Degassers

Determination of the concentration of Ahkhs in the air

The presence and concentration of AUs in the air can be determined using the UG-2 universal gas analyzer. In addition, the presence of some Ahs can be determined using the military intelligence unit (VPHR). When working with the VDHR, an indicator tube with one yellow ring (chlorine, ammonia, sulfur arhydride, hydrogen sulfide) is used, or with three green rings (acetoneziangidrine).

When neutralizing (degassing) of this or that ahs, it is necessary to take into account the solubility of the substance in water and the reaction (acid, alkaline or neutral), which has the resulting solution. Chlorine, sulfurous anhydride, hydrogen sulfide, acetionalgidrin and all acids in water dissolved in water give an acidic reaction - alkaline solutions (ammonia alcohol, lime milk, drinking or caustic soda solutions) are used to degass these substances. Ammonia when dissolved in water gives an alkaline reaction - for degassing, aqueous solutions of acids (hydrochloric or acetic) are used. Benzene is practically not dissolved in water and has a neutral reaction, therefore, for degassing this compound, aqueous solutions of surfactants are used (foaming solutions). Given the high resistance of benzene and its chemical inertness, if possible, it is necessary to remove the infected soil for subsequent disposal on special polygons.

When carrying out the degassing of explosion and fire hazardous Ahs (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur and nitric acid, benzene, acetonezianhydrin), first of all, it is necessary to eliminate sources of fire and sparks from a dangerous zone.

With the spilling of liquefied ahs and concentrated aqueous solutions of these compounds, the liquid is covered with an earth shaft, not allowing substances into reservoirs.

When carrying out degassing, it is necessary to remember that it is impossible to strengthen the concentrated sulfuric acid, as it will cause a powerful ejection of steam. To neutralize chlorine in alkaline solutions, it is recommended to add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide. In case of degassing acetoncianhydrin, aqueous solutions of copper or iron mood are more effective than alkaline solutions.

The victim must be immediately taken on fresh air. Transportation of the victim is carried out only in a lying position. A person, even with the apparent satisfactory condition, cannot be allowed to move independently. If there is no breath in the victim, it is necessary to carry out artificial respiration (in the poisoning of ammonia, artificial respiration can not be done - this can cause swelling of the lungs).

Some Achov (acids, benzene, acetonezianhydrin) are able to impregnate the fabric of the victim's clothing, which can lead to poisoning of a substance of the substance of persons providing first aid. Therefore, infected clothes are needed from the victim to remove, and it is warm himself warm, as hypothermia can provoke pneumonia.

In case of poisoning, some Achov (chlorine, hydrochloric acid, acetonecy-hydrine) can be used antidote (antidothots). When poisoning with chlorine and hydrochloric acid pairs, the victim must inhale the pairs of ethyl alcohol - it normalizes the operation of the respiratory system. In the absence of alcohol, a pair of heated 0.5% aqueous solution of drinking soda can be used. When lesion, acetoncianhydrin needs to use amylnitrite as quickly as possible. Being in the infected zone, a gas mask is put on the victim, and the crushed ampoule with amylnitrite is injected under the front of the gas mask. When providing first aid, it is recommended to use no more than two ampoules with antidot.

When restoring independent respiration, if possible, we should translate the victim to oxygen from the oxygen pillow. When inhalation of pure oxygen, it is necessary to moisturize it - for example, with the help of wet gauze, laid between the oxygen pillow and the face of the victim. Dry oxygen for breathing cannot be used - it can lead to a lung edema.

When damaged by chlorine, sulfur anhydride, hydrogen sulfide, acids and acetonecianhydrin skin, mucous membranes and eyes for removing irritation must be flushed with 2% soda solution for 15 ... 20 minutes. For washing, you can use flow water.

With ammonia damage to the skin, mucous membranes and eyes need to be washed with 2% aqueous solution of boric acid for 15 ... 20 minutes. In the absence of boric acid, you can use flow water. After washing into the eyes, it is necessary to drip 2 ... 3 drops of 30% sulphacian sodium sulphacila (albucid), and to garden a few drops of sea buckthorn or olive oil.

When poisoning with hydrogen sulfide, the victim need to make a warm milk with drinking soda (1 teaspoon per liter of milk). To the eyes impose a row with a 3% boric acid solution. The first hours after poisoning the victim should be in the dark room. It must be remembered that during the first day after poisoning, all the victims there is vomiting and diarrhea - it is necessary to take measures against dehydration.

Under the defeat of benzene couples, it is necessary to rinse the skin victim by a large amount of warm water with soap, and the sections on which the liquid dripped - lubricate with dermatol ointment.

Flowing water with soap must rinse the drops of acetonecy hygidrine, which fell on the skin and clothing.

Control questions

1. How are the abbreviations of the Ahs decryad and having sinking?

2. List the main ways to penetrate the Ahkhs into the body. What is the main path of penetration of hydrogen sulfide?

3. What are the classes of the danger of Ahov according to the degree of impact on the human body? What class of danger is assigned acetionalgidrine?

4. What is MPC? Specify the PDC chlorine in the air.

5. When poisoning, what ahns is forbidden to make an artificial respiration to the victim and why?

6. List which Ahs have a hidden period of action.

7. Is it possible to determine the ammonia content in the air using VPD? If possible, then with which indicator tube?

8. Name the substances used for the degassing of benzene.

9. What color should cylinders with sulfur anhydride be painted?

10. Why can GP-5 and GP-7 gas masks be used to protect against ammonia? How to prepare gas mask data for ammonia protection?

Attachment 1

Main toxicological and physicochemical properties of emergency chemicals

Name	Resistance (resistant, unstable)	Frozening / boiling temperature, ° С	Solubility: in water / in org. solutions	MPK, mg / m 3	Minimum-tangible (by smell) concentration with 0, mg / m 3	Agrowing concentration with, mg / m 3	Hidden period of action (there; no)	Protection (only gas masks; gas mask and protective clothing)	Anti (eat; no)	Degaslants
Chlorine
Ammonia
Sulfurian anhydride
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfuric acid
Salonic acid
Nitric acid
Benzene
Acetone-cyanhydrin

Notes:

In paragraph 3 in the numerator, write the freezing temperature, in the denominator - the boiling of Ahkh;

In paragraph 4, use the following gradations of the solubility of the Akhov - "not dissolve", "bad", "good";

In paragraph 8, take into account the hidden period of 1 hour and more - "there", otherwise, "no";

In paragraph 9, indicate which gas is used - if civil, then GP-5 (GP-7), if industrial - specify the brand;

In paragraph 10, indicate "eating" only for antidotes, which a person can use independently for self-support, otherwise "no";

In paragraph 11, indicate only the main degasters - "alkali", "acid", etc.

Chemical infection control

Purpose of work: Examine methods and instruments of chemical environmental pollution.

The procedure for performing work:

1. To study the methods of controlling the pollution of the medium by poisoning substances.

2. Examine chemical pollution control devices.

3. Determine the concentration of individual poisoning substances.

4. To answer the control questions in writing.

The report must contain:

1. Methods for monitoring the pollution of the medium by poisoning substances.

2. The principle of operation and the diagram of the device for the military selection of chemical intelligence WPC.

3. The procedure for determining the concentration of one of the poisoning substances (by instructing the teacher).

4. Written answers to questions.

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First medical assistance to Akhov victims

Akhov - emergency chemically hazardous substances - chemicals that, in a strait or leakage, can cause mass defeat of people or animals or cause significant damage to the environment

The largest consumers of Achov Chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industry Black and non-ferrous metallurgy (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, cyanides) Cellulosic and paper industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric angidride) Mechanical engineering and defense industry (chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, fluoride Hydrogen) Municipal domestic economy (chlorine, ammonia) Medical industry (chlorine, ammonia, phosgene, hydrochloric acid) Agriculture (ammonia, chlorpicrin, chlorocian, sulfurist anhydride)

Chlorine is yellow-green, with a sharp smell, non-combustible. It is used to disinfect water and in some sectors of the national economy. At high temperature, at high temperature interacts with hydrogen (explosion). At the same time, phosgene is formed. Air density - 2.5; On the air with water couples forms a white fog. Can penetrate the lower floors and basement buildings. Couples are very annoyed by respiratory, eyes and skin.

Signs of poisoning Slow pain in the chest Dry coughing vomiting Violation of coordination of movements Dyshuge Root into tear eyes. It is possible to death when inhaling high concentrations.

First urgent help leave the zone of infection of a strict bed mode; Washing eyes, nose, mouth 2% solution of drinking soda; Inhalation with warm water vapors with the addition of drinking soda; Installing vaseline or olive oil; Abundant Drink: milk, protein water (suspension of protein of raw egg in 250-500 ml of water)

Ammonia transparent gas, which has a specific smell that irritates the impact on the mucous membrane. Ammonia in non-confidential quantity is in the soil, in water and in the air. Ammonia is perfectly soluble in water, and ten percentage of ammonia, this alcohol is ammonia.

Signs of poisoning rapid heartbeat violation of the pulse frequency. Rubber Kashel. Root in the eyes and tearing difficulty breathing in severe poisoning of nausea. Violation of coordination of movements.

The first urgent help of the victim should be removed as soon as possible from the room where the poisoning occurred. The affected areas of the skin should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water. Giving the victim to drink heated milk or mineral water without gas. The victim itself needs to be silent to avoid even stronger damage to the injured mucous membrane. With the swelling of the larynx, it is necessary to put the mustard pile on the chest area or any other warming compresses. Make a hot foot bath. Soothe irritable mucous membranes in ammonia poisoning will help breathing over a vinegar or citric acid ferry. It is also useful to make inhalation with butter or antibiotics. In the nasal passage you can drip a few drops of vasoconstrictor drugs.

Mercury is the only liquid metal at room temperature, freezes only with a strong frost. Mercury easily evaporates, and her pairs, falling into the lungs, completely delayed there and cause the body poisoning, although not as fast as mercury salt. Mercury at home may be in a melodic doorbell, in daylight lamps, in a medical thermometer or a tonometer of an old type, in some kinds of paint, batteries, daylight lamps and other devices. .

Signs of poisoning Headache Redness and swelling gums The appearance of a characteristic dark border of the mercury sulfide swelling of lymphatic and salivary digestion disorder.

If a thermometer crashed: do not let mercury contact with the skin - use rubber gloves. Do not allow people to the place of contamination of mercury, otherwise they will split mercury on the soles. With special care, collect mercury and fragments of the thermometer into a cold jar. Cold water will not allow mercury to evaporate and pollute the surrounding space with its pairs. Bank Close the twisting lid. Do not hold the jar with mercury near the heating devices. To collect small drops, you can use a syringe, wet newspaper, tape, adhesive plaster, two sheets of paper. Using a flashlight or lamps, inspect the spill place of mercury so as not to leave a single ball. The jar with mercury should be transferred to the employees of the service "01". Thoroughly ventilate the room in which there was mercury - after a while, all the pairs will disappear. Mercury infection should be treated with chlorine or chlorine lime solution. Or prepare a hot soap soda solution: in one liter of water mix 40 g of grated soap and 30 g of soda.

The first urgent assistance to the victim must be released on fresh air. If it is independently not capable of moving, it means that you need to use the stretchers. After inhalation of mercury vapors, it is necessary to rinse the stomach, give a drink water, in which the impurities of sulfur compounds are contained, and an egg protein and dissolved activated carbon are added. The sulfur is able to convert mercury into such particles that become absolutely non-toxic and out of the body when visiting the toilet. The affected person with mercury poisoning needs to be laid. The head should be located only on the side, if a person has lost consciousness, otherwise he can choose from the vomit's masses. The mouth must be rolled with a solution prepared with the addition of bertolen salt.

Check yourself Chlorine is: a) greenish yellow gas with a sharp smell; b) colorless gas with a sharp smell (ammonia alcohol); c) a vapor substance with the smell of bitter almond, a metal taste in the mouth. Ammonia - this is: a) colorless gas with a sharp indulgeous smell, lighter than air; b) colorless gas with a sharp smell, heavier than air; c) gas with a stumbled unpleasant smell resembling the smell of rotten fruits. When an accident with an ammonia leak, you decided to apply a gauze bandage as an individual protection tool. What solution should it be moistened? Name the correct answer: a) 2% solution of ammonic alcohol; b) 2% solution of acetic or citric acid; c) 2% solution of soda. With an accident on a chemically hazardous object, chlorine leakage occurred. You live on the 1st floor of the nine-storey house and you can be in the zone of infection. Your actions: a) Take the building in the basement; b) raise to the upper floor; c) stay in your apartment.

Check yourself the toxic effect of ammonia per person: a) strongly annoying organs of breathing, skin and eyes, signs of poisoning: violation of the pulse frequency, runny nose, cough, rapid heartbeat, tearing, violation of coordination of movements, nausea, delusional state. b) The defeat causes a sharp pain in the chest, a dry cough, vomiting, disruption of coordination of movements, shortness of breath, turning into the eyes, tearing, with inhalation of high concentrations it is possible to death. c) increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and headache, later begin to tremble hands, eyelids, in severe cases - legs. The characteristic of mercury: a) silver liquid metal (heavier than all known liquids) is used in thermometers, pressure gauges, as well as in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. Easily evaporates at low temperatures, with a spilling of its pairs evenly distributed throughout the volume of the spill. At a temperature of more than 28c 0, the pairs fall into the air. b) viscous colorless oily liquid with a weak odor, the light and air quickly darkens. Apply for the production of aniline dyes, epoxy resins, explosives, pharmaceutical preparations, photorectivals. Used as raw materials when obtaining chemical additives for the manufacture of rubber. c) colorless transparent, light-giving fluid with a characteristic smell of wine alcohol and burning unpleasant taste. Couples are heavier than air. Apply as solvent dyes, medicines.

Check yourself the toxic effect of chlorine per person: a) the defeat of these gas causes a sharp pain in the chest, a dry cough, vomiting, disruption of coordination of movements, shortness of breath, rubbing, tearing. With inhalation of high concentrations, death is possible. b) poisoning this gas begins with a light cough. With an increase in the concentration of cough enhances, sometimes headache appears, vomiting with blood. In the fresh air, the phenomena quickly pass. After 2 - 12 hours, the affected feeling of fear and severe weakness develop. When poisoning with high concentrations, death is possible during the first day. c) Symptoms of acute poisoning: headache, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, sweating, diarrhea. In light cases - anxiety, weakness, headache, nausea, vomit movement, pain in the stomach. When acting on the skin causes burns. The toxic effect of mercury per person: a) there are increased fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and headache, later begin to tremble hands, eyelids, in severe cases - legs. b) tear appear, dry cough, burning behind the sternum, runny nose, tricks the throat. Greater weakness, dizziness, headache. Leather and mucous membranes blush. There may be swelling of the nastestrian, voice ligaments. c) Acute poisoning is observed when entering the body with inhaled air, through the skin and when taking inside. Signs of acute intoxication: sharp weakness, dizziness and headache, shortness of breath, decrease in blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal colic.

In the initial period, when rescuers and medical workers are not yet at the scene, you should make independent decisions and immediately start helping the victims.
The first medical care for the lesions of the AEKH or poisoning substances is effective only with a consistent and full implementation of the following measures: to wear a gas mask or a wet vague-gauze bandage on the victim. With a cotton tampon to remove (remove) drops of ah with open areas of the body and from clothes. Release or withdraw the injured from the zone of infection. Correct ambulance. Provide first aid before arrival, medical staff. Transfer victim to medical personnel.
Precautions when providing first aid: enter the lesion zone in a chemical protection suit.
Some time can protect both ordinary clothes: coats, cloak, cape, jumpsuit, suit, jacket, trousers. To do this, it should be impregnated with a special solution. The solution is prepared as follows: take 2 liters of water and heat up to 60-70 ° C. Then dissolve 250-300 g of chopped outbuilding soap in it, add 0.5 l of mineral or vegetable oil and again warm to the same temperature. In the cooked solution, soak clothes, slightly lift and dry in the wind; move in the zone of infection, without raising dust, not advancing a drop of liquid and not touching the surrounding items; monitor when the hats is removed by flushing to ensure that the infected water does not get on the help provided; When leaving the zone of infection, take overprices, wash or take a shower.
If you get a drop of ah on the skin of the face, hands and other parts of the body, they should be carefully wrapped, remove from the skin of the victim with tampons, cotton wool. It is necessary to act very carefully, so as not to cause the spreads of the poison, an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bleakage of the skin.
If you get a drop of poison on clothes, cutting the sleeves, carefully remove it. After that, to treat the skin with water: to try to remove the residues of the ah (completely removed completely). The jet of water should be directed by the Koso, at an angle - so that there are no dropping droplets and water flows to the side without affecting intact fabrics.
To collect wastewater, it is supposed to use various containers.
Burning place additionally need to be treated with neutralizing solution, dry, without using tampons, cotton, impose a sterile bandage.
In case of skin burns, it is necessary to wash the affected water, impose a rim with a solution of drinking soda at the rate of: 1 teaspoon of soda per 1 cup of water.

When the acid mucosa is burns, it is necessary to rinse the mouth with a large amount of water, then a solution of drinking soda ("/ 2 teaspoons of soda per 1 cup of water).
When skin burns alkalis, it is necessary to wash this place with a jet of water, make a row with a solution of boric or citric acid (1 teaspoon of acid for 1 cup of water), or with a cutlery in half with water.
When burns, the alkali of the mucosa of the mouth should be rinsed with a large amount of water, then a solution of boring or citric acid ("/ g of a teaspoon of acid for 1 cup of water).

Rescuers having special equipment and training are allowed to solve problems in the foci of infection.
When eye burns, it is necessary to wash your hands (carefully, with soap), reveal the eyelids, carefully, without any effort, remove the sterile tampon the remains of the chemical substance and rush the eyes of a stream of clean water. Then impose on the eyes sterile bandage.
With esophageal burns, it is necessary to drink clean water (2-3 glasses), milk, egg whites.
At the same time, it is impossible to try to "rinse" the stomach, cause vomiting, to drink solutions of acids or alkalis.
Widden in everyday life that milk should be given in all poisoning (disappeared by milk), it is extremely erroneous, since when entering the stomach of poisons that are well soluble in fats (dichlorane, four-chloride carbon, benzene, many phosporetum compounds), give milk, As well as oil and fats of plant and animal origin is absolutely contraindicated, for they will speed up the suction process of these poisons.
When exposed to gases, steaming ahs, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment, such as gas masks.
Remember! In cases where the gas masks are absent, the plated multilayer gauze or cotton-gauze bandages on the lower part of the person impregnated with any liquid, with water, 2% solution of drinking soda, are used. It is very important that the nose and mouth are reliably covered with these bandages (breathing only through them!). Extremely output (removal) from the zone of infection, especially from closed spaces, such as the metro, bunker, is the condition for the preservation of the life of victims.
Transportation of ammonia affected by ammonia is carried out only in the lying condition, they provide complete peace and oxygen inhalations.
The skin and mucous membranes are washed at least 15 minutes with water and 2% solution of boric acid or 0.5-1% solution of aluminum-potassium alum. In the eyes of 2-3 drops of a 30% albuchis solution, a warm olive or peach oil.
Give to drink warm milk with borry or soda. When the voice gap spasme is a mustard and warming compress on the neck, hot foot baths. Inhalation of lemon or acetic vapors is recommended.
Gloriously affected by chlorine should be immediately taken out on fresh air, weaken the belt, unbutton the gate, prohibit it yourself to move, to transport only lying, since the poisons of the suffocating action cause toxic swelling of the lungs, and the physical activity will provoke it. The affected must be warm. Skin and mucous membranes should be washed with a 2% solution of drinking soda at least 15 minutes.
Depending on the concentration of blue acid and its exposure time, the lesions of light, medium and severe, as well as the lightning form, are distinguished.
When damaged by the blue acid, the smell of bitter almond is felt, the metallic taste in the mouth, the feeling of bitterness, a fever in the nose, silent in the chest, weakness, dizziness, vomiting. After putting on the gas mask or exit from the poisoned atmosphere, these signs disappear.
The lesion of the average degree is characterized by pronounced phenomena of fabric oxygen starvation. Headache appears, noise in the ears, nausea, shortness of breath, pain in the heart area, the difficulty of speech, weakness. The face and mucous membranes acquire a pink color. With the termination of the flow of blue acid into the body, signs of poisoning are weakened after 30-60 minutes, but for 1-3 days there is a sense of general weakness, headache.
With the defeats of severe, the rapid development of all of the above symptoms occurs, convulsions begin and death occurs after a few tens of seconds.
The lightning form of the defeat immediately causes the loss of consciousness, the cramps last a few minutes, and then breathing stops.
Remember! Medical assistance should be primarily affected by the high-speed Ahs, and immediately!
In the focus of the defeat by slow-acting poisonous substances, the number of affected increases gradually, within a few hours. Therefore, medical care should be reached as they arrive.
Questions and Quests What is the first aid actions algorithm for the defeats of the Ahs? How to act when entering poisonous substances to open areas of the body? Is the recommendation "Rinse" the stomach in the burn of the esophagus? What is the first assistance to ammonia, chlorine? What are the symptoms of the progress of the moderation of the syntic acid?

Ahhs can enter the human body in various ways: through the respiratory organs, skin and gastrointestinal tract.

When admission of Akhs through the respiratory tract, it is necessary:

1. To put on a gas mask on the affected;

2. Release (remove) it from the zone of infection;

3. If necessary, rinse the mouth (nose);

4. Apply antidote (antidote);

5. Make sanitary processing of the victim.

In the case of hitting Ahs, it follows:

1. Remove substances from skin and clothing;

2. Use degassing solutions to neutralize the Aykhs remaining on the skin and clothing (using individual anti-chemical packages or other means); rinse the eyes for 10 minutes;

3. Conduct full sanitary processing (wetting of the entire body with detergents) and replacement of linen.

When Ahkhov in the gastrointestinal tract is needed:

Rinsing oral cavity;

Washing the stomach and cleansing of the intestine;

Introduction of adsorbents (using activated carbon tablets).

Defeat and first medical assistance in the action of some harmful substances

Ammonia (NH4) is a colorless gas with a sharp suffocable smell of ammonia, lighter than air, which contributes to the rapid dispersion of emissions. Well soluble in water: at t \u003d + 20 ᵒС 700 volumes of gaseous ammonia are dissolved in 1 volume of water. Ways of admission to the body - through the respiratory organs and skin.

Signs of poisoning.

Strong irritation of the eyes, respiratory and leather organs, tearing, cough with foal wet. There may be temporary blindness, the swelling of the rotogling is up to the choking.

First aid.

1. To wear on the affected gas mask or cottage-gauze bandage, moistened with 5% citric acid solution or water.

3. Rog your eyes with running water for 10-15 minutes.

4. Drink your eyes albucid.

5. Give an anesthetic.

6. Give rise to oxygen.

7. Hospitalize.

Chlorine (CI 2) - gas with a sharp smell of yellowish green. Figure poison. The lesion occurs through light and skin.

Signs of poisoning.

At the moment of contact, there is a strong eye irritation, tearing, dryness and burning in the nose, noseblement, breast pain, voice hoarseness, cough, vomiting, is a deadly outcome.

First aid.

1. To wear on the affected gas mask or a cottage-gauze bandage, moistened with 5% food soda or water.

2. Remove the injured from the zone of infection.

3. Usefully rinse the face and skin of the open parts of the body with a solution of food soda or water for 15-20 minutes.

4. Heat the victim.

5. In the event of a respiratory stop - to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs.

6. Hospitalize.

Durger gas (CO) - gas without color and odor is always present when burning, in explosive and exhaust gases. Easily penetrates through porous materials.

Signs of poisoning.

Nausea, dizziness, lethargy, headache, weakness, violation of coordination of movement, pulse is studied, shortness of breath, the browse of the skin, but the lips are blue. A loss of consciousness may be noted. Death from stopping breathing.

First aid.

1. To wear on the affected gas mask with a gopcalite patron.

2. Remove from the zone of infection.

3. If possible, give rise to oxygen.

4. Enter the affected antidote - acizol (intramuscularly 1 ml).

5. If there is no breathing - to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs.

6. Urgently hospitalized.

Oil - Oil liquid dark color with characteristic odor; It does not dissolve in water. Ways to enter the body through the lungs, skin and gastrointestinal tract.

Signs of poisoning.

Headache, burning in eyes, heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, liquid chair, motion coordination violation, pulse slowed down, temperatures increased.

If oil gets into the skin causes dryness, pigmentation, peeling, cracking.

First aid.

1. Wear on the affected gas mask.

2. Remove from the zone of infection.

3. Heat (set the heating plates).

4. Give strong sweet tea, valerian tincture, dyeing.

5. Give rise to oxygen.

6. If you get into the eyes, rinse them with 2% soda mortar.

7. With the loss of consciousness, to breathe ammonia from the molding.

8. When stopping the breath - to carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs.

9. Rinse the skin with warm water with soap.

Poisoning: first assistance to the victim from emergency chemically hazardous substances (Ahkh)

Methods of poisoning effects of ahs on the human body. Ahkh cause defeat with:

getting into the body through respiratory organs;

penetration through skin and mucous membranes;

penetration through the gastrointestinal tract with infected food and water.

Features of the affecting actions of Ahkh:

in a short time, there may be a massive defeat of people and animals;

not only the territory is infected, but also air;

in the form of fog and smoke Ahch penetrate the buildings;

retain an impassive effect for a long time;

easy-generated aerosol clouds of poisoning substances are able to be transferred over long distances.

First aid victim victims from Akhs.

Activities for medical protection and treatment of affected agreements include:

emergency termination of the flow of poison in the body of 9-cells, the derivation of infection raised from the zone, their sanitary treatment, the use of means of personal protection of the skin and respiratory organs);

accelerated elimination of poison from the body (the use of vomit, laxatives);

restoration and maintenance of the functioning of vital organism (resuscitation activities);

oxygen inhalations as a method for treating hypoxic states arising from acute poisoning hazardous chemicals;

the use of medicinal (antidonal) tools for the prevention and treatment of Ahov poisoning.

These measures are carried out consistently.

In the absence of consciousness of the affected laid face down on the right side. In vomiting, the oral cavity and pharynx is purified from vomit with gauze (towels, nose handkerchief). Emergency resuscitation assistance in the pre-hospital stage is mainly in the restoration of the respiratory tract, the artificial ventilation of the lungs and indirect heart massage.

The list of measures of first medical assistance provided by the affected Achs is given in the table.

	Signs of defeat	First aid
1. Akhov annoying action
Fluorination hydrogen	When contacting leather and mucous membranes - sharply pronounced inflammatory phenomena (conjunctivitis, dermatitis); Excitation, anxiety, weakness, salivation, cramps are possible	In an infected atmosphere: Abundant washing the eye with water; Opportion of gas mask; Evacuation on stretcher or transport. Out of the zone of infection: Wash eye with water; processing of affected areas of leather with water or soap solution; rest; Immediate evacuation into a medical institution. Inhalation of oxygen do not spend!
Hydrogen chloride	Sharp irritation of mucous eyes and upper respiratory tract, rubber, tear, painful cough, general arousal, muscle weakness, sometimes cramps	Similar to actions as in poisoning with fluoride hydrogen
Methyline, dimethylamine	Difficulty breathing, weakness, nausea, runny nose, cough, heartbeat, rubber, cramps, loss of consciousness	Evacuation from the zone of infection, abundant washing with a 2% boric acid solution or water, peace and heat. With damage to dimethylamina, drunk 2 drops of 2% novocaine solution
Nitrogen oxides, nitric acid	Cough, headache, rubbed in eyes, tear, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, cyanosis	In addition, inhalation for several minutes of the sneakers; Introduction 20-40 ml intravenously chromosmon
Sulfurian anhydride	Pronounced skin irritation and mucous membranes in contact places - Bubbles formation, breathing and swallowing, cough	Similar to actions as in poisoning with fluoride hydrogen.
	Strong burning, rubbing, tear, breathing, painful cough, general excitement, fear, in difficult cases - reflex stop of breathing	Similar to actions as in poisoning with fluoride hydrogen.
2. Ahkh moxy actions
	Abundant tearing, eye pain, burns and conjunctivitis of cornea, loss of vision, parole cough; With skin damage - the chemical burn of the 1st or 2nd degree	In the zone of infection: abundant washing eyes and affected areas of the skin with water, putting on gas mask, urgent output (export) from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: quiet, heat4 in physical pains to drip at 2 drops of 1% novocaine solution or 2% dicaine solution with a 0.1% hydrochloride adrenaline solution; on the affected areas of the skin - a row with a 3-5% solution of boring, acetic or citric acid; inside - warm milk with drinking soda; Package: 1 ml of 1% morphine solution, hydrochloride or commotol; subcutaneously - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution; When stopping, breathing - artificial respiration
Hydrochloric acid	In contact with the skin, blisters appear, the affected areas have a gray-whipping color; On the mucous membranes of the eyes - inflammatory phenomena, clouding of the cornea; When inhalation of vapors - hoarseness, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath	In the zone of infection: abundant washing eyes and face water; Opportion of gas mask; urgent conclusion (export, removal) from the lesion focus. Outside the zone of infection: heating, rest, washing the acid from open areas of leather and clothing with water, abundant washing eye with water. With the difficulty of breathing - heat to the neck area, subcutaneously - 1 ml of 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate
3. Ahs choking action
	In the initial period - short-term (10-15 minutes) unpleasant sensations in the nasopharynk, behind the sternum; Hidden period on average 4 - 6 h; In the height of intoxication - shortness of breath, painful cough, skin sinusiness and mucous membranes; Hardness participation	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, removal (exportation) of the injured from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: quiet, heat, oxygen inhalation, with eye irritation - abundant washing with a 2% solution of drinking soda or water, for the prevention of pulmonary edema - intramuscularly 2 ml of 4% methylprednisolone solution
Chlorpicrin	Lack of a hidden period, the rapid development of a strong irritant action (carved, burning in the eyes, tearing, sore throat, cough, vomiting); when hitting the skin - dermatitis	Similar to action as a fosgen damage. Additionally, it is recommended to burn 1-2 drops of 1% Dicain solution
4. Ahs of general toxic
Acetonitrile, acetonecianhydride, acrylic acid nitrile	Redness, itching, burning skin and mucous, tear, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath	In the zone of infection: putting on the gas mask or a marlevary dressing, moistened with a 2% solution of drinking soda; Processing of the face with water, soap solution before putting on gas mask; If there are signs of poisoning - inhalation of amylnitrite vapors; Processing open areas of the skin with soap solution, water. Outside the zone of infection: abundant washing eye with water or 2% solution of drinking soda, re-inhalation of amylnitrite, while stopping the breath - artificial respiration, oxygen inhalation
Hydrogen Cyanic (Sinyl Acid)	In the initial stage - a slight local irritation of the mucous upper respiratory tract and eye, bitterness in the mouth, salivation, nausea, muscle weakness, shortness of breath, a sense of fear; With prolonged exposure - shortness of breath, expansion of pupils, cramps, loss of consciousness, bradycardia, arrhythmia	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, under a gas mask - ampoule with amylnitrite, immediate removal from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: repeated inhalation of amylnitrite vapors with a wtwat moistened, peace, heat, with abrasion on the skin - abundant washing with water, soap solution, evacuation into a healing institution
Ethylene oxide	With inhalation lesions - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, feeling of gravity in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach; irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eye may not be expressed; When exposed to skin - the formation of bubbles	In the zone of contamination: putting on gas mask and evacuation from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: abundant washing of leather and mucous water, peace, warm
Hydrogen sulfide	Burning and throat pain when swallowing, conjunctivitis, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, tachycardia, cramps possible	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask and evacuation from the infected zone, peace, washing the eye with water, inhalation of amylnitrite vapors with a wtwhat moistened. Outside the zone of infection: washing the eyes and open areas of the skin with water, 2% solution of drinking soda, instillation of 1 - 3% novocaine solution, peace, heat, while impairing respiration - oxygen inhalation
Seroublerod.	Headache, dizziness, redness of the face, nausea, a feeling of intoxication, violation of coordination of movement, depression, drowsiness, cramps are possible	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, immediate evacuation on stretchers. Outside the zone of infection: inhalation of oxygen, heat, peace, if necessary, artificial respiration
5. Akhov narcotic action
Methyl bromist	Headache, dizziness, bias in the eyes, hallucinations, excitement, violation of coordination of motion, nausea, convulsions	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, evacuation from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: Full peace, warm; with respiratory impairment - inhalation of oxygen, artificial respiration; With pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of 2% novocaine solution or 0.5% Dicaine solution
Methyl chloride	General weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, elevated temperature, tachycardia, impairment of vision; In severe cases - dimming consciousness, cramps, expansion of pupils	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, removal from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: inhalation of oxygen, artificial respiration, peace, heat, alkaline drink, urgent hospitalization
Formaldehyde	Sharp cough, breast pressure, shortness of breath, violation of coordination of motion, nausea, vomiting, motor excitation, violation of consciousness, convulsions	In the zone of infection: putting on gas mask, evacuation from the zone of infection. Outside the zone of infection: Inhalation of the vapor of the ammonia alcohol, the kneading skin of the skin with water or 5% solution of ammonic alcohol, washing the eye with water, warmth and peace

3. Fractures

Concept of fracture. Types of fractures.

Fracture - a spill or crack of the bone - occurs when the bone is exposed to excessive power. Broken bone can damage the muscles, nerves and other soft tissues. In the field of fracture, sharp pain, crunch, bruises, swelling or soft tissue breaks.

The fracture can be closed or open.

Signs of closed fractures:

severe pain when moving and under the load on the limb;

deformation and edema limb;

skin skin.

Signs of open fracture:

bone formations are visible;

deformation and edema limb;

the presence of a wound, often with bleeding.

First aid for fractures.

The main method of first aid to the victim during fractures is the imposition of a tire dressing. When the tire is applied, two nearest joints should be recorded: one - above the fracture site, the other is below. You can not apply a tire on the naked surface. With an open fracture before overlaying the bus, it is necessary to stop the bleeding, the wound to clean the dirt, lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine and impose a sterile bandage.