Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born and spent his childhood on his father's estate in the Oryol province. Studied at home. He knew Latin and ancient Greek well. He learned early to understand nature. He himself wrote that he breathed one life with nature. His first teacher was a well-educated man, poet, translator Semyon Yegorovich Raich. Raich recalled that he quickly became attached to his student, because it was impossible not to love him.
He was a very affectionate, calm and very talented child. Raich awakened in Tyutchev a love of poetry. He taught to understand literature, encouraged the desire to write poetry. At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University, and at the age of 17 he graduated from it and then went to serve in the Russian embassy abroad. For 22 years he served as a diplomat, first in Germany, then in Italy. And all these years he wrote poems about Russia. “I loved the Fatherland and poetry more than anything in the world,” he wrote in one of his letters from a foreign land. But Tyutchev almost did not print his poems. His name as a poet was not known in Russia.
In 1826, Tyutchev married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. They had 3 daughters.
In 1836, Pushkin got a notebook with poems by an unknown poet. Pushkin liked the poems very much. He published them in Sovremennik, but the name of the author was unknown, since the poems were signed with two letters F.T. And only in the 50s. already Nekrasovsky's contemporary published a selection of Tyutchev's poems and immediately his name became famous.
His first collection was published in 1854 under the editorship of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. The poems were imbued with quivering, tender love for the Motherland and hidden pain for her fate. Tyutchev was an opponent of the revolution, a supporter of pan-Slavism (the idea of uniting all Slavic peoples under the rule of the Russian autocracy). The main themes of the poems: Motherland, nature, love, reflections on the meaning of life
In philosophical lyrics, in love, in landscape, reflections on the fatal questions of life and the destiny of man were always present. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev does not have purely love poems, or about nature. He has everything intertwined. In each poem, the human soul and the author himself. Therefore, Tyutchev was called a poet-thinker. Each of his poems is a reflection on something. Turgenev noted the skill of Tyutchev in depicting the spiritual experiences of a person.
In December 1872, Fedor was paralyzed on the left side of his body, and his eyesight deteriorated sharply. Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873.
Report on Fyodor Tyutchev, an eminent Russian poet of the nineteenth "golden" century of Russian poetry, can be long, because his fate is rich in events, feelings, reflections, creativity.
Childhood and youth of the future poet
Tyutchev was born into a noble family typical of that time, combining strict observance of Russian traditions with fashionable communication in French. It happened on the twenty-third of November 1803 in the estate of the village of Ovstug, located in the Oryol province. The parents of the future poet Ekaterina Tolstaya and Ivan Tyutchev were noble, intelligent and educated people. They wanted to see their children the same way.
In Moscow, where Fyodor spent his childhood and youth, Semyon Raich became his home teacher from the age of nine. The young talented philologist was an aspiring critic and poet, therefore he encouraged the poetic experiments of his pupil. At the age of twelve, Fyodor Tyutchev was already translating the works of Horace and composing poems. At fourteen he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Literature. A gifted boy from 1816 was a volunteer at Moscow University, in the fall of 1819 he was a student at the Faculty of Philology, and in 1821 he already graduated from it, having studied instead of three for two years.
Service in Munich
Having received his degree, after a few months he began to serve in the then prestigious College of Foreign Affairs, and in June 1822 he went to the German city of Munich. Fedor Ivanovich broke off contact with literature and devoted himself entirely to the diplomatic service. True, he did not stop writing poetry, but he did it for himself, without advertising them. He went on leave to his homeland only in 1825. Upon his return to duty in February 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, becoming the guardian of her three children from a previous marriage. The Tyutchev family grew. 3 more daughters were born.
In Munich, fate brought him together with the poet Heine and the philosopher Schelling. Later, having made friends with a German romantic poet, Tyutchev was the first to translate his poetic works into his native language. He also continued to write his lyrical works. And in the spring of 1836 he handed them over to St. Petersburg, where they were published in Sovremennik, a published magazine. By the way, the great poet was delighted with the richness of poetic colors, the depth of thought, the strength and freshness of Tyutchev's language.
Service in Germany lasted almost fifteen years. In the late spring of 1837, the diplomat and poet received leave and went to St. Petersburg for three months.
Life in Turin
But after the vacation, Tyutchev was destined to go to Turin. There he was appointed chargé d'affaires of the Russian mission and first secretary. In this Italian city, a life tragedy awaited him, the death of his wife Eleanor. A year later, his marriage to Mrs. Dernberg was the end of his career as a diplomat. Tyutchev was not forgiven for his unauthorized departure to Switzerland to perform a wedding ceremony with Ernestina.
The announcement of the release of the poet from his post was not long in coming. For two years he tried to return to the service, but to no avail. Tyutchev was finally expelled from the number of officials of the Ministry. Without an official position, being retired, the poet lived in Munich for five years.
Back home
In 1843 the poet returned to his father's land. He lived first in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg with his parents. Reunited with his family in 1844. In the spring of the following year, he again began to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later, he received the position of an official for special assignments, later - a senior censor. There was career growth, social life was getting better. These and subsequent years were marked by the writing of journalistic articles, which were published, and magnificent poems, which no one read.
Poetic popularity
Twenty-four lyrical works and an article entitled "Russian Minor Poets", written, were published in the Sovremennik magazine in early 1850. They made the general public remember Tyutchev the poet. Four years later, the first collection of lyrical works was enthusiastically received by readers.
farewell feeling
The love of the young Elena Denisyeva and the elderly poet Fyodor Tyutchev lasted fourteen years. The fatal feeling gave birth to the beautiful lyrics of the so-called "Denisiev cycle". Their relationship was doomed to tragedy, because the poet had a family. Tyutchev wrote about this in the poem “Oh, how deadly we love”, talking about a painful, sinful feeling condemned by people.
bereavement
The last decade of the poet's life is filled with heavy irreparable losses. Elena Denisyeva died of consumption in 1964, followed by her son and daughter the following year, then her mother dies, and in 1870 her brother. The poet's life, fading away, loses its meaning. Since 1873, he begins to be seriously ill, and on the fifteenth of July of the same year, his life ends.
His ashes were buried in the city of Petra at the Novodevichy cemetery. And Tyutchev himself remained a favorite poet of many generations.
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Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873), Russian poet. Born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the Ovstug estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. in an old noble family. Tyutchev's childhood was spent in the Ovstug estate, in Moscow and the Troitskoye estate near Moscow. A patriarchal landlord life reigned in the family. Tyutchev, who showed an early ability to learn, received a good education at home. His teacher was the poet and translator S.E. Raich (1792-1855), who introduced Tyutchev to the works of antiquity and classical Italian literature. At the age of 12, the future poet, under the guidance of his mentor, translated Horace and wrote odes in imitation of him. For an ode to the new year 1816 in 1818 he was awarded the title of an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In the "Proceedings" of the Society in 1819, his first publication took place - a free transcription of the Epistle of Horace to the Maecenas.
In 1819 Tyutchev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. During the years of study, he became close to M. Pogodin, S. Shevyrev, V. Odoevsky. At this time, his Slavophile views began to take shape. As a student, Tyutchev also wrote poetry. In 1821 he graduated from the university and received a seat at the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, in 1822 he was appointed supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.
Russian history before Peter the Great is one memorial service; and after Peter - one criminal case.
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich
In Munich, Tyutchev, as a diplomat, aristocrat and writer, found himself in the center of the cultural life of one of the largest cities in Europe. He studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, became close to F. Schelling, became friends with G. Heine. He translated into Russian poems by G. Heine (the first Russian poet), F. Schiller, J. Goethe and other German poets. Tyutchev published his own poems in the Russian magazine Galatea and the almanac Northern Lyre.
In the 1820s and 1830s, Tyutchev's masterpieces of philosophical lyrics Silentium! (1830), Not what you think, nature... (1836), What are you howling about, night wind? images of nature and thoughts about it, the philosophical and symbolic meaning of the landscape, humanization, spirituality of nature.
In 1836, in Pushkin's journal Sovremennik, on the recommendation of P. Vyazemsky and V. Zhukovsky, it was published signed by F.T. a selection of 24 poems by Tyutchev called Poems sent from Germany. This publication became a milestone in his literary life, brought him fame. Tyutchev responded to the death of Pushkin with prophetic lines: “Well, as your first love, / the heart will not forget Russia” (January 29, 1837).
In 1826, Tyutchev married E. Peterson, then experienced an affair with A. Lerkhenfeld (several poems are dedicated to her, including the famous romance “I met you - and all the past ...” (1870). The romance with E. Dernberg turned out to be so scandalous that Tyutchev was transferred from Munich to Turin.Tyutchev had a hard time with the death of his wife (1838), but soon remarried - to Dernberg, having arbitrarily left for a wedding in Switzerland.For this, he was dismissed from the diplomatic service and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
For several years Tyutchev remained in Germany, in 1844 he returned to Russia. From 1843 he published articles on the pan-Slavic trend Russia and Germany, Russia and the Revolution, the Papacy and the Roman question, and worked on the book Russia and the West. He wrote about the need for an Eastern European Union led by Russia and that it was the confrontation between Russia and the Revolution that would determine the fate of mankind. He believed that the Russian kingdom should stretch "from the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China."
Tyutchev's political views were approved by Emperor Nicholas I. The title of chamberlain was returned to the author, in 1848 he received a position at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, in 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In St. Petersburg, Tyutchev immediately became a prominent figure in public life. Contemporaries noted his brilliant mind, humor, talent as an interlocutor. His epigrams, witticisms and aphorisms were on everyone's lips. The rise of Tyutchev's poetic creativity also belongs to this time. In 1850, the Sovremennik magazine reproduced a selection of Tyutchev's poems, once published by Pushkin, and published an article by N. Nekrasov, in which he ranked these poems among the brilliant phenomena of Russian poetry, put Tyutchev on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov. In 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were published in the supplement to Sovremennik, and then, on the initiative of I. Turgenev, his first poetry collection was published. Tyutchev's fame was confirmed by many of his contemporaries - Turgenev, A. Fet, A. Druzhinin, S. Aksakov, A. Grigoriev and others. L. Tolstoy called Tyutchev "one of those unfortunate people who are immeasurably higher than the crowd among which they live, and therefore always alone."
Spring is the only revolution in this world worthy of being taken seriously, the only one that at least always succeeds.
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich
Tyutchev's poetry was defined by researchers as philosophical lyrics, in which, according to Turgenev, the thought "never appears naked and abstract to the reader, but always merges with the image taken from the world of the soul or nature, penetrates it, and itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably." This feature of his lyrics was fully reflected in the poems Vision (1829), How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ... (1830), Day and night (1839), etc.
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Biography
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (5.12.1803 – 15.07.1873) was born into a noble family, in the Ovstug estate (Bryansk district, Oryol province). Tyutchev's childhood years were spent in Moscow. Home teachers led by a poet-translator Semyon Raich taught him Latin and ancient lyrics. The abilities of the future diplomat and poet are evidenced by the fact that at the age of 14 he was already a volunteer of the verbal department of Moscow University.
After graduating from the university, Tyutchev begins a diplomatic career (20 years working in Munich and 2 years in Turin). In 1839, he retired due to his unauthorized trip to Switzerland for marriage with Ernestine Dernberg. Tyutchev's first wife, Eleanor Petersen died in 1838. Tyutchev returned to the civil service in 1845 and became the senior censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1850, F.I. Tyutchev met Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva, which became his last love, condemned by high society for the difference in position and age.
In 1858, Fedor Ivanovich became Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee and held this post for 15 years. For his merits, Tyutchev received in 1865 the high rank of Privy Councilor. Interested in European politics, writes political articles, despite failing health. Severe headaches and loss of freedom of movement of the left hand at the end of 1872 were a symptom of an impending stroke, from which the poet died 8 months later in Tsarskoye Selo.
The main periods of creativity F.I. Tyutchev
Tyutchev began to write his own poems early: the first of them ( “To my dear papa!”, “I am omnipotent and weak at the same time ...”) date back to 1813-1816. The first publications are known only to a narrow circle of close people, because the poet was published very little. Peru Tyutchev owns about 400 poems (counting options and unfinished drafts), and his creative and life path can be divided into three periods:
- Children's and youth creativity in the spirit of poetry of the 18th century (1810 - 1820).
- The original work is a synthesis of Russian odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of European romanticism (mid-1820s-1840s). In 1836 in "Contemporary" A.S. Pushkin 16 and then 8 more poems by F.I. Tyutchev under the heading "Poems sent from Germany".
- After a 10-year period when Tyutchev almost did not write poetry, from the 1850s to the 1870s he creates many political poems and poems "in case". In 1854, the publication of his first book took place, in which there were old and new poems that made up the famous "Denisiev cycle" dedicated Elena Denisieva (“I knew the eyes, oh, these eyes! ..”, “Last love”, “Today, friend, fifteen years have passed ...” and etc.).
The first acquaintance with F.I. Tyutchev at school
With the study in the 6th grade of a brief biography and several poems of the poet (mostly landscapes), the comprehension of the lyrics and personality of F.I. Tyutchev. Poems "Leaves", "Reluctantly and timidly ..." allow you to feel the complex, transitional states of nature, embody the confusion of feelings in the soul of the poet. In a poem “The kite rose from the clearing ...” two images are contrasted: the freedom of flight of a free bird and the earthly - "in sweat and dust" - the hypostasis of man. The list of additional literature for independent reading in grade 6 includes 3 more poems: “Dream on the Sea”, “Spring”, “How cheerful the roar of summer storms ...”.
BIOGRAPHY AND CREATIVITY F. I. TYUTCHEV
Abstract of a student of 10 "B" class, Lyceum No. 9 Korzhanskaya Anastasia.
Volgograd
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born into a well-born noble family in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province (now the Bryansk region) on November 23, 1803. In 1810, the Tyutchev family moved to Moscow. A poet-translator, a connoisseur of classical antiquity and Italian literature S.E. was invited as an educator to Tyutchev. Raich. Under the influence of the teacher, Tyutchev early joined the literary work. Tyutchev wrote the earliest of the poems that have come down to us - "To Dear Papa" at the age of 15 (November 1813). Already at the age of 12, Fedor Ivanovich successfully translated Horace. And in 1819, a free transcription of the “Message of Horace to the Maecenas” was published - Tyutchev’s first speech in print. This autumn, he enters the verbal department of Moscow University: he listens to lectures on the theory of literature and the history of Russian literature, on archeology and the history of fine arts.
In the autumn of 1821, Tyutchev graduated from the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. He gets a position as a supernumerary officer of the Russian mission in Bavaria. In July 1822 he went to Munich and spent 22 years there.
Abroad, Tyutchev translates Heine, Schiller and other European poets, and this helps him acquire his voice in poetry and develop a special, unique style. Shortly after arriving in Munich, apparently in the spring of 1823, Tyutchev fell in love with the still very young Amalia von Lerchenfeld. Amalia was only considered the daughter of a prominent Munich diplomat, Count Maximilian von Lerchenfeld-Köfering. In fact, she was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian King Frederick William III and Princess Thurn y Taxis (and was thus the half-sister of another daughter of this king, the Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna). The royal daughter, of dazzling beauty, Amalia clearly sought to achieve the highest possible position in society. And she succeeded. During the departure of Tyutchev on vacation, Amalia got married to his colleague, Baron Alexander Sergeevich Krunder. It is not known exactly when Tyutchev found out about Amalia's wedding, but it is easy to imagine his then pain and despair. But, despite the insults, Amalia’s relationship with Tyutchev lasted for half a century, despite the fact that he was married to another, he shone poetry on her:
"I remember the golden time,
I remember a dear edge to my heart.
The day was evening; we were two;
Below, in the shade, the Danube rustled ... "
Information even reached that Tyutchev was a participant in a duel because of her.
Soon, on March 5, 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. It was in many ways an unusual, strange marriage. Twenty-two-year-old Tyutchev secretly married a recently widowed woman, the mother of four sons aged one to seven years, moreover, with a woman four years older. Even two years later, many in Munich, according to Heinrich Heine, did not know about this wedding. “Serious mental requests were alien to her,” but nevertheless, the poet’s biographer K.V. wrote endlessly charming, charming. Pigarev about Eleanor. It can be assumed that Tyutchev decided to marry mainly for the sake of salvation from the torment and humiliation caused by the loss of his true, beloved. But, one way or another, Tyutchev did not make a mistake. Eleanor loved him unconditionally. She managed to create a cozy and hospitable home. Tyutchev lived with Eleanor for 12 years. From this marriage he had three daughters: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina.
Tyutchev served, and served poorly. The promotion was slow. The salary was not enough to support the family. The Tyutchevs barely made ends meet, they were constantly in debt.
“Fyodor Ivanovich was far from being what is called a good-natured man; he himself was very grouchy, very impatient, a decent grump and an egoist to the marrow of his bones, to whom his calmness, his comforts and habits were dearest of all, ”writes A.I. Georgievsky (publisher, teacher).
One can imagine in what a difficult state of mind Tyutchev was. Failures and hardships in all areas - political activity, career and home life. Under these conditions, Tyutchev surrenders to his new love.
In February 1833, at one of the balls, Tyutchev's friend, the Bavarian publicist Karl Pfeffel, introduces him to his sister, the twenty-two-year-old beauty Ernestina and her already elderly husband, Baron Döriberg. Ernestine is beautiful and a skilled dancer. She made a strong impression on Tyutchev. In addition, a strange story happened: Dyori felt unwell and left the ball, saying goodbye to Tyutchev: “I entrust my wife to you,” and died a few days later.
That love began, which was probably a kind of way out, salvation for Tyutchev. He obviously could not, for the sake of a new love, not only part with Eleanor, but even stop loving her. And at the same time, he could not break off relations with Ernestine. And it couldn't remain a secret. Ernestine tried to run from him. She left Munich. During this period of separation, Fyodor Ivanovich is in a terrible state, in which he burns most of his poetic exercises.
Eleanor tried to commit suicide by stabbing her chest several times with a dagger. But she remained alive, she forgave Tyutchev.
On May 14, Eleanor and her three daughters boarded a steamboat heading from Kronstadt to Lübeck. Already near Lübeck, a fire broke out on the ship. Eleanor experienced a nervous breakdown saving the children. They escaped, but the documents, papers, things, money were all gone. All this finally undermined Eleanor's health, and with a big cold on August 27, 1838, at the age of 39, she died.
And already March 1, 1839. Tyutchev filed an official statement of his intention to marry Ernestina. Ernestina adopted Anna, Daria and Ekaterina. At the same time, while living in Munich, Tyutchev maintained the closest relations with the Russian mission, and continued to follow political life with all his attention. There is no doubt that he still had a firm intention to return to the diplomatic service. But, fearing that he would not be given a diplomatic post, he keeps postponing his return to St. Petersburg from vacation, waiting for a more opportune moment. And, in the end, on June 30, 1841, Fedor Ivanovich was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain. In the autumn of 1844, Tyutchev returned to his homeland. He began to actively participate in public life. And in March 1845 he was again enrolled in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
He loved his second wife Ernestine (Netty), she had two sons Dmitry and Ivan. But 12 years after marrying her, Tyutchev fell in love with Denisyeva. Fyodor Ivanovich was already under 50 when he was seized by love, bold, excessive, irresistible, for Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva, a young girl, a classy lady of the institute where his daughters studied. A prosperous life, established with such difficulty, a career forcibly restored, public opinion, which he cherished, friendships, political plans, the family itself, finally, everything went to dust. For 14 years from 1850 to 1864 this love storm raged. Continuing to love Ernestine, he lived in two houses and was torn between them. Tyutchev's relationship with Ernestina Fedorovna for long periods was entirely reduced to correspondence. For 14 years she did not reveal anything that she knew about her husband's love for another, and showed the rarest self-control.
Fyodor Ivanovich was more "spiritual" than "soulful". The daughter wrote about him as a man, “that he appears to her as one of those primordial spirits who have nothing to do with matter, but who, however, has no soul either.”
Elena Alexandrovna loved Fyodor Ivanovich without limit. Children born to Elena Alexandrovna (daughter Elena and son Fedor) were recorded as Tyutchevs. It had no legal force. They were doomed to the sad fate of the "illegitimate" in those days. On May 22, 1864, Elena Alexandrovna gave birth to a son, Nikolai. Immediately after giving birth, she developed an exacerbation of tuberculosis. On August 4, 1864, she died in the arms of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Tyutchev tormented and tormented. After her death, he lived in a daze. Tyutchev seemed to be blinded by grief and wisdom. “A short, thin old man, with long temples lagging behind. With gray hair that was never smoothed, dressed discreetly, not fastened with a single button, as it should ... ”Khodasevich wrote in his memoirs about Tyutchev.
Fedor Ivanovich continued to correspond with his wife Ernestina Fedorovna. Later they met, and the Tyutchev family was reunited again. In the last years of his life, Tyutchev devoted all his strength to various activities aimed at establishing the right direction for Russia's foreign policy. And Ernestina Fedorovna helps him in this. On January 1, 1873, the poet, says Aksakov, “despite all the warnings, left the house for an ordinary walk, to visit friends and acquaintances ... He was soon brought back, paralyzed. The entire left side of the body was affected and damaged irrevocably.” Ernestina Fedorovna cared for the sick Fedor Ivanovich.
Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873, just on the 23rd anniversary of the day when his affair with E. A. Denisyeva began.
The artistic fate of the poet is unusual: this is the fate of the last Russian romantic, who worked in the era of the triumph of realism and still remained faithful to the precepts of romantic art.
The main advantage of Fyodor Ivanovich's poems lies in the lively, graceful, plastically correct depiction of nature. He passionately loves her, understands perfectly, his most subtle, elusive features and shades are available to him.
Tyutchev inspires nature, animates, she is alive and humanized in his image:
And sweet thrill, like a jet,
Nature ran through the veins.
How hot her legs
Key waters touched.
"Summer Evening" 1829
Nature -
... Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
“Not what you think nature” ... 1836
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