The requirements are high. According to the will of Alfred Nobel, in the future, a fifth of the annual income in the form of interest on his property should be directed to reward the one who “in the past year ... most or best contributed to the reconciliation of peoples and the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and holding and supporting world congresses ”. The result is arguably the most important political award in the world: the Nobel Peace Prize.

It was awarded for the first time in 1901, and in the 115 years that have passed since then many worthy people have received the prize, for example, freedom fighter Lech Walesa, founder of the Order of Mercy Mother Teresa and human rights activist Shirin Ebadi (Schirin Ebadi). 19 times the prize was not awarded - due to the lack of suitable candidates or because in the midst of major wars such an award would seem cynical. Even more often - 22 times - an international organization had to intervene, since the members of the Nobel Committee could not agree on the awarding of certain individuals.

However, along with the peace activists worthy of the prize and admiration, there were also laureates who did not deserve this award. And some pursued such a policy that for a more or less short period the peace prize seemed absurd. List of five possibly most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize winners:

5. Barack Obama

Barack Obama should not at all be held responsible for the fact that he is forced to occupy the fifth place on this list. In October 2009, the Nobel Committee announced the decision to award the 44th President of the United States "for his exceptional aspirations aimed at strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation among nations." According to the Committee, it rarely happens that a person grabs the attention of the world to such an extent and raises such strong hopes for a better future.

But at the time, Obama had only been president for nine months. He himself was skeptical of the award, nevertheless he "humbly" accepted it - as an "incentive" for his activities in the most important political post in the world. However, time has shown that Obama failed to live up to expectations. He was unable to resolve major conflicts, while new hotbeds of tension arose; during his reign, peace on Earth became significantly less. And, of course, like every American president, Obama used violence to defend his country, such as drone attacks on terrorists. The fact that he was on the list of Nobel Peace Prize laureates is not connected with him, but with the wrong decision of the Committee.

4. Mikhail Gorbachev

On December 10, 1990, in Oslo, the First Deputy Foreign Minister of the USSR accepted the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to the head of the Soviet state and party, Mikhail Gorbachev, for his contribution to the development of the peace process in the world, as well as for the unification of Germany, which was of a peaceful nature. A well-deserved prize, of course.

However, a month later, he supported the coup attempt made by the Soviet military loyal to Moscow against Lithuania, which had been seeking independence from the USSR for 10 months. 14 civilians were killed in the battles in Vilnius. In doing so, Gorbachev demonstrated his adherence to the imperialist methods of suppression that have shaped the life of the Eastern Bloc countries for decades. This is the reason that he is ranked fourth on the list of most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize winners.

3. Kim Dae-jung

By the time the Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to long-term opposition politician Kim Dae-jung in October 2000, he had only been president of South Korea for two and a half years. The reason is his "solar heat policy" towards the DPRK regime. It implied a stake on change through rapprochement (a concept closely related to Willy Brandt, who today is the only German to have won the Nobel Peace Prize).

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Die Welt 08/21/2017 However, it soon became clear that North Korea was in no way interested in detente, and used the relaxation of pressure solely in order to systematically develop its missiles and atomic bombs. The DPRK's first nuclear weapons tests took place during Kim Dae-jung's lifetime. Undoubtedly, the "policy of solar heat" was dictated by good intentions, but achieved the opposite goal: the stability in the world has become much less.

2. Yasser Arafat

The only terrorist to receive the Nobel Peace Prize was Yasser Arafat. He was awarded in 1993 in Oslo along with Israeli Prime Minister Jizchak Rabin and Foreign Minister Schimon Peres. The decision was harshly criticized from the outset, as Arafat, as head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), was directly and indirectly responsible for numerous attacks.

Whether he was serious about seeking reconciliation with Israel or whether he wanted to use it to buy time is unclear. In any case, even before the outbreak of the Second Intifada in the Palestinian territories in 2000, he was playing a double game. The Palestinian Authority has funded terrorist groups and, under Arafat's leadership, fueled new conflicts rather than mitigating them.

1. Theodore Roosevelt

Finally, the most inappropriate Nobel Peace Prize laureate was American President Theodore Roosevelt ( 26th US President - approx. ed.)... In 1900, he was elected vice president of the United States as a hero of the Spanish-American War, and after the assassination of William McKinley, he was promoted to take a seat in the White House. Roosevelt pursued imperialist foreign policy in accordance with the spirit of the times: he rigidly promoted the interests of the United States. His motto was: “Speak softly and carry a big stick with you. Then you will go far. "

This method allowed Roosevelt to play a major role in the settlement negotiations during the Russo-Japanese War in 1905-1906, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize. He remained true to his harsh and even aggressive maxim, which is why he criticized US President Woodrow Wilson for his policy of neutrality during the First World War. Roosevelt may have been a good realist politician, but in reality he is completely unsuitable as an example of a man who pursued a state policy oriented towards peace.

InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the InoSMI editorial board.

It is an integral part of the annual international Nobel Prizes.

The prize has been awarded since 1901 and is the most famous and authoritative international award in the field of public, political and humanitarian work.

According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize should be awarded to the person "who has brought the greatest benefit to humanity and who has done the most in the name of brotherhood among nations, to dissolve or reduce active armies and to hold and promote peace congresses."

The Peace Prize can be awarded both to individuals and to official and public organizations.

The first laureates of the award were the Swiss Henri Dunant, the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the Frenchman Frederic Passy, the founder of the society for the struggle for peace in France.

The Peace Prize Medal is cast in solid gold. It is engraved with a portrait of Alfred Nobel. The reverse side of the medal depicts three men standing in a circle in fraternal embrace, and the inscription: Pro pace et fraternitate gentium ("For peace and brotherhood"). Designed by renowned Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland.

It is unstable, it changes depending on the income of the Nobel Foundation. In 2011, the Nobel Peace Prize was worth SEK 10 million (about $ 1.4 million). In 2012, it will be reduced by 20% to 8 million Swedish kronor ($ 1.1 million). This decision was made by the board of directors of the Nobel Foundation in order to avoid financial destabilization of the foundation.

The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize whose laureates are not determined in Sweden. The decision to award the Peace Prize is entrusted to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which consists of five people, who are elected by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) from among the Norwegian public and political figures, but they are completely independent of the Storting in deciding on the laureate.

The right to propose candidates belongs to current and former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee and consultants to the Norwegian Nobel Institute, national parliaments and governments, members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the International Court of Justice in The Hague and the International Arbitration Court, the International Peace Bureau, the Institute of International Law, university professors who teach courses in law, government law, history or philosophy, Nobel Peace Prize winners.

Nominations nominated no later than February 1 of the year of award are accepted for consideration. The names of the candidates are not published.

After the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), prizes were increasingly awarded not for peacekeeping merits, but for contributions to the struggle for human rights. This trend was especially evident in the 1960s and 1980s, when Martin Luther King, Andrei Sakharov, Lech Walesa, the Dalai Lama, and the international human rights organization Amnesty International became laureates.

Simultaneously, beginning in the 1950s, the Nobel Committee began to celebrate humanitarian action. The laureates were the International Committee of the Red Cross, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, the International Labor Organization, and Mother Teresa.

After 1991, the Norwegian Nobel Committee officially announced that from now on its priorities are to end local conflicts and wars, as well as to protect human rights.

The laureates were politicians who helped to end the Arab-Israeli conflict, the civil war in Northern Ireland, the organizers of the international campaign to ban anti-personnel mines, etc.

Since 1901, 92 Nobel Peace Prizes have been awarded. In 19 cases, it was decided not to award the prize at all (mainly during the two world wars).

The prize was awarded to 124 laureates - 99 individuals and 23 organizations.

28 prizes were split equally between the two laureates, two prizes were split between three persons.

Three times the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded by the International Committee of the Red Cross, twice - by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

The youngest recipient of the award was Yemen's opposition leader Tawakkul Karman, who received it in 2011 at the age of 32; the oldest laureate is the British physicist and radiobiologist and public figure Joseph Rotblat, who was 87 years old when he was awarded the prize in 1995.

Listed for the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, of which 43 are public and international organizations.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

According to the bequest of Nobel himself, the honor of being awarded the Peace Prize should be a person who made "the most significant contribution" to the abolition of slavery, the cause of uniting nations, "facilitating the holding of peaceful congresses" and reducing the number of world armies.

The Nobel Committee, based in Oslo, awards this prize by choosing a laureate from among the nominees proposed by members of the committee itself - current and former, governments of various states, the International Arbitration Court in The Hague, the Institute of International Law, other peace prize winners, professors of reputable universities. The selection has been carried out for more than a year, and the potential winner of the award is in about his status, and the data on the candidates for the award has not been disclosed for another half century.

Special nomination

The Nobel Peace Prize is the only award for which not only a person, but also a public organization can become a contender.

The maximum number of awards to date, awarded to one laureate, is in the category "Peace Prize" - the achievements of the International Committee of the Red Cross have been recognized three times.

The largest number of women laureates is represented precisely in the field of peacekeeping and legal activities.

Fifteen times, the Peace Prize was not awarded to any of the nominees, because the Nobel Committee did not see any truly worthy candidates among them.

Peace Prize Winners

The first award in this nomination in 1901 was shared by two figures at once. The first is Henri Dunant, a philanthropist, the actual founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, who opposes slavery, defends the rights of prisoners of war - "for his contribution to the peaceful cooperation of peoples." The second is Frederic Passy, a political economist who opposes any armed conflicts due to their economic ineffectiveness, calling for the solution of international conflicts through arbitration - "for many years of peacemaking efforts."

The Nobel Peace Prize in different years was received by Martin Luther King, Andrei Sakharov, Mother Teresa, Henry Kissinger, Dalai Lama, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Yasser Arafat, Jimmy Carter, Albert Gore, Barack Obama. Among the organizations whose activities were marked with this award are UNICEF, IAEA, Médecins sans Frontières, UN Peacekeeping Forces, EU, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Probably, only the desire of humanity for self-expression and heroic deeds contributes to the emergence of unusually tenacious initiatives. So a gentleman named Nobel took and decided to leave his money to descendants in order to reward the gentlemen who stood out in a particular area. He has long rested in a damp land, and the people remember him. The population is waiting (some impatiently) when the next lucky ones will be voiced. And the candidates try, set goals, even intrigue, trying to ascend this Olympus of glory. And if everything is clear with scientists and researchers - they receive their awards for real achievements or discoveries, then what distinguishes the Nobel Peace Prize laureates? Interesting? Let's figure it out.

Who is awarding the prize and for what?

There is a special committee whose main task is to select and approve
nominations for the highest award in the field. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to people who have excelled in promoting security and stability in the world. It is issued annually. The procedure takes place in Oslo on December 10th. At the same time, both international organizations and national governments can propose a candidate who will become a laureate. They are listed in the charter of the committee. Any person who was or is a member of the Nobel Committee is also eligible to participate in the nomination process. In addition, the Charter grants such privileges to university professors involved in politics or history.

When they study who received the Nobel Peace Prize, they certainly come across the name of another politician whose work does not evoke criticism. Such a person is Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama. This is an absolutely outstanding personality. From an early age he was forced to take on spiritual leadership. Buddhists recognized the boy as the incarnation of a deceased lama. Subsequently, he had to assume political responsibility for Tibet (at the age of sixteen). All his work is based on kindness, tolerance and love (from the wording of the Nobel Committee). It should be added that he was unable to come to an agreement with the Chinese government. Now he lives and spends his ideas in exile.

It turns out that not everything is so simple!

There are also very controversial laureates of this high award. The committee is often criticized for being too politicized. Residents of the post-Soviet space seem to be such a figure Mikhail Gorbachev. The Nobel Peace Prize was also awarded to such a controversial person from the point of view of the world community as Yasser Arafat.

This decision of the Committee is considered scandalous on the grounds that this laureate did not deny military ways to achieve his goals. On account of his not only battles, but also terrorist acts. He himself proclaimed the destruction of an entire sovereign state (Israel) as his goal. That is, despite the fact that Arafat fought for the well-being of the inhabitants of the Middle East, it is difficult to assign the title of peacemaker to him. Another scandalous figure is Barack Obama. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him in 2009. I must say that the Committee had to come to terms with a flurry of criticism about this decision.

About Obama more

In the world press, the opinion still flashes that the President of the States was awarded the award "in advance." At that time, he had just taken office, and had not distinguished himself in anything significant. And the initiatives and decisions that he took later do not at all explain why he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Obama is considered the president who unleashed the most military conflicts. Their victims are incalculable due to the "hybrid nature" of these collisions (the term appeared quite recently). He had to decide on bombing and ground operations. He is criticized for the invasion of Syria, unrest in Iraq and Ukraine. Nevertheless, Obama received the Nobel Peace Prize and is among its laureates.

This "advance reward" leads to more and more scandals. As tensions emerge, some politicians have spoken out in favor of canceling the award. It is believed that such non-peaceful behavior disgraces the high premium. In the Russian Federation, naturally, they believe that V.V. Putin is a more worthy candidate. The Nobel Peace Prize may yet be awarded to him for the true perseverance that he shows in resolving conflicts.

About money

People are often interested not so much in the achievements of the individuals who have been awarded this award, but in its amount. The Nobel Peace Prize really can boggle the mind. The fact is that all the funds of the Committee do not just lie in financial institutions. They "work" by increasing in size. According to the will, the profit is divided into five parts. They are not the same and acquire more and more impressive sizes from year to year. So, the very first amount awarded in 1901 was equal to forty-two thousand dollars. In 2003, the amount was already 1.35 million. Its size is influenced by the state of the world economy. Dividends that go to payments can not only increase, but also decrease. For example, in 2007 the amount of the prize was equal to 1.542 million, and by 2008 it had "melted" (1.4 million dollars).

These funds are distributed in five equal shares according to nominations, and then - according to the number of laureates, in accordance with the rules according to which the Nobel Peace Prize is appointed. How much money will go to awards in each year is determined by the Committee, having carried out the corresponding calculations of earnings from securities and other assets.

Russian laureates

Our fellow citizens have received such an award only twice. In addition to Gorbachev, the scientist Andrei Sakharov was awarded such an honor. At the same time, it was not his scientific works that became the reason for the awarding of the prize. Sakharov was considered a human rights activist and a fighter against the regime. In Soviet times, he was sharply criticized and persecuted. The scientist worked on the creation of hydrogen weapons. Despite this, he openly advocated a ban on the testing of weapons of mass destruction, against the arms race. His ideas were very popular in society and did not like the ruling elite at all.

Sakharov is considered to be a passionate champion of peace, who suffered for his views. The Nobel Committee applied the wording: "for courage in the fight against abuse of power ...". Nevertheless, he was, rather, an idealist, a kind person and not aggressive (according to the recollections of colleagues). More Russians did not receive high awards, which does not mean that worthy individuals do not live in our country. Rather, this fact can be perceived as a political engagement of the Committee, the use of the award in geopolitical competition.

Who has not received an award, but is worthy?

Many politicians believe that Mahatma Gandhi, more than any other figure, deserved a high award. This man was involved in organizing the struggle of the Indians against the colonialists. Gandhi not only had to come up with ways in which a weak and unarmed population could oppose the British army, but they also needed to be correlated with the peculiarities of the local religion. This method was invented by him. It is called nonviolent resistance and is often used today. Mahatma Gandhi was proposed to the Committee five times. Only there were “more worthy” candidates (which, again, can be explained by the politicization of this organization). Subsequently, the officials in charge of awarding the Nobel Prize expressed their regret that Gandhi never became a laureate.

Nobel committee incidents

There are such incredible things in the history of this organization that today can only be perceived anecdotally. So, as you know, none other than Adolf Hitler was nominated for this award in 1939. Fortunately, he did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize. And it's not about the money. What would be the prestige of an organization that would call a person responsible for the deaths of millions of our planet's inhabitants as a peacemaker? The Nobel Committee refused to award it, motivating this decision by the attitude of the Nazis towards Jews.

Nevertheless, during the nomination, Hitler's activities looked quite progressive for the German intelligentsia. He had just concluded two big peace agreements, raised industry, took care of the development of science and art. Nowadays, people understand to what extent Hitler's claims for the award were absurd and unfounded. But at that time the inhabitants of Germany perceived him as a real leader, leading them to a bright life. Yes, to some extent that was true. He really cared about the Germans, only at the expense of people of other nationalities. To the credit of the members of the Nobel Committee, they understood this and refused his candidacy for the award.

Collective laureates

This award has been awarded three times to organizations in one way or another associated with the Red Cross. If we take into account the first laureate, its organizer, then there are four. It should be noted that this international organization undoubtedly deserves such a high assessment. Its representatives always find a field for their activities. Be it territories of bloody conflicts or epidemics, they often find themselves in the center of events, lending a much-needed hand of support to unfortunate people in distress. By the way, the UN once became the laureate of the prize (2001), earlier its peacekeeping forces (1988) and the Refugee Service (1981) were awarded. Among the less well-known organizations-laureates can be called the International Labor Organization (1969). It is possible that we do not hear about her due to the fact that since then, when her influence in the world was so great that she was awarded an award, a lot of time has passed.

There are many laureates of this serious award. The names of some went down in history with courage and courage, others - scandals and intrigues. Still others are not remembered at all. Nevertheless, people want this award to fall into the hands of really worthy individuals, regardless of the political situation.

Every year, for many years, the Nobel Prize is awarded in Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway).

The award is very prestigious and is awarded only to the most worthy representatives who have achieved significant achievements that play an important role in the development of all mankind. In the article we have grouped Nobel laureates from Russia and the USSR by fields of science.

The history of the creation of the Nobel Prize

The award was invented by Alfred Nobel, by whose last name it is called. He was also the first laureate to receive an award for the invention of dynamite in 1867. In 1890, the Nobel Foundation was founded to pay prizes to the awarded laureates. His initial capital was the savings of Alfred Nobel, accumulated by him throughout his life.

The size of the Nobel Prize is quite high, for example in 2010 it was about one and a half billion dollars. Prizes are awarded in the following areas: medicine and physiology, physics, chemistry and literature.

Additionally, a Peace Prize is awarded - for active actions in establishing peace throughout the world. Our compatriots have been nominated more than once for the prestigious Nobel Prize in all respects and have often become laureates.

Nobel Prize Winners in Physics

1958 - Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank and Pavel Cherenkov became the first to win the Nobel Prize. The award was presented for the collective research in the field of gamma radiation and their effects on various liquids.

During the experiments, a blue glow was discovered, later called the "Cherenkov effect". The discovery made it possible to use new techniques in measuring and detecting the velocities of nuclear, high-energy particles. This was a huge breakthrough for experimental nuclear physics.

In 1962 - Lev Landau... A legendary personality in the history of the development of physics. He has done a lot of research in various fields of physics and mechanics. He made a huge contribution to the development of many branches of science.

He received his prize for the creation and detailed description of the theory of quantum liquid, as well as for experimental studies of various condensed matter. The main experiments were carried out with liquid helium.

In 1964 - Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolay Basov... The prize was received for joint developments in the field of radiophysics and quantum electronics. These studies made it possible to invent molecular generators - masers, as well as special amplifiers that concentrate radiation into one powerful beam.

1978 - In 1978, using the example of helium, he discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity - the ability of a substance, which is in a state of a quantum liquid and in temperature conditions close to absolute zero, to penetrate without any friction through the smallest holes.

2000 - Zhores Alferov- Awarded for the development of fundamentally new semiconductors that can withstand huge energy flows and are used to create ultrafast computers. In DVD drives, which are equipped with all modern computers, laser disc recording uses just these technologies.

2003 - trio: Vitaly Ginzburg, American Anthony Leggett and Alexey Abrikosov- for the theory explaining two phenomena of quantum physics - superfluidity and superconductivity of various materials.

In modern science, they are used to create superconductors used in ultra-precise diagnostic medical technology, in scientific equipment involved in research related to particle acceleration and many other physical phenomena.

2010 - Andrey Geim and Konstantin Novoselov(former citizens of Russia, now subjects of the Kingdom of Great Britain) received an award for the discovery of graphene and research into its properties. It captures and converts light into electrical energy 20 times more than all previously discovered materials and increases the speed of the Internet connection.

Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry

1956 - Nikolay Semyonov author of many scientific achievements. However, his most famous work, for which he received this prestigious award, was the study of various chain reactions occurring at high temperatures. This discovery made it possible to gain control over all the ongoing processes and predict the final result of each process.

1977 - Ilya Prigogi n (a native of Russia, lives in Belgium) received an award for the theory of dispassive structures and for research in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which made it possible to bridge many of the gaps between biological, chemical and social research fields.

Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology

1904 - Ivan Pavlov, the first Russian academician - physiologist to receive the Nobel Prize. He studied the physiology of digestion and the nervous regulation of the processes occurring during this process. Awarded by the Nobel Committee for the study of the main digestive glands and their functions.

It was he who divided all reflexes of the digestive tract into conditioned and unconditioned. Thanks to these data, a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of what occurs in the human body has been obtained.

1908 - Ilya Mechnikov- made many outstanding discoveries that allowed to continue the development of experimental medicine and biology of the twentieth century. I. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize together with the German biologist P. Ehrlich for the development of the theory of immunity.

Research in this area and the creation of a theory took the academician 25 years. But it was thanks to these studies that the phenomena by which the human body becomes immune to many diseases became clear.

Nobel Prize Winners in Economics

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich- the only Soviet economist and mathematician who has earned the highest assessment of his economic activities. It was he who put mathematics at the service of production and thereby simplified the organization and planning of all production processes. Received an award for his great contribution to the theory of optimal resource allocation.

Nobel Prize Winners in Literature

1933 - Ivan Bunin- received the title of laureate for two books: "The Life of Arseniev" and "The Lord from San Francisco". And, of course, for his contribution to the development of traditional Russian culture. The author's artistic talent, artistry and truthfulness, made it possible to recreate a typically Russian multifaceted character in lyric prose.

1958 - Boris Pasternak- many times claimed the role of the Nobel Prize laureate, even before the release of his world famous novel "Doctor Zhivago", which became the decisive argument in choosing the winner.

The prize was awarded with the wording: "for the greatest achievements in poetry and for maintaining the traditions of the great, powerful Russian novel."

However, Pasternak, being recognized at home as an "anti-Soviet" element, being under heavy pressure from the Soviet authorities, was forced to refuse. The son of the great writer received a medal and a diploma 30 years later.

1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov- unlike Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn, he was actively supported by the government of his native country, his stories describing the life and lifestyle of the settlers of the writer's small homeland - the Don Cossacks, were repeatedly published in all popular publications.

M. Sholokhov's books were popular among Soviet readers. In addition to the "Cossack" theme, the author has repeatedly written about the Great Patriotic War, the echoes of which were still alive in the memory of the entire Soviet people. However, he received recognition from foreign colleagues by writing the novel "Quiet Don", which tells about the Don Cossacks in a difficult period of life, full of revolutions and wars. For this novel, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn, before the collapse of Soviet power, was a banned author. He served in prison for criticizing the leadership of the USSR. His works were considered openly anti-Soviet and were not published on the territory of the USSR countries. The most famous works, such as "The First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago" and "Cancer Ward", were published in the West and enjoyed very high popularity there.

For his contribution to the development of the traditions of Russian literature and the highly moral power of works - Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize. However, he was not released for presentation, having been banned from leaving the territory of the USSR. Representatives of the committee, who tried to present the prize to the laureate at home, were also denied entry.

After 4 years, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country, and only then, with a great delay, he was able to present the well-deserved prize. The writer was able to return to Russia after the collapse of the Soviet regime.

1987 - Joseph Brodsky, who was an outcast in the USSR and was deprived of his citizenship under pressure from the authorities, received the Nobel Prize as a citizen of the United States. With the wording: "for clarity of thought, for intense poetic and literary creativity." After receiving the prize, the poet's works were no longer boycotted at home. For the first time, in the USSR, they were published in the popular publication Novy Mir.

Nobel Peace Prize Winners

1975 - Andrei Sakharov Russian physicist, fighter for human rights. As one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb, he actively fought for the signing of a moratorium on the prohibition of testing nuclear weapons that provoke an arms race. In addition to his many other merits, Sakharov is the author of the draft constitution of the USSR.

As the leader of the human rights movement defending human rights and freedoms, he was recognized as a dissident and for his active work was deprived of all awards and prizes awarded earlier.

For the same activity he received the title of laureate in the category of the Peace Prize.

1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev - the first and only president of the USSR. During the period of his activity, the following large-scale events were produced that influenced the whole world:

The so-called "Perestroika" is an attempt to reform the Soviet system, to introduce the leading signs of democracy in the USSR: freedom of speech and press, publicity, the possibility of free democratic elections, reforming the socialist economy in the direction of a market model of management.
End of the Cold War.
The withdrawal of Soviet troops from the territory of Afghanistan.
Rejection of all communist ideologies and from further persecution of all dissidents.
The collapse of the USSR as a result of its transition to democracy.

For all these merits, Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording: "for a leading role in peace processes that constitute an important part of the life of the entire international society." Today, the personality of Mikhail Gorbachev is perceived by Russian society very ambiguously, and his activities during the collapse of the USSR cause a lot of heated debate. Whereas in the West his authority was and continues to be undeniable. He received recognition as a Nobel Peace Prize laureate in Western society, but not in Russia.