What blood type the child will have depending on the blood type of the parents. How to find out the blood type of a child by parent Means 4 health group

In cases where the concept of a blood group is used, it means the group (according to the ABO system) and the Rh factor Rh. The first is determined by antigens located on erythrocytes (red blood cells). Antigens are specific structures on the surface of a cell. The second component is the Rh factor of the blood. This is a specific lipoprotein, which may or may not be present on the erythrocyte. Accordingly, it will be defined as positive or negative. In this article, we will figure out which blood type of children and parents will be a priority during pregnancy.

If the organism defines such a structure as foreign, it will react aggressively to it. It is this principle that must be taken into account in the procedures for transfusion of lymph. Often people have a false idea that the blood type of the child and parents must match. There is Mendel's law, which allows you to predict the performance of future children, but these calculations will not be unambiguous.

What is a blood group

As mentioned, the ABO blood system is defined by the location of certain antigens on the outer shell of the erythrocyte.

So, there are 4 blood groups in children and adults:

I (0) - no antigens A or B.
II (A) - only A is present.
III (B) - B is determined on the surface.
IV (AB) - both antigens - A and B are detected.

The essence of the division comes down to the compatibility of blood during transfusion. The fact is that the body will fight against those antigens that it itself does not have. This means that a patient with type A cannot be transfused with type B blood, and vice versa. A person with O blood type has antibodies that will fight against antigens A and B. This means that he can only be transfused with the blood of his own representatives.

A patient with group 4 will be universal, since it does not have antibodies. Such a person can do any blood transfusion. In turn, a person with group 1 (O) will be a universal donor, if at the same time his Rh factor is negative. Such red blood cells will suit everyone.

Belonging to the Rh factor is determined by the antigen D - its presence makes Rh positive, the absence - negative. This blood factor must be taken into account by women during pregnancy. The body of a woman with a negative Rh factor can reject the fetus if her husband has a positive Rh factor. It is worth noting that 85% of people have a positive Rh status.

A test to determine both factors is done in the laboratory: antibodies are added to a few drops of blood, the reaction of which determines the presence of certain blood antigens.

Blood typing testInheritance of blood types

Parents often wonder if the blood type of parents and children can differ? Yes, this is possible. The fact is that the inheritance of a blood type in a child occurs according to the law of genetics, where genes A and B are dominant, and O are recessive. The baby receives one gene from the mother and father. Most human genes have two copies.

In a simplified form, the human genotype can be described as follows:

Blood type 1 - OO: the child will inherit only O.
2 blood group - AA or AO.
3 blood group - BB or VO: both one and the second trait can be equally inherited.
4 blood type - AB: children can get A or B.

There is a special table of the blood group of children and parents, according to which it is clearly possible to guess which group and Rh factor of the blood the child will receive:

Parents' blood groups	Probable blood type of the child
I+I	I (100%)	-	-	-
I+II	I (50%)	II (50%)	-	-
I+III	I (50%)	-	III (50%)	-
I+IV	-	II (50%)	III (50%)	-
II+II	I (25%)	II (75%)	-	-
II+III	I (25%)	II (25%)	III (50%)	IV (25%)
II+IV	-	II (50%)	III (25%)	IV (25%)
III+III	I (25%)	-	III (75%)	-
III+IV	-	II (25%)	III (50%)	IV (25%)
IV+IV	-	II (25%)	III (25%)	IV (50%)

It is worth paying attention to a number of patterns in the inheritance of traits. So, the blood type of children and parents must match 100% if both parents have the first. In cases where parents have 1 and 2 or 1 and 3 groups, children can equally inherit any trait from one of the parents. If a partner has a 4th blood group, then in any case he cannot have a child with 1 type. The blood type of children and parents may not match even if one of the partners has group 2 and the other has group 3. With this option, any result is possible.

Rh factor inheritance

Things are much simpler with the inheritance of Rh: the D antigen is either present or absent. A positive Rh factor is dominant over a negative one. Accordingly, the following subgroups are possible: DD, Dd, dd, where D is a dominant gene and d is a recessive one. From the above, it is clear that the first two combinations will be positive, and only the last one will be negative.

In real life, this situation will look like this. If at least one parent has DD, then the child will inherit a positive Rh factor, if both owners of dd, then a negative one. In the event that the parents have Dd, there is a possibility of a child with any Rh.

Table of inheritance of the Rh factor of blood Is it possible to determine the sex of the child in advance

There is a version that it is possible to determine the sex of a child by the blood type of the parents. Of course, it is impossible to believe in such a calculation with great certainty.

The essence of calculating the blood type of the unborn child is reduced to the following principles:

A woman (1) and a man (1 or 3) are more likely to give birth to a girl, if a man has 2 and 4, then the likelihood of a boy will increase.
A woman (2) with a man (2 and 4) is likely to get a girl, and with a man (1 and 3) a boy.
Mother (3) and father (1) will give birth to a girl, with men of other groups there will be a son.
A woman (4) and a man (2) should expect a girl, with men of a different blood there will be a son.

It is worth noting that there is no scientific evidence for this theory. The method suggests that the unity of the parents according to the state of the Rh blood (both negative and positive) speaks in favor of the appearance of a daughter, in other cases - a son.

Table of the sex of the child by blood type of the parentsConclusions

Currently, medicine makes it possible to determine diseases by blood group that may appear in a child even before his birth. Of course, you should not completely trust the tables and independent research. Accuracy in determining the group and Rhesus of the unborn child can only be expected after a laboratory study.

What is really worth paying attention to is the fact that by parental blood it is possible with a high probability to establish predispositions to diseases of the future child.

One of the most important tasks in determining the category of blood is to reduce the possible risk of its transfusion. If alien genes enter the human body, an aggressive reaction can begin, the outcome of which is very sad. The same situation occurs with inappropriate rhesus. These circumstances are important to consider for pregnant women, especially those with a negative factor.

Do not forget about the possible mutations of genes that occur on earth to one degree or another. The fact is that earlier there was one blood type (1), the rest appeared later. But these factors are so rare that it is not worth dwelling on them in detail.

There are certain observations regarding the correspondence between the character of a person and his blood. From this, scientists have drawn conclusions about the predisposition to certain diseases. So, the first group, being the earliest on Earth, seems to be the most enduring; leaders are most often found among the people of this subgroup. These are pronounced meat lovers, but, unfortunately, they also have strong allergic reactions.

People of the second blood group are more patient and practical, they are most often vegetarians, including because of the sensitive gastrointestinal tract. Their immune systems are weak and they are often exposed to infectious diseases.

The third subgroup is represented by passionate natures, extreme people. They tolerate environmental changes better than others and have excellent immunity.

People of the fourth blood subgroup are the rarest, they are very sensual and see this world in their own way. They have a receptive nervous system and are often very altruistic.

It is up to parents to decide whether to trust such characteristics, whether to make predictions about the nature of their child, based on such observations. But using the achievements of modern medicine to improve the health of the unborn baby is never superfluous.

Parents during the period of bearing a child are already interested in learning as much as possible about the future baby. Of course, it is impossible to determine the color of the eyes or the character of an unborn baby. However, if you turn to the laws of genetics, you can quickly calculate some characteristics - what kind of blood type the child will have and his future Rh factor.

These indicators are directly dependent on the properties of the blood of the mother and father, and, having become familiar with the ABO blood distribution system, according to which all blood is divided into 4 groups, mom and dad can easily figure out the processes of inheritance. Tables compiled on the basis of a study of the likelihood of borrowing will also help to calculate the blood type and Rh factor of the unborn child.

Blood type, Rh factor and the theory of their inheritance

At the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists discovered four blood groups with individual antigenic characteristics of red blood cells. In two blood categories, antigens A and B were present, and in the third they were not present at all. A little later, studies revealed another blood group with the presence of antigens A and B in it at the same time. Thus, the system of dividing blood into ABO groups was born, where:

1 (O) - blood without antigens A and B;
2 (A) - blood with the presence of antigen A;
3 (B) - blood with the presence of antigen B;
4 (AB) - blood with A and B antigens.

With the advent of the ABO system, geneticists proved that the principles of forming a blood group in a child are identical in nature, and this pattern made it possible to form some laws of genetics about borrowing blood belongings.

In humans, the inheritance of the blood type occurs from parent to child, through the transfer of genes informed about the content of antigens A, B and AB in the erythrocytes of the mother and father.

The Rh factor, like the blood type, is determined by the presence of a protein (antigen) on the surface of human red blood cells. When this protein is present in red blood cells, the person's blood is Rh positive. However, there may not be a protein, then the blood acquires a negative value. The ratio of Rh factors in the blood of the population of positive and negative affiliation is 85% to 15%, respectively.

The Rh factor is inherited according to the predominant dominant trait. If the parents are not carriers of the Rh factor antigen, then the child will inherit the negative blood affiliation. If one of the parents is Rh-positive and the other is not, then the baby is 50% likely to be a carrier of the antigen. In the case when the mother and father are Rh-positive, the child's blood in 75% of cases will also acquire a positive value, however, it is likely that the gene of the closest blood relative with negative blood will pass to the child. The Rh factor borrowing table for the blood type of the parents is as follows:

Rh moms	Rh father	Rh baby
+	+	+ (75%), – (25%)
+	-	+ (50%), – (50%)
-	+	+ (50 %), – (50%)
-	-	– (100%)

Determining the blood type of a child by the blood group of the parents

The blood group is transmitted to children from parents according to their common genotype:

When the mother and father are not carriers of the A and B antigens, the child will have 1 (O) blood type.
It is easy to calculate the belonging of the child's blood when mom and dad have 1 (O) and 2 (A) blood groups, since only antigen A or its absence can be transmitted. With the first and third blood groups, the situation will be similar - children will inherit either group 3 (B) or 1 (O).
If both parents are carriers of the rare 4 (AB) group, it will be possible to find out the blood of children only after a laboratory analysis at birth, since it can be either 2 (A), or 3 (B) and 4 (AB).
It is also not easy to find out the characteristics of a child’s blood when mom and dad have 2 (A) and 3 (B) antigens, since a baby can have each of the four blood groups.

Since red blood cell proteins (antigens) are inherited, and not the blood type itself, the combinations of these proteins in children may differ from the parental blood characteristics, so often the child's blood type may differ and not be the same as that of the parents.

What blood type the baby should have at birth will help determine the table reflecting the inheritance of blood belonging:

Father	Mother	Child
1 (O)	1 (O)	1 (O) - 100%
1 (O)	2 (A)	1 (O) - 50% or 2 (A) - 50%
1 (O)	3 (B)	1 (O) - 50% or 3 (B) - 50%
1 (O)	4 (AB)	2 (A) - 50% or 3 (B) - 50%
2 (A)	1 (O)	1 (O) - 50% or 2 (A) - 50%
2 (A)	2 (A)	1 (O) - 25% or 2 (A) - 75%
2 (A)	3 (B)
2 (A)	4 (AB)	2 (A) - 50% or 3 (B) - 25% or 4 (AB) - 25%
3 (B)	1 (O)	1 (O) - 50% or 3 (B) - 50%
3 (B)	2 (A)	1 (O) - 25% or 2 (A) - 25% or 3 (B) - 25% or 4 (AB) - 25%
3 (B)	3 (B)	1 (O) - 25% or 3 (B) - 75%
3 (B)	4 (AB)
4 (AB)	1 (O)	2 (A) - 50% or 3 (B) - 50%
4 (AB)	2 (A)	2 (A) - 50% or 3 (B) - 25% or 4 (AB) - 25%
4 (AB)	3 (B)	2 (A) - 25% or 3 (B) - 50% or 4 (AB) - 25%
4 (AB)	4 (AB)	2 (A) - 25% or 3 (B) - 25% or 4 (AB) - 50%

According to the inheritance table, it is possible to predict the child's blood type for sure only in one case, when there was a combination of 1 (O) blood types of the mother and father. In other combinations, you can only find out the probability of what the child's blood type may be in the future. Therefore, whose blood belongs to the baby, it will become clear after his birth.

Gender of the child by blood group

There is an opinion that the sex of a child can be determined without the help of ultrasound, based on the blood type of the mother and father. Special combinations of groups give certain guarantees that a boy or a girl will be born:

a female child is more likely to be born to mom 1 (O) and dad 1 (O) or 3 (B) blood groups;
a combination of 1 (O) maternal blood with 2 (A) or 4 (AB) paternal, increases the chances of conceiving a male baby;
a male baby can be in a woman of 4 (AB) groups with men of 1 (O), 3 (B) and 4 (AB) blood groups;
it will be easy for a woman with 3 (B) blood affiliation and a man with 1 (O) to conceive a female baby, in other cases, with 3 (B) maternal blood type, males will be born.

However, this method of determining the sex of a child gave rise to many doubts, since the same couple, according to the method, can only have girls or boys during their life, and having children of different sexes is impossible.

Based on science and genetics, the probability of having a child of one sex or another is absolutely dependent on the chromosome set of the sperm that fertilized the egg. And the blood type of the parents, in this case, has nothing to do with it.

Modern science now allows us to predict the nature, as well as the state of the immune and nervous system of the unborn child. To do this, it is enough to determine the blood group of the parents. Rhesus comparability can tell a lot about the characteristics of a baby who has not even been born yet.

What blood groups are possible in children

Doctors assure that it is almost impossible to predict the color of the baby's eyes or hair, his future talents or character. However, the blood group is quite possible to determine in the laboratory. For this, special serums are used. According to the Rh factor, the modern population of the globe is divided into owners of a positive and negative Rh factor. Some have it, others don't. In the latter case, there is no negative impact on health. True, women have a risk of Rh-conflict with the unborn child. As a rule, this happens during repeated pregnancies, if the mother does not have this factor in the blood, but the baby has it.

What blood type does the child inherit from the parents?

Such inheritance is carried out according to certain laws of genetics. Genes are passed on from parents to babies. They carry information about agglutinogens, their absence or presence, as well as the Rh factor.

At present, the genotypes of people with this indicator are recorded as follows: the first group is 00. The baby receives one zero from the mother, and the other from the father. Therefore, a person who has the first group transmits only 0. And the baby already has one zero at birth. The second is designated AA, or A0. From such a parent, "zero" or "A" is transmitted. The third - denote BB or B0. The child will inherit "0" or "B". The fourth group is designated AB. Children respectively inherit "B" or "A".

The Rh factor is transmitted as a dominant trait, that is, it will manifest itself without fail. If both the mother and the father have a negative Rh factor, then all children in the family will also have one. When these indicators differ among parents, this will also affect the child, that is, the Rh factor will be present or absent. With a positive indicator for both parents, with a 75% probability, their heir will also have one. But the appearance of a child with a negative Rh in this family is not nonsense. After all, parents can be heterozygous. This means that they have genes that are responsible for the presence or absence of the Rh factor. In practice, it is enough to simply find out this nuance by asking blood relatives.

How to find out what blood type a child will have: table

Many parents wonder what group children are born with. After all, they are not indifferent to the features of their future baby.

On the Internet, you can use a special calculator. It will help determine what blood type the baby will be born with. According to the law of an Austrian biologist named Gregor Mendel, there are certain principles for the inheritance of this factor. They allow you to understand the genetic characteristics of the future baby. Such principles allow you to predict what type of blood a child should have.

The essence of the law is quite simple. For example, if parents have the first group, then their children will be born without antigens B and A. The presence of the 1st or 2nd will give the children the opportunity to inherit them. The same principle applies to the first and third groups. The presence of the fourth - excludes the transmission of the first, but there is a great chance to conceive children with the 4th, 3rd or 2nd blood group. If both parents are carriers of the second or third, then such an indicator in their descendant is not predicted in advance.

You can also determine the blood type of the unborn child according to the following table:

What blood types are compatible and incompatible for conceiving a child

The expectant mother should know her Rh and blood type. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, it is advisable to take appropriate tests. Of course, the compatibility of spouses plays an important role in the birth of strong and healthy babies.

Mixing the blood of parents who have different Rh factors contributes to the conflict. This is possible if the mother is Rh negative, and the father is Rh positive. In this case, the health of the baby determines whose indicator is “stronger”. If the child inherits the father's blood, then the content of Rh antibodies will increase daily. The problem is that when the fetus penetrates, the blood cells - red blood cells - are destroyed. This often leads to hemolytic disease of the crumbs.

In the presence of antibodies, doctors prescribe treatment. A similar conflict when carrying a first-born child rarely appears. This is due to biological reasons. Risk factors are ectopic pregnancy, abortion or miscarriage, previously transferred. Antibodies tend to accumulate. Consequently, red blood cells during subsequent pregnancy begin to break down earlier. This is fraught with serious consequences.

To diagnose the incompatibility of the fetus with the mother begins with the determination of the Rh of the fetus. The combination of an Rh-positive father and an Rh-negative mother will require monthly testing of the pregnant woman's blood for antibodies. The gestation will take place without discomfort. But the mother may develop a slight weakness. Symptoms of incompatibility are detected only with ultrasound examination. When there are more antibodies, and ultrasound shows abnormalities in the development of the fetus, doctors perform an intrauterine transfusion. With a threat to the life of the fetus or pregnant woman, an artificial birth is performed.

The first is considered the strongest blood type. It is aggressive, inherent in meat-eaters. Its owners are universal donors. The carriers of the second are vegetarians, lovers of berries, gatherers; the third - admirers of cereals and bread. The fourth is the most man-made and low-quality. But if the spouses love each other, then nothing will stop them from conceiving a healthy baby. The main thing is to act decisively. Consultation of a qualified specialist will help to successfully carry out the birth of a new life, which will not be overshadowed by a disappointing doctor's diagnosis.

Especially for nashidetki.net - Nikolai Arsentiev

Blood group - a unique set of properties of red blood cells, characteristic of a particular population of people. The generally accepted classification was proposed back in 1900 by the Austrian scientist K. Landsteiner. He received the Nobel Prize for this.

What blood groups exist and how do they differ?

There are 4 groups. They differ from each other in the presence of genes A and B or their absence in the composition of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and blood plasma. You can determine the type of blood using a special analysis or a home express test, which is sold at the nearest pharmacy.

In world practice, a unified classification and designation of blood groups AB0 has been adopted:

First (0). People belonging to this category do not have antigens. They act as universal donors because their blood suits everyone. However, only the same blood as theirs can suit them.
Second (A). Red blood cells contain one type of gene - A. This type of blood can only be transfused to the first two.
Third (B). It is characterized by the presence of the B gene. A person with such blood is able to become a donor for the І and ІІІ species.
Fourth (AB). People who have both antigens in their blood fall into this category. They can act as donors exclusively for their species, and absolutely any blood is suitable for them.

What is the Rh factor, how does it happen?

In parallel with the blood type, the Rh factor is determined. It indicates a protein in the composition of red blood cells. This indicator is:

positive - protein is present;
negative - no protein.

Rhesus does not change throughout life and does not have any effect on human health or predisposition to any diseases. It is taken into account only in two options:

Blood transfusion. It is strictly forbidden to mix blood with different Rhesus. This can cause the destruction of blood cells (hemolysis), often resulting in death.
Pregnancy and preparation for it. The expectant mother needs to make sure that there is no Rhesus conflict. It occurs if the woman has Rhesus “-”, the father has “+”. Then, when the baby inherits the paternal Rh, the body of the expectant mother is able to reject the fetus. Under such conditions, the possibility of bearing and giving birth to a full-fledged child is minimal.

What determines the blood type and Rh factor of the child?

The blood type and Rh factor are inherited from mom and dad. Why is this happening? In the process of interaction of parental cells in a child, their individual genes are determined, which characterize the above indicators. They are formed in the first trimester of pregnancy and never change, so it is enough to calculate them only once.

The formation of these indicators depends on the dominant (suppressive) and recessive properties. Dominants (A and B) and a weak sign (0) can be transmitted to the child:

when a man and a woman have the first group with a recessive property (0), then the baby will certainly inherit it;
the second group is formed in children upon receipt of antigen A;
for the appearance of the third group, the dominant type of gene B is required;
in order for a child to be born with the latter group, one parent must pass on gene A, the second - B.

The formation of the Rh factor occurs according to the same principle. A positive trait is considered dominant, and a negative trait is considered recessive. It is worth noting that 85% of all people can boast of protein in red blood cells and only 15% do not. As a donor for a person with a negative Rh, a carrier of both types can act, with a positive - having the same type. The ideal option is considered to be a complete match of Rh and blood type.

How to calculate the blood type of a child from parents using a special table?

Many parents want to know whose blood group the child will have. For the definition, a special table was developed, thanks to which everyone can calculate the result. To do this, you only need to know the belonging of the parental blood to a particular group.

Mother father	I	II	III	IV
I	І	I, II	I, III	II, III
II	I, II	I, II	I, II, III, IV	II, III, IV
III	I, III	I, II, III, IV	I, III	II, III, IV
IV	II, III	II, III, IV	II, III, IV	II, III, IV

After studying the data of the table, it becomes possible to make the following decoding of it:

provided that two parents have 1 group, the blood of the child will coincide with them;
mom and dad with the same 2nd group will have children with 1 or 2 groups;
if one of the parents is a carrier of group 1, the child cannot be a carrier of group 4;
if the father or mother has group 3, then the probability of having a child with group 3 is the same as in the other three groups;
if 4, then children will never be carriers of 1 blood type.

Is it possible to determine the Rh factor in advance?

It is possible to find out the Rh factor of a child, knowing this indicator from the father and mother, using the following scheme:

if both parents have "-" Rh, the child will have the same;
in the case when one is a positive carrier and the other is negative, six out of eight children will inherit a positive Rh;
in parents with a "+" Rh factor, according to statistics, 15 out of 16 children are born with the same Rh and only one with a negative one.

The likelihood of Rh conflict in mother and children

Rhesus conflict - rejection of a fetus with a "+" Rhesus by a woman's body with a "-" indicator. Even in the recent past, under such conditions, the bearing and birth of a full-fledged child was simply impossible, especially if the pregnancy was not the first. The result of this process can be intrauterine death of the fetus, stillbirth and other negative consequences.

Currently, Rh conflict occurs only in 1.5% of cases. Its probability can be found after tests at the beginning of pregnancy or at the stage of preparation for conception. It is worth noting that even if two conditions are met (negative Rh of the mother and positive in the child), the development of a conflict is not necessary.

In this case, the pregnant woman will have to be regularly checked to determine the amount of antibodies and their titer. Depending on the results obtained, a complete examination of the fetus may be performed. When an Rh conflict occurs, a child develops hemolytic disease, which leads to premature birth, anemia, dropsy, or even death.

Modern medicine offers the only way to save a child with a Rh conflict - intrauterine blood transfusion under the control of ultrasound and experienced doctors. This significantly reduces the likelihood of preterm birth and the development of hemolytic disease in the child. To reduce the likelihood of this problem, pregnant women are prescribed a certain course of therapy throughout the entire period, including taking vitamins, minerals, antihistamines and metabolic drugs. Delivery with a possible Rhesus conflict is recommended to be carried out ahead of schedule by caesarean section.

If the family decided to have a baby, from the very first days they will be interested in the sex of the unborn baby. Moreover, today doctors present to the public several ways, thanks to which you can try not only to predict, but also to plan the sex of your child.

Now I want to talk about one of them.

A bit about blood types

Everyone knows that there are four blood types and two Rh factors. It is from what set of mothers and fathers will they have that you can try to calculate the sex of an unborn baby. To make it clearer, in this article we will take the mother as a basis, then going through all the variants of the father's blood groups.

Mother's first blood group

So, we begin to figure out how to determine the sex of a child by the blood types of the parents. If the father has the first 0 (I) or the third B (III)) group, the family will most likely have a girl, if the second A (II) or the fourth AB (IV) is a boy.

Mother's second blood group

We go further, recognizing the sex of the child by the blood types of the parents. With mom, everything is clear, the father comes into play. Here the situation will be opposite than in the previous case. In men with groups 0 (I) and B (III), according to the opinions of doctors, boys are more often born, and with A (II) and AB (IV) - girls.

Mother's third blood type

We explain further how to calculate the sex of a child by the blood type of the parents. In this option, a girl will have to be born only in one case, namely, if the blood of a man belongs to the first group 0 (I), in other cases, only boys will be born - groups A (II), B (III), AB (IV).

Mother's fourth blood type

Next, we determine the gender of the child by blood type. And in this situation, a boy will be born much more likely. So, if dad has the second blood type A (II) - there will be a girl. If he has the first 0 (І) , third B (III) or fourth AB (IV), according to preliminary data, the family should have a male baby.

Thus, the summary table for determining the sex of the child is as follows:

	Father's blood type
Mother's blood group	I	II	III	IV
I	girl	boy	girl	boy
II	boy	girl	boy	girl
III	girl	boy	boy	boy
IV	boy	girl	boy	boy

Once again, we will make a reservation that the data on determining the sex of the child, depending on the blood type of the parents, can be considered as the most probable, but not mandatory values. Otherwise, in some families only boys would be born, and in others only girls, which does not happen in reality. It is much more accurate to determine the blood type of the unborn child. However, that's another topic.

Rh factor

If everything is very clear with blood groups and there can be nothing wrong with mixing, then with the Rh factor things are somewhat different. If the woman is initially Rh-positive and the father is Rh-negative, nothing bad should happen. Situations can cause danger if the mother has a negative Rh factor, then an Rh conflict between the mother and the fetus may develop. The situation is considered especially dangerous if the future baby is Rh positive, because various immune complications can occur. An interesting fact is that finding out the sex of the child by the blood types of the parents is only one side of the issue, but this can also be done by the Rh factors. If both parents have it positive, or both have negative, there will be a girl. Otherwise, it's a boy.

Determining the sex of a child by the Rh factor is also conjectural, even if it coincides with the previous method.

Blood renewal

Considering planning the sex of a child by blood, you can stumble upon information that will tell you how to determine the sex of a future baby by its updates. To do this, you should know that in women such processes occur every three years, in men - every four. However, there may be exceptions if the person has recently had surgery, had a blood transfusion, or was a donor. It will not be difficult for anyone to carry out calculations. To do this, you just need to divide the age of a woman by three, and the number of full years of a man by four. Whoever has the remainder figure is less, that gender will be the future baby. If a person had an unscheduled update for the reasons described above, this figure must be taken as the basis.

In reality, the sex of a child depends on the combination of the sex chromosomes of a man and a woman at conception. The female egg carries the X chromosome, and the sperm X or Y. When two XX chromosomes are combined, a girl will be born, if XY is a boy. In addition to attempts to determine the sex of a child by blood, there are many others: by the date of birth of the mother and father, the date of conception (it is believed that if conception occurred 2 days before ovulation, there will be a girl, if on the day of ovulation - a boy). It is assumed that the influence of diet, lifestyle and character of parents, season, etc.

For now, only one thing can be said with certainty: The actors that reliably affect one or another combination of chromosomes during the fertilization of an egg are not known to medical science for certain.

According to the classification adopted today, blood is divided into four groups: I (0) - the first, II (A) - the second, III (B) - the third, IV (AB) - the fourth. They are distinguished by the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. If red cells do not contain any antigens, then this is the first group, if they contain only antigen A - the second, only B - the third, both antigens (A and B) - the fourth. In addition, red blood cells can contain on their surface a specific lipoprotein called the Rh factor, and then the blood will be Rh-positive (Rh +). This complex protein is found in red cells in only 85% of people, while the rest do not have it. The remaining 15% are Rh negative (Rh-).

It has been proven that blood is inherited according to Mendel's law, like many other traits. In most cases, it is impossible to determine the blood group in future children with an accuracy of 100%. You can only calculate the possible options and their probability in percent.

How to recognize a group in children?

Many future parents are interested in knowing what type of blood their offspring will have and how this information is transmitted. Inheritance occurs according to the laws of genetics, which are well studied today. In the AB0 system, three genes are responsible for the group - A, B and 0, of which A and B are dominant, 0 is recessive. Each person receives one gene from their mother and one from their father. Genotypes in a simplified form can be represented as follows:

The first (I) is 00. A person will pass only 0 to his offspring.
The second (II) is AA or A0. Children can get either A or 0.
The third (III) is BB or B0. Either B or 0 is inherited.
Fourth (IV) - AB. Children can get either A or B.

Based on the blood type of the parents and the knowledge of some simple and understandable patterns of distribution of hereditary traits in the offspring, formulated in Mendel's law, it is possible to calculate the possible blood variants of future children:

If the pair has I (0), the heirs will have the same one, and there cannot be another.
If one has I (0) and the other II (A), the children will have I or II.
If one parent has I (0) and the other has III (B), the offspring may have either I or III.
If one has I (0), the other has IV (AB), the children will inherit II or III.
If both mother and father have II (A), the child will receive either II or I.
If one has II (A), the other has III (B), children can have any with an equal degree of probability.
If one parent has II (A) and the other IV (AB), the offspring may have II, III, or IV.
If both parents have III (B), the heirs will receive III or I.
If one has III (B), the other has IV (B), the children will have II, III or IV.
If both are owners of IV (AB), the offspring will inherit II, III, or IV.

You can determine the percentage of the probability of inheritance of a particular blood, taking into account the combinations of genes in mom and dad. Examples:

What kind of blood can a child have if the future mother has the second, the father has the fourth? A woman in this case can have the following combinations: AA and A0, a man - only one option - AB. The offspring can inherit the following options: in the first case - AA, AB, AA, AB, in the second - AA, AB, 0A, 0B. When the AA genes are combined in the mother, children can get the second and fourth with a probability of 50 to 50. With the A0 genotype in a woman, they will have the second with a probability of 50%, the third with a probability of 25% and the fourth with a probability of 25%.
How to determine the group of the unborn child, if the mother has the first, the father has the third? In this case, a woman has only one combination - 00, a man has two - BB and B0. The offspring can inherit the following combinations: 0B, 0B, 0B, 0B and 0B, 00, 0B, 00. Thus, if the father has the BB genotype, then the children will have blood of the third group by 100%, if the genotype is B0, then the probability of the first and the third is 50%.

More clearly, the results of calculations can be presented using a table.

We can say about some patterns of inheritance:

If both in a pair have no antigens on the surface of red cells (neither A nor B), then all their children will inherit this trait, that is, they will have only group I, and no other. In this case, you can determine the group of the child absolutely accurately, 100%.
If one in a pair has I(0) and the other II(A), then the children will either have I(0) or II(0). Similarly, for a pair with I (0) and III (B) - the offspring will inherit I (0) or III (B).
It is impossible to predict what kind of blood the children will have if one of the spouses has II (A) and the other has III (B). In this case, any options are possible.
People with IV (AB) cannot have children with I (0), no matter what blood the partner has.

How to determine the Rh factor?

In modern conditions, future parents have the opportunity to find out the sex of their unborn baby long before birth. To calculate what blood type he will have, it is enough to know simple patterns about inheritance

According to this system, there are only two types: Rh-negative and Rh-positive. Responsible for the inheritance of the Rh gene, which can have two alleles D and d, where D is the presence of Rh, d is its absence: Rh (D) is dominant, Rh (d) is recessive. Thus, it becomes clear that an Rh-positive person has the DD or Dd gene, while an Rh-negative person only has dd. If one parent has the DD gene, then all children will be Rh positive. If both mother and father are Rh-negative, that is, both have the dd genotype, then all children will have Rh-negative only. If future parents have Rh (+), while their genes are Dd, then they can have children with both positive Rh and negative. In this case, combinations are possible: DD, Dd, dd.

Gender of the baby according to the blood type of the parents

Most expectant mothers and fathers are interested in who will be born - a boy or a girl, and whether it can be determined by the blood of their parents. Such a theory does exist, but it has no scientific justification, so it is hardly worth trusting. It is used both at the stage of preparation for conception, and after the pregnancy has already begun.

According to this method, the probability of having children of one sex or another is as follows:

A woman with the first group has a high probability of having a girl from a man from the first and third, a boy from a man from the second and fourth.
If the mother has the second, the girl will be born in a pair with a man with the second and fourth, the boy - from the father with the first and third.
A woman with a third is more likely to give birth to a girl from a man with a first. In other cases, more likely, there will be a son.
A mother with a fourth will have a daughter if a man with a second becomes the father, in other cases she should expect a boy.

In a couple where one has blood II (A), the other III (B), children can appear with any of the four groups

Gender by Rh factor

This method also has no scientific confirmation. Determining gender by this indicator is very simple. According to this theory, the birth of a daughter should be expected if the parents or both are Rh positive, or both are negative. In other cases, the birth of a son is assumed.

Conclusion

Nowadays, a lot can be learned about future offspring even before their birth. Modern medicine allows at the stage of pregnancy planning to determine the likelihood of developing genetic diseases based on a blood test. Thus, future parents can avoid various unpleasant consequences and give birth to healthy babies. Determining the blood type of children by parents using existing tables cannot be considered accurate, one can only assume possible options. To find out this information, for sure, it will turn out only after conducting laboratory tests.

A common classification of blood groups is the AB0 system. Let's see how the blood type is inherited in a child and what options there are if the parents have the same or different groups, as well as how the Rh factor is inherited.

How to do an analysis to determine the blood group in a child, read in another article.

Mendel's Law

Mendel studied the transmission of genes from parents to offspring, as a result of which he drew conclusions about how certain traits are inherited. These conclusions he formalized in the form of laws.

He learned that a child receives one gene from each parent, so a child in a pair of genes has one gene from the mother and the second from the father. In this case, the inherited trait may appear (it is called dominant) or not appear (it is recessive).

With regard to blood groups, Mendel found that genes A and B are dominant (they encode the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells), and gene 0 is recessive. This means that when genes A and B are combined, both genes will encode the presence of agglutinogens, and the blood type will be the fourth. If genes A and 0 or B and 0 are transmitted to the child, then the recessive gene will not appear, respectively, in the first case there will be only agglutinogens A (the child will have group 2), and in the second - agglutinogens B (the child will have the third group) .

AB0 system

This system for the typology of blood groups began to be used since 1900, when the presence in the blood (on erythrocytes) of antigens, which were called agglutinogens, as well as antibodies to them, which began to be called agglutinins, was discovered. Agglutinogens are A and B, and agglutinins are referred to as alpha and beta. Possible combinations of such proteins create 4 groups:

0 (first) - contains alpha agglutinin and beta agglutinin.
A (second) - contains beta agglutinin and A agglutinogen.
B (third) - contains alpha agglutinin and B agglutinogen.
AB (fourth) - contains A agglutinogen and B agglutinogen.

Rh factor system

In 1940, another protein was discovered on the surface of red blood cells, which was called blood rhesus. It is determined in about 85% of people, marked as Rh +, and the blood of such people is called Rh-positive. In the remaining 15% of people, this antigen is not detected in the blood, their blood is Rh-negative and is designated as Rh-.

If the blood types of mom and dad are the same

Even if the blood type of the mother and father are the same, due to the possible carriage of the recessive gene 0, the baby may have several variants of the blood group.

If the blood types of mom and dad are different

With a different group, parents will have even more gene transfer options.

Mother's blood group	Father's blood type	Child's blood group
First (00)	Second (AA)	Second (A0)
First (00)	Second (A0)	First (00) or second (A0)
First (00)	Third (BB)	Third (B0)
First (00)	Third (B0)	First (00) or third (B0)
First (00)	Fourth (AB)	Second (A0) or third (B0)
Second (AA)	First (00)	Second (A0)
Second (AA)	Third (BB)	Fourth (AB)
Second (AA)	Third (B0)
Second (AA)	Fourth (AB)
Second (A0)	First (00)	First (00) or second (A0)
Second (A0)	Third (BB)
Second (A0)	Third (B0)
Second (A0)	Fourth (AB)
Third (BB)	First (00)	Third (B0)
Third (BB)	Second (AA)	Fourth (AB)
Third (BB)	Second (A0)	Third (B0) or fourth (AB)
Third (BB)	Fourth (AB)
Third (B0)	First (00)	First (00) or third (B0)
Third (B0)	Second (AA)	Second (A0) or fourth (AB)
Third (B0)	Second (A0)	First (00), second (A0), third (B0) or fourth (AB)
Third (B0)	Fourth (AB)
Fourth (AB)	First (00)	Second (A0) or third (B0)
Fourth (AB)	Second (AA)	Second (AA) or fourth (AB)
Fourth (AB)	Second (A0)	Second (AA or A0), third (B0) or fourth (AB)
Fourth (AB)	Third (BB)	Third (BB) or fourth (AB)
Fourth (AB)	Third (B0)	Second (A0), third (BB or B0) or fourth (AB)

Rh factor inheritance

This protein is inherited according to the dominant principle, that is, its presence is encoded by the dominant gene. For example, if this gene is denoted by the letter D, then a Rh-positive person may have the DD or Dd genotype. With the genotype dd, the blood will be Rh-negative.

Mother's blood group

II, III or IV

Fourth

II, III or IV

What is the likelihood of a mutation?

A mutation, as a result of which a parent from the fourth group can have a child with the first group, occurs in 0.001% of cases. There is also the so-called Bombay phenomenon (its name is due to the frequent detection among Hindus), according to which a child may have genes A or B, but they do not appear phenotypically. The frequency of such a phenomenon is 0.0005%.

What are health groups and what do they mean? This question remains one of the topical ones that adoptive parents ask. We continue a series of articles with various experts on various aspects of this topic. Last time we spoke with, now with a pediatrician, and part-time, a foster mother.

What diagnoses belong to certain groups? Who defines them? How reliable are they? What predictions do doctors give about the future of a baby or teenager? Will the diagnoses that were made in the orphanage be removed from the child when he lives in a full-fledged family? Answered these questions

What are "health groups"

The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation issued an order No. 621 dated December 30, 2013 "On a comprehensive assessment of the health status of children." This order regulates the algorithm for assessing health groups in children from 3 to 17 years old. According to this order, children can be assigned to 5 different health groups.

1 group- These are healthy children with normal physical and mental development, without malformations and any deviations from the norm.

2 group- it includes practically healthy children who do not have chronic diseases, but have some functional and morphofunctional disorders. For example, children who have had severe and moderate infectious diseases; children with a general delay in physical development without endocrine pathology (short stature, low weight or overweight). This group also includes frequently ill children and children with physical disabilities (consequences of injuries or operations), but who have retained all the functions.

3 group health - it includes children who have chronic diseases, with rare exacerbations and who are in remission at the time of the examination. This group includes children with physical disabilities, the consequences of injuries and operations, provided that the corresponding functions are compensated (that is, the existing shortcomings should not limit the child's ability to study or work).

4 group of health are children suffering from chronic diseases in the stage of exacerbation or the stage of unstable clinical remission (with frequent exacerbations), which limit the life of the child or require maintenance therapy. This group includes children with preserved or compensated functional abilities with physical disabilities, the consequences of injuries and operations with incomplete compensation of the corresponding functions, which, to some extent, limits the child's ability to study or work.

5 group health - it includes children suffering from severe chronic diseases, with frequent exacerbations or continuous relapses, with severe decompensation of the body's functional capabilities, requiring constant therapy. As well as children with disabilities, children with physical disabilities, the consequences of injuries and operations with a pronounced violation of the compensation of the relevant functions and a significant limitation of the possibility of education or work.

Who determines the health group and how

In real practice, the health group is determined by the local pediatrician or the doctor of the orphanage / children's home, based on an examination, medical examination and / or additional examinations.

The mentioned order clearly spells out an algorithm based on the international classification of diseases, according to which the doctor has a “diagnostic corridor”, within which he establishes a health group

In orphanages, health groups are determined according to a generally accepted algorithm. The question is the quality of the medical examination. Children under three years of age are not assigned a health group at all. Older than three years and up to 17 years - according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Possible scenarios for the development of events

No one has a 100% guarantee that by taking a child with 1-2 health groups, you will get a really healthy baby or teenager. There are many scenarios for the development of events, but globally, in my opinion, there are four of them:

A good doctor works in the orphanage, and medical examinations are carried out informally. That is, what is written in the student's medical history is true. This means that the health group is most likely set correctly.
There is no doctor at all in the orphanage, or he performs his duties formally, and/or medical examinations are also carried out formally. Then here are the options. First: overdiagnosis. A diagnosis is made that does not exist. And from this, the health group is defined as more severe. Second: With this option, the health group is, for example, the second. But in reality, the child requires in-depth examination and treatment.
The correct health group is set, for example, the third. But once in a home environment, the child "heals himself." And in a year or two his health group is the first or second.
Any potential adoptive parent should be aware that taking even a healthy child with 1 health group does not guarantee that over time the child will not develop any disease, including severe and disabling. And the reason for the appearance of the disease will not be that the doctor of the orphanage worked poorly. There was just a coincidence, the presence of genetic predispositions, etc.

How to relate to the declared health groups of children

Almost every person has preferences and fears: someone is afraid of infections, someone simply does not like hospitals, someone is not comfortable in the company of people with visible physical disabilities, someone really does not want to take a child with.

Therefore, I would advise potential adoptive parents to honestly understand for themselves which diseases are not acceptable for them, and not immediately consider such children. For instance: , tuberculosis. At the same time, a child with HIV may belong to 3, 4 and 5 health groups, depending on the course of HIV.

Chronic non-communicable diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic gastritis - from 3 to 5 health groups, depending on the severity of the course. In this case, for example, the presence of a diagnosis of bronchial asthma immediately refers the child to the 3rd health group. Currently, bronchial asthma is very well treated, and most children lead an absolutely normal life, including schooling and playing sports (though not professional). But the health group will be at least 3.

At the same time, children with personality and behavioral disorders caused by illness, damage or dysfunction of the brain, with schizotypy and neurasthenia can belong to both 2nd and 3rd health groups.

The first group of health is a rarity among domestic children, in an orphanage they are even rarer. Health groups 2-3 are children with health problems that do not interfere / or do not greatly interfere with normal life. Health groups 4-5 are children with significant health deviations and children with disabilities, but often they can cause less problems than children with 2 health groups.

For admission to a gymnasium, lyceum or language special school, 1-2 health groups are required, as well as for classes in specialized sports schools. This is due to the fact that an increased burden falls on children, which can adversely affect not quite healthy children and worsen their somatic status.