A story about a proverb has its time. Short stories with proverbs. Read and listen. Stories about proverbs

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STORY

GULYAEVA MASHA (8 years old)

WHAT GOES AROUND COMES AROUND

Walked lesson ... Misha was sitting at the table, looking longingly out the window and gnawing at the handle. The teacher interfered with dozing: what is he talking about? - He talked excitedly, constantly asking the class: "Is everything clear?" Everything , besides Misha, they were worried, clarified the information, and some even wrote down after the teacher - after all, after 3 days the test! But Misha did not care, he believed that how- sometime (bad - poor!) will be able to write a work. Three is enough! Eh, would rather a change! Only then does real life begin: you can run, shout, indulge! And in the classroom - melancholy! "Write down ... Analyze ... P change your mind ..." Tired of thinking! Misha gotGameboy, habitually blocked it with a textbook and began to play, completely disconnected from the lesson. He came up with such a trick a long time ago: the game was constantly lying on the table, only the textbooks that blocked it were changed.

Tr - R - R! Call! Hooray!!! Misha flew out of the classroom with a crash, not even hearing that the teacher was asking him to come back and write down the assignment.

... Three days have passed. It was only on the way to school that Misha remembered about the test! He doesn't remember anything, he doesn't know anything !!! And how to come to school with such sawdust in your head ?! And what will he write in the test? .. In the subway, he took out a textbook from his portfolio and began to leaf through it furiously. What kind - then incomprehensible formulas! How to use them? Or maybe they won't be needed on the test? Maybe you get lucky ?! "How - I'll get out sometime " - Misha decided and even cheered up.

... But then the test was handed out. Misha looked at the questions, tried to remember at least something - then, but even what he taught was completely erased from memory! Misha looked sadly at his watch - 20 minutes had passed since the lesson! Well, how could he ?! How?!!! And why did he play instead of listening to the teacher? 25 minutes, 30 minutes ... Time is so fast! Misha's wandering gaze was noticed by the teacher. He came up, looked at Misha's work, sighed and said: "Yes, Misha, what you sow, so you reap."

Sokolov IGOR (10 years old)

ONE WITH A BIP AND SEVEN WITH A SPOON

The month of August is the time to harvest. And so the grandfather asked his grandchildren to help harvest the harvest, and he had three grandchildren.

Asks the first:

- Wan, help me dig up some potatoes here!

Yes, no, grandfather, I'm tired of something.

Grandpa dug it up himself.

- Andrew, help collect the cabbage!

- No, grandpa, I want to sleep.

Grandpa collected it himself.

It is necessary to remove the apples from the trees, so the grandfather asks the third grandson:

- Vov, help remove the apples from the tree!

- Oh, grandfather, my stomach hurts!

He took off the apples himself.

Here grandfather brings the harvest to the house, and the guys swoop in:

- Delicious apples! - Vova shouts.

- Good cabbage! - Andrey praises.

- And what a potato! - Vanya is happy.

And the grandfather is silent, and then he says: “It turns out, I worked, and you eat. And work? " The grandchildren were ashamed.

Since then, the grandchildren no longer idle and gathered crops with their grandfather.

BOLKVADZE TAMAZ

NOT ALL GOLD THAT SHINES

(a fairy tale according to the proverb)

Lived - there were king and queen. But suddenly the queen died. The king married another, she was beautiful but wicked. The king did not notice this, because when she did evil things, the king went away on business. And so the servants began to complain about the queen. Then the king said to the servants: "I will find out everything."

The next day, the king announced that he leaves for a neighboring state and will be absent for three days, and he himself hid in the castle. Immediately after the king's departure, the queen announced: "I order all old people and cripples to be expelled from the country." Then she ordered to close all storage facilities and not to distribute bread to the poor for free.

And so three days passed, and the king returned. The queen came out to meet him with an angelic, meek face - she began to cry and said: “My dear king! While you were away, your ministers tried to slander me! " She complained: "They issued decrees on my behalf!" She cried and felt sorry for the old people, the crippled, the poor. Bitter, bitter tears flowed down her angelic, beautiful face. She asked the king to immediately execute the villains. The king only laughed and told the servants to expel the evil queen from the country.

For the third time, he married the most ordinary and not very beautiful princess. She turned out to be a kind ruler, a wise queen and a loving mother. And every time the king looked into her kind eyes, he thought: "All that glitters is not gold."

students of grade 2 "B"

After studying proverbs in the course of literary reading of the 2nd grade, the children and I read the "ABC" of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. The guys noticed that the great writer often used proverbs and sayings in the titles of his stories. The children themselves came up with a creative task for themselves: choose a proverb and come up with a story for it. And that's what happened.

By the way, I later used these texts to organize group work on text editing (speech development).

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Essays on proverbs

2 class "B"

October 2011

Close together, but apart boring.

There lived a girl named Nadya, and she had a friend, Vera. They loved to play with dolls. But they often quarreled and took offense at each other. Couldn't divide the dolls in any way. And they could not be apart for a long time. They're real girlfriends. Mom said: "It's close together, but apart it's boring." The girls thought.

Business - time, fun - an hour.

The girl studied at 3 "B". At school, the teacher gave the task: to prepare for the dictation. And the girl, instead of lessons, played with dolls all day. In the morning at the lesson she received a "two" for the dictation. Business time, fun - an hour.

Parshikova Irina

If you like to ride - love to carry sledges.

Once Ira started playing and scattered all her toys. She got tired of playing, and she went to ask her mother for permission to take a walk. And her mother told her: “First, clean your room, and then you will go outside. If you like to ride - love to carry sledges ”.

Chizhikova Veronika

Business before pleasure.

Masha came from school, decided to chat with her friend on the phone, then played with her beloved kitten, watched cartoons on TV. Mom comes home from work.

Masha, have you done your homework?

Oh, I forgot ...

Mom said: "Business is time, and fun is an hour."

Mazurina Ekaterina

If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

The guys played in the yard. Mom asked Vasya to take the milk home. Vasya took a bag of milk and ran to quickly return to the game. He was in such a hurry that he did not notice a stone on the road. Vasya stumbled and fell. The guys laughed, and my mother said: "If you hurry, you will make people laugh."

Bulanov Alexander

The timid one is afraid of the shadow.

Once upon a time there was a hunter. One evening he went to the forest. He came to the forest, and the moon had already risen. The hunter heard a terrible howl. He saw big long ears and a fluffy long tail. What kind of beast? The hunter got scared and ran away.

And this was a hare and a fox.

Dolinina Yanida

Fear has big eyes.

Once upon a time there was a hare. One day he went to get some berries. And a hedgehog runs to meet him. "Where are you running?" the hare asks. “I go to the clearing to the old oak tree, there, they say, the monster sits behind the raspberry tree,” the hedgehog answers. "Let's go there together!" - said the hare. They came to the raspberry-bush, and there a little bear picks berries. "Fear has big eyes!" said the hare.

Mozgolina Maria

Seven don't wait for one.

During the summer holidays, the 2nd class "B" gathered for nature. All the children came on time, only one was late. At the appointed time, the bus departed without a latecomer. And when he came to school on September 1, he was offended by everyone. At the last lesson, the teacher came up to him and said: "Seven do not wait for one."

Yastrebova Valentina

Closely together, but apart - boring.

Two boys rode on the train and played. But they did not share the toys, they began to swear. The mothers took them to different places. They sit in different places and get bored. So it turns out that it’s close together, but apart, it’s boring.

Dmitrieva Evgeniya

You do one thing, don't spoil the other.

Dad made a desk for two brothers, selected material, painted boards. The boys sat down at the table to tinker. Drilled and made a hole in the table. You do one thing, don't spoil the other.

Shakin Vyacheslav

Who does not work shall not eat.

Once upon a time there was a cockerel and a pig. The cockerel offered to plant a vegetable garden. The cockerel got up in the morning, called the piglet, and the piglet lay in a puddle, basking in the sun. The cockerel dug up the ground, sowed seeds, and the piglet bask in a puddle.

The cockerel worked all summer: watering, weeding, looking after the garden, and the piglet was resting between the beds.

Autumn came. The cockerel called the piglet to harvest the crop, and he was feasting on acorns. The cockerel gathered a rich harvest of vegetables.

Colds set in, snow fell. The piglet came to the cockerel and asks him for some food and answers: “I worked all spring and summer, and you were resting, basking in the sun. In the fall, I was harvesting, and you did not help me. Therefore, "He who does not work does not eat."

Andreeva Veronika

Business - time, fun - an hour.

In the fall, school days began. In the morning I go to gymnastics, and from lunchtime I go to school. There is no time left to take a walk. Mom said that it was not in vain that the people say: "Business is time, and fun is an hour." Now I have understood this proverb.

Tyutchik Ksenia

Business - time, fun - an hour.

Mom was going to the store. Sasha stayed at home. Mom asked Sasha to remove the toys, and she left. Sasha did nothing, but went for a walk. Mom came and was upset: "Business is time, and fun is an hour." Sasha felt ashamed.

Moslyakova Alina

Proverbs and sayings. 4

Proverbs and sayings in speech. eight

Conclusion. 14

References ... 15

Introduction

The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what is the originality of his native language, its wealth.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages in the world, with a rich book-written tradition. We find many wonderful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and political figures, outstanding writers and poets:

Should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Marvel at the jewels of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, coarse, like the pearl itself and, really, another name for the jewels of the thing itself.

(N.V. Gogol)

You can work wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that cannot be conveyed by the Russian word. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the obscurity of sleep, the heavy thunder of a thunderstorm, a child's whisper and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which no precise expression could be found in our language.

(K. G. Paustovsky)

Not only the number of words, their polysemy, their derivational capabilities, grammatical features, synonymy, but also phraseology testifies to the richness, originality and identity of our language.

The phraseological composition of the Russian language in the broad sense is divided into:

phraseological units or phraseological units;

proverbs, sayings;

winged words and expressions.

Proverbs and sayings

A proverb is a short, rhythmically organized, figurative saying that is stable in speech.

A proverb is the property of an entire people or a significant part of it and contains a general judgment or instruction for some occasion in life.

A proverb is the most curious genre of folklore studied by many scientists, but in many ways it remained incomprehensible and mysterious. A proverb is a popular saying in which not the opinion of individual people is expressed, but the national assessment, the people's mind. It reflects the spiritual image of the people, aspirations and ideals, judgments about the most diverse aspects of life. Everything that is not accepted by the majority of people, their thoughts and feelings, does not take root and is eliminated. A proverb lives in speech, only in it a capacious proverb acquires its specific meaning.

Created over the centuries, passing from generation to generation, proverbs and sayings supported the way of life of the people, strengthened the spiritual and moral image of the people. It is like the commandments of the people, regulating the life of every ordinary person. This is an expression of the thoughts that people came to through centuries of experience. A proverb is always instructive, but not always instructive. However, each leads to a conclusion that is useful to take into account.

Life changed, new sayings appeared, old ones were forgotten, but indisputably valuable settled, which was significant for subsequent eras. The widespread and longevity of proverbs was facilitated by the fact that some of them, losing their direct meaning, acquired a figurative meaning. For example, two people are afraid of the Broken Bow, it lived for a long time, changing the direct meaning to a figurative one, although the people changed their weapons long ago. But there were also such proverbs that initially appeared in a figurative sense, for example, the proverb Shoot at a stone - to lose arrows was never understood in the literal sense, attributed to different objects and phenomena. Whatever is said in proverbs is always a generalization. The figurative reflection of reality in the proverb is also associated with an aesthetic assessment of various phenomena of life. That is why proverbs are funny, sad, funny and bitter. Here is how V.I. Dahl: a proverb is “a collection of folk wisdom and superstition, these are groans and sighs, crying and sobbing, joy and gaiety, grief and consolation in faces; it is the color of the people's mind, an original article; it is an everyday folk truth, a kind of legal code, not convicted by anyone. "

The form of proverbs is also peculiar. It is characterized by a rhythmic organization, a special sound design. The proverb is short, there are no superfluous words in it, each word is weighty, meaningful and accurate.

So, a proverb is a short, rhythmically organized saying that has entered the speech turnover and has an instructive meaning, in which people have generalized their socio-historical experience over the centuries.

A proverb is a widespread figurative expression that aptly defines any life phenomenon. Unlike proverbs, sayings are devoid of a direct generalized instructive meaning and are limited to a figurative, often allegorical expression: it’s easy at sight, like snow on the head, to beat the thumbs - all these are typical sayings, devoid of the character of a complete judgment.

In speech, a proverb often becomes a proverb and vice versa. For example, the proverb It is easy to rake in heat with someone else's hands is often used as a proverb To rake in heat with someone else's hands, that is, a figurative image of a lover of someone else's labor.

Sayings, due to their peculiarities of figurative expressions, more often than proverbs, approach linguistic phenomena. There is more national, national significance and meaning in sayings than in proverbs. All the properties of linguistic phenomena are often inherent in sayings. This is the expression to put a pig on, that is, to make someone a nuisance. The origin of this saying is associated with the military system of the ancient Slavs. The squad became a "wedge", like a boar's head, or "pig", as the Russian chronicles called this system. Over time, the meaning put into this expression in antiquity has been lost.

In general, already in the nineteenth century, scientists drew attention to the fact that the proverb indicates the era in which it appeared. So, for example, the proverb is Empty, as if Mamai passed, which clearly indicates the time of the enslavement of Russia by the yoke. Although there are much fewer proverbs associated with some historical events than expressions that were born in a person's everyday life.

So, the main source of folk proverbs and sayings is precisely the life social and historical experience of the people.

Some of the proverbs arose from artistic creativity: fairy tales, legends, anecdotes. These are such sayings as The beaten unbeaten is lucky, At my request, at the behest of the pike, and others. Other proverbs originated from church books. For example, the saying from the Bible Lord gave, Lord and Father was translated from Church Slavonic into Russian: God gave, God took.

With the advent of secular literature, the number of proverbs and sayings increased; these are the so-called proverbs and sayings of literary origin. Especially great is the merit of Russian writers, who composed proverbs and sayings on the basis of folk. For example: Bypass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger, and lordly love (A.S. Griboyedov), At the Broken Trough (A.S. Pushkin), Like a squirrel in a wheel (I.A.Krylov) and many others.

The number of popular proverbs includes expressions not only of Russian writers. For example, the expression A king is naked! belongs to the pen of G.Kh. Andersen from the fairy tale "The New Dress of the King"; Bashmakov's expression has not yet been worn out (that is, little time has passed since some event, and the person has already changed in beliefs and intentions), belongs to Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy.

The figurativeness of proverbs and sayings differs from the figurativeness of epics, fairy tales, songs and other genres of folklore. The principles of creating an image in a proverb and a saying are associated with the specifics of this genre. One of the most common forms of expressing imagery is allegory. For example, the proverb From an apple tree - apples, and from a pine - cones is perceived not literally, but in a figurative, allegorical form. However, some proverbs are used in the literal sense: They meet according to their clothes, they see them off according to their minds.

The first collection of Russian proverbs and sayings that has come down to us dates back to the end of the 17th century. These are "Stories or proverbs of the whole people in alphabetical order." The compiler remained unknown, but was included in the collection of over 2500 proverbs and sayings.

In the 19th century, a collection of V.I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people", which already included 30,000 proverbs and sayings, which were grouped by topic.

Proverbs and sayings in speech

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence of proverbs and sayings in it.

Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, tested by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “And what a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of each of our sayings! What a gold! " - this is how Alexander Pushkin spoke about Russian proverbs. “A proverb is not said for nothing,” says popular wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They generalize various phenomena of the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings take on special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, the reader, to win their respect and favor.

Writers, publicists, orators often turn to the pearls of folk wisdom. Researchers have calculated that only in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy there are 47 proverbs and sayings, in "Quiet Don" by M. A. Sholokhov - 112.

What is the function of proverbs and sayings in speech, what is the peculiarity of their use?

First of all, folk sayings allow the speaker:

Describe a person, object, phenomenon, action, state: A cat smells whose meat it has eaten. The millstones themselves do not eat, but people are fed. The enemy is formidable just around the corner, and more formidable behind. From the bow - not we, from the squeak - not we, but to grin your teeth, scratch your tongue - you cannot find against us. Work - while away the day; to rest - to free the night. The heart is a prophet: it senses both good and bad;

Reveal the relationship between people: A stupid son and his own father will not sew a mind. Children are good - a crown for a father, a mother, thin - for a father, a mother. The pans will twitch, the forelocks of the Cossacks are shaking. The well-fed does not understand the hungry.

Give advice on how to act in a given situation, what to watch out for: Do not open your mouth on someone else's loaf, but get up early and start your own. Gruzdev called himself get in the body. Two dogs are squabbling, the third don't get in the way. He brewed the porridge himself; Look for a friend, but you will find - take care.

Proverbs serve as a means of characterizing a character, convey his thoughts, feelings, and emphasize his connection with the people. The image of Platon Karataev, one of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace", is indicative in this respect. In his speech, most of all there are folk sayings (out of 52 proverbs in the novel, 16 are uttered by Karataev). He talks about the difficult life of the peasants: Our happiness is that the water is delirious: if you pull it, it puffs up, but you pull it out. – there's nothing; Do not give up your bag and prison; hoping for the best: Hour to endure, and a century to live; about the attitude to work, people, family: You can't kill lice without tackle; A persuasion is a brother to business; A full hand is tart, dry, unyielding; Whichever finger you bite, everything hurts; Wife for advice, mother-in-law for greetings, but no dearer dear mother.

As a means of characterizing his characters, he uses proverbs M. A. Sholokhov. There are especially many of them in the speech of Grigory Melekhov, the main character in "Quiet Don" - 22 proverbs, i.e. a fifth of all the proverbs in the novel. Proverbs give a special flavor to his speeches, a special significance to his judgments. For example: “They call us Denikin's assistants ... who are we? It turns out that there are assistants, nothing to be offended. True-uterus stabbed her eyes… " they do not bring to Kiev, and right up to field courts and hundreds of penalties. " “Bad will is better than a good prison. You know, as the people say: the prison is strong, but the devil is happy with it. " Grigory Melekhov turns to proverbs and sayings when he wants to confirm something, compare, convince the listener, and prove his case. In such a function, the expressions appear: What has fallen from the cart is gone. You can't glue the cut-off crumbs. On the brutal field, friends are not guessed. Wherever you throw - everywhere a wedge. Wait and catch up is the most hateful thing. We rolled steep hills. From the heat and the stone bursts.

Proverbs and sayings enliven the statement, create a certain psychological mood. The following excerpt from BV Gnedich's lecture contains shorthand notes showing the audience's reaction to the lecturer's words.

There is an ancient wonderful saying in Uzbekistan. It goes something like this: “Human, before you let the words out from the bottom of your head, let them pass through the top” (laughter, animation in the audience). In this case, of course, we are talking not only about what you need to think before speaking, but also about what you need to think always, and especially when it comes to spending funds belonging to society. And often we refer to these means too freely, easily and do not care about their rational use.

An effective technique is considered to be the technique of "stringing" proverbs, when several proverbs and sayings are used simultaneously. It was especially often used by A.M. Gorky, in individual articles, whose works of art there are from two to ten adjacent proverbs and sayings. Let us cite as an example Bortsov's reasoning from the story “Shepherd” about who is called a good person: “Well, let's agree: We need a good person. A- what is he, if he is good? Let's put it this way: he doesn't rob people-residents, gives alms, manages diligently - this will be the best one. He knows the laws: don't touch someone else's, take care of yours; do not eat everything yourself, give a piece to the dogs; dress warmly then hope in God- that's what he knows. "

N. Ostrovsky, defining the essence of human life, calling for selfless labor for the good of the Motherland, also uses several proverbs. He writes: “In our country, being a hero is a sacred duty. We have only lazy people who are not talented. A nothing is born out of nothing; a rolling stone gathers no moss. He who does not burn smokes... Long live the flame of life! "

In order to focus attention on a proverb, slightly change its meaning, tonality, writers and speakers sometimes alter the proverb, replace words with others, expand its composition. For example, the proverb you won't be full of promises in newspaper headlines it looks like this: "You will not be full of politics", "You will not be full of riot police", "You will not be full of slogans." The proverb hungry and well fed is not a comrade served as the basis for newspaper headlines: "Cucumber is not a friend to a tomato" (about growing vegetables under film), "When a goose is a friend to a dog" (about a dog's friendship with a goose), "A hungry Rottweiler is not a friend of a pig" (like a pig killed a Rottweiler who was trying to take food away from her).

The success of using proverbs in speech depends on how well they are chosen. No wonder they say: "A good proverb is in harmony and in suit."

Today we have at our disposal a significant number of collections of folk sayings. Among them is the collection of V. I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people". Dal, according to him, spent his entire life collecting "bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, living Russian." The named collection - the result of thirty-five years of work - contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and riddles. Proverbs are arranged according to themes: Russia is the homeland, the people are the world, learning is science, the past is the future, etc. - more than one hundred and seventy topics in total. Here are some proverbs on the topic "Language - speech": Do not rush with your tongue and hurry with your deeds; Speak boldly for a just cause (stand boldly); For a great deed - a great word; To win with a living word; good speech is good and listening; You can hold a horse on the reins, but you cannot turn back a word from your tongue.

Compiled in the middle of the 19th century. the collection continues to serve now.

The "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal is also rich in folk sayings, in the dictionary entries of which there are about thirty thousand proverbs. For example, for the word truth in the dictionary, the following proverbs are given: Truth is the light of reason; Truth is brighter than the sun; Truth is more frequent than the clear sun; Everything will pass, one truth will remain; a good deed - to speak the truth boldly; Whoever lives by the truth will make good; Without truth, not life, but howling; Don't sue for the truth: throw off your hat and bow down; The truth is not to be afraid of the court; There is no judgment on the truth; Fill up the truth with gold, trample it in the mud - everything will come out; The truth is what was in the bag: you can't hide it; In whom there is no truth, in that there is little good and etc.

Thematic collections of proverbs and sayings are of particular interest. They help to find the necessary material on a specific topic. Known collections of proverbs and sayings about labor (There is no good without labor: Proverbs and sayings about labor. M., 1985), about agriculture (The land is rich in labor: Proverbs, proverb, catchphrases about agriculture and peasant labor. Rostov n / A , 1985).

In 1994, the Shkola-Press publishing house published the educational dictionary Russian Proverbs and Sayings. Folk sayings in it are united according to the themes: "Man", "Life", "Love, friendship, family", "Prosperity", "Trade", etc. The originality of the dictionary lies in the fact that the dictionary entry combines not only the meaning of the entire expression if it is not transparent enough, but the meaning of individual words is also clarified, obsolete grammatical forms are combined.

It is important not only to know a certain number of folk sayings, but also to understand their meaning in order to apply them correctly in speech practice. This goal is served by the "Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings", which contains about 1200 folk expressions. The dictionary explains the meaning of proverbs and sayings that have a figurative meaning, provides examples of their use in speech. For instance, " To shoot at a stone - only to lose arrows. Doing something deliberately unfeasible means wasting time and effort. Wed: Pound water in a mortar - water will be ».

The sister treated this man's weaknesses with half-disdainful condescension; as a woman not stupid, she understood that to shoot at a stone is only to lose arrows. (M. Gorky. Varenka Olesova).

The dictionary "Russian proverbs, sayings and catchphrases" by V. P. Felitsyna, Yu. E. Prokhorov is also useful. It contains 450 of the most common proverbs, sayings and catchphrases in the modern Russian language. Here is a sample of the vocabulary entry "Time for business, hour for fun":

Expression of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), written by him on a book dedicated to falconry.

Fun (colloquial) - fun, entertainment.

Most of the time should be devoted to business, and less to entertainment.

It is said usually as a reminder to a person who, having fun, forgets about business.

The teaching began - now you cannot go to visit ... This was carried out with us very strictly; business time, fun hour. During school hours, no entertainment, no guests. ( V. Veresaev. Memories.).

It goes without saying that I am not against entertainment, but according to the conditions of our reality, entertainment needs restrictions: "time is for business, fun is an hour" (M. Gorky. About anecdotes and - about something else.).

Well, business time, fun hour! - said the teacher. - It's time to take lessons.

Everyone began to sit down at their desks, take out notebooks and books. (B. Izyumsky... Scarlet shoulder straps.).

A cheerful view of the world does not contradict empathy and sympathy. Of course, according to the proverb - business is time, fun is an hour, we must distinguish when and in what issues this whole view is appropriate ( N. Akimov... About the theater)

Conclusion

A proverb - from the simplest poetic works, what a fable or a proverb is, they can stand out and independently go into living speech, the elements in which thicken their content; it is not an abstract formula of the idea of a work, but a figurative allusion to it, taken from the work itself and serving as its substitute (for example, “a pig under an oak tree”, or “a dog in the manger”, or “he takes dirty linen out of the hut”).

Dahl's definition of "a folding short speech that is popular among the people, but does not constitute a complete proverb" is quite suitable for the proverb, noting at the same time a special and very common type of proverb - a common expression, underdeveloped to a complete proverb, a new image replacing an ordinary word (for example . "Bast does not knit" instead of "drunk", "I did not invent gunpowder" instead of "fool", "pull the strap", "all clothes have two matting, but a festive sack"). There is no proverb here, just as there is still no work of art in an emblem that has only one meaning given once and for all.

A proverb, unlike a proverb, does not contain a generalizing instructive meaning.

Bibliography

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3. Barley N. Structural approach to a proverb. // Paremiological studies. M .: "Science", 1984.- P.214.

4. Begak B. The proverb does not pass by. // Preschool education. - 1985.- №9.-С.54-56.

5. Bromley Yu.V. Essays on the theory of ethnos. M. "Science", 1983.- p. 283.

6. Vavilova NS Once again about proverbs. // Primary school.-1994, No. 3, p. 68 - 69.

7. Vvedenskaya L. A. Proverbs and sayings in elementary school. - M .: Education, 1963 - p. 120.

8. Dal V. I. Proverbs of the Russian people. - M .: Publishing house Eksmo, Publishing house NNN, 2003, - P.616.

9. Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. T.1-4.- M., 1955.

10. Kabinetskaya TN Study of proverbs and sayings in elementary school: Methodological guide. - Pskov: POIUU. 1994, S.Z-51.

11. Tupitsina TS Proverb - an assistant to all minds. // Primary school, 1991, no. 7, p. 44.

For work they do not beat, but give awards.

The iron would boil, but the hammers would be found.

Deeds cannot be replaced by words.

Fight for a labor penny, fear an unearned penny.

Birds of a feather flock together.

The master's work is afraid.

What you undertake with diligence, everything will shine.

He who works uses it.

If you don't know how to sew with gold, you hit with a hammer.

The sun paints the earth, and labor - labor.

Small business, but screams loudly.

Not everyone plows, but everyone eats.

Gold is not gold without being under the hammer.

And he forges and blows - he himself does not know what will happen.

Knowledge and labor give a new way of life.

What works, such are the fruits.

You can't get a fish out of the pond without difficulty.

Where they build, there they dig.

What is the labor bill, such is the honor.

The gusli are those, but the hands are not the same.

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A significant number of proverbs once directly adjoined the story, from which they separated over time and began to exist independently. The process of separating a proverb from a story can be accomplished in various ways. It usually happens that first there is a fable or story, and at the end, as a logical consequence or as a vivid living image, clothed in a well-aimed sonorous form, an expression is given, which is destined to later become an independent proverb or proverb. It is impossible to draw a well-defined border between a proverb and a saying. The proverb is associated with the interest of the minute, with a number of preceding thoughts in the conversation, the proverb in practice has a deep meaning as an answer to an everyday question, as a saying of confirmation, evidence, belief. The meaning in the proverb is first of all, beauty and folding in second place. The latter play a major role in a proverb, which is, therefore, a kind of proverb in which form takes precedence over content. A proverb every time refers to some specific fact, is applied to everyday practice, a proverb is applied to a word - it not so much confirms a thought, but colors, spices up speech, brings animation and playfulness into it. “A proverb,” says Dahl, “is a devious expression, a figurative speech, a simple allegory, a bluntness, a way of expressing, but without a parable, without application, judgment; this is one first half of the proverb. A proverb replaces only direct speech with a devious one, sometimes does not name things, but conventionally, very clearly hints ”(for example: he is smart - he is seven inches in the forehead).

An essay on the topic About proverbs and sayings " On a free topicP. one

« Red speech proverb».

Goals:

To generalize the knowledge of students about folk proverbs.

Replenish the active vocabulary of students with proverbs and sayings,

Clarify the meanings of some of them; develop the creativity of students, work in groups, exchange information,

Maintain a conversation, be able to express your point of view and justify it; analyze and evaluate your own creative and business opportunities.

Equipment.

Proverbs poster, “Book of Proverbs; cards with proverbs for each group, the game "Romashka", books with proverbs, TCO.

W. What we are going to talk about, you will know when you read these sentences. On the desk:

- So what is it? In what one word can we combine these sentences?

Children. Proverbs.

W. That's right, and the topic of our lesson is: "Proverb - not without reason".

A proverb is a genre of folklore, a short wise saying that has an instructive meaning.

In the proverb, the people's mind, the people's truth, are wise judgments about life and people. The proverb teaches, warns, advises and instructs.

We divide the class into two teams (chips of different colors are given, children take one for themselves and teams are formed according to the color of the chips.

1 competition

Stories about proverbs (each team will read a story, it is necessary to choose the meaning of proverbs

Everything has its time

Once upon a time there was a boy named Petya Solntsev. He was neither smart, nor stupid, nor an excellent student, nor a poor student, nor lazy, nor hardworking. The middle one was a little boy.

Once Petya was given many lessons. But he was so overcome by laziness that he first read a book for an hour, then watched TV for thirty minutes, and then went to play football with his friends. He played for so long that, when he came home, he had neither the strength, nor the time, nor the desire to do his homework. And Petya decided not to do them. The next day, when the boy went to school, there was a test. Petya got a deuce because he did not learn lessons at all.

At home, my mother said: "Everything has its time."

Some people, when they are late for work, break the rules and pass at a red traffic light. For this they are stopped by a traffic police officer and fined. And they are even more late for work.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends

Once upon a time there was a poor artist. He had many friends. One day he fell ill. He needed an expensive operation, but he had no money. Then all his friends brought money. The artist underwent surgery and recovered.

What other proverbs fit these stories?

Small business

On Tikhaya Street there lived a Little Deal.

And Big Idleness lived and lived on Noisy Street.

The Great Idleness has always boasted:

- Look how big I am! And you are small fry. You can't even be seen under a microscope.

Little Cause was silent and looked at the calendar: spring was coming.

- Are you still looking at the calendar? - Big Idleness did not stop. - Do you think the sun will bake, rain will pour down, and there will be more of you?

Spring has come. Little Deed took a small shovel. He dug up a small bed and planted small seeds.

Big Idleness took a large blanket, spread it on a large clearing, took a large magazine called "The Weekly of Idlers" and rested.

And when small sprouts sprout and magnificent flowers were born from them, all passers-by admired: what a scent! They thanked Little Cause and said: the spool is small, but expensive.

When the scent of flowers reached the Big Idleness, it turned unhappily on the other side and grumbled:

- And still I'm better!

U. What do you guys think?

E. Small business is better than big idleness.

2 competition

Finish the proverb:

- What fell from the cart, then ... (lost)

- Live and learn)

- One in the field ... (not a warrior)

- Not knowing the ford, ... (do not go into the water)

- The work of the master ... (afraid)

- When I eat ... (I am deaf and dumb)

3 competition

Remember the proverbs and sayings in which numbers occur.

(Try on seven times, cut once.

Seven don't wait for one.

Seven in the shops.

For seven miles of jelly slurp.

Seventh water on jelly.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.

Mind is good, but two is better.)

4 competition

What proverb of our country corresponds in meaning to the proverb of the peoples of the world, what they teach.

Look back at yourself three times a day. This Japanese proverb teaches you to watch your behavior.

The Mongolian proverb “And a journey to ten thousand countries begins with the first step” says that any big business starts with a small one.

When an innocent person suffers, the Arabs say: "The sea has quarreled with the wind, and the boat has suffered."

"Salt makes you thirsty." This means that everything needs a measure.

The Russians say: "Don't dig a hole for another - you yourself will fall into it." And the Ossetians say: "Do not throw stones from the glass house."

The French advise not to despair and say: "Having suffered defeat, start over."

When Indians do not cherish friendship, they are told: "Do not rudely interrupt the thread of friendship, for if you have to tie it, then a knot will remain." The Russians will say, "You can't glue a broken cup."

If not only you, but also the majority of your classmates will receive a "two" for the test, then it would be appropriate to use the Latin proverb: "Consolation for an unfortunate person is to have comrades in misfortune."

"The word is silver, and silence is gold," a Russian will say, and a Bengali: "Whoever talks a lot starts to lie."

Correlate a Russian proverb with a foreign proverb.

Language will bring to Kiev.

Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.

Tears of sorrow will not help.

The morning is wiser than the evening. He who does not ask will not get lost.

Whether it is East or West, but home is better.

One hour in the morning is better than two in the evening.

It is useless to cry over spilled milk.

5 competition

Insert the picture into the proverb.

Don’t look ... in the teeth. (To the horse.)

When ... whistles on the mountain. (Crayfish.)

... chop - chips fly. (Forest.)

Don't ... don't hum. (Cow.)

Do not spit in ... - it is useful to drink water. (Well.)

Great ... - great swimming. (To the ship.)

6 competition

Collect the parts of the proverb.

- no matter how much wolf you feed

- live forever

- you like to ride

- better late

- seven troubles

- for demand

- he keeps looking into the forest

- learn

- love and sleigh to carry

- than never

- one answer

- they don’t take money

7 competition

Relate the picture and the proverb

8 competition

"Guess the proverb"

W. Here we will see how you can work together. I give each group two cards with words from the proverbs. You must remember them.

Children receive word cards and blank sheets of paper on which they write down proverbs.

The scythe is a stone. D. Found a scythe on a stone.

Shiloh is a bag. D. Sheela cannot be hidden in a sack.

Language is business. E. Do not rush with your tongue, hurry with deeds.

The case is a master. D. The work of the master is afraid.

Labor is laziness. E. Labor feeds a person, and laziness spoils.

Summing up the results of the work. Scoring.

Small stories-essays ending with a proverb are often given to children by teachers at school. How to write such a story yourself? Examples of such essays are given below.

The story "About the seed"
The author of the story: Iris Revue

Listen to the story

Once Masha and Vanya found a small seed. It didn’t know how to speak, and the guys didn’t know what could grow out of it. They were still in elementary school, and they had not yet had to deal with seeds. Grandfather once read them a fairy tale about a tiny magic seed from which a golden spike grew. The guys really wanted to know what would grow from the found seed, and they asked their grandfather about it. But grandfather didn't know. The next morning Masha and Vanya came up with this. They took a small rag, wet it with warm water and put a seed in it so that the sprout would hatch as soon as possible. The sprout appeared pretty quickly, and the children planted it in the ground. All the time, while the days were warm, they ran and checked how the plant was feeling, not forgetting to water it. And grandfather said that there is no need to rush things, and recalled the Russian proverb: "Everything in due time: the time will come, and the seed will grow."

The story "Helpers"
The author of the story: Iris Revue

Listen to the story

The day off was dull and boring. I didn't want to do anything. At first, Mishka and I dreamed, then we tried to do our homework. But we decided to leave this matter until tomorrow. The game also somehow did not go well. In chess, we lost a piece, and for a long time we were looking for it around the apartment. But she didn’t come across. Then we sat on the couch, and both of us felt that we were feeling somehow wrong.

Mom invited us to help her clean up the balcony. It was not interesting, but we agreed. It was necessary to put things in order in the tools, building materials left over from the repair, and neatly put the old toys. How to make everything fit compactly and beautifully? Mishka and I spent a long time thinking about what and how to deliver. Finally the balcony was tidied up. The mood became wonderful, but we forgot about the headache altogether. And my mother told us: "A person gets sick from laziness, but he gets healthier from work."

About helping mom

Mom needs help from the children. Mom is a person who needs to do a hundred things: cook food, put things in order in the apartment, harvest crops at the dacha, clean up the garden plot, work with the children, wash, iron ... But mother also works! In these conditions, her children's help is vital. And children are taught to work. Look closely at your mothers: maybe they need your help?

Grade 3

Topic."Proverbs and sayings".

Goals. Replenish the active vocabulary of students with proverbs and sayings, clarify the meanings of some of them; develop the creativity of students, a sense of responsibility for the assigned task; teach children to independently search for the necessary information using various sources, work in groups, exchange information, maintain a conversation, be able to express their point of view and justify it; analyze and evaluate your own creative and business opportunities.

Stages of work on a project

Stage 1. Development of the project assignment

Stage objectives- defining a topic, clarifying goals, choosing working groups and distributing roles in them, identifying sources of information, setting goals, choosing criteria for evaluating results.

The class is divided into 4 groups that receive assignments:

group 1 - to collect theoretical material about proverbs and sayings;

group 2 - collect and come up with stories that explain the meaning of proverbs;

group 3 - find the proverbs of the peoples of the world;

group 4 - come up with tasks for the proverbial quiz.

Stage 2. Development of the project

Stage objectives- collection and clarification of information.

Students independently work with information individually, in groups and in pairs, analyze and synthesize ideas.

The teacher observes and advises.

Stage 3. Evaluation of results

Stage objectives- analysis of the implementation of design assignments.

Students participate in preparation for the presentation of the material in the presentation lesson.

Stage 4. Project defense. Presentation lesson

Stage task- collective defense of the project.

Pupils perform in front of classmates and the jury.

Performance by the first group.

Proverbs and sayings

It is difficult to say since when proverbs and sayings began to circulate among the people. Undoubtedly, they arose in antiquity and accompanied the life of the people throughout its history. The attitude towards them was expressed in many sayings: "A proverb does not say for nothing" or "A proverb will not break in a century." Many Russian writers were interested in proverbs: A. Pushkin, P. Katenin, I. Krylov. 120 proverbs are mentioned in Pushkin's letters.

IN AND. Dahl wrote that proverbs are "the color of the people's mind." M.I. Sholokhov called the proverbs "a clot of reason", "winged wisdom." Proverbs color speech, make it figurative. The work on collecting proverbs begins in the 17th century - these were handwritten collections, their compilers are unknown. In the 18th century, proverbs were collected by Lomonosov, Tatishchev, Bogdanov. The largest were the collections of Knezhevich and Snegirev. In 1862, Dahl's collection was published, which included over 30,000 proverbs.

IN AND. Dal was born on November 10, 1801 in the city of Lugansk. His life story is very interesting. The son of a Russianized Dane and a German woman who converted to Orthodoxy only at the age of 70, a sailor, a doctor and an official. But what need forced this person to undertake colossal work - compiling a Russian dictionary, collecting Russian proverbs and sayings? After all, Dal was neither a scientist, nor even a Russian by nationality. Although he wrote: “Neither nickname, nor religion, nor the very blood of ancestors make a person a belonging to this or that nationality. Whoever thinks in what language belongs to that people. I think in Russian. "

Dahl was a pioneer. No one had compiled dictionaries before him. Dahl's Dictionary is a historical dictionary. It can be read in succession, making up an accurate picture of people's lives. Vladimir Ivanovich not only collected a huge number of words and expressions, but also accompanied them with many proverbs and sayings. This was the manifestation of the nationality of both the dictionary and the compiler.

Performance of the second group.

Stories about proverbs

Everything has its time

Once upon a time there was a boy named Petya Solntsev. He was neither smart, nor stupid, nor an excellent student, nor a poor student, nor lazy, nor hardworking. The middle one was a little boy.

The next day, when the boy went to school, there was a test. Petya got a deuce because he did not learn lessons at all.

At home, my mother said: "Everything has its time."

Some people, when they are late for work, break the rules and pass at a red traffic light. For this they are stopped by a traffic police officer and fined. And they are even more late for work.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends

What other proverbs fit these stories?

What do they say about the stubborn? ( Found a scythe on a stone.)

How are the chatterboxes and idle talkers kept safe? ( The word is not a sparrow: if it flies out, you won't catch it.)

What will they remind a lazy person? ( Laziness was born before you.)

How will they cheer up a timid one? ( The eyes are afraid, but the hands do.)

How will they calm down the fearful one? ( Fear has big eyes.)

What will they say about the slow one? ( Julitta is going, someday she will be.)

How will they hurry up the kopushka? ( Seven don't wait for one.)

Staging a story

On Tikhaya Street there lived a Little Deal.
And Big Idleness lived and lived on Noisy Street.
The Great Idleness has always boasted:
- Look how big I am! And you are small fry. You can't even be seen under a microscope.
Little Cause was silent and looked at the calendar: spring was coming.
- Are you still looking at the calendar? - Big Idleness did not stop. - Do you think the sun will bake, rain will pour down, and there will be more of you?
Spring has come. Little Deed took a small shovel. He dug up a small bed and planted small seeds.
Big Idleness took a large blanket, spread it on a large clearing, took a large magazine called "The Weekly of Idlers" and rested.
And when small sprouts sprout and magnificent flowers were born from them, all passers-by admired: what a scent! They thanked Little Cause and said: the spool is small, but expensive.
When the scent of flowers reached the Big Idleness, it turned unhappily on the other side and grumbled:
- And still I'm better!

W. What do you guys think?

D. Small business is better than big idleness.

Performance of the third group.

Proverbs of the peoples of the world

Look back at yourself three times a day. This Japanese proverb teaches you to watch your behavior.

The Mongolian proverb “And a journey to ten thousand countries begins with the first step” says that any big business starts with a small one.

When an innocent person suffers, the Arabs say: "The sea has quarreled with the wind, and the boat has suffered."

"Salt makes you thirsty." This means that everything needs a measure.

The Russians say: "Don't dig a hole for another - you yourself will fall into it." And the Ossetians say: "Do not throw stones from the glass house."

The French advise not to despair and say: "Having suffered defeat, start over."

"The word is silver, and silence is gold," a Russian will say, and a Bengali: "Whoever talks a lot starts to lie."

Exercise: correlate a Russian proverb with a foreign proverb.

Performance of the fourth group.

Quiz

1. Insert a picture into a proverb.

Donated ... they don't look in the teeth. ( The horse.)

When ... whistles on the mountain. ( Crayfish.)

Chop - chips fly. ( Forest.)

Don't ... don't hum. ( Cow.)

Do not spit in ... - it is useful to drink water. ( Well.)

Great ... - great swimming. ( To the ship.)

2. Collect the parts of the proverb.

- no matter how much wolf you feed
- live forever
- you like to ride
- better late
- seven troubles
- for demand
- he keeps looking into the forest
- learn
- love and sleigh to carry
- than never
- one answer
- they don’t take money

3. Choose a proverb for illustrations.