December 25, 1991 is considered the Day of Formation of the Russian Federation (Russia). On this day, BN Yeltsin signed law No. 2094-I "On changing the name of the state Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic".
At first glance, everything is fine, the law is like law. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, by its Decision, decided that the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) should henceforth be referred to as the Russian Federation (Russia) and Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the RSFSR, approved this Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The document bears the date, position and even the signature of Boris Yeltsin.
Everything is fine if it were not for:
1) The RSFSR is not a state, it is a union republic within the state of the USSR.
2) This law No. 2094-1 was signed by the position of "President of the Russian Federation", which is an malfeasance and forgery, since B. Yeltsin at that time had the post of "President of the RSFSR", but not "President of the Russian Federation". You cannot be self-appointed to government positions and sign any documents with a position that does not correspond to the one held, such a document loses legal force.
For example, I am the director of Romashka LLC and I sign an agreement with you as the director of Romashka + LLC. The question is, will such an Agreement be legally binding? At the same time, I do not have any supporting and registration documents. It will be a scam!
reference: Boris Yeltsin was inaugurated for the post of "President of the Russian Federation" only on August 9, 1996.
According to the current Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, Articles 184 and 185. All laws and other acts of state bodies of the RSFSR are issued on the basis and in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR, and any amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR are made only by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
The highest body under the Constitution of the RSFSR (Article 15) is not the president of the RSFSR, and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Therefore, B. Yeltsin had no right to change the name of the republic on his own. This is generally the prerogative of the referendum.
SUMMARIZE
The first lines of the law indicate, "The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decides," but as we found out earlier, there has never been any decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in this regard, which means that:
B. Yeltsin committed forgery (malfeasance) and self-seizure of power (state crime) on 25.12.1991;
Law no. 2041-1 on renaming was signed by a person who does not have the authority to do so. If then B. Yeltsin signed the law as President of the RSFSR, then everything would be more or less normal, but he signed this law as President of the Russian Federation;
In connection with the above, Law No. 2041-1 loses legal force, is illegal and null and void;
In connection with the above, the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation is also illegal and null and void;
In connection with the above, we still live in the RSFSR and are citizens of the RSFSR-USSR;
In connection with the foregoing, all legislative Acts published in the media and court decisions on behalf of the Russian Federation from 25.12.1991 are null and void and cannot be enforced;
There are no citizens of the Russian Federation and cannot be, since the Russian Federation was formed illegally;
The so-called courts of the Russian Federation do not have the right to judge citizens of the USSR.
Video evidence from the newspaper "Soviet Russia" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XOvnOXKmwg
About the pseudo-renaming of the RSFSR in the Russian Federation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjIu4aE27cA
In addition, at the moment there is no legislative act indicating the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR and the creation of the CIS. The RSFSR was and is one of the co-founders of the state of the USSR and the application for secession from the co-founders of the USSR has not been considered by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR until now. The UN still recognizes the USSR as its co-founder.
Aware of the danger of the actual collapse of the RSFSR under pressure from the power structures of the United States and NATO, the Congress of People's Deputies in order to ensure the integrity of the republic by an overwhelming majority of votes (907 - in favor, 13 - against and 9 - abstained) adopted on June 12, 1990 the "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ". And contrary to popular belief, this Declaration contains not a word about the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR. On the contrary, the RSFSR clearly stated that it was going to continue to remain an integral part of the USSR.
THE QUESTION, WHO IS THIS RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND WHAT IS IT DOING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RSFSR? ANSWER: THIS IS AN OPG or THE OCCUPATIONAL POWER.
Citizens of the USSR who were fraudulently involved in the bureaucratic or power structures of the Russian Federation should be reminded of Article 64 of the RSFSR Criminal Code "Treason of the Motherland", which is still in effect:
"Treason to the Motherland, that is, an act deliberately committed by a citizen of the USSR to the detriment of sovereignty, territorial inviolability or state security and defense capability of the USSR: going over to the side of the enemy, espionage, issuing state or military secrets to a foreign state, fleeing abroad or refusing to return from abroad in the USSR, rendering assistance to a foreign state in carrying out hostile activities against the USSR, as well as a conspiracy to seize power, is punishable by imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years with confiscation of property or the death penalty with confiscation of property. "
The Russian businessman is essentially an accomplice to the occupation, as he pays taxes in the Russian Federation.
Who are you? Are you a citizen of the Russian Federation? Then read this:
THE MAIN PROBLEM FOR THE CURRENT AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION THAT YELTSIN OFFICIALLY DIED
P.S. Yeltsin violated not only the laws of the RSFSR, but also the laws of the Russian Federation he created.
P.S. P.S. Scrolling through the pages of history, I often asked myself the question, how could the American curators "looking after" Yeltsin go to such trouble and so strongly substitute the Russian Federation in the future with this Law No. 2041-1, making the Russian Federation virtually outlawed, grossly violated the constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR, namely, Article 174 of the USSR and Article 185 of the RSFSR: "Amendments to the Constitution are made by a decision of the Supreme Soviet, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each of its chambers."
And then I realized that the stereotype of their life worked for the Americans. In the United States, everything is decided by the President of the United States, and in our country everything was decided by the people, more precisely the Supreme Soviet, so they did not pay special attention to these Articles 184 and 185, and without the Decisions of the Supreme Soviet, all Decrees, Laws and Resolutions that change the Constitution of the USSR / RSFSR, including Among other things, changing the names of republics or the state itself is a state crime, is considered null and void and cannot be enforced!
It can be difficult for some people to understand what actually happened in reality. Therefore, we will translate this difficult situation into an everyday one. For example, someone, a relative of our neighbor, killed the previous owner, forged documents and moved into his house, convincing everyone of this (bribing some) that he is the real owner of this house. It took 25 years ... Some facts of that crime were revealed, did the years change what he did 25 years ago? No! He is a thief and a murderer! Should we put up with what he did? Everyone's decision! Personally, I don't want to.
AND NOW THE MOST IMPORTANT: According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, Chapter 1, Article 5. The most important issues of state life are brought up for public discussion, and also put up for a nationwide vote (referendum). Therefore, it does not matter that there was an official forgery of Boris Yeltsin, with the law 2094-1, which he adopted without the Decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, to rename the RSFSR to the Russian Federation without a referendum, he HAD NO RIGHT !!! In general, we are all gr. USSR, and we do not live in the Russian Federation, but in the RSFSR. It's time to get out of this matrix. Second, did we have a referendum on the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR, which also did not happen? That they just took and changed the signs on the buildings like that?
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IS ILLEGAL, ENOUGH TO PLAY CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION... Stop beating yourself in the chest and quoting the constitution of an illegal state. Stop defending the non-existent rights of false citizens of the Russian Federation. There is no Constitution of the Russian Federation and it does not work. "Citizens of the Russian Federation" are judged not by the constitution, but by the Criminal Procedure Code or the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.
All articles of the so-called constitution of the Russian Federation have long been changed by various bylaws. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has not been like this for a long time A living example, Article 31 "Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and pickets." In August 2016, two musician girls were fined for playing the harp in the center of Moscow for 10,000 Russian rubles, for violating the bylaw "Don't Get Together More than Three". Link to
Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the "Tale of Bygone Years" refers the vocation of the Varangians-Rus (there are various versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and the upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chudi , measure and weigh. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kiev and also took possession of the lands of the Glades, Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichs, Uliches and Tivertsy, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
Also Rus, Russian land... In Western Europe - "Russia" and Rusia (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name "prince of the Russians" has been used. And at the beginning of the XII century (in papal letters) the name "Russia" appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, "Ros", Title "Russia"(Greek Ρωσα) was first used in ser. X century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvyags, Muroma, Meshchera, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan principality) ... Gradually, the tribal nobility was supplanted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Russia. Tribal names during the XI-XII centuries gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the Middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikids made partitions of Rus among themselves, but the consequences of the first two partitions (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of the Rurikids (1036). Section 1054, after which the so-called. The “triumvirate of Yaroslavichs”, despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078-1093), was never completely overcome. After the struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsy, in 1097 at the Lyubech congress of princes the principle “everyone keeps his fatherland” was established.
After the allied actions of the princes, the struggle with the Polovtsy was transferred from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition by part of the Russian princes of their power, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intradynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually emerge from the power of the Kiev princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Russia. With the beginning of the fragmentation of the Russian lands, the names "Rus", "Russian land" in most cases are applied to the Kiev principality.
With the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Volyn principality, the Galicia principality, the principality of Kiev proper, the Muromo-Ryazan principality, the Novgorod land, the Pereyaslavl principality, the Polotsk principality, the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the Turov-Pinsk principality, and the Chernigov principality were formed. In each of them, the process of formation of appanages began.
On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife plundered Kiev, after which Andrei gave Kiev to his younger brother, without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of V.O. Klyuchevsky, “tore off seniority from places ". Andrei himself, and later his younger brother Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212), sought (temporarily) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.
By the beginning of the 13th century, unifying tendencies were also outlined. The Pereyaslavl principality passed into the possession of the Vladimir princes, a united Galicia-Volyn principality arose under the rule of the older branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited by the Kiev boyars to reign, also gave the city to his younger cousin. In the annals under 1205, Roman is called "the autocrat of all Russia." By the 13th century, apart from those of Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled as grand princes.
After the Mongol invasion, the institution of "communion in the Russian land" disappeared, when the Kiev lands were considered as the common property of the Rurik family, and the name "Rus" was assigned to all East Slavic lands.
The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife in front of him, that the principality until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that, that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky, were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Russia. In fact, all the grand dukes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - of the Golden Horde; they independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the XIII century, the title of the Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost always owned by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called "the prince of all Russia."
Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of "kings of Russia". In the 1320s, the Galicia-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with a new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and ceased to exist in 1392, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian, Zhemoytskoe and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the southern Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kiev 1362).
In the XIV century, in the northeast of Russia, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed, the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, meaning seniority within North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, at the same time sanctioning the independence of the Tver Grand Duchy. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Since the 15th century, the terms "Russia", "Russian" appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally approved in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 18th century is referred to in modern Russian historiography as the "Russian state".
Grand Duchy of Moscow
In 1478, the Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against the Kazan Khanate, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself "Prince of Bulgaria", which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the transition of appanage princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russian-Lithuanian wars, Lithuania lost the uppermost principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other major territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan Grand Duchies (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the last period of its existence in the status of a Grand Duchy was also distinguished by a general set of laws (Code of Laws of 1497), the elimination of appanages and the introduction of a local system.
Russian kingdom
Since January 16, 1547, after the acceptance of the title of tsar by the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich. Also Russia, Russia, Russia, Russian kingdom, Russian kingdom, Moscow kingdom. In the middle of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were annexed, which additionally substantiated the royal title of the Moscow monarch.
In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and generally returned to the borders of the middle of the 13th century.
In 1613, the title of the metropolitan was "Rusia", and the title of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich - "Russia". "Muscovy" is the name of the Russian state in foreign sources of the 16th-17th centuries. The term "Russia" was finally fixed by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before accepting the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Sovereign of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. ("The Lord of All Russia" was abbreviated in "V.R.P.", but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.
Russian empire
After Tsar Peter Alekseevich accepted the title of Emperor.
18 (31) August 1914 in connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.
Russian Republic
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic- this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3), 1918 in the Decree on the Cancellation of State Loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Y. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a "federation of Soviet national republics" at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.
Until the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.
Federation Declaration:
- January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
- January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (dissolved on January 6 (19)).
- 12 (25) January 1918 - the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in the adopted Declaration.
- January 18 (31), 1918 - at the joint III Congress of Soviets (after the unification of the III Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies with the III Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies) in a re-adopted Declaration.
- January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets "On federal institutions of the Russian Republic".
- On March 6 - 8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was once again made to transform the country into a federation.
- July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Variability of the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, the documents contained variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic:
The words changed places:
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with different word order (4 words):
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federal Republic,
- Russian Socialist Federal Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):
- Russian Soviet Republic,
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Federation of Soviets
Other names:
- Russian Republic,
- Soviet Republic,
- Republic of Soviets.
Note: the new power did not immediately spread to the territory of the former Russian Empire (republic).
Note: Already, being a part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been rearranged.
In everyday life and semi-officially, an abbreviated form was often applied to the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it should be noted that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved by the official name of the country)
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the TSFSR.
On December 5, 1936 (according to the new constitution) in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words "socialist" and "Soviet" was brought in line with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.
Russian Federation
Russian Federation- On December 25, 1991, by law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed into the Russian Federation (the current name is enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, the corresponding amendments were made to the then acting Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978.
Also, before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, letterheads and seals of institutions with the old emblem and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book "Chistyakov OI, Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966".
- 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.
In modern Russia, some documents are still in force, in which the old name "RSFSR" remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of 12/15/1978 (as amended on 06/25/2002) "On the protection and use of monuments of history and culture"
- Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) "On the judicial system of the RSFSR"
- Declaration SND RSFSR of 12.06.1990 N 22-1 "On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 24.10.1990 N 263-1 "On the operation of acts of the bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 31.10.1990 N 293-1 "On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of 03.22.1991 N 948-1 (as amended on 07.26.2006) "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Product Markets"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 04.26.1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on 01.07.1993) "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples"
- Law of the RSFSR of 06/26/1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on 12/30/2008) "On investment activities in the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR from 26.06.1991 N 1490-1 (revised from 02.02.2006) "On the priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 15.11.1991 N 211 (as amended on 26.06.1992) "On increasing the wages of employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 21, 1991 N 228 "On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of trade enterprises in the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 28.11.1991 N 240 (as amended on 21.10.2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of consumer services enterprises in the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 255 "On priority measures for organizing the work of the industry of the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 256 "On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the context of economic reform"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 297 (as amended on 28.02.1995) "On measures to liberalize prices"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 269 (as amended on 21.10.2002) "On a single economic space of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 "On changing the name of the state Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
- Resolution of the Government of the RSFSR of 12.24.1991 N 62 (as amended on 13.11.2010) "On approval of the lists of federal roads in the RSFSR"
The history of the formation of the Russian state includes several hundred years of formation, political struggle and geographical changes. Let's try to find out when Russia appeared.
- The first mention of Russia appeared already in 862 ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
- The very word "Russia" was introduced by Peter I in 1719-1721.
- The Russian Federation was founded on December 25, 1991 after the collapse of the USSR.
Now let's look at the history of our state in more detail, highlighting the main historical periods of development, and also find out what Russia was called at different times.
Old Russian state
The first mention of the Russian state in literary monuments is considered the vocation of the Varangians in the "Tale of Bygone Years". In 862, Russia already existed in the form of an Old Russian state, with the capital first in Novgorod, and then in Kiev. The ancient Russian state was ruled by the Rurik dynasty. Subsequently, in 988, under the rule of Prince Vladimir, Russia, at that time already Kiev, adopted Christianity.
In 1132, when the last of the rulers, Mstislav Vladimirovich, died, a period of fragmentation of the Old Russian state began, and then, until the middle of the XIV century, Russia existed in the form of separate principalities, suffering from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and attacks from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Moscow state
Finally, in 1363, the Russian princes manage to unite their efforts and form a new Moscow principality, and later, thanks to the reign of Ivan III and the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Moscow stopped paying tribute to it, thus marking the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and a new milestone in the history of the Russian state.
In 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible came to power, and now the head of the state is not a prince, but a tsar. Despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible was known for his cruelty, it was he who managed to significantly expand the borders of Russia.
After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles begins in Russia - the era of coups and riots. It was only possible to put an end to the Troubles in 1613, when the Romanov dynasty came to power.
Russian empire
At the beginning of the 17th century, when Tsar Peter I came to power, Russia began to develop by leaps and bounds. Actually, the word "Russia" itself was introduced into general use by Perth I, although it was used now and then earlier in different sources, but mainly as the name of the country for foreigners. If before that the phrase "of all Russia" was added to the title of ruler (for example, Ivan IV the Terrible - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia or Mikhail Fedorovich - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia), then even before Peter I took the title of emperor , the following was engraved on the coins: "Tsar Peter Alekseevich, ruler of all Russia."
Further, thanks to the reforms of Peter I, Russia strengthens its army and becomes an Empire, at the head of which emperors are often replaced after the death of Peter I. Under Catherine II the Great, Russia wages a war with Turkey, the development of America begins, and foreign citizens are allowed to enter the territory of the Russian Empire itself and their residence in the country.
Russian republic
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first civil revolution (1905-1907) took place, and then the second February revolution of 1917. After her, the Provisional Government decided that henceforth the Russian Empire would become the Russian Republic. In October of the same year, the country became the Russian Soviet Republic thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party.
In 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics headed by V.I. Lenin.
After his death in 1924, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, famous for his repressions and dictatorship, came to power. Under him, industrialization began, which led to the fact that the branches of the national economy developed unevenly, therefore, many goods and consumer products were in short supply. In the agricultural sector, collectivization was carried out, which led to famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus.
In 1955, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became the secretary of the Central Committee. The cult of Stalin's personality is being debunked. Many regimes that emerged under Stalin are weakening.
In 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev came to power, during which perestroika began, and after that, the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Restructuring
Perestroika was based on political and economic reforms in the USSR, but in reality the situation in the country only worsened. A shortage of goods arose again, a rationing system was introduced, which had been forgotten since 1947. The national republics were dissatisfied with the centralized power, as a result of which interethnic conflicts arose. Each republic demanded the recognition of the priority primacy of its own laws over the general laws of the Soviet Union.
In August 1991, an attempt was made to stop the disintegration of the country, but it failed, and on December 8, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federal Republic signed an agreement on the creation of the CIS, which became the actual date of the collapse of the USSR.
Here is a short history of our country, which will help shed light on the origin of its name and better understand the history of the state.
Russians live in a country where there are no clear and unambiguous answers to the simplest questions. To say how old Russia is, you need to randomly choose one of the many options or ask a lot of clarifying questions.
There is no other country in the world that several times in its history started from scratch, then completely denied its past, then again returned to its origins. It is customary for Russia to be a young country with a thousand-year history.
Selecting a reference point
Through the efforts of the famous historians of the past N.M. Karamzin - the author of 12 volumes of "History of the Russian State", S.M. Soloviev, who wrote "The History of Russia from Ancient Times", V.O. Klyuchevsky and many others, as well as thanks to later research and the works of modern scientists, several points have been identified from which the course of Russian history can be counted. Often these are sharp boundaries between state entities that have very little in common with each other. At the same time, understanding Russian history as a continuous process lasting a thousand years seems natural.
The choice of the origin of coordinates often depends in our country on philosophical or ideological convictions. Its own scale for measuring historical time, its own answer to the question of how old Russia is, for a Westernizer and a Slavophile, for a conservative and a progressist, for a communist and a liberal, etc. We can assume several options for an answer about the age of our state, and for each one will find convinced supporters and no less fierce opponents.
Prehistoric times
The earliest traces of primitive man were found in Russia in the Caucasus and in the Kuban. Paleoanthropologists determine the beginning of the settlement of our territory by the first hominids 2 million years ago. The fully formed biological species Homo sapiens appeared in our region about 45 thousand years ago. Fortunately, there are no people willing to start the countdown of Russian identity from blond Neanderthals with blue eyes.
But the time of the appearance in the European part of present-day Russia of individual Slavic tribes (about the 5th century BC) is considered by some to be quite suitable for the beginning of Russian history. Among such generic associations with poetic names: Slovenia, Krivichi, Merya, Chud, etc., they are trying to choose one or more, around which the future power will be formed, especially the attractively consonant name of the Ross tribe, or Rusich.
Some say that the first education was about the same age as the cities of Russia from among the most became the residence of Rurik and was already Great.
And yet the first logical point of reference will appear later.
The vocation of the Varangians (882) - 1134
It is this time stamp that is considered the earliest for a more or less correct answer to the question of how many years Russia has existed. According to ancient chronicles, several Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric clans sent their representatives to the warlike Varangian tribe with a request to select from their ranks a ruler who could lead such an inter-tribal alliance and turn it into a single state. The legendary Varangian prince Rurik, the founder of the first ruling dynasty in Russia, became such a person.
I am interested in your opinion on this issue.
ABOUT CHAPTER:
1. Terms and concepts
2. The banking system of the Russian Federation. Lack of state treasury
3. Imaginary equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation
4. Good work of top managers from the Rothschilds (decrees, decrees
governments, other laws)
5. Conclusions
Chapter 1. Terms and concepts.
State- these are people living in a certain territory with established boundaries, united in order to ensure their livelihoods, who have established, adopted laws and obey them. It can be paraphrased: the state is a union, an association of people to provide for prosperity, life, protection, etc. The basis of this union (association) may have different legal, moral, organizational and labor, etc. forms.
Indigenous peoples- the descendants of people who inhabited the country or geographic region at the time when people who represented a different culture and other ethnic group arrived there and declared a dominant position as a result of conquest, occupation, the creation of settlements or in any other way.
Russia- a geographic territory, a country inhabited by people living within its borders. [The people do not live inside government bodies, but on the territory of the country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation uses the concepts "Russia" and "Russian Federation" as equivalent, introducing confusion (see part 2 of article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), arguing that society = state. In the terminology of Konst. RF it turns out that public property, which actually belongs to the country, turns out to be the property of officials. ]
Russian Federation- a special kind of organization, system, subject of law, rule of law, operating in a limited territory, having a management apparatus (legislative, executive and judicial authorities) according to the type of state.
Public Law, Law- this is what the people commanded and decreed. ("Roman Private Law")
Law, rule of law- agreement by the will of the participants, which includes two stages:
1, reaching agreement on the rules of conduct.
2, the interdependent expression of will regarding the recognition of the rules of conduct as binding (signature, approval, ratification, acceptance).
Citizenship- a special status, which involves the legal recognition of the nationality of a person within the country and abroad and endowing it in full with a set of rights and obligations provided for in the legislation of this state.
Legal and illegal acts (acts) - Legal acts produce an effect that corresponds to the will of a person, an illegal act - the opposite effect, entailing a deterioration of the legal situation both for the person who committed it and for other participants in legal communication.
Legal transactions- legal acts aimed at communication, having a communicative nature. Distinguish between unilateral and multilateral transactions depending on whether the participation of all parties to the legal relationship is required for the effect to occur. In multilateral transactions, it becomes necessary to agree on the will, i.e. reaching an agreement, all participants of the parties.
Void deal(including legal, to establish mutual rights and obligations, i.e. laws) does not entail legal consequences, except for those related to its invalidity (including legal consequences), and is invalid from the moment of its commission.
Legal Facts- any legally significant phenomena leading to the emergence and change in the rights and obligations of subjects of turnover.
Concepts and interpretations of concepts are taken from the anthologies of the generally accepted world standard.
Brief information about the hierarchy of the legislation of the Russian Federation:
Constitution of the Russian Federation- the law that has the highest legal force, which must comply with all adopted regulations.
Hierarchy of laws in descending order of legal force:
1 federal constitutional laws,
2 federal laws (including codes), international treaties, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
(in the event of a conflict between any regional legal act and federal law, the federal law will operate as having great legal force, except for the case in part 6 of article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)
In order to enforce laws, the executive authorities issue by-laws with a similar hierarchical structure:
1. acts of the President of the Russian Federation (decrees, orders),
2. acts of the government (decisions, orders),
3. acts of federal executive bodies (orders, instructions),
4. acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 2. Absence of the state treasury in the Russian Federation.
The state treasury system (state treasury) is of great importance in the life of countries. It is intended for the realization by the state of the ability to manage the execution of the budget, or, in other words, for the life support of the country's population at all levels of life.
It's about the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Its second name in the terminology of the Russian Federation is the Bank of Russia. Since the Bank of Russia advises the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and does not obey it, it issues loans to the Government of the Russian Federation for various programs and various interest rates, and does not obey it and monitors the entire financial system in the Russian Federation.
The law on the Central Bank appeared when the USSR still existed. The legislation on the Central Bank was adopted when there was no Constitution of the Russian Federation yet.
The Charter of the Bank of Russia was approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on June 24, 1991.
Earlier, at the end of 1990, elected on the third attempt by a slight margin of 3 votes, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Yeltsin (Eltsin) B.N. signed three laws that turned the republican branch of the State Bank of the USSR into the main bank of the RSFSR - the Central Bank (Bank of Russia), which seems to be subordinate to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. On the basis of these documents, Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was written.
These laws are:
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 dated 02.12.1990 "On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)"
Law of the RSFSR No. 395-1 dated 02.12.1990 "On banks and banking in the RSFSR" Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 396-1 dated 02.12.1990 on the introduction of the two previous laws.
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 of 02.12.1990 "On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)" abolishes the status of the state treasury and names the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia) a legal entity, but not registered with the tax, for whose obligations the state (in the law not which is specified) is not responsible and vice versa - the Central Bank is not responsible for the obligations of the state (Article 2 of Law No. 394-1 of 02.12.1990).
The most interesting thing is that after 9 (!) Days Gorbachev (Gerber) M.S., being the President of the whole USSR, signs three similar laws: the law of the USSR
No. 1828-1 of 11.12.1990 "On the State Bank of the USSR", Law No. 1829-1 of 11.12.1990 and Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 1830-1 of 11.12.1990 on the enactment of the two previous laws. On the basis of these listed laws, the State Bank of the USSR becomes a legal entity subordinate to no one knows who, with an authorized capital of 1,500 million rubles. Let's go back to the Russian republic - the RSFSR. Article 5 of the Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 dated 02.12.1990 "On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)" states that "Bank 6 of Russia DOES NOT DEPEND in its activities, state bodies and local governments have no right to interfere with the activities of the Bank of Russia . "
Article 6 of the same law endowed the Bank of Russia with legislative functions: "The Bank of Russia issues regulations that are binding on the federal and state authorities ..."
Article 9 determined the authorized capital of this legal entity to be 2 times higher than the capital of the State Bank of the USSR approved by Gorbachev (Gerber):
"The authorized capital of the Bank of Russia is 3 billion rubles." Those. three billion paper wrappers in ruble denomination. For reference, the authorized capital of the State Bank of the RSFSR in 1921 was equal to 2.000 billion rubles, tied to a non-ferrous metal.
All states of the world have their own monetary currency with distinctive symbols belonging only to this state, for example, the state emblem. Not the RF.
In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation", the image of the State Emblem is shown in Fig. 1: 
Article 5 of the FKZ "On state. coat of arms of the Russian Federation "indicates that the State Emblem of the Russian Federation is placed" ... in the offices ... of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. "
There is no official coat of arms on the banknotes of the Russian Federation. Instead, the coat of arms of the Provisional Government of 1917-1918 enclosed in a circle is used. See Fig. 2
On the basis of international law, this is an outrage over the coat of arms of another state and entails responsibility. Clause 4 of Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation reads: "The generally recognized principles and norms of international law ... are an integral part of ... the legal system" of the Russian Federation.
Even on the US one-dollar banknote, where the state is not responsible for securing its money, the US coat of arms is depicted as a symbol of the fact that it is precisely the US banknote.
Which state prints Russian rubles for the Russian Federation?
In the ordinary consciousness of the Russian population, the prevailing belief is that the state is the issuer of money. But in the Russian Federation, the issuer of money is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) as a separate legal entity from the state (see article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). A State Bank is a bank that is owned by the state and managed by state bodies. There are two types of state banks in the countries of the world: central banks and state commercial banks. Central banks of many countries are state banks and, accordingly, their capital, property belongs to the state, which allows them to carry out their policies and operations in accordance with the requirements of the national economy, and not for the purpose of making a profit. Central banks regulate the economy, supervise the activities of commercial banks, influence international financial relations, and provide funding for government programs.
State commercial banks ensure the implementation of the state's policy in the field of lending to the economy, influence investment, intermediary and settlement operations, and through them, the economic condition of the clientele. They serve the most important sectors of the economy that determine the country's position in the system of international economic relations, lending to which is not profitable enough for private capital.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)" does not provide for the protection of the rights of depositors and shareholders as the responsibility of the Bank of Russia. According to the law of the Russian Federation, risks in monetary circulation are a private matter of the risking person. Imposing obligations on the Bank of Russia to protect the rights of depositors and shareholders would mean taking over the functions of the state by the Bank of Russia and transforming it into a body of state power.
Article 89 of the Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 of 02.12.1990 states that the Bank of Russia creates its own Pension Fund for its employees for their further support.
On the basis of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 119 of 07/05/1995 "On public service" and the addendum to the Federal Law No. 35 of 01/27/1999, salaries of employees of the Central Bank are not paid from the budgets.
From the listed events follows the legal fact that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not a state body and does not exercise state supervision.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)" does not directly indicate which of the top managers of the Bank of Russia (on the Board of Directors) is an official. Then follows the legal fact that it is impossible for a citizen to exercise the right to go to court within the framework of the legal field of the Russian Federation, if illegal actions, for example, by the head of a regional branch of the Bank of Russia or the head of a branch of the Bank of Russia violated his rights and freedoms. Article 239 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a citizen to apply to the court with a complaint if he believes that his rights and freedoms have been violated by unlawful actions of a state body, public organization or official. For example, a citizen or an organization wants to file a complaint about the establishment of a 30-fold or higher depreciation of the labor of the indigenous population of Russia by the extortionate exchange rate of the ruble against the US currency approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In the Stalinist USSR, for example, the US dollar backed by gold "weighed" 64 Soviet kopecks and the State Bank of the USSR was considered one of the largest and most reputable credit institutions throughout the world. In addition, it was versatile, since performing the functions inherent in state and commercial banks, he was the emission and foreign exchange center of the country, pursued an active policy to protect its foreign exchange interests. Now the US dollar, untied from gold, “weighs” ± 3,000 Russian kopecks.
Then the questions arise: For what purpose are funds from the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, state extra-budgetary funds accumulated and stored on the accounts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, if, falling into the accounts of this non-state legal entity, these funds instantly depreciate 30 or more times, depending on the exchange rate Russian ruble against the US dollar or the euro? For what purpose is the Government of the Russian Federation and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - the President of the Russian Federation - to ensure that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation receives all the funds of the population of Russia and the Russian Federation, collected by all banks of the Russian Federation in the form of taxes, fees for paying for housing and communal services and other levies?
All the labor of the population of Russia, enclosed in monetary ruble notes, falling into the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, immediately depreciates 30 times in relation to the American and 40 times in relation to the European standard of living. Another interesting question arises from the two previous questions: does the Russian Federation have gold and foreign exchange reserves, if all monetary values are concentrated in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation?
Considering that the property that creates services, goods, etc. - belong to the people, not the state apparatus. Services, goods, etc. created by people, not by the state apparatus. The source of money is the people, not the state. In short, people's property belongs to the country and not to the bureaucratic apparatus. Let's paraphrase the last question: do the people of Russia have gold and foreign exchange reserves? ... You work, you work, but everything is without pants. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not subordinate to the government bodies of the Russian Federation, but it does not serve the people of Russia either. Legal fact. By all indications, it is a transcontinental corporation.
The author indirectly believes, but does not have any supporting documents, that the founders and heads of the activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are:
Banque Edmound Rothschild SA, Credit Lionnais, Barcays Bank PCL and Credit Suisse First Boston are Rothschild corporation banks. In 1994, the Moscow branch of Credit Suisse First Boston owned shares in Lukoil, RAO UES of Russia, Rostelecom and many others. It is known that with the capitalization of Gazprom at $ 87 billion, its debt to foreign creditors amounts to $ 60 billion. Lukoil with a capitalization of 27 billion, has a debt of 26 billion and so on. The total aggregate debt of all industry corporations in Russia ultimately turns out to be equal to the entire gold and foreign exchange reserve of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This information is given in case someone suddenly sets out to nationalize someone else's invention - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in other words, nationalize someone else's zero.
According to the professor of Moscow State University, Doctor of Economics M.M. Musin, over the years of the existence of the treasury system of the Russian Federation, in close friendship with the federal authorities of the Russian Federation, 10 federal budgets of the Russian Federation were stolen from the population of Russia and accumulated in Western accounts.
European Central Bank (European Central Bank) - The Central Bank of the European Union and the euro area, for a long period, even during the crisis, has made a lot of intellectual efforts in conducting its monetary policy in such a way as to maintain, as it requires charter, - a high level of well-being of Europeans based on low lending rates. He managed to keep the refinancing rate within 1%. For comparison, the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation per segment day is 8%. In the robberies of the 1990s, the rate was ± 200%. And the Russian Federation provides the European Union with oil and gas for the people. But, unlike the Russian Federation, the banking system of the European Union works for society, and not against it. The countries of the European Union have developed such a central bank system so that it is maximally independent from the state (eliminating opportunities for corruption among government officials) and becomes dependent in relation to the interests of civil society.
Chapter 3. Imaginary equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Following the beginning of the conflict between the union and republican legislation after the adoption by the people's deputies of the RSFSR of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, the August 1991 coup, the Belovezhskaya Agreement and other events that led to the paralysis of the state power of the USSR, the so-called Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992 was signed. consisting of three parts. He divided into three types according to their status, as into three varieties of the territory of Russia (RSFSR). This is the first type - republics (= states), the second type - territories and regions, the third type - autonomous territories and autonomous okrugs. It is recommended to distinguish between the concepts of Russia and the Russian Federation as not identical (see Ch. 1).
We compare the positions of the subjects in the Russian Federation. A quote from the Federal Treaty for subjects of the first type:
P1. Article III of the Treaty on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of power of sovereign republics within the Russian Federation of March 31, 1992: ) authorities on their territory, except for those powers that have been transferred (referred) to the jurisdiction of the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Treaty. The territory and status of the republic within the Russian Federation cannot be changed without its consent. "
p. 3. Article III of the same Treaty of March 31, 1992, quote: “The earth and its subsoil, waters, flora and fauna are the property (property) of the peoples living on the territory of the respective republics. The issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the republics within the Russian Federation. "
According to article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the territory of the Russian Federation does not include the subsoil of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. However, the main income of the RF budget is replenished precisely from the sale of the extracted from the subsoil.
The quoted Agreement was signed by the plenipotentiaries:
1. Republic of Adygea
2. Republic of Bashkortostan
3. Republic of Buryatia
4. Republic of Gorny Altai
5. Republic of Dagestan
6. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
7. Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch
8. Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic
9. Republic of Karelia
10. Komi Soviet Socialist Republic
11. Mari Soviet Socialist Republic - 12. Republic of Mari El
13. Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic
14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
15. North Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic
16. Republic of Tuva
17. Udmurt Republic
18. Republic of Khakassia
19. Chuvash Republic - Chavash Republic
20.Russian Federation
Abstaining from signing: Tatarstan, Chechnya (Ichkeria) and Ingushetia. Later, on February 15, 1994, Tatarstan signed with the Russian Federation its Agreement on the delimitation of jurisdictions and mutual delegation of powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation. and state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan.
For the territories and regions, "equal" (as stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation) constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as a comparison with the position of the subjects of the first type, we quote the clauses of the Treaty on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the territories, regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation of March 31, 1992 (part of the same Federal Treaty):
Clause 3. Article III: “The issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water, forest and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation and legal acts of territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. By mutual agreement of the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the status of federal natural resources is determined. "
For the third grade (type) of subjects of the Russian Federation - autonomous regions and autonomous territories - the same conditions. The difference in status with that of the national republics is obvious.
The text of the Federal Treaty of March 31 (the signing took place on the eve of the merry April 1) 1992 was not officially published.
A "parade of sovereignties" began among the autonomous republics. After 9 years, the federal authorities of the Russian Federation "woke up" and according to the Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation N 249-O of December 6, 2001, the provisions of the cited Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992, which provided for the sovereignty of the republics and thereby made it possible to justify the restrictions on the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its constitutional -the legal status and powers, which is reflected in the constitutions of a number of republics, cannot act and cannot be applied as contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The leaders of para-constitutional formations, i.e. national republics with their own constitutions, with great creak the federals from the Russian Federation managed to take away the right to be called presidents.
In article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, republics are characterized as states, adopt their own constitutions and have the right to establish their own state languages. Other subjects do not have such a right (see Art. 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
It turns out that Russian Federation- This is an asymmetric federation trying to delimit the previously unified into regions of the "first grade" - national-territorial formations, titularly belonging to non-Russian peoples, and regions of the "second grade" - regions and territories with a predominantly Russian population.
The former have full rights, their own constitutions, and conclude special agreements with the federal government on the division of powers. The latter have nothing of the kind, being nothing more than instruments for the implementation of federal policy on the ground.
The heads of the former act as spokesmen for the will of their people before the federal government and the people of Russia and have the opportunity to impose the will of their people on all of Russia. The latter act mainly as representatives of the center in front of the practically speechless population of the region.
From the point of view of the Russian Federation, there is no Russian nation, either as a civil or as an ethnic community. There is not a single constitutional document or law that would enshrine the existence of the Russian nation, or at least the Russian ethnos.
The existence of national state autonomies within the Russian Federation reinforces the existence of small nations, at the same time denying the right to exist for a large nation, the Russian nation. The Russians' right to statehood and self-determination is being blurted out by "multinationality" in the Russian Federation.
Charters of territories and regions and other legal acts of territories and regions how to compare in terms of legal force with the Constitutions of the national republics? As the status of the territory of settlements, it is possible to equate with the status of the state with the republican type of government, i.e. folk by mono-nationality? How can the governor of a krai or oblast obtain citizenship for a CIS refugee who previously lived in this territory, and so on? and so on. Chechnya (Ichkeria) has been issuing its green national passports since 2011 with the indication of nationality.
The inequality of Russians is realized through the de facto extraterritoriality (i.e., in legal terminology, non-jurisdiction of the local court) of a number of ethnic groups on the territory of Russia. Crimes committed by representatives of such an extraterritorial ethnic group are often not investigated. For some reason, representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the autonomous republic speak out about the representatives of the ethnic group who committed similar crimes in Moscow or other large cities, agreements are being concluded on serving sentences by immigrants from autonomies on the territory of these autonomies.
Against this criminal background, the squeezing of the Russian population from national-territorial formations continues (primarily in the North Caucasus, but, alas, not only there). In autonomous schools, the Russian language is giving way to the “language of the titular nationality,” regardless of whether the students belong to this titular nationality or whether they are Russian. Why not, following the logic of the absence of the Russian ethnos in the constitutional laws of the Russian Federation, use in the Russian Federation the second state language Russian for Russians from a multinational cauldron instead of Russian? .. Will the intentions come out too clearly?
The policy of systematic humiliation of the national dignity of Russians, the lack of evidence - legal, constitutional, political, that this national state of Russians is the modern Russian Federation. The top officials of the Russian Federation, both the legislators of the Russian Federation, and the judges of the Russian Federation constantly emphasize that the Russian Federation is a multinational state and is not a national state of the Russian people, in the sense in which Bashkortostan, for example, is a national state of the "Bashkir nation" mentioned in its constitution ... None of the leaders of the Russian Federation has ever appealed to the "will of the Russian people" as the head of the Chechen Republic R.A. Kadyrov.
In accordance with Articles 1,2,6,7,17,20,21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the UN General Assembly on 12/10/1948, ratified by the Russian Federation on 05/05/1998), all people are born free and equal in their dignity and rights , have the right to recognition of their legal personality, have the right to own property both individually and jointly with others, no one can be forced to join any association, a person has the right to take part in governing his country directly ...
According to Articles 1,2,3,9,11,26,31,37,40,42,46 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, indigenous peoples have the right, collectively and individually, to the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in The UN Charter and the norms of international law concerning human rights and fundamental freedoms. This includes: the right to preserve, protect and develop past, current and future forms of manifestation of their culture, such as archaeological and historical sites, monuments of material culture, visual arts, etc., including have the right to land, territories and resources, as well as the right to own, use or control the lands and resources they possess, the right to control and protect their heritage, the right to access and prompt resolution within the framework of fair procedures for resolving conflicts and disputes with the state or other parties, and also to effective remedies for violations of their individual or collective rights.
The Russian Federation is not a spokesman for the interests of the Indigenous Russian People, which makes up more than 80% of the population of Russia, and, accordingly, is not a state for them (see Chapter 5). The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Russia, i.e. The Russian People, the Russian Federation DENIED THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION as part of this federation, so that the Russians could not ensure their economic, social and cultural development, as well as freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. According to the norms of international law, this qualifies as GENOCIDE (the deliberate creation of such living conditions for any national group that are designed for its complete or partial physical destruction)
Clause 1 of Part 1 of Article 1 of the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", adopted by Resolution 2200 A (XXI) of the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966 (entered into force on March 23, 1976) has been violated.
Russia is a common homeland for 174 indigenous nations, peoples and ethnic groups that have mastered this territory since ancient times. However, in 1992, 21 peoples of Russia consolidated the federal union - the Russian Federation. This is their right. The remaining 153 peoples, including the Russian People, were not accepted into the Russian Federation, but used as legal slaves, having usurped power throughout Russia.
By the fact of the International Laws "On Human Rights" and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legal territory of the Russian Federation is concluded within the administrative boundaries of the 21st national republic located on the territory of Russia. See picture: 
1. Republic of Adygea 2. Republic of Altai 3. Republic of Bashkortostan 4. Republic of Buryatia 5. Republic of Dagestan 6. Republic of Ingushetia 7. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic 8. Republic of Kalmykia 9. Karachay-Cherkess Republic 10. Republic of Karelia 11. Republic of Komi 12. Republic of Mari El 13. Republic of Mordovia 14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 15. Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 16. Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 17. Republic of Tyva 18. Udmurt Republic 19. Republic of Khakassia 20. Chechen Republic 21. Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia
The territory of the RSFSR (Soviet socialist Russian Federation) changed in favor of the newly-made union republics and decreased by 1/3 during the existence of the USSR. The existence of the RSFSR was the only obstacle on the way from the collapse of the USSR to the total genocide of Russians and the cessation of the existence of the Russian nation.
The current Russian Federation proclaimed itself the successor of the USSR in the international arena on the basis of the denunciation by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on December 12, 1991 of the Treaty on the formation of the USSR of 1922. However, the Treaty on the formation of the USSR on December 29-30, 1922 was neither signed nor approved. The USSR received international recognition and status only in 1944 with the expulsion of the aggressor from its territory. European countries do not recognize the Russian Federation and consider us residents of the post-Soviet space.
The general civil passport of the Russian Federation is not a legal document. Legal fact. Because in the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no law on the approved sample of the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. The USSR passport as a previous legal act to the current illegal act is legally significant and in the right to be presented as an identity card. Photo, name, date of birth, even nationality - everything that is needed is present.
Possession of a notebook with the name "passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation" does not guarantee the person citizenship in the Russian Federation, since The Russian Federation is not a state (see Ch. 5 below), and the inhabitants of the national republics already have their citizenship according to the provisions of the constitutions of these national republics.
In terms of the situation in which the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of Russia find themselves, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in the number of 46 countries adopted Resolution No. 1481 of 25.01.2006 "On the need for the international community to condemn the crimes of totalitarian communist regimes", in which we are recognized as the population affected by totalitarian regimes in the post-Soviet space and continues to suffer from it to this day.
The European Parliament, progressive people reject and justly do not want to recognize R.F. The Russian Federation, only with the submission by the European Parliament of the Resolution "On the rule of law in the RF", the provisions of which were discussed long before its signing on 17.02.2011, adopted the Federal Constitutional Law of 07.02.2011. No. 1 "On courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation".
State power, as a rule, functions by adopting laws and other legal acts, ensuring their implementation - and these are normal legal forms of exercising state power. Where state power functions without this legal form, arbitrariness, personal discretion, bureaucracy reign, and great social troubles arise for the population.
The Russian Empire, then the USSR, with its arbitrarily established totalitarian form of government in Russia, were illegally and forcibly formed. In the case of the formation of the Russian Empire - in the city of Novgorod with the involvement of Rurik with his squad due to forced measures to ensure the safety of the lives of citizens of the northern part of Russia from war (terror, robbery and violence), in Kiev as a result of the commission of a criminal offense by Prince Oleg - the murder of the princes Askold and Dir (who had previously seized a peaceful settlement - the city of Kiev) and the establishment of autocracy and oppression of the state-forming indigenous Russian and Russian peoples in the future. In the case of the formation of the USSR - through an armed mutiny in October 1917, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly on January 5-6, 1918, the subsequent illegal creation with the use of violence and weapons, physically destroying dissenting people, on the basis of the RSDLP faction in the Constituent Assembly - RSDLP (hereinafter RSDP, SNK , All-Russian Central Executive Committee, CPSU) with the assignment of state, legislative, power and punitive powers to the party (a punitive body - the structure of the Cheka (hereinafter OGPU, NKVD, KGB) and other structures of the Cheka (GPU, Ministry of Internal Affairs, MGB, FSB, court, GULAG)) by publishing (with the aim of giving legitimacy) internal "legal" acts of Vl.Ulyanov-Lenin (Blank).
Chapter 4. Good work of top managers from the Rothschilds.
Folk joke:
Announcement on the Kremlin fence:
A family estate with stupid slaves is on sale.
The total area is 17075.4 thousand sq. km., 140 million serf souls.
The plot has water, gas, electricity. Deposits of oil, coal, gold, silver, large deposits of iron ore and other minerals.
Vast forests and agricultural lands, huge reserves of fresh water.
Infrastructure and small-scale production are partly present (in need of repair). There are atomic weapons and energy.
The neighbors are calm. The population, the army, the FSB and law enforcement agencies are demoralized and ready to be evicted.
Details: Moscow, Red Square. Ask Dima. Bargaining Is Appropriate. Retail sale is possible.
There is no need to "wash" the laws of the Russian Federation. Because in the "state" of the Russian Federation, there is legally no basic law - the Constitution, and the subsequent Codes and Laws formed on it, which endow a person and a citizen with rights and burden them with duties, are null and void and not subject to execution. On December 12, 1993, there was an attempt to adopt the Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation, and not the Constitution itself. No one has ever voted for the Constitution of the Russian Federation from December 12, 1993 to the present. The Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation itself was also not adopted, since its adoption by law requires 3/4 of the votes of those who have the right to vote for this, and not those who came to the elections. The Constitution of the RSFSR has not been canceled.
(The attempt was made on the basis of the Law of the RSFSR 241-1 dated 06.10.1990 "On the referendum of the RSFSR." included in the lists for participation in the referendum. ”58.43% of those who took part in the voting voted for the“ new Constitution ”, which amounted to 54.8% of the number of registered voters, that is, 32%.
According to the provisions of the higher in the legal hierarchy of the law - the Constitution, in Chapter IX on "the operation of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the procedure for changing it" in the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 (as amended by Law 2708-I of April 21, 1992 and the latest edition 4071-I of December 10 1992), article 185: “Amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia are carried out by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation by a law adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of elected People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. In the same manner, the temporary suspension of certain articles of the Constitution is carried out, as well as the delegation of powers of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation to the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. Changes and additions to articles of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia concerning the federal structure of the Russian Federation cannot be implemented unilaterally and are made in agreement with the republics of the Russian Federation, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg represented by their Councils of People's Deputies. ")
And yet, to reflect the intentions of the "helmsmen" from the Russian Federation, let us dwell on some characteristic and "hushed up" "laws".
Federal Law of 07.06.2007 N 99-FZ "On the ratification of the Agreement between the states parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and other states participating in the Partnership for Peace program, on the status of their forces of June 19, 1995 and the Additional Protocol to it" (adopted GD FS RF 23.05.2007)
In 2007, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law 99-FZ of 06/07/2007, ratifying the Agreement of 1995 indicated in the law, in which from the very first article there is a reference to the 1951 Agreement - NATO-SOFA. All who sign this Agreement (1995) undertake to accept the provisions of the treaty dated June 19, 1951 - "Agreement between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty on the status of their forces" or simply NATO-SOFA.
By ratifying the 1995 Agreement, the RF accepted the 1951 Agreement. In other words, through the 1995 Agreement, the Russian Federation can be considered as a full member of NATO, which signed the 1951 Agreement.
The NATO-SOFA Agreement defines the legal status of the armed forces of NATO countries during their presence on the territory of the countries that have signed this agreement. The Agreement states that the troops of one side can be sent by agreement to serve in the territory of another country. The Agreement also states that this agreement does not establish the reasons and conditions on which this may occur. Either in each specific case, the parties make a separate decision, or there are some secret (or not secret) agreements or additional protocols that these conditions may indicate. On the one hand, these motives are understandable for the NATO member states: American bases are located in almost each of them, and the legal status of these forces must be designated. On the other hand, why is it necessary for third countries that participate in this agreement through another agreement (from 1995), participating in the Partnership for Peace program. According to Article 19 of the Agreement, it can be denounced only 4 years after it comes into force. A denunciation takes effect one year after the notification is received by the US Government.
It turns out that the US troops on our territory will have the same legal status as, for example, in Great Britain or Germany, where they have large bases. But until recently we were very indignant at the passage of NATO troops across Red Square at the May 9 parade. That was only a visible part of what was happening. Much deeper and more terrible things are hidden just in such imperceptible, not entirely understandable agreements.
Since the signing of RF Law No. 99-FZ, NATO has been transporting goods to Afghanistan through Russian territory by land transit and using airspace. First, humanitarian ones were transported, then - military ones. Every day, up to 12 American military transport planes fly through Russia to Afghanistan without a stopover. (see Federal Law of 09.03. 2011 N 36-FZ "On the ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States on the transit of weapons, military equipment, military property and personnel through the territory of the Russian Federation in connection with the participation of the United States in efforts to ensure security, stabilization and the restoration of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ”). In transit, military transport aircraft and other US government transport aircraft operating in transit in accordance with the Agreement are exempt from air navigation dues; also, the passage of weapons, military equipment, military property and personnel of the American Party is carried out without collection of customs duties, fees, taxes and other restrictions. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2009 No. 1077 "On the Mechanism for Implementing the Agreement ..." in the federal budget for the corresponding year and planning period for the specified purposes. " That is, the Russian Federation is sponsoring these transit flights. Could it be from these NATO planes that the population is being persecuted by spraying chemical reagents (chemtrails, Chemtrail is a chemical trace in the form of an aerosol that appears after spraying chemical and biological weapons) ...
The regional newspaper "Kolsky Mayak" No. 17 (182) for October 2010 in the article "The collapse of Russia" wrote: "... This year the admission of applicants to higher military educational institutions was unexpectedly stopped. Involuntarily everyone has questions: who will be to form the Russian army, and how to command it without officers? And then it suddenly turns out that it is already planned to enter our military units of several tens of thousands of officers ... from the Israeli army. They will be granted citizenship and a full social package. Our Minister of Defense met with the Minister of Israel to sign a long-term agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel, which Leonid Ivashov called a geopolitical betrayal of the Kremlin. and Abkhazia, the attack was prepared by Israeli specialist officers, and the Georgian troops were only executors. In fact, Israel fought against our peacekeepers. However, they forgave everything, "did not notice." Moreover, we signed an agreement on a visa-free regime and are discussing the issue of military-technical cooperation ... "
The agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel was signed on September 6, 2010 by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov. The content of this document is not disclosed.
Under Putin (Shalomov) and Medvedev (Mendel), Russia completely sided with Israel, opposing itself to the entire Arab and Muslim world.
Israeli officers in the Russian army ... Russian-speaking Jews who left for Israel at one time, trained in the Israeli army and fought on its side, who swore allegiance to him, accepted Jewishness without exception, return to Russia to command the Russian army.
Now it becomes clear why, with such persistence in 2008, Berl Lazar insisted on the introduction of a military rabbinate in the Russian army. Russian society then showed undisguised surprise. Indeed, in the Russian army, the Jews could be counted on one hand. But the "chief military rabbi of Russia" said that he hopes to find 40 thousand (almost four divisions!) Jews in the Russian army ... And the last example of the "law-making" of the Russian Federation:
Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2010 N1874-r For the sake of the "holy" goals of creating conditions for attracting investments, stimulating the development of the stock market, as well as modernizing and technological development of the economy, it approves a list of legal entities for organizing, on behalf of the Russian Federation, the sale of the privatized federal property and (or) performing the functions of the seller.
The list of companies is impressive.
1. CJSC Bank Credit Suisse (Moscow). 2. CJSC VTB Capital. 3. Deutsche Bank LLC. 4. LLC Investment Company Vnesheconombank (VEB Capital). 5. LLC Commercial Bank “J. P. Morgan Bank International ". 6. LLC "Merrill Lynch Securities". 7. Morgan Stanley Bank LLC. 8. Renaissance Broker LLC. 9. LLC "Russian Auction House". 10. Branch of a private company with unlimited liability "GOLDMAN SAKS (Russia)".
This list was published only 5 months later - on March 18, 2011 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Six Western banks and companies, including the organizer and permanent member of the US Federal Reserve, "GOLDMAN SACKS", have been appointed sellers of Russian property on behalf of and at the "tearful request" of the Russian Federation. Even in the United States, this bank is considered the culprit of all the last six crises and is often referred to as "gangster".
The circle is complete. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation quietly, quietly, invites the gentlemen from the FRS to "with comrades" to buy the remnants of Russian property.
December 20, 2010 the government of the Russian Federation, which Dm. Medvedev, added 13 more sellers of federal property on behalf of the Russian Federation. The algorithm is the same. Out of 13 sellers, 8 are foreign banks, including Barclay Capital LLC, UBS Bank LLC, etc.
The tradable list is easy to find in the government's plan for the privatization of 10 large companies for 2011-2013. Here are Sovcomflot, Russian Railways, a part of Sberbank, and much more. Of 10 companies, only one is sold in full, all 100% of the shares. It is easy to guess which one: "United Grain Company". So as early as January 1, 2012, Goldman Sachs will most likely be in charge of our grain.
Chapter 5. Conclusions
Any state is based not so much on the Constitution as on the territory, power and sovereignty that originally belong to the indigenous peoples living on them. There have never been documents confirming the fact of holding a referendum of specific peoples on the election of their authorities, as well as entrusting them with the authority to sign documents on behalf of the peoples on newly created states with the subsequent transfer of territory, power and sovereignty to management or ownership. Consequently, the Russian Federation cannot present contracts for the management or ownership of a specific territory, power and sovereignty. There are no such documents with the indigenous inhabitants of this territory.
The Russian Federation is not a state of any people. First of all, for the Russian ethnos. For residents of the republics within the Russian Federation, so as not to flatter themselves with dual citizenship, it is also not.
Signs of the state according to the Yudo-Internet encyclopedia - "Wikipedia":
? The presence of organizational documents (which set out the purpose of creation and tasks of the state):
o constitution,
o military doctrine,
o legislation.
? Availability of management (management apparatus):
o president (government),
o parliament, o court.
? Management and planning:
o regulation of the life of society (system of law
o state (political and foreign policy) activities, economic activities (economics),
? own monetary system
? tax levies.
? Property (resources):
o territory,
o population,
o state treasury,
o borders, etc.
? The presence of subordinate organizations:
o law enforcement,
o the armed forces,
o peripheral administrative organizations.
? Availability of the state language (s).
? Sovereignty (the ability of a state to act in the international legal field as a legal entity recognized by other states).
? Public authority.
? Citizenship.
? State symbols.
The Russian Federation does not show any signs of a full-fledged state, except for state symbols.
At first glance, Russia is being disposed of in whose interests it is not clear, the "state" itself does not know what it wants. At first glance, the Russian Federation does not seem to be a successful structure. On the contrary, it is a well-managed and successful structure. Only success is very specific, because this structure pursues specific goals. If "ordinary" states set their goals to achieve the well-being of the population, its security, external economic power, and the like, then the goals of the Russian Federation are of a completely different nature.
First of all, the Russian Federation wants to survive, and it will be able to survive only if it keeps the control system in its hands. However, the current Russian federal government is by its nature such that it cannot govern a country of the European type with any developed civic consciousness, with an educated and cultured population. And the current government cannot evolve either. Because she does not have time, resources and, most importantly, desire to transform herself into an elite of the corresponding level. The ghouls will remain who they are and intend to remain reigning forever. This power will never allow anyone to replace itself. Rather, she will destroy the entire country than sacrifice her position. Rather, this power will replace the internal structure of the country, the quality level and ethnic composition of the population, make it an Asian country, and an underdeveloped one. What is being done. Consciously, systematically, consistently. There is a replacement of the country - Russia with "Asiopa" - dirty, slavish, smelly and fully deserving of the elite that is now in the power of the Russian Federation.
Therefore, the power of the Russian Federation leads the country's economy, its political system, etc. in a state adequate for oneself, for oneself.
Why is there no legitimate Constitution, legal legislation for the entire population of the country, an equipped army, its own treasury, fair courts, clearly defined borders, etc. and so on, because this is not necessary for an ordinary company or mechanism.
The Russian Federation, RF is a trademark of a commodity corporation with occupational manners.
RF - A trademark of a car to replace the people who live in this territory.
The brand name is written in the language of the occupied people to enhance the ecstatic impact of the owners.
What to do? - The reader will ask.
The best way is to sabotage and stop supporting the criminal community financially, since it is so greedy for currency.
Moreover, according to world legal norms, this criminal community does not have documents on property rights to national property and rights to dispose of national property. The material benefit from contracts for the sale of natural resources and other riches of indigenous peoples, signed by a group of persons not delegated by the peoples, without their consent and without taking into account their legitimate interests, is appropriated by a narrow circle of persons and their employers.
No system reforms are possible. Only a bad system can be reformed, and the system of the Russian Federation is approaching an ideal one. She perfectly fulfills her task of destroying indigenous peoples and, first of all, Russian.
All the beginnings of a developed country and the initial opportunities for the development of social institutions have been completely destroyed.
The last obstacle remains - the population, for which the system is increasingly difficult to manage, primarily the Russian population. For the Russian Federation, it would be ideal if the Russians disappear thanks to a systematic replacement by a more suitable population - more manageable, uneducated, submissive, unable to govern themselves independently and feeling like a stranger on the territory. Therefore, the extinction of Russians is encouraged in every possible way, therefore Russians are deprived of their presence in power, deprived of property, businesses are stifled, and in all any significant social positions they are replaced by representatives of other peoples.
And the ideal option for the population to manage the Russian system will be human waste produced by the countries of the Central Asian underbelly.
There are facts of the many-thousand-year heritage of Russia, when a great number of uninvited guests appeared on OUR, RUSSIAN LAND. They stayed here forever ... as a fertilizer for the RUSSIAN LAND.
Compiled by Artyom Tarasov, Pskov
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