of shots from the gun: they came from the yard of the parents of the newborn. The shots served not only to the news message, they also had to scare the evil spirits from the cradle of the baby.

The name of the child chose all relatives, gathered at the festive table.

Blood resist

For such crimes as killing, the abduction of a person, marital treason, the dedication of the surname shrine could have been in the disgrace of a whole genus of Avars. The revenge at the same time did not know the boundaries and sometimes turned into an endless bloodshed and hostility between childbirth.

From the 19th century, the ritual of blood revenge was "fitted" under the norms of Sharia. These rules provide for a peaceful settlement of the issue through the payment of the affected family of compensation for the damage caused.

Some customs of hospitality

Guest is always welcome man in an avarian house. Many houses have a special room for visiting friends and male relatives. At any time of the day, the guest could come and settle there, not even notifying the owner of his arrival.

Security - first of all. All guests at the entrance to the house passed their weapon to the owner, allowed to leave only the dagger with him. This ritual did not in any case humiliate visitors, on the contrary, the owner thereby indicated that he assumes all the responsibility for the health and life of his guests.

Feast. During one table, it was impossible to seen the younger and older brother, father and son, saint and son-in-law. As a rule, guests shared into two groups according to age. Relatives on the motherboard had more privileges at the table, rather than relatives on the father's line. During the feast, polite conversations "Neither" were conducted. The rules of the Avarian etiquette the owner was forbidden to ask arriving about the purpose of the visit, it was necessary to wait until the guest would not affect this topic.

Taboo for the guest. At the table, the guest should not have expressed his wishes about the dishes. We were not allowed to attend women's rooms and a kitchen, as well as influence the owner's family affairs. The guest did not have the right to leave without the permission of the head of the house. If a guest liked a thing in the house, a thing, the owner was supposed to give it to him, so it was quite native of the guest to praise the items liked.