Many have seen strong Russian guys camouflaged along the "most eyebrows", gallant fighters with a huge patch on the back - SOBR. "What's this?" - random passers-by asked each other a question at the very beginning. The appearance of these Russian rangers was so unusual and gloomy that the consciousness, accustomed to the Soviet baggy military uniform, refused to perceive the new information transmitted by the organ of vision.
Slender and fit sturdy guys, in dapper uniforms and masks, evoked mixed feelings among the population. From curiosity to fear. People were whispering: "SOBR - who is this?"
Crash
End of the last century. The dream of the western world has come true. The death sentence for the USSR was carried out. The Russian colossus, which terrified the advanced overseas continent, collapsed, shaking the nearby lands, stirring up the minds of new neighbors, even yesterday's residents of a single multi-apartment and multinational building - the USSR.
Who is guilty? There will be no descriptive events of those times. There are many theories. They all have a right to exist. Let's leave this work to true professionals - historians. It is for them to find answers to specific questions of descendants. The purpose of the article is different. It was at that time that a special unit was born - SOBR. Acronym decoding - Special Rapid Response Squad.
To answer the next question "for what?", You need to go back in time, in the already distant 1992, on February 10, on the birthday of this special squad. Initially, the formation had a different name - OTO as part of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Six months later, the newborn acquired a new name, under which he is still recognized today. This is SOBR.
Lawlessness as a norm of life
To the great shame, but in very recent Russia there was a period when open lawlessness was the norm. The nineties of the last century left their indelible mark, smelling of gunpowder, and blood, and suffering, and devastation.
The bureaucratic lawlessness and the domestic lawlessness went hand in hand. Now we will not judge and understand the details, this will require a separate narration. It was so, it is a fact. The crime rate was off the charts. Spilled blood was in abundance. We are not even talking about domestic offenses and casual skirmishes. There appeared serious, well-thought-out guys with connections in all echelons of power, armed to the teeth, insidious and arrogant.
They were engaged in more serious business than taking a hat from a passer-by or robbing a trade stall in order to get drunk on the spot. We are talking about real bandit formations. Not somewhere in the distant cinematic Asia of the twenties, but in the center of the capital, in large cities, openly, in plain sight. What can I say? Everywhere. In every village. The situation is out of control. The authorities had to do something about it. Then SOBR was born. Deciphering the abbreviation of this unit initially became a real puzzle for ordinary residents.
Elimination of bandit formations
In those years, it blossomed in a violent color. So much so that it was physically impossible for ordinary operatives to fight it. Fortunately, the law enforcement agencies have found a decent answer to the presumptuous criminals. This is SOBR.
Already the first operations to remove a malignant tumor from the weakened organism of Russian society made the flagships of criminal groups shiver. And the instruments used for this are far from medical instruments, without anesthetic (where can he get it in a country flying into the abyss?), Using the “tear” method, and not “carefully cut and mend”, caused shock and awe. Those who really didn't like the word SOBR. No spelling was required. It was not up to that.
By the spring of 1993, similar special forces were created in all regions of the country. The battle continued. Cemeteries were expanded at the expense of VIP-burials of yesterday's authorities and new "masters" of life, prisoners crowded into overcrowded cells of pre-trial detention centers, correctional colonies met new guests every day.
One way or another, those who managed to sit "on the bunk" or managed to escape abroad, saved their lives. Most of the big gangsters have learned on their own that SOBR are the guys you shouldn't joke with. They are not disposed to a playful manner of communication.
It is clear that only a fairy tale tells itself quickly. It took time to remove the inclusions of wormholes throughout the state. But the task assigned to the SOBR was completed. The all-powerful "brothers" retreated into the shadows, and after that they simply disappeared. This does not mean that the SOBR guys have lost their jobs. They remain at the very epicenter of the fight against organized crime.
SOBR. Decoding this word in an unusual way
There is a usual decoding of this abbreviation, which is already well known to everyone, and is widely used. It can be said more simply, SOBR is special forces.
Since there is the usual, why not be unusual? Indeed, behind each of the four letters there is a deep meaning, meaningfulness, not a random choice.
"C" - special
Emphasis on the letter "C" when deciphering SOBR.
These special units were formed mainly from the active special forces groups - OMON, which did not cease to exist. Only the division of the "client base" has taken place.
Hooligans, organizers and participants of unauthorized mass gatherings aimed at organizing mass riots, football fans organizing pogroms and other overly "active" citizens remained the wards of the OMON. In those days, there were enough free-thinkers, and pseudo-leaders, and outspoken adventurers, provocateurs, ready to gather a large crowd of people in the squares, to organize a meeting with an obligatory pogrom.
People, tired of the Soviet routine, made noise with pleasure, smashed, shouted slogans. They naturally raged, not really understanding what was allowed and what was forbidden. OMON instructed and admonished. Where with the word, and where with the club, everything was.
The fraternal OMON SOBR carried out narrower, special tasks. Stable bandit groups, other organized criminal groups, terrorists, and people who are incomprehensible and dangerous have become his regular clients. Special tasks, special methods, special tools. Clients are also special, notorious, sophisticated and unprincipled, capable of openly resisting multi-barreled "artillery".
The selection and enrollment in SOBR was thorough and special. The highest indicators of psychological and physical fitness were taken into account. The rating "good" was not recognized. The passing score is "excellent". A prerequisite is the experience of combat operations, participation in serious operations. A fighter must be proven, distinguished in hot events, know the weapon perfectly and masterfully wield it.
"O" - squad
SOBR is a squad. We focus on the letter "O" when decoding SOBR.
Candidates for this special unit were not specially trained anywhere. Military actions, hot events, military operations became their teachers. What kind of textbooks and manuals are there? One hundred percent combat experience. Kizlyar and Budennovsk, Afghanistan and Chechnya, Dagestan and Tajikistan - these are their classrooms and lecture halls.
SOBR is a detachment of fighters, without which not a single major operation can do, not a single detention of terrorists, arms dealers, not a single elimination of bandit formations.
The detachments received their own names. "Granit" and "Bars", "Bulat" and "Viking", "Vector" and "Terek" - all these are special forces groups (SOBR). Each regional unit has its own combat history, traditions, heroes, and distinctive symbols.
Spetsnaz units (SOBR) are elite units in the system of all power structures. Most SOBR officers deservedly wear "maroon" berets as a symbol of high distinction.
"B" - fast
The officers of the elite SOBR units are constantly in a state of full combat readiness. At any time, they are ready to be where their participation is needed. We make another emphasis. On the letter "B" when decoding SOBR.
A special task can be formed in any region, territorial remoteness does not matter. Modern special transport means will deliver the fighters to the positions as quickly as possible. And in cases where a quiet, silent approach is required, when the presence of equipment will attract unwanted attention of the enemy, elite fighters are able to independently overcome significant distances and immediately engage in battle or perform another task.
"R" - response
The last character in this abbreviation remains. We focus on the letter "R" when decoding SOBR. The responses of these elite units are different. It all depends on the task at hand. Every SOBR officer is a universal soldier.
He is able to work effectively in an assault group, in a capture or cover group. This is a climber, a paratrooper-paratrooper, a swimmer and a sniper, a demolition man and a sapper. Whoever he has to be. He is capable of being a great actor and a pleasant conversationalist when the setting calls for it. The role of the bouncer and the bouncer? No problem. Drive a vehicle? Please. Anyone mind you. The methods and methods of SOBR response have been worked out over the years, through trial and error, in real combat conditions.
Among the soldiers of the squad there are craftsmen who can improve weapons, items of equipment, and make them as effective as possible. Each squad has its own branded "chips", which are not customary to talk about outside the walls of the base.
In most cases, the guys act tough, without curtsies and bows. Those who dealt with SOBR (on opposite sides of the barricades) are witnesses to this.
That's the whole decoding of SOBR.
Eternal memory to the prematurely departed
Many fighters were awarded the highest government awards and were awarded the title of Hero of Russia. Among them are those who received awards posthumously. It should be noted that SOBR units do not allow massive losses, qualifications do not allow. But, unfortunately, there are some cases. Eternal memory to these heroes who died while completing a combat mission.
According to the decree of the President of Russia on the creation of the National Guard, all power structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation - internal troops, SOBR, OMON and private security - are transferred to the National Guard. That is, now the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (and its territorial bodies) is limited in making personnel and operational decisions regarding the employees of these power structures.
The difficulty lies in the fact that units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are joining the department, namely, OMON, SOBR, and non-departmental security units. But, despite a number of difficulties, the Rosgvardia will be formed on time and, according to Viktor Zolotov, will begin to work for the good of society and the state and ensure law and order.
The next day, the user will already have the rating required to participate in R-themes. The administration of the forum is to ensure that the forum does not slide into negativity and abuse, so that it is directed to a meaningful discussion. We are sure that the overwhelming majority of users support us in this.
Ministry of Internal Affairs. The apparatus (personnel, rear, finance, etc.) will be completely cut, the operational staff by 30%, at least, too. the Ministry of Internal Affairs has its own structure for BNON.
In the National Guard, maybe everything will be different, or maybe they will leave a similar monetary allowance. So it seems that Kadyrov has already spoken out that he is in every possible way for the creation of the National Guard and that his commandos will gladly go there.
Now, if, while the police are doing their work, a situation arises (the capture of a tough gang), when it is necessary to urgently use, for example, riot police, this is done quickly and easily. The policeman calls: "The OMON is urgently needed there!" But, of course, there is already a question of how all this will be spelled out in the law. Yes, but the Guard won't investigate, right? And she is not directly subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In Russia - 208 units: 121 - OMON (special purpose mobile unit) and 87 - SOBR (special rapid response unit). In the OMON mainly contract soldiers serve - privates and sergeants. And in this very first part it is indicated that the troops of the National Guard are entrusted with the implementation of tasks to protect public order, ensure state security and the state of emergency.
However, there are no special innovations here - all these rights and duties of service people have long been spelled out in the general military regulations and the federal law "On the Police".
The reform will have colossal political consequences for one of the regions of the Russian Federation - the Chechen Republic. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic does not have power structures close in their capabilities and power to the army motorized rifle unit. You yourself have repeatedly heard how ordinary and high-ranking Chechen police officers expressed their personal loyalty, first of all, to Kadyrov.
The head of Chechnya received unlimited influence on decision-making by the leadership of the Chechen Ministry of Internal Affairs, including personnel decisions on former militants. Now Ramzan Kadyrov will no longer be able to assemble Putin's National Guard at the stadium in Grozny. He will not be able to summon the commanders of the relevant units of the National Guard to his meeting and give them the order to shoot to kill other National Guard servicemen.
And he can be notified of a special operation, for example, to detain a resident of Chechnya on the territory of his region, suspected of committing a crime. But they may not notify.
New form and strength
And it was Kadyrov who later defended these fighters. Second. Traditionally, in the Ministry of Defense and the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, military counterintelligence agencies were responsible for internal security. I know for sure that the military counterintelligence is working in the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, and it is working well. In the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, this function is performed by units of its own security. Amnestied militants serving in the RF Ministry of Internal Affairs have always been a stumbling block. They were checked by the personnel service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the ground (in Chechnya), and the influence of the subjective factor was enormous.
Since, as I said, special political conditions have developed in Chechnya, this principle has been massively ignored. The central office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, apparently, never welcomed this, but put up with it. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation did not have mechanisms for solving this problem, but now with the creation of the National Guard they have appeared. And they appeared, I must say, very in time to solve this problem in a peaceful way, without excesses. The fact is that a serviceman's contract assumes that he can be transferred to any region of the country to serve, and this is normal.
This was exactly what allowed the Soviet army to get away from ethnic conflicts. And that is precisely why Colonel Maskhadov, a Chechen, was primarily a Soviet officer. Ethnic Chechen units will be diluted with servicemen of other nationalities, while sending part of the Chechen SOBR or OMON to other units in other regions.
How was it before? Police academies did not specially prepare graduates for service in SOBR. Officers run in spetsnaz, and then command the units, and thus the experience they have gained in spetsnaz is transferred to the fighters of ordinary combat motorized rifle units. And this is a very correct principle, when the selection of military personnel begins with military schools, that is, the selection for fitness for military service begins at the cadet level.
Ramzan Kadyrov immediately reacted to Putin's decree on the creation of the National Guard, greeted him and announced the readiness of the Chechen security officials to serve in the ranks of the new power structure. First. People like Vismuradov, I think, will be transferred to the state protection department (subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, to the corresponding regional divisions).
E. M.), Tsakaev (commander of the Chechen OMON. - E. M.), Asukhanova (commander of the SOBR company. - E. M.) and others - go to the National Guard as part of their units
That is, in Chechnya it is, in fact, a special unit of bodyguards. I think it will remain so for now. In any case, Kadyrov has enough time to think. In our case, most of the Kadyrovites will now be under the jurisdiction of Khankala and Vladikavkaz. In the meantime, until the entry into force of the federal law on the National Guard, everything will work for some time by inertia.
And I think this point will be specially spelled out in the federal law on the National Guard. And the Chechen Republic in this sense is one of their leaders. The cops serving in the OMON and SOBR, special-purpose centers, as well as the aviation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, since 2018 become military personnel, with the status of cops they say goodbye. 2.
Dossier
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SOBR "Lynx" TsSN SR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
History
On February 10, 1992, the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation made a decision to create a subdivision in the structure of the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime, designed to provide force support to the operational staff of the Directorate. It all started with 13th Division of Tactical Operations(OTO) - its personnel then totaled 9 people.
The main tasks of SOBR "Lynx"- is the fight against organized crime, extremist groups and illegal armed groups, force support of operational units of law enforcement agencies.
In the department, there were SOBR employees who were distinguished by excellent physical fitness, the highest level of education and had a wealth of experience in operational work.
The first unit commander was Alexander Ivanovich Zyryanov, who previously worked in Krasnoyarsk in the area of economic crimes.
The department was created as an operational-combat unit. Its employees provided force support, carried out development, infiltrated criminal groups, and monitored.
The tactical operations department actively opposed the intelligence activities of the criminal communities. All employees had operational experience. UTO officers were involved in all special operations.
The tactical operations department was involved in performing tasks in various regions of Russia: in the morning the officers could be in Moscow, and a few hours later they were already "receiving" the bandits in one of the cities of Central Russia or the Urals. Until a certain time, the unit was quite secret; the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia did not disclose practically any information about it.
In 1993, the tactical operations department was reorganized into a special rapid response department of the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime - (SOBR GUBOP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). It was he who actually served as the prototype of all regional SOBR.
Since 1993, they began to be created in various constituent entities of Russia and joined the first SOBR, which waged a fierce struggle against rampant crime.
In 2002, the SOBR was reformed, a new stage in its history began in the service of the criminal police: as a special police detachment (OMSN SKM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). In 2004, by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the name of the Lynx detachment was approved.
The detachment received its own name thanks to the commander of it at that time Naumenko Vladimir Nikolaevich, who put forward the idea to designate in this way a special-purpose unit directly subordinate to the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
The name was not chosen by chance: the lynx approaches gently, attacks hard and leaves quickly.
The new name was approved at the general meeting of the officers of the detachment.
In 2011, the detachment became part of the Special Forces Center of the Rapid Reaction Forces and Aviation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
The command managed to maintain its numbers, the detachment went through the reform stage without losses. At the end of the same year, special forces units of the internal affairs bodies (OSN) were reorganized into special rapid reaction units - SOBR.
Combat path of the squad
First, there was a fight against unbelievable criminal groups. The commandos worked extremely hard. Everyone understood that the bandits needed to be put in their place and to show them that retribution for their crimes was inevitable. SOBR members were feared like the plague - there were legends about harsh detentions in criminal circles. A little later, in 1993, officers of the SOBR went for baptism of fire in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict. There would have been much more casualties if it were not for the clear, well-coordinated work of the SOBR officers and the internal troops, who have become a living barrier between the opposing sides.
The detachment's employees were directly involved in the New Year's assault on the city of Grozny,
in 1995 - in a special operation in the city of Budennovsk, captured by the militants of Shamil Basayev.
1995 brought the first losses to the detachment. On December 20, a SOBR group, together with divisions of internal troops and army units, attempted to break through the ring of Dudayev's formations that surrounded Gudermes. Major Lastochkin was wounded during the battle. But he did not leave the battlefield and continued to direct the actions of his subordinates. On December 25, police major Vladimir Evgenievich Lastochkin died in the hospital without regaining consciousness. The officer was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
In 1996, SOBR forces, together with the Vega detachment (the so-called Vympel after its transfer to the Ministry of Internal Affairs), Vityaz, units of the 22nd separate special-purpose brigade of the GRU General Staff and Alpha are used during the special operation to liberate the city of Kizlyar and with. May Day from the bandits of Salman Raduev. It was during the assault with. Pervomaiskoye detachment, marching in the first line of the assault, again suffered irreparable losses: the commander of the detachment, lieutenant colonel of militia Andrei Vladimirovich Krestyaninov, died heroically. Lieutenant colonel a. V. Krestyaninov was awarded the title of Hero of Russia posthumously.
In the late 90s - early 2000s, the detachment takes an active part in hostilities as part of the second Chechen campaign. At the end of hostilities, the SOBR was tasked with confiscating weapons, ammunition, explosives, drugs, and vehicles from criminals.
In 2002, the officers of the detachment took part in a special operation at the Theater Center on Dubrovka in Moscow, when at the performance of the now infamous musical "Nord-Ost" the militants took several hundred hostages.
After the assault, the SOBR soldiers, together with their battle brothers from Alpha and Vympel, carried the insensible bodies of the hostages in their arms. On that day, commandos saved dozens of lives.
Since the mid-2000s, the detachment's officers have been performing tasks in Dagestan and Ingushetia: they detain active members of illegal armed groups, identify and neutralize extremists who went underground after the end of active hostilities.
In 2009, losses again. On July 2, in the Ingush village of Kantyshevo, during a special operation to eliminate members of illegal armed groups, police captain Oleg Grigorievich Malochuev is killed.
Covering the personnel of the assault group with a shield, the officer was the first to take over the bandits' fire. Malochuev received a penetrating gunshot wound, but did not leave the battle, opened return fire, continuing to cover the actions of his comrades. As a result of the clash, the militant was destroyed. from the received wounds on the way to the hospital the commando died. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
All the dead officers are forever enlisted in the lists of the detachment's employees.
Every year on this day, special forces gather at the Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery to honor the memory of their dead comrades. Honored veterans and still very young employees of the unit are in the same ranks.
At present, SOBR "Lynx" continues to fulfill the assigned tasks both in the central regions of Russia and in the North Caucasus. If necessary, the officers of the detachments can be delivered to the emergency area as soon as possible. The mobility of the detachment is the highest. For the redeployment of personnel, SOBR has access to all the necessary means of transportation, including aviation. At the disposal of the TsSN SR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia there are helicopters and small planes, always ready to transfer a SOBR group to any point in the country. In special cases, the aviation of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is involved.
SOBR members are constantly involved in operational combat missions. But times change, and with them the nature of the tasks performed and the criminals themselves change.
In addition to operational and combat tasks, SOBR officers, by decision of the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, are involved in ensuring security at especially important events. For example, commandos worked at the G8 summit in St. Petersburg, and also took part in events related to ensuring security during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan.
Selection
SOBR includes people who are psychologically stable, not subject to breakdowns, doubts, and able to take responsibility for making difficult decisions. in a matter of seconds, you need to analyze the situation around you, consider all the options for solving the problem, choose the only correct one and be sure to complete the task. Increased requirements are imposed on employees: perfect health, stable psyche, high intelligence, excellent physical fitness. As for the latter, its role cannot be overestimated.
A candidate for service in the squadron must pass physical tests.
The final test is full-contact sparring according to the rules of hand-to-hand combat, very similar to the one conducted by the special forces of the internal troops when they pass the exam for the right to wear a maroon beret. The subject must withstand 4 rounds with the current members of the detachment - three minutes with each. Another condition for admission to the detachment is that the candidate must be recommended by one of the current Lynx employees. After being recruited, the newcomer undergoes an internship.
Preparation
Staff training is inextricably linked with the performance of operational combat missions. Each department takes over the service for a day. If there are no calls, then the employees are engaged in a combat training plan. There is an established schedule of classes, according to which instructors are engaged with employees in their areas. The training of the "Lynx" employee includes possession of different types of firearms and edged weapons, hand-to-hand combat, parachute training, mountain training (mountaineering, rock climbing), work underwater with various equipment, psychological training.
The detachment also has its own methods of training specialists. Lynx has established contact with the Belarusian special unit for combating terrorism, Almaz. Joint tactical and special exercises are regularly held.
The special forces received at their base representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Bahrain, Palestine, Israel. During the period when the Lynx SOBR was entrusted with the tasks of protecting especially important persons, the director of the US FBI was visiting the special forces. In addition to the main one, there are in-depth programs of specialized specialists: high-altitude workers, snipers, sappers, drivers, combat swimmers, negotiators.
The sniper squad, in conditions as close as possible to combat, fulfills the tasks that it has to face.
The Lynx snipers have unique shots. In special tactical exercises, the shooter successfully hit a simulated terrorist while in a helicopter hovering in the air.
Lynx divers have permission to carry out engineering work using explosives. To carry out their activities, they have a full set of equipment and special underwater weapons. Fighting swimmers "Lynx" were actively used to ensure security during mass events, for example, the celebration of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg. The unit's employees patrolled the water areas together with colleagues from the FSO and the FSB. In addition, divers are involved in operational search activities, such as searching for weapons and evidence thrown into the water. Absolutely all members of the detachment undergo high-altitude training.
A field exit of the detachment's personnel is carried out at least twice a year. Usually, for these purposes, the training centers of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia or the Ministry of Defense are used. The detachment also has its own professional psychologist who is also a negotiator. Despite the seeming "peacefulness" of the profession, the psychologist at Lynx is a combat officer with extensive experience of participation in hostilities. In the classroom for special tactical training, a wide range of issues is studied, ranging from individual training of an employee and ending with the actions of a combat group in various situations.
Teaching, competition
In 2011, the Lynx command made a decision to hold competitions timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the formation of the squadron. More than 20 teams from a variety of law enforcement agencies came to participate in the competition: the Central Security Service of the FSB of Russia, the Federal Penitentiary Service, the Federal Drug Control Service, the Ministry of Defense. The Lynx officers themselves took an active part - the detachment fielded 4 teams.
The competition turned out to be very large, took place in several days and included the development of a variety of tasks. When developing assignments, they took a lot from combat experience. Some stages were developed with the help and theoretical support of instructors from the IPSC Practical Shooting Federation. The tasks were very diverse: working in a building, in a narrow space, in transport, night shooting, freeing hostages and much more.
It has already been decided that such competitions will be held regularly - once every two years and will be dedicated to the memory of the officer of the Lynx detachment, Hero of the Russian Federation, Oleg Malochuev.
Squad Heroes
There are six Heroes of Russia in the squadron, three of them, unfortunately, are posthumous. Andrey Krestyaninov, Vladimir Lastochkin and Oleg Malochuev are forever enrolled in the detachment's lists. In memory of the Heroes, steles were installed above the central staircase of the detachment in such a way that the heroes who died in battles with Chechen terrorists look from bas-reliefs and photographs at all employees who are currently continuing their holy work - serving the Fatherland. The leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation always highly appreciates the merits of the special forces. Most of the employees are state award winners.
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Special rapid response unit (SOBR)- one of the federal and regional special units of the Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation (Rosgvardia), which were (until 2003) part of the Organized Crime Departments (RUBOP) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (units of more than 200 people since the late 1990s were called detachments). In 2002, SOBR units were reorganized into special police units (OMSN)... On November 30, 2011, by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation R.G. Nurgaliev, special police units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia again became officially known as special rapid reaction units.
| Special Rapid Response Squad Federal Service of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation |
|
|---|---|
| SOBR | |
| Years of existence | since February 10, 1992 |
| Country | Russia Russia |
| Included in | Federal Service of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation |
| Type of | special forces unit |
| Function | Combating organized crime and terrorism |
Patch OMSN KM GUVD in Moscow.
The main task of SOBR is the fight against organized crime. However, due to the change in the internal political situation, SOBRs were successfully used, including in military anti-terrorist operations conducted in the North Caucasus region.
History
The first special unit in the system of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (militia) was A special police detachment (OMSN) of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate for the city of Moscow, formed on November 9, 1978. At that time, preparations were under way in Moscow for the XXII Summer Olympic Games in 1980, and a special unit was created to prevent emergencies - the first police special forces. True, the unit was originally called the Special Purpose Militia Detachment (OMON). The detachment was created to work at the Olympics and to guard the Olympic flame. After the Olympics, it became clear that the unit would not be left without work. The first combat mission of the special forces was in April 1981, the release of a girl captured by a criminal. The hostage was successfully released, and the detachment was re-subordinated to the criminal investigation department and made a regular unit of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate in Moscow. There were not enough special forces to perform all operational tasks - there were only a few dozen of them. Then one regiment of the patrol-post service was assigned to fight against riots and was renamed into OMON. There was a period of time when two riot police existed in Moscow at the same time. The militiamen themselves called the detachments "Big" and "Small". In order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding, the same "Little" OMON was later renamed into a special police detachment (OMSN). In 2011, the OMSN was renamed OSN, and subsequently into SOBR. Subsequently, the OMSN GUVD in Moscow served as a model for the beginning of the creation of other special units in the militia (police) in the Russian Federation.
In the fall of 1992, by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the tactical operations department was renamed to special rapid response unit(SOBR).
In September 2002, the SOBR were renamed into Special Purpose Militia Detachments (OMSN).
In 2003, part of the MSN detachments received their own names: "Bulat", "Lynx", "Terek".
As of 2009, the total strength of SOBR was 5,200 people in 87 units.
In 2011, in connection with the reform of the internal affairs bodies and the renaming of the "militia" into "police", the detachments of the OMSN were renamed into the OSN (special forces).
In 2012, all SN units were given back the name SOBR (special rapid response units).
Tasks and functions
The training of employees in SOBR, unlike other special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, has a pronounced individual character. There are a lot of specialists in various areas of application, but interchangeability is at the forefront. The focus of training is on working against an armed criminal in the city ( with a working distance up to 100 m) and in transport, however, SOBRs have been successfully used in almost any conditions ( forest, mountains, steppes). Much attention is paid to physical and psychological training [ ] .
Composition and number
In 2016, there were 87 SOBR units in Russia. The total approximate number was 5200 people.
Differences between SOBR and OMON
The OMON differs from the SOBR in the organizational structure and the nature of the service-combat and operational service tasks performed. Unlike OMON, almost all SOBR employees have officer ranks and positions of operatives. Before the reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2011, when the police were divided into the public security police and the criminal police, the OMON was a division of the MOB, while the SOBR was a division of the CM. SOBR (formerly the 11th department) left the RUBOP (Regional Directorate for Combating Organized Crime) system as a force support unit, the task was to fight organized crime, banditry and force support during special operations. SOBR units are distinguished by strong and sometimes excessive harshness in arresting crime bosses, thieves in law and repeat offenders.
The OMON unit is structured according to the principle: operational companies, consisting of platoons and divisions, a personnel department and educational work with a full-time psychologist, a medical service, a headquarters, a canine service, an engineering department, a motorized unit, accounting and a logistics department.
The SOBR unit is structured according to the principle: fighting squads, rear squad, headquarters, tactics squad.
Candidates for service in the SOBR unit were selected from a separate caste of people, as a rule, already existing employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, mainly former operatives of the RUBOP, criminal investigation department, as well as officers from the special police unit with a higher legal education and career army officers who served in the special forces, namely by to this selection criterion, SOBR training to a higher level in all areas of the tasks performed. According to the statistics, analytics and monitoring of special-purpose units by employees of the PKU of the Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 2015, it turned out that 37% of the current employees of the special forces of the SOBR had previously served in the OMON.
The main goal of the SOBR is the arrest of criminals at the ORM of law enforcement officers. During the Chechen campaigns, SOBR units took part in complex military operations together with the Russian Interior Ministry's Internal Troops. In 2002, SOBR units were renamed OMSN - Special Forces Militia Detachment. In 2011, during the reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, at the request of the Moscow Council of Veterans of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Russian President Dmitry A. The special forces of the OMSN were returned to the historical name SOBR - the Special Rapid Response Unit.
Similar divisions in other countries of the world
| Country | Subdivision |
| Austria | EKO Cobra; |
| Armenia | Special units of the Police of the Republic of Armenia and the National Security Service of Armenia; |
| Belarus | Special Unit for Combating Terrorism (SPBT) "Almaz" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus; |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosna; |
| Brazil | Battalion of special police operations (port. Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais(BOPE)), GATE, ROTA; |
| United Kingdom | London Police Special Unit (eng. Metropolitan Police Special Branch); |
| Germany | GSG 9, SEK (German. Spezialeinsatzkommando) - anti-terrorist units of the police departments of individual lands; |
| Georgia | Special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia; |
| Spain | GEO; |
| Italy | Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza; |
| Kazakhstan | Special Rapid Response Unit (SOBR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan (established in 2003); |
| Kyrgyzstan | Special Rapid Response Units (SOBR) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kyrgyzstan; |
| Costa Rica | Special unit GAO (Spanish. Grupo de Apoyo Operativo) National Police of Costa Rica; |
| Latvia | Alfa, Omega; |
| Lithuania | Aras; |
| Norway | Beredskapstroppen; |
| Romania | Police Service for Rapid Intervention SPIR (rum. Serviciul de Poliție pentru Intervenție Rapidă); |
| Serbia | Serbian Anti-Terrorist Group; |
| Salvador | Special Forces GRP (isp. Grupo de Reacción Policial) The National Civil Police of El Salvador; |
| USA | SWAT (eng. Special Weapons And Tactics- Special weapons and tactics); |
| Ukraine | Surprise Operational Corps (KORD) of the National Police of Ukraine; |
| France | RAID (English) and GIGN (fr. Groupe d "Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale- Intervention group |
Since 2004, November 9 is celebrated as SOBR Day. The history of the police special forces begins in 1978, when, on the eve of the 1980 Olympic Games, the first special-purpose police unit was created in Moscow, which was included in the structure of the Organized Crime Control Department, and in 1992, under the regional Organized Crime Control Department, special rapid reaction units were formed - SOBRs. In 2002, according to the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the SOBRs were reorganized into special police units (OMSN), and in 2012 the units again received their former name - SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The main task of the SOBR of Russia is to combat various manifestations of organized crime in various ways and types, however, due to the turbulent internal political situation in the North Caucasus region, special rapid reaction units successfully participated in military operations. The operations carried out by the SOBR in Dagestan, as well as the operations of the SOBR in Chechnya, were distinguished by high precision and well-planned actions. Only officers serve in SOBR.
SOBR "Lynx"
The detachment was created in 1992, on February 10, in Moscow, as a tactical operations department, its initial staff consisted of only 9 people, and in 1993 it was reorganized into a special rapid reaction unit. Acting as an operational-combat unit, the SOBR fighters not only provided force support, their task was to develop various operations, often SOBR officers of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs infiltrated criminal groups.
SOBR members are working with extreme toughness. Even in those "dashing" 90s, when Russia was literally overwhelmed by the revelry of criminal gangs, in the criminal circles they were feared like the plague.
Fighters of SOBR "Lynx" had a chance to visit hot spots. In 1993, SOBR members were baptized by fire in the conflict zone between Ossetians and Ingush in the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia. Further, from 1994 to the present, the Lynx SOBR fighters took part in almost all major operations in the North Caucasus, including the First and Second Chechen campaigns.
Today SOBR "Lynx" constantly performs operational - combat missions both in Moscow and in other regions of Russia. Crime has not decreased, but its nature has changed, and with this, the approach of the SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to the development and planning of operations, which is why the detachment is constantly working on collecting, analyzing and summarizing all kinds of information on conducting special operations both in Russia and abroad.
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SOBR "Bulat"
SOBR "Bulat" was formed in 1993, on January 1, under the Chief Organized Crime Control Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Moscow region. The location of the SOBR "Bulat" is the city of Dolgoprudny. Since that time, not a single major special operation to identify and detain criminal groups is complete without the unit's employees.
However, the internal political situation in the country imposes its own adjustments on the use of SOBRs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the period from 1996 to 1996 alone, the personnel of the SOBR "Bulat" eight times visited the "hot" spots in the North Caucasus. SOBR officers distinguished themselves “Bulat and the Second Chechen Company. More than once they had to participate in the elimination of militant gangs both independently and with other special forces.
Today SOBR "Bulat" is operations to neutralize members of criminal groups, force support of police officers in operational-search activities, fight against terrorists of various spills, suppression of the activities of drug dealers and arms dealers. In addition, part of the personnel of the SOBR "Bulat" performs special tasks in the North Caucasus region.
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SOBR "Granite"
SOBR "Granite" was formed in 1993, on March 14th. The location of the SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia "Granite" - St. Petersburg. Over the years of its existence, the SOBR GU MVD "Granit" performed various tasks to provide military support to the Interior Ministry officers, release hostages, and neutralize terrorists. SOBR fighters gained tremendous experience during special operations in the North Caucasus - SOBR fighters have visited Chechnya alone more than 60 times. The accumulation of experience is also facilitated by joint exercises with special forces of foreign states.
Last year, 2013, SOBR “Granite” celebrated its 20th anniversary. On the Day of the holiday in honor of the SOBR soldiers, a cannon shot was fired from the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress at exactly noon.
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SOBR "Viking"
The Viking SOBR headquartered in Kaliningrad was formed in 1993. The specificity of the work of this SOBR detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia lies in the location of the Kaliningrad region, which is surrounded by foreign states. Thanks to the clear actions of the SOBR personnel of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Viking", over the years of the unit's existence, many criminal groups were identified and neutralized, transporting smuggled goods through the territory of the region, arms and drug dealers. The Viking SOBR fighters have visited the North Caucasus region more than once.
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SOBR "Vector"
The Volgograd SOBR "Vector", which also celebrated its 20th anniversary this year, 2013, in addition to its direct responsibilities - combating organized crime and conducting anti-terrorist operations, pays great attention to educational and patriotic work with young people. For the fifth year already, an interregional mobile military-applied sports camp “I have the honor! Vector of courage ”, and in August - on the base of the SOBR“ Vector ”a military-historical camp“ Stalingrad - the border of soldier's glory ”was opened.
For the opening of the camps, the SOBR fighters are preparing an extensive program, which includes firing, training in hand-to-hand combat techniques, a five-kilometer march, and "Vector" disembarkation from the special equipment of the SOBR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The opening takes place in a solemn atmosphere on the Mamayev Kurgan.
During the Days of Youth Camps in the city, you can see demonstration performances of SOBR fighters.
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SOBR "Thunder"
The special rapid reaction unit "Thunder" of the Chuvash Republic with a deployment in the city of Cheboksary was formed in March 1993. To date, behind the shoulders of the SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Thunder" there are many special operations carried out to neutralize criminal groups on the territory of the republic.
More than a dozen different personnel of the SOBR "Thunder" went on business trips to the North Caucasus, in 1995, near Gudermes, SOBR fighters were surrounded for more than ten days, holding the defense in the building of an abandoned cold storage facility. Almost all SOBR "Thunder" employees have been combat-hardened in "hot" spots and have state awards.
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SOBR "Star"
Founded in 1993 by SOBR "Zvezda", stationed in the city of Saransk (Mordovia), fellow countrymen are not in vain proud. In November 1995, part of the SOBR personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Saransk, having gone on a planned business trip to the North Caucasus, almost immediately fell into the heat of hostilities near Gudermes. As part of the combined SOBR detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Zvezda SOBR fighters were repelling the fierce attacks of the militants for more than a month. All of them were awarded the Order of Courage.
Today SOBR "Zvezda" is the fulfillment of tasks according to its intended purpose - the fight against organized crime on the territory of the republic, and the constant improvement of combat training.
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SOBR "Sobol"
Employees of the SOBR "Sobol", formed in 1993 in the Republic of Udmurtia with a place of deployment in Izhevsk, from the very first days of their existence, began to carry out active measures to detain members of criminal groups. One of the main operations of the Udmurt SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the early 90s of the twentieth century was the arrest of a gang that killed the 1st Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the republic along with his family.
The personnel of SOBR "Sobol" took part in the First and Second Chechen campaigns, participated in the storming of the Dudayev Palace in Grozny.
To date, SOBR fighters of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Udmurtia, replacing each other, go on planned business trips to the North Caucasus region. It was from the call sign used by the detachment in hot spots that the name of the detachment - "Sobol" came from.
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SOBR "Phoenix"
On account of the Lipetsk SOBR MVD "Phoenix", formed in April 1993, dozens of successfully carried out special operations to free hostages and detain especially dangerous criminals.
Since the end of 1994, the Lipetsk SOBR has been in Chechnya. The personnel of SOBR "Phoenix" took part in battles against the gangs of Gelayev, Basayev, Khattab. In 1996, as part of the combined SOBR detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia "Fenikovtsy" were surrounded on Minutka Square in Grozny. In that unequal battle, every tenth of three hundred Russian SOBR soldiers died, including two soldiers of the SOBR MVD “Phoenix”. Today SOBR "Phoenix" continues to carry out special tasks in the North Caucasus together with the special forces of the FSB.
Well, in the Lipetsk region, despite the calm situation, fighters of the SOBR "Phoenix" are always on the alert, and at any moment are ready to go to detain especially dangerous criminals. And, of course, part of the daily life of SOBR in 2013 is constant exercises, often in conjunction with special forces from other structures.
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SOBR "Elbrus"
SOBR "Elbrus", stationed in Nalchik (Kabardino - Balkaria) was created in 1993, January 18. Due to the tense situation in the region, the SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia "Elbrus" from the very first days of its creation had to literally engage in battle. The more frequent hostage-taking in the region, the increased turnover of arms, ammunition and explosives trade, the emergence of a large number of bandit formations - the newly created SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to fight all this.
The personnel of the SOBR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia "Elbrus" took part in all operations in the North Caucasus, in October 2005 SOBR fighters repulsed an attack by militants on Nalchik.
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SOBR Day
Day of SOBR, along with the birthday of the unit, is one of the main holidays of the special rapid reaction units of Russia. On SOBR Day, officers of subdivisions receive congratulations, on SOBR Day they honor veterans. On the day of the holiday, the most distinguished SOBR fighters are awarded state awards and memorable gifts. Also on the Day of SOBR honors are given to the dead soldiers.
For the celebration of SOBR Day, the divisions are preparing in advance, festive events are planned with special care. At the beginning of the SOBR Day in all detachments there is an obligatory solemn part, after which, as a rule, a festive concert.
Voentorg Voenpro online congratulates you on the SOBR Day holiday, and offers a variety of gifts for SOBR Day.
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