BCG vaccination against what at what age. BCG, or ''the most visible'' vaccine. Contraindications for re-vaccination

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Tuberculosis is a serious lung disease that is difficult to treat. Each newborn baby is vaccinated a few days after birth while still in the maternity hospital. How the vaccination site heals is of interest to many mothers. Vaccination is considered difficult and dangerous for babies. Even in the absence of negative manifestations, healing occurs over a long period of time and is characterized by the change of some signs by others. It is important to know what is normal and when to sound the alarm.

How does BCG heal?

The vaccine is aimed at developing immunity against the causative agent of tuberculosis. They inoculate in the shoulder, injecting the drug intradermally. The reaction to vaccination does not appear immediately, but after some time.

At the injection site, an abscess begins to develop, which, after some time, becomes covered with a crust and heals. This whole process takes quite a long time.

How long does the bcg vaccine take to heal?

It is possible to notice the reaction of the body to the introduced vaccine only after a few weeks. Vaccination reaction can last more 4-5 months. When a pustule with suppuration appears at the injection site, you should not panic - this is a reaction within the normal range.

Further, over the course of several more months, the place of vaccination will undergo changes. How long does the BCG vaccine heal? It will take about a year for the appearance of a scar, indicating a properly administered vaccination and established immunity, but the duration of the process may vary for different children. It all depends on the individual characteristics of the organism and other factors.

The healing process is normal: in the first weeks and later

With the correctly administered drug and the absence of contraindications at the time of vaccination, the healing period should proceed without complications. How does BCG heal? The whole process looks like this:

After the injection of the drug, a papule forms at the injection site. Its color can vary from white to red-violet. Adjacent areas of the skin on the arm should remain normal in color. The rise in body temperature after vaccination is also considered the norm.
After about 30-45 days, the injection site begins to turn red.
Then a bubble appears, filled with liquid and purulent contents, resembling an inflamed pimple.
Pus begins to flow out of the wound and re-forms.

The peak of suppuration is followed by the formation of a crust. It cannot be disturbed and disrupted.
After a few months, the healing process ends and a small scar forms at the site of vaccination, which indicates an effective vaccination.

The duration of the healing process directly affects the degree of acquired immunity. The more time has passed from the moment of vaccination to the formation of a scar, the stronger the immunity. This is also evidenced by the size of the scar.

Photos of healing by months

It is important for mothers to know how the vaccination site should normally look after some time has passed after vaccination. A photo by months will help you figure it out and not panic prematurely. In about a month, you will see this picture:

The color may also be lighter or darker.

Two months later, the picture changes and with the appearance of an abscess, many mothers panic. But this reaction is quite normal and correct.

As it heals, the crust will fall off, and the healing process will end with the formation of a scar.

The duration of each stage for different children may vary slightly, but the sequence is always preserved.

Possible deviations and complications in healing

Vaccination against tuberculosis can be carried out with a violation of the technique of drug administration, which leads to deviations in the healing process. For example, if too much purulent content is formed, it can be suspected that the nurse did not administer the vaccine intradermally, but subcutaneously.

Absence of the suppuration process can also be considered a deviation from the norm. This means that the vaccine is introduced too deep into the skin layers and an abscess is formed there. This condition is more dangerous because it can provoke the development of an abscess.

The vaccination is tolerated normally by most children and ends with the formation of a strong immunity against tuberculosis, but there are also complications. They are most often characteristic of children who have a congenital decrease in immunity, for example, if the mother is HIV-infected.

Possible complications include the following:

Formation of an abscess when the vaccine is injected too deeply. In such situations, surgical intervention is required.
The formation of a large ulcer at the injection site. This indicates an increased sensitivity of the body to the components of the drug. Therapy will require local.
When spreading mycobacteria into the lymph nodes, an inflammatory process develops in them. If there is an increase of more than a centimeter, then surgical treatment is required.
At the site of vaccination, not a scar is formed, but a keloid scar. In such situations, re-vaccination at 7 years is not done.
With severe immune disorders in the child's body, a generalized BCG infection develops.
After 1-2 years, there is a danger of developing bone tuberculosis with a weak immune system.

Sometimes scar formation does not occur after vaccination. This may indicate that immunity is not formed or the vaccine is not administered correctly.

Sometimes the absence of a scar is associated with innate immunity against tuberculosis.

In such situations, Mantoux is done, when a negative result is obtained, the vaccination is repeated.

What to do if BCG does not heal?

The healing process is long and may vary in duration for each baby. Some mothers raise a panic if after three months a festering wound remains, there is redness and periodically the baby has a fever.

The whole process can take up to one year, and if BCG does not heal after a long time, then you should see a doctor. In some babies, suppuration may end in the formation of a crust, and then start again with renewed vigor. Most often, this is outside the norm, and no intervention is required. Sometimes the cause of this condition is infection in the wound, combing it. You can cover the injection site with a napkin to avoid this.

Moms should worry if more than six months have passed, and the completion of the scarring process is not even visible. The vaccination site looks very inflamed, there is an extensive abscess. In such situations, you should not do something on your own, it is better to visit a pediatrician who will find out the reasons for the long healing process and tell you what to do.

Now mothers themselves have the right to decide whether to vaccinate their baby or not. But we must always remember that by refusing to vaccinate, the health of the child is at great risk. It is better to experience some inconvenience after vaccination than to engage in long and difficult treatment of tuberculosis.

BCG complications - diseases that occur against the background of vaccination against tuberculosis. As a rule, after BCG vaccination, complications rarely appear, but it is necessary to know their main symptoms in order to be able to take action in time if a dangerous disease occurs in a child. BCG complications are the dark side of the tuberculosis vaccination medal, which has been used in the world since 1921. At the same time, the invention of the vaccine helped to significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from tuberculosis.

The BCG vaccine is made from a weakened strain of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis. Since the vaccine bacterium is weakened, it provokes the response of the immune system to the disease, forming a strong immunity in a person without causing a pathogenic process.

The tuberculosis vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in the world. The effectiveness of the vaccine is 70-80% against the most merciless forms of tuberculosis, such as tuberculous meningitis in children. However, the vaccine is not as effective against respiratory diseases that are common in adults.

In Russia, two types of vaccines are used: in fact, BCG and BCG-M. BCG-M is a softened vaccine with a lower antigen content. It is prescribed for premature newborns, children with CNS damage, as well as those who have not been vaccinated at the maternity hospital.

BCG vaccination is included in the mandatory vaccination calendar and is administered to newborns.

The list of contraindications includes persons:

already vaccinated against tuberculosis;
previously ill with this disease;
with a seal of more than 6 mm after the Mantoux tuberculin test;
with a doctor-confirmed anaphylactic reaction to the vaccine component;
if generalized tuberculosis is confirmed in the child's relatives;
people with a reduced immune response due to a disease or treatment: patients taking corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs, including radiation treatment and those who have malignant tumors.

BCG vaccination takes place in the maternity hospital 4-6 days after birth. The need for vaccination at such an early age is due to the high risk of tuberculosis for a child. By being protected by a weakened bacterium, the young organism will have a better chance of fighting off the real disease in the event of a real infection.

According to studies, vaccination provides the body with immunity for 10-15 years. There is very little data on the reaction of the body after this period, but it is clear that protection decreases with time.

According to WHO recommendations, the vaccine is injected into the left shoulder (or thigh) intradermally. For three months after the injection, it is forbidden to do other vaccinations in the area of the left shoulder or thigh. This can provoke regional lymphadenitis.

The norm is induration at the injection site and a focal reaction in the form of a papule two weeks or more after vaccination. The papule may ulcerate and then slowly disappear until completely healed over several weeks or months. After the disappearance of the papule, a small flat scar remains. A natural reaction is an increase in the local lymph node up to 1 cm in diameter.

Such pronounced complications of BCG, such as large ulcers, abscesses and keloid scars, are most often the result of improper injection technique, overdose or vaccination of tuberculin-positive individuals.

Cold abscess after BCG is a complication caused by improper technique for administering the vaccine (subcutaneously or intramuscularly). Inflammation appears 3-6 weeks after the injection in the form of a lump with redness. If you suspect an abscess, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Other pathological reactions to the vaccine include:

headache;
temperature rise;
an increase in the local lymph node by more than 1 cm;
ulceration of the lymph node.

Severe allergic reactions (including anaphylactic shock), suppuration, and complications of BCG such as osteitis or osteomyelitis are rare.

Complications after BCG vaccination can be divided into mild and severe. Mild complications are usually localized, with regional lymphadenitis being the most common. Skin complications such as lupoid reaction and vaccine eczema are mild complications.

Severe complications are:

purulent lymphadenitis;
keloid scars;
bone diseases (osteitis, osteomyelitis, periostitis);
disseminated BCG infection;
post-BCG syndrome (allergic reaction).

All of these complications are included in the international classification of diseases (ICD-10), including a superficial ulcer and subcutaneous cold abscess.

Mild complications usually resolve without special treatment. All that is required is proper care and condition registered with a phthisiatrician.

The cause of complications may be associated with both the vaccination technique and the state of the body at the time of injection.

Regional lymphadenitis

The most common complications that occur after BCG vaccination are manifested in the form of regional lymphadenitis (the so-called bczhit). This is an inflammation of the lymph node located near the injection site.

Regional lymphadenitis after BCG vaccination is susceptible to:

axillary;
supraclavicular;
subclavian;
cervical lymph nodes.

At first, the complication is asymptomatic. The inflamed lymph node gradually increases over 1-2 months without pain, subsequently an abscess and fistula may form. Inflammation is characterized by the presence of caseous necrosis and cold abscess. An enlarged lymph node of more than 1 cm may indicate a pathology.

BCG lymphadenitis can occur in an uncomplicated, non-purulent form or have consequences and turn into a purulent one. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms. Simple lymphadenitis resolves on its own after a few weeks and does not require anti-tuberculosis therapy. The use of oral antibiotics and anti-tuberculosis drugs does not accelerate recovery and does not prevent complications in the form of purulent lymphadenitis.

The purulent form of BCG lymphadenitis is considered a severe complication of vaccination. However, such cases are decreasing due to the use of lyophilized vaccine and the training of personnel in the correct injection technique.

Lyophilization is a method of creating a vaccine in which bacteria are frozen and then dried in a vacuum. This allows you to maintain the integrity of the form and biological activity of drugs for a long time.

Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia No. 109 dated March 21, 2003 contains detailed instructions for vaccination and revaccination against tuberculosis.

Complicated lymphadenitis is characterized by the presence of a fluctuating tumor with redness and swelling. An abscess can lead to spontaneous rupture of the lymph node and the formation of a fistula, after which a scar remains on the skin. The fistula can persist for a month or more. Needle aspiration can help prevent these complications and speed up healing. This is a safe method, usually one procedure is enough. Surgery is recommended in cases of fistula with purulent discharge, multilocular abscess, or adherent lymph nodes.

Cases of chest abscess after BCG vaccination are very rare. Such a diagnosis is confirmed either by the presence of characteristic features in the histopathology of the lesion, or by genetic analysis with a PCR test. This disease requires surgical intervention followed by a course of anti-tuberculosis therapy of 6 to 12 months. Recent studies show that surgery is necessary if the lymph node has reached a size of 3 cm, since drug treatment will not give positive results.

Another severe consequence of BCG vaccination is keloids (see photo). These are scars that continue to grow around the area of the primary wound. Hypertrophied scars occur for several weeks after receiving a wound and remain within the affected area. Keloids, in contrast, grow beyond the wound and may appear much later.

A keloid scar can appear not only after vaccination, but also as a result of any violation of the integrity of the skin: surgery, tattoos, bites, burns, piercings, wounds. Keloids can develop on their own, without previous trauma.

Keloid scars are still difficult to treat.

Various methods have been tried, including:

Surgical removal.
Cryotherapy.
Radiation therapy.
Corticosteroids externally and by injection into damaged tissue.
laser surgery.

Studies have shown the effectiveness of radiation therapy in combination with surgical removal. Also, cryotherapy and the introduction of corticosteroids into the affected tissues showed positive results - when they are used, keloid scars are flattened.

Cryotherapy is a method of treating keloid scars, in which the affected tissues are frozen with liquid nitrogen. The lack of oxygen causes necrosis and tissue rejection, due to which the lesion is flattened.

Osteomyelitis is a disease in which not only the outer part of the bone is damaged, but also the bone marrow. This is a rare complication after BCG vaccination in immunocompetent patients. The risk of osteomyelitis in immunocompromised patients is much higher.

The incubation period for BCG osteomyelitis is on average six months from the date of injection. The lesion is usually localized in the metaphysis or epiphysis of long tubular bones. The clinic of the disease can be asymptomatic for a long time (from three months to five years). The main clinical symptom of BCG osteomyelitis is limited mobility, otherwise the sick child may look absolutely normal. Another symptom is the presence of subfebrile temperature and a high ESR in the blood. Diagnosis of the disease is complicated due to the lack of demonstrative clinical signs.

BCG osteomyelitis is highly sensitive to anti-TB drugs, but only a long course of 9-12 months combined with surgery leads to good results.

It is very important to diagnose osteomyelitis as early as possible, since treatment is most effective in the early stages of the disease. Before antibiotic therapy, blood cultures are done. A PCR test for Mycobacterium bovis will help to make an accurate diagnosis if there are characteristic symptoms and test data.

Although BCG osteomyelitis is a rare disease, it should be kept in mind if a child has a sign of tuberculous osteomyelitis for no apparent reason (there were no contacts with tuberculosis patients, there are no symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, a relative is not sick).

There are several main factors on which success in the treatment of BCG osteomyelitis depends:

clinical alertness;
early diagnosis based on biopsy data and PCR samples;
surgical drainage;
timely initiation of chemotherapy.

The PCR test is an accurate method to separate BCG from strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A single nucleotide distinguishes M. bovis from M. tuberculosis - this is what is used to differentiate BCG osteomyelitis from tuberculous osteomyelitis.

Disseminated BCG infection is a rare but life-threatening complication after vaccination.

Symptoms are similar to TB infection, including:

non-falling temperature;
night sweats;
weight loss.

The disease rarely manifests itself in immunocompetent patients with intradermal administration of the vaccine. Statistics show that children with HIV infection who are vaccinated with BCG are at the main risk: 992 cases out of 100,000. The main symptoms are fever and weight loss. Mortality rate 81%. According to WHO recommendations, HIV infection in children is a strict contraindication to BCG vaccination. The WHO also insists that, whenever possible, children be tested for HIV before vaccination.

The symptoms and radiographic findings of disseminated BCG infection are similar to tuberculosis infection. Treatment is with corticosteroids in combination with anti-tuberculosis therapy.

The decision to vaccinate or not to vaccinate a baby is made by close relatives. At the same time, you should not give in to emotions - you need to make a sensible choice, weighing the possible risk to which the newborn or newborn will be exposed. For example, the well-known pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky claims that vaccinations must be done if there are no direct contraindications. Infectious tuberculosis is a dangerous disease, resulting in disability. Naturally, it's easy to get emotional after reading a parent's horrific review of how their baby got sick after being vaccinated, but this decision is too big and should come from a sober assessment of all the evidence available. Infection with tuberculosis is possible in domestic conditions, through contact with sick people.

You can refuse vaccination by writing an application addressed to the head of the medical institution in two copies. This can be done even before entering the hospital. In Russia, there is law No. 157 of September 17, 1998, according to which preventive vaccinations are carried out "with informed voluntary consent."

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Throughout the existence of mankind, it has constantly faced a huge number of epidemics that could claim millions of lives. Of course, some diseases have remained only memories, but even today there is enough that can destroy a person. It was for this purpose that a variety of vaccines were invented, which are mandatory and are quite capable of protecting a person from a particular disease.

Tuberculosis and BCG - an excursion into history

One of the most common and old diseases is tuberculosis. It was because of him that a huge number of people around the world died in the 19th century. In those days, tuberculosis was called consumption and absolutely everyone suffered from it, regardless of their status in the state or age. Today, nothing has changed and many people still face this serious disease.

Tuberculosis is transmitted by airborne droplets. Initially, the development of the virus in the body remains invisible, but after a short time, the disease began to threaten the life and health of a sick person. First of all, human lungs, bone tissue, joints, and so on suffered. If we talk about newborn children, then tuberculosis is accompanied by anemia or dystrophy, in especially severe cases it affects the brain and tuberculous meningitis. It is in such cases that you need to act immediately, because in just a few weeks the disease can kill a weak creature.

Today, modern medicine allows many people to avoid this disease by vaccination, which is done with a child as soon as he is born. The tuberculosis vaccine or BCG was invented about 100 years ago in France. Initially, the vaccine caused a lot of complications and after many years and attempts at improvement, today we have a completely safe medicine for the prevention of tuberculosis.

BCG vaccination for a newborn baby

A newborn child is vaccinated immediately after birth, while he is still in the hospital - for about 3-7 days. If for some reason this vaccination was not done in the maternity hospital, then absolutely all doctors without exception recommend doing it in the clinic. This vaccination is mandatory, but according to the legislation of our country, parents can refuse it in writing. When they do this, they must clearly understand that tuberculosis is a very dangerous disease, especially when it comes to newborns and still defenseless children. Vaccination can reduce the risk of contracting tuberculosis by several times.

Of course, at the same time, doctors say that the vaccine does not give a 100% guarantee that in the future the child will not get TB. But you need to understand that the body already has antibodies to this disease, and therefore, in cases of illness, it will be able to quickly start fighting it. The vaccine is administered exclusively subcutaneously in the left shoulder of the child. The vaccine contains weak, semi-living tuberculosis pathogens. Of course, they are not able to cause infections, but they help to develop antibodies. If the child is completely healthy and full-term, then he is given the BCG vaccine. If he is premature, has health problems and is weakened, then doctors use a weakened BCG-M vaccine. Immunity to tuberculosis will be formed during the first year of life and persist for 5-7 years.

If the child is healthy, then he reacts normally to the vaccine, and at about 2-3 months of life, a small seal forms at the injection site, which looks like a mosquito bite. At six months, the seal will turn into a small neat scar, which will be fully formed by the end of the first year of life.

Contraindications for BCG vaccination and possible complications

BCG refers to mandatory vaccinations that are given to a child immediately after birth and which can develop immunity to such a dangerous disease as tuberculosis. Of course, BCG vaccination, like everyone else, is possible only if the child is completely healthy and does not have certain contraindications. Otherwise, not only will you not get the expected result from the vaccine, but you will also have serious complications. As a rule, the harm from vaccination in case of non-compliance with the rules is insignificant, but still quite often you can find a more complex reaction of the body to the vaccine.

To date, there are several contraindications to BCG vaccination, which doctors divide into absolute and relative. The absolute contraindications include the following:

the child has congenital or acquired diseases of the immune system;
there is congenital fermentopathy or severe diseases that are inherited, damage to the central nervous system in severe form;
you can not be vaccinated when relatives had complications after it;
if the child has been diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Relative contraindications doctors include these items:

infectious diseases of varying degrees of complexity;
skin diseases;
the newborn is diagnosed with hemolytic disease;
the child has a high degree of prematurity and a very weak body, low weight.

Complications that may occur after BCG vaccination

The most serious complication after this vaccination can be attributed directly to the infection of the child. Of course, such cases can be found quite rarely, but still they should not be ruled out. They can arise due to incorrect diagnosis of contraindications and the selection of children for vaccination. Also, the result of improper selection of newborns can be serious problems with the immune system. In some cases, you can observe a very rapid development of the inflammatory process in the bone tissues of the child (osteitis). Of course, such cases can also be classified as rare. As a rule, if complications appear in a newborn after BCG vaccination, they are minor and disappear quite soon without the intervention of doctors. These include:

The infiltrate (vaccination injection site) increases significantly in size and may even be expressed.
The infiltrate is formed under the skin - if the infiltrate is formed under the skin, then it will feel like a small ball. This occurs if the vaccine is injected too deeply. If you notice the formation of a subcutaneous infiltrate in a child, you should immediately consult a doctor, because it may break through and then the infection will very quickly enter the child's blood.
The infection can spread to the lymph nodes. Then they can significantly increase in size and get very sick. In some cases, the infection breaks out, forming a fistula - a channel through which pus comes out.
Very rarely in a newborn, but more often in an older child, a keloid can form: an overgrowth of a scar.

Therefore, after your child has been vaccinated with BCG, you need to carefully monitor his behavior and health. If you notice any changes in the behavior of the child or in his well-being, you should immediately consult a doctor to clarify the circumstances. As a rule, if complications are detected quite early, then they can be quickly eliminated and this will not affect the health of your child in any way.

Also, if you have thoughts to refuse vaccination, then in this case, remember how dangerous tuberculosis is, and the BCG vaccination is quite capable of protecting your baby from this disease.

Tuberculosis is one of the most common diseases 21st century, which has not yet been defeated. Every year, up to a million people are infected with Koch's bacillus in the world.

In order to prevent possible infection and spread of infection, do preventive vaccinations.

The only vaccine used worldwide is BCG (BCG), a weakened strain of live tuberculosis bacilli. It was opened in early twentieth century French scientists Calmette and Guérin, after whom it is named.

When is BCG given?

Mandatory vaccination of children against tuberculosis is carried out in Russia since 1962 in accordance with national vaccination schedule. The first introduction of BCG is carried out in the maternity hospital until the seventh day baby's life. An injection is given to the child intradermally in the shoulder area. Revaccination is carried out with negative Mantoux tests and the absence of contraindications in children at the age of seven and in teenagers at 14 years old.

Photo 1. A newborn is vaccinated with BCG in the maternity hospital within 7 days after birth.

It is impossible to put BCG at the same time as other vaccines, since it is live, and weakening the immune system with additional vaccinations can provoke the generalization of the tuberculosis process.

Contraindications for BCG vaccination

Not all children can be vaccinated against tuberculosis. There are a number of reasons why a child receives a temporary or permanent medical exemption from BCG. In newborns it is:

deep prematurity;
extremely low weight body at birth up to 2.5 kg);
hemolytic disease with Rh-conflict with the mother or incompatibility according to the ABO system;
heavy congenital malformations in the stage of sub- and decompensation;
active manifestations intrauterine infection.

Revaccination at seven years old the child is not carried out if there is:

positive Mantoux test;
complications after previously made BCG;
immunodeficiency;
oncological diseases.

It is impossible to vaccinate a child during an acute or exacerbated chronic illness, while taking medications - immunosuppressants, cytostatics, glucocorticoids and during the onset of any acute infection.

Photo 2. The second time the BCG vaccine is given at the age of 7, if there are no contraindications.

What not to do after vaccination

If your baby is healthy and has undergone BCG, try to follow some simple rules: immediately after the introduction, it is better do not feed for half an hour. The injection site should not be treated with any antiseptic solutions and ointments, sealed with a plaster. A short-term imposition of a dry sterile napkin is allowed.

Attention! Do not leave the clinic or maternity hospital immediately after vaccination, for some time it is better to be under the supervision of medical staff so as not to miss possible development of an allergic reaction.

If there are family members diagnosed with tuberculosis in the apartment where the vaccinated child will live, then the baby will be able to get home after vaccination only after isolation of the patient and conducting a thorough disinfection. Contact with such a relative is prohibited for a period six to eight weeks and is allowed only when the phthisiatrician gives his opinion.

During the day

All bans related to vaccination can be divided into two groups:

specific- characteristic only for BCG vaccination;
non-specific- used in relation to any administration of immunobiological preparations.

The general rules are that on the day of prophylactic vaccination it is undesirable to walk with a child especially in crowded places. Any vaccine (including BCG) is an antigen foreign to the body, and all the forces of the defense system after administration are aimed at producing antibodies, i.e., at the formation of immunity.

Accession at this moment of an additional infection: viral or bacterial, can significantly weaken the body and cause disease (ARVI, otitis media, bronchitis, etc.). Therefore, additional contacts should be avoided.

It is undesirable to bathe the baby on the day of vaccination or just wet the injection site and also rub with a washcloth or sponge. This causes additional irritation of the skin, the addition of a secondary infection and may cause a number of complications.

Photo 2. It is impossible to bathe the baby after the vaccine: this can cause complications.

The room where the baby is regularly ventilate and do wet cleaning. This will reduce the risk of infection.

The child's diet should be light, gentle. If the baby is breastfed, then the mother's breast is given on demand. At the same time, a woman should eat fully, but not to use new products and obligate allergens (chocolate, tomatoes, citrus fruits), so as not to cause unwanted reactions in the child.

In older children exclude from the diet of fatty, fried foods, marinades and pickles, limit sweets. Observance of the drinking regime is mandatory, not too sweet juices, fruit drinks, non-carbonated mineral water, compotes are recommended.

A few hours after the vaccine is given, some babies may develop a fever. If she rests on low-grade numbers ( up to 37.5 degrees), then it is not necessary to reduce it with medicines, it is better to offer the child a plentiful warm drink. In case of a significant increase and deterioration of well-being, give antipyretic drugs ( ibuprofen, nise, nurofen).

Medicines such as aspirin, diclofenac, ortofen, askofen for use in children are prohibited, because they can cause complications from the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, bleeding, Reye's syndrome.

Attention! If the child shows anxiety, screams for several hours, significant hyperthermia, vomiting and convulsions appear - call the doctor immediately!

How long before the next vaccination

The immune response to BCG vaccination consists in the formation of a small local tuberculous focus caused by a strain of live bacteria that make up the composition.

It develops in a month and a half therefore, during this time, all other vaccinations, as well as the introduction of any immunobiological preparations, are prohibited, since this may interfere with the proper formation of anti-tuberculosis immunity.

In a month

At the injection site in a month after the introduction, most often there is redness, a tubercle, sometimes a vesicle with transparent or purulent contents. This is a normal reaction to the BCG vaccination. Some children are bothered by itching, but scratching can damage the skin and cause complications. Therefore, it is better to give the baby antihistamine and make sure that he does not rub the injection site.

To avoid secondary infection, BCG should not be sealed with a plaster, apply ointment dressings and compresses.

Attention! In no case should you pierce the bladder or squeeze out the contents!

It is preferable to bathe the baby during this period using baby soap, not foam or gel. It is not necessary to specifically remove the crust that forms at the injection site, it will gradually fall off by itself and a small scar will form. Some parents make a big mistake by coming to the surgeon's office and demanding the opening of the abscess. If the presence of an infiltrate or vesicle worries, it is better to seek the advice of a pediatrician or phthisiatrician.

During the period of active formation of immunity, the child's nutrition remains normal, although it is better avoid introducing new products, especially containing dyes and preservatives.

If a course of treatment was carried out before vaccination, then the medication is continued according to the prescribed scheme. Walks in the fresh air should be regular, but it is better to choose calm, uncrowded places to reduce the possibility of unwanted contact with the infection.

After BCG revaccination, it is allowed to attend kindergarten or school normally, physical activity restrictions are not required. Sports activities are not prohibited.

Full immunity will be formed by the end of the year, so these recommendations are best followed throughout the entire period. The degree of immunity is assessed by the presence and size of the spot, and then the scar in one, three, six and twelve months. The absence of the BCG sign indicates the lack of formation of protective mechanisms or complete immunity to tuberculosis.

Traveling with a child after BCG

Do not travel immediately after vaccination. The child's body is weakened, and any change in environmental conditions will become additional stress for him and can cause complications. Postpone the trip for up to three months, or better for six months. If you can’t refuse to travel, then follow a number of necessary conditions:

be sure to issue medical policy to kid;
take a first aid kit with medicines first aid drugs: antihistamine, antipyretic, etc.;
give up exotic fruits, sweets and unfamiliar dishes;
take with you boiled water supply;
try to be with the child as little as possible crowded places.

Consequences of misbehavior

In most cases, BCG vaccination is tolerated without any negative consequences. But in rare cases, there are complications. They are associated either with a violation of the vaccination technique, or with the incorrect behavior of the parents after BCG. Allocate:

Abscesses- “cold” due to the introduction of vaccination and septic when a bacterial infection is attached, the latter occurs when ointment dressings or compresses are applied to the injection site.
Necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue more often associated with the addition of a secondary infection, violation of the integrity of the skin against the background of the pathology of the immune system.
Regional lymphadenitis occurs when bacilli enter the adjacent lymph nodes and weaken the immune system.
Keloid scars- complications after attempts to squeeze out the formed bubble or open the infiltrate.
Generalized tuberculosis infection observed quite rarely, but it can be provoked by attempts to mechanically influence the BCG vaccination site with existing problems with immunity.

Non-specific complications after BCG include.

From the first hours of life, the baby gets acquainted with the mandatory routine vaccination. In the maternity hospital, all babies are vaccinated against tuberculosis - BCG. This vaccine has protective properties against a dangerous virus and is designed to protect the baby from a deadly disease that can be fatal. What is BCG vaccination for newborns, and why is it given in the maternity hospital? Let's consider in detail in the article.

Importance of TB vaccine

Tuberculosis is considered a dangerous disease, the treatment of which is very difficult and not always successful. Almost all people on earth are carriers of the Koch tubercle bacillus, and it has not yet been possible to eliminate these bacteria from the human population. What is the BCG vaccine for? A vaccinated child can get tuberculosis, however, with proper care, the disease will not cause life-threatening and health-threatening pathological consequences:

bone tuberculosis;
inflammation of the cerebral cortex - meningitis.

The child's body tolerates this disease very hard, the disease develops instantly and can lead to the death of the baby. A vaccinated child suffers the disease in a more benign form, and does not suffer from the severe consequences of the disease.

Vaccination Method

When and where is BCG given to newborns, and is there a temperature after vaccination? Are there any contraindications to vaccinating against tuberculosis, or are all babies vaccinated at the maternity hospital in a row? BCG vaccination is carried out immediately after an injection from hepatitis B, a virus dangerous for babies. An injection is made into the deltoid muscle of the left shoulder, and subsequently a scar remains for life. This is a normal reaction to the vaccine, and a vaccinated person can be identified by the mark.

When, on what day from birth, do babies get vaccinated at the maternity hospital? Usually, babies are vaccinated before being discharged home so that they are protected from possible infection when they enter the human environment. Why are babies vaccinated against tuberculosis after a hepatitis vaccine? Because the hepatitis vaccine adapts faster to the baby's body, and it takes two months to develop immunity against tuberculosis.

When does a child get revaccinated against tuberculosis? According to the national calendar, children are revaccinated at the age of seven. Between the age of one month and the age of seven, testing is regularly carried out using mantoux - a test for infection with Koch's sticks.

Complications

When does a vaccine reaction occur, and how does it manifest itself? The reaction to the vaccine does not appear in the hospital, but after discharge home. A small swelling and abscess appear at the puncture site. Sometimes this abscess is covered with a crust, which is forbidden to disturb or treat with brilliant green! The wound will heal for several months, and this is also a normal reaction to the vaccine. In this state, the baby's temperature can rise to 37.5 ° C.

Approximately six months after vaccination in the maternity hospital, a small scar with a radius of one centimeter forms at the puncture site. By the age of one, this scar will finally form and acquire its permanent shape. This is all considered a normal response of the body to the introduction of the vaccine.

Is fever considered normal after BCG vaccination? In most children, the temperature may rise, and this is not considered a pathology. The temperature can "jump" up to 38C. But if the thermometer scale shows a higher degree, you should give an antipyretic and seek medical help.

Important! If the temperature persists for a long time, the baby needs to be monitored.

Pathological complications include such a reaction of the body as:

the formation of a keloid growing scar;
the formation of an ulcer and abscess at the puncture site;
uncontrolled spread of the inflammatory process over a large area up to limb edema;
enlarged lymph nodes;
osteomyelitis - damage to the bones.

Important! If there is any suspicion of a pathology of the child, it is urgent to show the pediatrician.

Withdrawal from vaccination

In what cases are babies not vaccinated at the maternity hospital and vaccination is postponed? In some cases, there is a temporary ban on TB vaccination and contraindications. These include:

absolute prematurity;
pathologies of an infectious nature;
hemolytic disease.

There are also absolute contraindications to the introduction of BCG:

CNS lesions with major complications;
severe congenital pathologies of a hereditary nature;
severe immunodeficiency;
congenital fermentopathy;
severe complications to the vaccine in relatives of the newborn.

Contraindications to the introduction of BCG are prescribed if the mother has an HIV infection. Also, contraindications to immunization are caused by local neoplasms in a newborn.

For premature babies weighing less than two and a half kilograms, vaccination is postponed until later and carried out after being discharged home, in stationary conditions. Babies are given a lightweight formula - BCG-M. It contains bacteria in a lower concentration than in the main vaccination.

Outcome

The TB vaccine is essential to building immunity to the dangerous, deadly disease. The reaction of the body to the administration of the drug, as a rule, does not lead to pathological consequences. The temperature may rise when a small abscess appears at the vaccination site, however, this condition does not apply to pathology. Temporary contraindications to immunization are not a reason for parents to worry: soon the baby will be vaccinated, and everything will be fine.

What vaccinations do children need at 7 years old? Description of ADSM, BCG and Mantoux.
BCG M - vaccination to prevent the development of tuberculosis