Surely everyone at least once in their life has come across an analysis to determine the blood group. The topic of today's article is about what methods of determining a blood group exist and which of them is best to test for belonging to a particular species.
Why is a blood type test carried out?
In modern hematology, a blood group is understood as a specific set of antigens located on the surface of erythrocytes, which determines their specificity. There are a huge number of these antigens (usually a table of groups with all kinds of antigens is used), however, the classification of blood according to the AB0 system and the Rh factor is recognized throughout the world.
The blood group must be determined in preparation for any surgery. The obligatory contingents in which the blood group is determined include the military, employees of law enforcement agencies and internal organs. This event is necessary, since in the event of an urgent (life-threatening) condition, it may be necessary to transfuse, when there is no time to conduct an analysis and test for its compatibility with the donor.
Determination of blood groups by standard methods
There are many different techniques, but in clinical laboratories, the standard sera technique is most commonly used. How to determine the blood group using standard sera?
This method is used to determine the antigens of the AB0 system. Standard isohemagglutinating serum contains a set of specific antibodies to surface molecules of erythrocytes. In the presence of an antigen, which is affected by the action of antibodies, the formation of an antigen-antibody complex occurs, which provokes the launch of a cascade of immune reactions. Its result is the agglutination of erythrocytes, based on the nature of the agglutination, it is possible to make a conclusion about the assignment of the sample to one or another blood group.
Standard sera are prepared from donor blood according to a specific system - by isolating plasma with antibodies present in it and its subsequent dilution. Dilution is carried out using isotonic sodium chloride solution.
Dilution is carried out as follows - 1 ml of plasma is added to a test tube with 1 ml of 0.9 percent solution of food salt and the solution is thoroughly mixed. Then, 1 ml of the resulting plasma solution is taken with a pipette and added to the second tube containing the isotonic solution. Thus, a plasma dilution of 1: 256 is achieved. Using other dilutions may lead to a diagnostic error.
The technique of the study is as follows - on a special plate for determining the blood group, one drop (with a total volume of about 0.1 ml) of each serum is placed in the area with the corresponding mark (sera of two samples are used, among which one is a control, and the second is used for research). After that, a test sample (0.01 ml) is placed near each drop of serum, after which it is separately mixed with each type of diagnosticum.
After some time (on average, about 5 minutes), the results are analyzed with a description of the nature of the reaction that occurred:
- if agglutination occurs in the test sample, the test is positive;
- if there is no agglutination, then the reaction is negative.
Simply put, the presence of agglutination indicates that there is a necessary set of agglutinogens in the blood, and if it occurs, then the blood belongs to the group, antibodies to which are contained in the serum. Based on the results obtained, a table or diagram is built that visually displays the results.
Cross reaction method
This technique consists in the determination of agglutinogens using tsoliclones or standard sera with parallel detection of agglutinins using reference erythrocytes.
The methodology practically does not differ from the determination of the blood group using sera, however, there are some additions.
One small drop of standard erythrocytes is added to the plate below the applied sera. After that, from the test tube containing the patient's blood passed through the centrifuge, the plasma is extracted using a pipette, which is added to the standard erythrocytes, and the erythrocytes at the bottom are added to the standard serum.
As with the standard sera method, the results obtained are evaluated a few minutes after the start of the reaction. In the presence of agglutination in standard sera, the presence of agglutinins of the AB0 system is judged, and in the development of a plasma reaction with standard erythrocytes, the presence of agglutinogens is judged.
The cross-over method has become widespread due to the fact that it prevents major diagnostic errors in the determination of blood by standard methods.
Determination of the group by tsoliclones
The use of tsoliclones is used when it is impossible to determine the antigens of the AB0 system using standard sera.
Tsoliklones are specific antibodies obtained by hybridizing them in a living organism (usually tsoliclones obtained from mice by modifying B-lymphocytes are used). Their characteristic feature is the development of an immune reaction between tsoliclone and antigen A or B, located on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane.
The algorithm for using monoclonal antibodies is as follows: one large drop of a solution of tsoliclones is applied to the plate (it is imperative to mark where and which tsoliclones are located). After that, one drop of the test blood is added to the serum and the results are evaluated after a few minutes.
The test must be carried out in specially created conditions, observing the temperature and humidity conditions (before carrying out this analysis, it is necessary to make sure that the zoliclones are suitable).
The test is considered positive if an agglutination of erythrocytes has occurred in the test sample (i.e., a reaction between the antibody and antigen has taken place). If a positive result is observed in two drops, it is judged that the sample belongs to group IV. If, on the contrary, the reaction did not occur in any sample, then the blood group is presumably I. Errors in determining blood by this method are rare.
Express method "Erythrotest"
Despite the fact that the generally accepted methods for determining the group belonging of blood are ubiquitous, at present, express methods for determining the blood group are widely introduced into medical and laboratory practice. One of them is Erythrotest.
The set for determining the blood group "Erythrotest-group cards" consists of the following components:
- a universal planer board with five holes for determining the group according to the AB0 system and its Rh-affiliation;
- scarifier for obtaining a sample for research;
- a clean pipette with which a set of solutions is carried out;
- glass rods used to stir samples.
All of the above equipment is necessary for the correct express diagnostics.
This technique allows you to determine the blood group and Rh factor in any conditions, especially if it is not possible to use classical methods.
The analysis process using the "Erythrotest" method
In the wells of the plate there are tsoliclones to surface antigens (tsoliclones anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB), as well as to the main antigen that causes the inheritance of the Rh factor (tsoliclon anti-D). The fifth well contains a control reagent to help prevent errors and correct group analysis.
To assess the results obtained, a special table is used, which lists all kinds of research results.
Determination of blood group- this is an analysis, with the help of which a person's belonging to a group of people with certain immunogenetic characteristics of blood is revealed, which makes it possible to establish their compatibility with each other on this basis. The blood group is formed in a child during the period of intrauterine development and remains unchanged throughout his life.
Why is it important to know the blood type
Determination of compatibility by blood group is necessary, first of all, for transfusion (blood transfusion). Large blood loss is fatal. Since ancient times, attempts have been made to compensate for blood loss by infusing another person's blood. But the first blood that comes along cannot be used. When mixing blood "blindly" in about half of the cases, agglutination occurs: red blood cells (erythrocytes) begin to stick together, forming clusters. The flakes arising from agglutination are visible in the test tube with the naked eye; it is clear that if this process happens inside the circulatory system, nothing good can be expected for a person.
At the beginning of the 20th century, it was established why agglutination occurs. On the surface of the erythrocyte membrane (red blood cell) there are special antigen proteins (they are called agglutinogens). They are called antigens because they can bind to other substances - antibodies. This connection is specific, that is, a given antigen can only be bound by a specific antibody. When we talk about blood groups, we use a system that is only interested in two antigens (in fact, they are "driven" by erythrocytes much more). For convenience, these antigens (agglutinogens) are designated by the first letters of the Latin alphabet - A and B. The corresponding antibodies (called agglutinins) are designated by the first letters of the Greek alphabet - α (alpha) and β (beta).
Obviously, the antigen and the corresponding antibody cannot be simultaneously in the blood, otherwise a reaction (agglutination) would have started. But other combinations are possible. It is they who determine to which group our blood belongs.
Blood groups and their compatibility
In domestic medicine, groups are designated by a number and are named accordingly: first, second, third, fourth. Abroad, this system is called AB0 and the corresponding designations are used.
Group I(group 0) - the first (or zero). In people with blood of this group, both agglutinogens (A and B) are absent on the erythrocyte membrane, but agglutinins α and β are present in plasma.
Group II(A) - the second group. The blood of this group contains agglutinogen A and agglutinin β.
Group III(B) - the third group. In the blood on erythrocytes, agglutinogen B is present, in plasma - agglutinin α.
Group IV(AB) is the fourth group. Both antigens are present on erythrocytes, but no antibodies in plasma.
Whole blood can be transfused only when the blood of both the donor and the recipient belongs to the same group. For transfusion, erythrocytes can also be used (they are separated from the plasma), in this case only agglutinogens are important. Erythrocytes of a person of the first blood group can be transfused to everyone, since they cannot introduce antigen and provoke agglutination. Therefore, a person with the first blood group is a universal donor.
Erythrocytes of the second group can be transfused to people who already have agglutinogen A in their blood - that is, with the second and fourth groups. Accordingly, erythrocytes of the third group can be transfused to those who have agglutinogen B in their blood, these are the third and fourth groups.
A person with the fourth blood group is a universal recipient: he can be transfused with erythrocytes from people with any blood group, while his blood can be used for transfusion only to people with the same blood group.
When is blood typing done?
The indications for determining the blood group are:
- the need for a blood transfusion;
- preparation for operations. Any operation is a risk; under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to compensate for blood loss, and then doctors should know what blood can be used for this;
- ... In some cases, the incompatibility of the blood groups of the mother and the child is possible. In case of a blood group conflict, the child may be born with hemolytic disease of the newborn (hemolytic jaundice). To determine the blood group of the child, immediately after birth, the umbilical cord blood is taken for analysis. But the conflict by the blood group can be judged also in the process of gestation - by the level of antibodies in the mother's blood. The risk of blood type incompatibility between mother and child is calculated based on the likely blood type of the child, which in turn depends on which blood type the mother and the father have. To assess this risk, it is necessary to take an analysis to determine the blood group during pregnancy.
When doctors need to find out a blood group, the analysis is usually done again. This is done to completely eliminate the possibility of error as a result of using incorrect data. The doctor will not ask the patient's blood group, since he is responsible for his life and must have one hundred percent confidence that the blood group is correctly determined.
But knowing your blood type (and your children's blood type) is still helpful. First, no one can be immune from emergencies. And secondly, there is a certain relationship between the blood group and the predisposition to various diseases.
When passing a medical examination, registering a woman for pregnancy, registering in a hospital, donating blood, one of the questions that the patient must ask the patient concerns the blood group and the Rh factor. This information is of great value in case of urgent blood transfusion or emergency surgery. How to find out the blood group and what to do with this information?
Blood groups: classification
For simplicity and convenience, many countries use the AB0 system, according to which all people are divided into 4 large groups depending on the presence / absence of antigens and antibodies in the blood.
- Two types of antibodies (agglutinins in blood plasma) - α and β
- Two types of antigens (substances that simulate the production of antibodies) in erythrocytes - A and B
Accordingly, the following options are possible:
- Group 0 (first group) - both types of antibodies are present in the blood, but no antigens. This blood type is the most common. It is believed that it is she who is the ancestor of all the others, which appeared as a result of changes in the living conditions and nutrition of people.
- Group A0 (second group). In the blood, respectively, antigen A and agglutinin β are present.
- Group B0 (third group) - characterized by the presence of antigen B in the plasma, and antibodies α in erythrocytes.
- Group AB (fourth group) is the opposite of the first, both antigens migrate in the blood, there are no antibodies. This group is the youngest, scientists attribute its appearance to the spread of mixed marriages, a kind of evolution of the circulatory system: the fourth group is the rarest, but people with such blood are universal recipients, they are suitable for transfusion of blood of any of the four groups.
People with the first blood group are considered universal donors, it is suitable for everyone else, while patients with blood 0 themselves accept only blood of their own group for transfusion. Accordingly, the blood of the first and its own groups is suitable for the second and third groups.
In addition to the blood group, another important indicator is taken into account: the Rh factor.
If antigen D is found on the surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells), then it is customary to talk about positive rhesus and denote it in the letter Rh +. About 85% of people around the world are considered "positive". The remaining 15% of D antigen is not detected, are called Rh-negative and are designated as Rh-.
Here's how blood groups are written with the Rh factor:
- II (0) Rh + / I (0) Rh -
- II (A0, AA) Rh + / II (A0, AA) Rh-
- III (B0, BB) Rh + / III (B0, BB) Rh-
- IV (AB) Rh + / IV (AB) Rh-
Where can I find the blood type?
- The easiest way to determine a blood group is to be tested at a clinic or medical center. The blood is mixed with standard, specially prepared sera and by agglutination, after 5 minutes the group is determined. Similarly, the Rh factor is determined using anti-rhesus serum. The test takes a little time, is highly accurate and allows in emergency cases to quickly give an answer about the patient's group affiliation.
- Make your own rapid test at home.
Home test for Rh factor
The pharmacy sells kits for self-determination of the blood group. They include a test strip on which the reagents are applied, a needle, a pipette and a circuit for determining the result.
A drop of blood from a finger is applied to the areas of the test strip and the result is evaluated after a certain time.
Before carrying out the determination, you need to make sure that the packaging is not damaged, that the expiration date of the test has not passed. This method is convenient for determining the blood group in the elderly, weak, bedridden patients, in small children.
Determination of the blood group in the laboratory is more reliable and, if possible, it is worth entrusting such a responsible matter to professionals.
Where is the blood type recorded?
After determination, data on the blood group and Rh factor are entered into the medical record. Men of military age, women liable for military service receive a mark in their military ID. A similar stamp can be put on the passport so that urgent assistance can be provided immediately if necessary.
Methods for conducting a study of belonging to blood groups without taking tests
- The blood group of the child can be determined by the parents. In some cases, an option is possible, in some the answer will be unambiguous. In parents with the same rhesus, the child inherits it with a 100% probability. If the parents have a different Rh factor, then the chances of inheriting any of them are equal. In cases where a Rh-positive mother develops an Rh-negative fetus, a Rh-conflict is possible, fraught with miscarriage and early miscarriages. It is very important to take action by the doctor.
- The first group is monovariant: parents with blood group 0 can have children only with the same group. In other cases, options are possible. The first group can "appear" in parents with the second and third groups, but never with the fourth.
Since the exact answer can be obtained only for a child whose both parents have the first positive blood group, tests are still needed in all other cases.
The combination of different blood groups, especially when the mother is with the first group, can lead to the development of late gestosis and eclampsia, the woman should be under the supervision of a doctor, constantly monitor blood clotting, and if necessary, take blood thinners. In some cases, antigenic sera are indicated. Hemolytic jaundice is often observed in newborns.
By blood groups, the character of a person is determined and special diets are made:
- People with the first blood group are light and sociable, purposeful, emotional and trusting. In food, they prefer meat products, and in order to lose weight, they need to give up dairy foods;
- The second blood group "disposes" to daydreaming and solitude, assumes an analytical mindset and the ability to listen to the interlocutor. The diet of such people is dominated by plant foods, but meat should be reduced to a minimum;
- People with the third blood group are creative bohemians, originals and outrageous lovers. They love dairy products, but fatty meat, seafood, nuts are alien food for them;
- The fourth group "rewards" with a light character, excellent intuition and independence. Recommended for them are seafood, green vegetables and fruits, rice; banned - red meat and offal, mushrooms, nuts, some fruits.
Determining the blood group by taste, appearance or character traits is akin to fortune telling on coffee grounds. A medical test is not difficult, it is worth doing it once, fixing the results officially and not returning to this issue again
In the life of every person, situations arise when you need to know your blood type. This can be a planned or unscheduled operation, some diseases in which a blood transfusion is needed. A pregnant woman must be tested for blood group and Rh factor without fail. Consider what blood groups exist and why to do the analysis.
What it is
Blood type is a sign of genetic predisposition (hereditary type of trait). On the surface of erythrocytes (blood cells) there are special proteins (antigens) that determine the hereditary characteristics of a person. When the human immune system detects in its body foreign types of protein (uncharacteristic for this organism), antibodies begin to be produced in the blood. Antibody proteins have the property of sticking together and interacting with foreign body species. Thus, the natural defense of the human body's immune system is manifested.
There are two types of antigens in erythrocytes, the combination of which divides all people into blood groups - A-antigen and B-antigen. With the help of a blood test for a blood group, these antigens are determined.
There are the following main types of blood group:
- group I (0) - the surface of blood erythrocytes does not contain type A antigens and type B antigens;
- group II (A) - the surface of blood erythrocytes contains type A antigens;
- group III (B) - the surface of red blood cells contains type B antigens;
- group IV (AB) - the surface of red blood cells contains type A antigens and type B antigens.
Why analysis is needed
A blood type test is very important in blood transfusion. To date, doctors transfuse only the blood group of the same name into a person. Although not so long ago, a different order of transfusion was practiced - the I blood group was considered universal, and a person with the IV blood group could be injected with blood of the II and III groups.
It is very important to have a blood test to determine the blood group of a pregnant woman. In expectant mothers, sometimes there is an incompatibility of the blood type of the woman and the fetus. If the fetus has an antigen that the mother does not have, then such an antigen will be foreign to her. In this case, the woman's body can produce antibodies to the child's antigen.
The situations in which there is a risk of conflict related to group incompatibility are as follows:
- a child has a II blood group, and a woman has a I or III blood group;
- a child has a ІІІ blood group, a woman has a І or ІІ blood group;
- a child has an IV blood group, a woman has any other.
Usually, during the analysis, the determination of the Rh factor is carried out. It is a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells in most people. This protein is present in the blood of 85% of people, in which case they speak of a positive Rh factor. If there is no such protein in the blood, the Rh factor is negative.
Like the blood type, the Rh factor is also taken into account in blood transfusions. The concept of the Rh factor is the basis for explaining such a condition during pregnancy as the Rh conflict. Rh-conflict occurs when the immune system of a Rh-negative woman produces antibodies to the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The complications of this condition are quite serious - miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death, the development of serious diseases in a newborn baby.
Indications for analysis
There are indications for this blood test:
- preparation for blood transfusion;
- examination before inpatient treatment;
- preparation for donation of blood, organs and tissues;
- preparation for pregnancy and control of Rh-conflict in women with negative Rh factor;
- hemolytic disease of newborns with incompatibility of the blood of a woman and a child.
How to get a blood group test correctly
It is best to donate blood for this study on an empty stomach; before analysis, you can drink only clean water. In this case, after the last meal, about eight hours should pass. It is recommended to take such an analysis before the start of the course of drug therapy or not earlier than one week after its cancellation. If it is impossible to cancel taking medications, in the direction for a blood group test, the doctor must indicate which medications the patient is taking and in what dosage. The day before donating blood, you need to limit the use of fried and fatty foods, exclude alcohol, heavy physical activity.
In addition to emergency situations, knowledge of the blood group and Rh factor is required to improve a person's condition. For example, when making dietary recommendations.
There are 3 main ways to find out which blood is:
- Delivery of analysis in the laboratory.
This method is considered the most effective. The research is carried out at a professional level with special equipment. The advantage of the method is to obtain an accurate result.
- Donating blood for donation.
This method is both the most accurate and fastest. Plus, donating your own blood can help those who are sick.
- Doing a home study or blood type tests.
Without passing the necessary tests, it is very difficult to correctly establish the blood group, but the probability of the accuracy of the method of determination exists.
The method has the advantage of eliminating the need for a trip to the hospital. The only thing that is necessary is knowledge of the theory in the field of biological sciences.
There is a special AB0 antigen system. A blood group is a special combination of antigens and antibodies of the AB0 system found on erythrocytes.
Agglutinins are antibodies found in plasma. With the help of them, group affiliation is determined.
α-agglutinin is characteristic for groups I and III, and β-agglutinin for I and II. In erythrocytes, antigens A or B can be contained separately, together, or completely absent.
Hence, there are 4 main groups:
- Group I. It is characterized by the content of 2 agglutinins in the plasma.
- Group II differs in the content of β-agglutinin.
- Group III is characterized by the content of α-agglutinin.
- Group IV - agglutinins are absent.
The fourth is considered the rarest group. The first and second groups are common.
The Rh factor (Rh) is an antigen determined together with a blood group. It can be positive and negative.
To find out exactly your blood group and its Rh, you should contact a special medical laboratory. It is here that it will be determined with the most reliable accuracy.
You will need a finger test, which is mixed with a small amount of standard antibodies (monoclonal, they are produced by immune cells against a protein). In the process of mixing, a biochemical reaction takes place, thanks to which the laboratory specialists will decipher the results obtained.
So, in some cases, blood coagulates in the form of flakes, while in others it does not.
Many will say that information about the blood group and rhesus is indicated in the passport on one and the last pages. Indeed, such a practice exists. Especially in Soviet times, every citizen of the country was obliged to have such a mark.
What is blood made of?
Before proceeding to consider the question of how to find out your blood type, let's analyze what the red liquid consists of. Many people know that it contains plasma and dense shaped elements.
Thanks to the first component, the "yushka" in the body is liquid, therefore all organs and systems of vital activity receive nutrients in a timely manner. Form elements are leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, which provide blood coagulation.
The platelet structure also includes antigens of two groups "A" and "B".
Serum contains agglutinins, which are also categorized as "alpha" and "beta".
In the process of laboratory analyzes, different samples are combined with each other and their reaction just determines which group each of them belongs to. This research method was called the "AVO system". Experts have found that today there are over one and a half million different groups based on the individual characteristics of each person.
At the same time, there is a typical classification, according to which four categories are distinguished, within each of which there can be either a negative or a positive Rh factor. Moreover, the second is usually dominant.
For example, if one parent has 1 blood group with positive Rh, and the other has the same group, but Rh negative, then their offspring will have 90% Rh with a plus sign. This is another reason to ask the question of how to find out your blood type.
Methods for determining blood glucose
The presence of the policy gives the right to receive:
- emergency medical care (when calling an ambulance or self-seeking medical help);
- outpatient treatment (that is, to receive and consult specialists at a medical institution at the place of registration);
- inpatient treatment (treatment in a hospital on a day or round-the-clock hospital)
To pass the test for free, you need to get a referral from a medical institution at the place of registration. To do this, you need to get an appointment with a specialized doctor. After examining and assessing your condition, the doctor will write out a referral for their delivery. In this case, the following scheme works:
- the direction is given for delivery in the same medical organization;
- if there is no possibility of free delivery in this organization, the doctor must be sent to another medical institution;
- if in your locality it is not possible to pass this analysis free of charge, the doctor gives a referral for the delivery of tests in a private laboratory on a paid basis.
The easiest way to find out where the blood group is written is to look at the information in the passport. Most people have a seal in it indicating the corresponding blood type and Rh factor. If there is no such data in the passport, then you should look at the medical record.
The extract from the card must indicate the group characteristics. Depending on them, you can determine the blood group. If 00 is specified, then you have group I; 0A, AA - II; 0B, BB - III and AB - IV. The Rh factor is even easier to find out, at the top there should be "" or "-".
READ ALSO: Casco calculator in Capital Policy
Remember! Only a specialized doctor will be able to correctly determine your group and Rh factor when examining analyzes.
- The blood group of the child can be determined by the parents. In some cases, an option is possible, in some the answer will be unambiguous. In parents with the same rhesus, the child inherits it with a 100% probability. If the parents have a different Rh factor, then the chances of inheriting any of them are equal. In cases where a Rh-positive mother develops an Rh-negative fetus, a Rh-conflict is possible, fraught with miscarriage and early miscarriages. It is very important to take action by the doctor.
In the morning on an empty stomach, blood will be taken from a vein and transferred to a laboratory, where it will be examined through a simple immunohematological reaction. The meaning of the analysis is quite simple. A laboratory assistant on a flat plate using a wax pencil puts eight marks according to the number of groups and Rh factors in each of them.
Next, next to each of them is placed the "etalon" serum, into the structure of which a small amount of the patient's blood is added. If the serum antigen is combined with the antibody of the "red" liquid, and sand precipitates, this means that an agglutination reaction has occurred.
In order to be sure of the final result, it is additionally confirmed by a cross reaction, which allows you to accurately determine the Rh factor. Moreover, the rarest blood group is the fourth "negative". Information about the results of the analysis is entered into the passport, since this is the main document for a person.
There are several methods for determining the blood group. All of them are based on carrying out reactions with the test samples. But various chemical components are used as reagents. Under any circumstances, laboratory tests give a reliable result in 100% of cases.
Determination of blood group and Rh factor can be done at home. Over time, however, it will be necessary to verify your own research. After all, such a method for determining the Rh factor and blood group is not informative for doctors, although it has a right to exist.
- First, the HA of both parents is determined. If both have the same, then the child cannot have another.
- If the parent does not match, then the offspring will inherit one of them. Until recently, it was believed that there was no other interpretation. Recent studies have shown that everything depends on the presence of certain antigens and antibodies.
- How to determine the Rh factor? It is very simple if both parents have Rh negative. In this case, it will be the same for the descendants. All other options can give either "" or "-".
A table by which it is easy to determine the likelihood of inheritance of genetic information by children from their parents will provide an opportunity to navigate the situation. It is almost impossible to answer how to determine the Rh factor of a future baby.
| Parents' blood groups | Probability of inheritance by a child (%) | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| 1 1 | 100 | |||
| 1 2 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1 3 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1 4 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 2 2 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 2 3 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 25 |
| 2 4 | 50 | 25 | 25 | |
| 3 3 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 3 4 | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| 4 4 | 25 | 25 | 50 | |
The Rh factor is hereditary information, it is formed in a child in the womb and does not change all his life, like HA. It is difficult to find out Rh before birth, only in the case of tests of the umbilical cord blood. But such research is very dangerous and requires strong evidence. For example, in the case of severe Rh-conflict for timely treatment.
READ ALSO: How to check the CTP policy for authenticity in the PCA database?
The procedure for providing citizens with free medical care under compulsory medical insurance policies is regulated by the following regulations:
- Law No. 326;
- Resolution No. 1403;
- the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
All citizens of the Russian Federation who have received a compulsory medical insurance policy are guaranteed medical care, both for basic and additional (regional) programs. The main program includes not only the treatment of the pathologies established by the doctor, but also the timely detection of such pathologies, as well as preventive measures.
The list of diseases subject to free therapy throughout the Russian Federation is briefly presented in clause 6 of Art. 35 of Law No. 326, and in more detail is given in the List of Section 4 of Resolution No. 1403.
The tests prescribed for the following purposes are free of charge:
- treatment of the pathology present in the List;
- diagnosis of this pathology;
- diagnostics of possible concomitant pathologies;
- prevention of suspected pathology and concomitant diseases.
For example, a doctor, based on the symptoms described by the patient, suspects a specific pathology, which is often accompanied by another pathology. If tests for the presence of an underlying disease are free, then tests for the presence of an underlying disease must also be performed as part of services paid by the insurance company.
The main medical standards by which the treatment of diseases listed in the basic and additional programs is carried out can be found on the website of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
Among the main free types of analyzes are the following:
- blood test for syphilis - markers, HIV, and other infections;
blood and plasma tests for the content of basic elements (red cells); - biochemical studies of blood and lymph;
- analysis of the content of hormones;
- tissue biopsy;
- high-tech analytical studies of tissues and organs (MRI, CT);
- X-ray examinations;
- ultrasound analyzes of tissues and organs;
- scrapings and smears of the skin, foreskin and saliva.
Only expensive tests can be paid if there is a suspicion of rare autoimmune or genetic diseases, which are less common than in 0.01% of cases, as well as tests of aesthetic medicine.
To determine the legality of a doctor's referral for paid tests, you need to find out whether the required analysis is included in the list of services provided under the basic insurance program.
It is important to know that the basic list of medical services provided throughout the country can be supplemented by:
- regional medical programs;
- employer programs.
Regional programs are budget subventions to pay for services that are not in the all-Russian list, and which are provided free of charge only in a specific constituent entity of the federation. These services can only be received by patients who are registered in the region and have received an insurance policy from local insurers.
Is it possible to find out without tests
There is the possibility of conducting a study for belonging to a certain blood group before the birth of the baby.
Everyone knows that any person inherits genes from their parents. A similar situation occurs with this analysis. To determine it, it is enough to know the blood group of the father and mother. In this case, after going through all possible combinations, you can find out the child's belonging to the group as a percentage.
As mentioned above, there is a legend for each group. Using them, you can get the information you need. Of course, not all cases guarantee 100% accurate determination. But it's worth listing the possible combinations.
If both parents belong to the first group (00), the second (AA) or the third (BB), then with a probability of 100% the child will have the same. In cases where one parent has I (00), and the other has II (AA) or III (BB), then II (A0) or III (B0) comes out, respectively. The fourth group may be in a child whose one parent is with the second group (AA), and the other with the third (BB).
The Rh factor is much simpler. If both parents have it negative, then the baby will have it similar. In other cases, it is impossible to predict the result.
Attention! If the father has a positive Rh factor, and the mother has a negative one, it is imperative to consult a specialist.
It should be noted that the study of "red" liquid for the Rh group is quite common.
The above analysis is mandatory for women who are in a state of pregnancy, as well as young people who are called up to serve in the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces.
For many years, invitro agglutination testing has been the main methodology for identifying AB0 / Rh. With the advent of automatic analyzers, new methodology has been introduced, including column agglutination and solid state test systems.
Loading ...