Participial turnover in Russian. Participial and adverbial phrases

As many people know, participial turnover has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated and separated by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the participial phrase does not need to be isolated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participial phrase(most often this is a turn with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action) does not denote an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly craned, sad and thoughtful(the main thing is that he didn’t just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched).

She usually read with her head bowed and the tip of her tongue sticking out.(the point is how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The participial phrase is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call the rescuers for help.

The printer worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: carelessly, barely taking a breath, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, listen with your ears hanging open, etc.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

To be honest, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already hit the road.

3. When there is an intensifying particle I before the participial phrase.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the exam result.

4. If the participial phrase is broken by the word included in a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to subordinate clauses definitive proposals with a conjunction word which. Also, similar cases can be found in some poetic texts.

There was a door to the left, through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Jim Jarmusch's new film was released yesterday, and after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Raven, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast, but became thoughtful... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A.K. Tolstoy).

5. A gerund may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not far from Vosstaniya Square.

Universities have been accepting applicants under new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task starting tomorrow(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turn with the word beginning is not associated with the concept of time or serves to clarify, clarify, then it is isolated.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations except Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Revolutions based And depending on in most cases they are not included in the participial construction and are not isolated.

The task is compiled based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The participial phrase appears together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the participial phrase is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and without looking back.

The second lieutenant answered inwithout embarrassment.

However, in in this case isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow droplets of stars appeared (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in adverbial phrases, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something remains not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.

The participle phrase is formed from the participle with dependent words. It acts as a circumstance in a sentence and answers the questions: “Why? How? When? For what purpose? How?" You can ask questions about such a design: “Doing what? Having done what? In writing, participial phrases are always separated by commas. It means an additional, clarifying action. If there are two participial phrases in one sentence, united by the conjunction “and,” then a comma is not placed between them. An adverbial phrase is a form characteristic of writing. Therefore, it is more common in business letters, scientific works, literary works. IN oral speech such a phrase is not used, since it is inconvenient and inappropriate in it.

Examples

• “The husband, without taking his eyes off the monitor, clicked the seeds.”
• “The cat, blissfully stretching and purring contentedly, settled down on the computer desk.”
• “Without showing her embarrassment, she continued talking.”

Possible mistakes

• The participial phrase must refer to the same noun as the verb. Otherwise, errors appear that contradict the norms of the Russian language. An example of incorrect use of a phrase: “Returning to my homeland, I began to feel depressed.” In order for the proposal to be consistent, it needs to be restructured. For example, like this: “Returning to my homeland, I became sad.”
• If there is no verb in the sentence, the adverbial phrase becomes inappropriate. Example: “I did well in passing the exam, so I got the highest score.” It would be correct: “I concentrated and remembered everything I know while taking the exam, so I got the highest score.”
• In impersonal sentences, mistakes are often made like: “Even sitting next to the fireplace, I feel cold.” In this case, it is better to say: “Even after sitting near the fireplace, I did not warm up.”
• In indefinitely personal sentences, the gerund must be referred to the implied person. Otherwise, it will be erroneous: “Having completed their studies, the graduates were sent to practice.” It would be more correct: “After finishing their studies, the graduates went to practice.”

Exceptions

If the participial phrase is part of a phraseological unit, then it is not separated by commas: “She listened to him with bated breath.” If a gerund loses its verbal meaning and acts as complex preposition(usually, in such cases the words are used: starting, depending, from such and such a time, in accordance with, on the basis), the turnover is not isolated. For example: “You can start working on Monday.” “We will act depending on the situation.” Here the words “starting” and “looking” can be easily removed without losing the meaning of the statement. If the word cannot be removed from the sentence, that is, it clarifies the action, then the phrase is isolated.

Don't be confused

Participial and participial phrases differ from each other in that the first is separated by commas only if it stands after the main word, and the second is always, except exceptional cases. Also, the participle phrase is checked by the fact that it can begin with the words “which, which.” For example: “The book lying on the table was long ago read by me from cover to cover.” Here one could put it this way: “The book that lies on the table...”

Since the participle phrase is closely related to the participle itself, we will give it a definition. A gerund is a part of a clause that means additional action committed by the same person (object). A participial phrase, in turn, is a participle with words or words dependent on it. It, like the gerund, denotes an additional action. Thus, a gerund is considered appropriate if it is in addition to the main action being performed. It can also refer to the subject.

How to find the participial phrase in a sentence?

This construction can be determined using a question. The participial phrase, as well as the participle, gives the answer to the question “What by doing?”, “What by doing”?”

Basic Rules

1. Unlike the participial phrase, the participial phrase must be separated by commas on both sides.
2. The participial phrase indicates an additional action. For example, in the sentence “I am trying to learn English language“watching a video” construction “watching a video” is an adverbial phrase and characterizes an additional action of the main person, while the construction “trying to learn” denotes the main action. Accordingly, one cannot use an adverbial phrase if it refers to different persons.
3. Also, an adverbial phrase cannot be used if the phrase refers to a passive participle. For example, in the sentence “Seeing other people aside, other people approached the guy.” In this sentence, the turnover is not appropriate, so others approach, not the one looking at it.
4. A gerund can be used in a sentence where there is no person performing the action, that is, in impersonal offer. However, it is worth noting that such a sentence should have had an infinitive.

Examples of sentences with adverbial phrases

To learn the rules and better understand the topic, we will give several examples of sentences that contain an adverbial phrase.

1. I was very worried waiting for her at the entrance. In this example, the construction “waiting for her at the entrance” answers the question “Doing what?” and additionally characterizes an action, therefore it is an adverbial phrase.
2. The road went up, skirting part of the park. The road not only goes up, but also goes around the park. Thus, the construction “bending around part of the park” is an adverbial phrase, as it denotes an additional action.
3. We, looking at the sky, thought about a flying plane. The same face looks at the sky and thinks about the plane. The predicate verb and phrase refer to the pronoun “we”. Please note that the turn is isolated, that is, separated by commas on both sides.

Important rules for writing and using participial phrases will help you identify them in a sentence and use them correctly in a given situation. Using the rules and examples above, you can complete the sentence with important details without using several verbs that load the sentence.

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle represents independent part speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples of correctly separating single gerunds with commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. The single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has close connection with a predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds that have become phraseological units (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's been snowing since night (it's been snowing since night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a full and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have suffixes such as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- y active participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child should explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous participial phrases.

Like participial phrases, participial phrases are the property of book speech. Their undoubted advantage over the synonymous adverbial clauses of a complex sentence is brevity and dynamism. Wed: When the dog sensed the beast, it rushed to follow its trail. “Sensing the beast, the dog rushed to run in its wake.

IN At the same time, it should be borne in mind that by using an adverbial construction instead of an adverbial subordinate clause, we introduce some semantic changes into the sentence, in particular, we lose the shades of meaning inherent in subordinating conjunctions. So, subordinate clauses when he read the letter – after he read the letter – as soon as he read the letter – as soon as he read the letter have different shades, but are replaced by the same parallel syntactic construction - after reading the letter. In these cases, the loss of the conjunction should be compensated for by lexical means: Having read the letter, he immediately (immediately, immediately) ...

The loss of the union is even more noticeable when the subordinate clauses of reason, condition, concession are replaced by the adverbial phrase: Having stayed in sa natorium an extra month , he noticeably improved his health(after I stayed or because I stayed?); Feeling bad , he didn't apply anywhere else(because I felt bad or although I felt bad?). And in this case, when using an adverbial phrase, you should clarify the statement with the help lexical means: Feeling bad, he That's why (yet and so on.) I didn’t apply anywhere else.

2. Some combinations can also be synonymous with adverbial constructions. For example, sat, crossed his arms on his chest may have as its equivalent a construction with a passive participle and a noun in the instrumental case with a preposition: sat with his arms crossed over his chest. Instead of lay wrapped in a warm blanket you can say: lay wrapped in a warm blanket(with the replacement of the gerund participle by the participle). Wed: At night I lay in the cart,covered with an overcoat, throwing his arms above his head (Sh.). – At night I lay in the cart,covered with an overcoat , with arms thrown above head (replacement of both participial phrases with synonymous constructions).

Considering that gerunds often also act as a secondary predicate, we can talk about the parallelism of the following constructions:

gerund = conjugated form of a verb: entering room, stopped = has entered into the room and stopped;

adverbial clause = adverbial clause of a complex sentence: reading a book, I doextracts = when I read a book, I make extracts; was in a hurry afraid to be late = was in a hurrybecause I was afraid of being late; having free time, there's a lot you can do = if you have free time, there's a lot you can do; seeing the danger still bold walked forward = although they saw the danger, nevertheless they boldly walked forward;

gerund = prepositional-nominal combination:hopingfor success =In hopefor success;anticipatingsomething bad =in anticipationsomething unkind; flying,spread outwings = flywith them spread outwings;

participial phrase = participial phrase: I arrived, xo well prepared for exams = I arrivedwell prepared for exams.

3. When using an adverbial phrase, it must be remembered that, as a rule, the action it denotes indicates the action of the subject. Therefore the sentence is constructed incorrectly: Jumping off the tram, my galosh came off- here we are talking about the actions of two objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - about me (I jumped) and about the galosh (she flew off). It is easy to verify the incorrectness of the construction by rearranging the adverbial phrase, which is usually freely located in the sentence ( My galosh fell off after jumping off the tram's footboard).

Deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of the influence of the popular language: ... Having the right to choose a weapon, his life was in my hands (P.); Passing a familiar birch grove on the way back for the first time in spring, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat with vague sweet anticipation (T.).

The use of phrases with words does not violate the rules based, not related to the subject, since it may not form an adverbial construction: The calculation is being madebased on average production rates .

Archaic is the direct combination of an adverbial phrase with a subject that arose under the influence of the popular language (the inclusion of the subject in the composition of the phrase): On spruce crowhaving perched herself, she was just about ready to have breakfast(Kr.); Arriving he is a straight poet, he went to wander with his lorgnette alone over the sea(P.); But slavish fidelity Shibanovkeeping it, he gives his horse to the governor(ACT.).

In a number of cases, the participial phrase does not express the action of the subject, and at the same time stylistic norms are not violated. Thus, an adverbial phrase can refer to an infinitive denoting the action of another person: His house was always full of guests, readyamusehis lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements (P.).

The participle phrase is found in participial or adverbial forms denoting an action, the subject of which coincides or does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate: She did not answer him, thoughtfully watching the play of the waves,running upTo the shore, rocking heavy longboat (M. G.); But Klim saw that Lidalisteningfather's storiespursing my lips doesn't believe them(M.G.).

In an impersonal sentence, it is possible to use an adverbial phrase with the infinitive: When editing a manuscript, you need considernot only the content of the work, but also its general stylistic orientation; Summing up the work for the year , you can noteundoubted progress in solving a number of complex problems; It would be good nowreapundressed, covering one's head with an overcoat , and think about the village and about their(Cupr.). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the logical subject is represented by the form of the indirect case, but there is no infinitive to which the participial phrase could relate (Returning home, I felt sad), then the sentence is constructed incorrectly. In the modern Russian literary language one no longer finds sentences similar to the following: ... Convinced that he cannot understand this. he got bored(L. T.); After reading the story carefully, I think, that there are no editorial corrections in it(M.G.).

It is allowed to use the adverbial phrase in the short form of the adjective: Varvara Vasilievna wasrights, offended by his long silence upon arrival in Pe Terburg (Chern).

But the adverbial phrase should not be classified as a passive participle, i.e., use it in a passive construction (Having run away from home, the boy was soon found by his parents), since in this case the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the gerund do not coincide. Sentences found in fiction with an adverbial turn with a passive participle are usually characterized by the fact that the subject in them is not the object of the action indicated by the participle: Next day, early in the morning, the Foolovites wereamazed, hearing the rhythmic ringing of a bell, calling residents to matins(S.-Sch.). Wed, however: After walking through several rooms, I was met by the Count himself, trembling and pale, like a canvas(L.).

It is also undesirable to use the participial phrase in cases where the predicate in a passive construction is expressed by a reflexive verb with a passive meaning: The idea of ​​​​building a tunnel under the English Channel has been discussed by experts since 1880, without, however, leading to concrete solutions for a long time.

The place of the adverbial phrase in a sentence is relatively free, but depending on its syntactic function and semantic meaning, the phrase either precedes the predicate (preposition) or follows it (postposition).

The adverbial phrase is usually prepositive, denoting an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate: Togyes Kuzma Kuzmich,taking a fresh candle out of his pocket , lit it and sat down next to Dasha(A.T.).

The same position is usually occupied by the adverbial phrase with the meaning of cause or condition, which corresponds to the real state of affairs, since cause and condition always precede the effect: Frightened by an unknown noise , pack hardgot dressedabove the water(Prim.); However,chatting with you , mushroomov Notyou'll dial(P.). The participle phrase with the meaning of concession also always precedes the predicate: Berestov,etc recognizing some extravagance in his neighbor , however notdeniedit has many excellent advantages(P.).

However, in the conditions of a specific text, deviations from this rule are allowed: Vasily Andreich also drove him away several times, but then againtook, valuing his honesty, love for animals and, most importantly, his cheapness (L.T.); I know- With the sun has dimmed b, seeing our souls gold placers (M.).

An adverbial phrase with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action usually follows the predicate: Several wounded officerssaton the benchpicking up crutches (L.); Trezorranahead,wagging his tail (BUT.).

The adverbial phrase with the meaning of subsequent action is also postpositive: Chichikovagreedcompletely with this,adding that nothing could be more pleasant than living in solitude(G.); Under Ignatovfellhorse,crushing his leg(L. T.); Somewhere closehitthunder,scaring everyonex (M.G.); The door of the shack suddenly opened, andhas enteredbig manmomentarily obscuring the stars(Cat).

5. Participles (usually the perfect form with the meaning of a state as the result of a previous action) in the function of adverbial manner of action can be combined as homogeneous members of a sentence with other adverbials that perform the same function: The goose sat in the same position,with mouth agape and wings outstretched (H); The lady was sitting downV armchairsometimes sideways, sometimes with legs crossed (A.T.).

In the function of definition, an adverbial phrase can, together with a definition expressed by an adjective or participle, form a number of homogeneous members of a sentence: ...The cook moved along the corridor wall like a shadow,holding a cap in his hand and all white , definitely dead(M.G.); Pechorin,wrapped up V overcoat and hat pulled down over his eyes, tried to get throughTo doors(L.); Stepan Arkadievich,washed , combed and beaming with a smile, walked out his door(L.T.). However, the combination of a gerund and a predicate verb as homogeneous members of a sentence has an outdated character: Cavalry Guardsgalloped , But moreholding horses (L.T.).

Exercise 17. Indicate the features of using adverbial constructions. Find out the possibility of synonymous substitutions.

1. The violet, hiding in the shadows, calls to itself an unknown talent. (Elm.) 2. The coachman, who was sleeping, leaning on his elbow, began to five horses. (Gonch.) 3. “My God,” said the doctor, “do you know who I saw on my way here?” (Hertz.) 4. ...When returning home, it was necessary to ford Podkumok. (L.) 5. After reading this letter, the landowner was in deep amazement. (Adv.) 6 . Under the tree, with his belly up and his fist under his head, a huge man was sleeping. (S.-Sch.) 7. Suddenly, writing most seriously, I see that my handkerchief seems to be moving and suddenly falls to the floor. (Leek.) 8. Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal was to resurrect the form of life that existed under his grandfather. (L.T.) 9. Accepting a request from us, at least would flared up... like an asp. (Writing) 10. Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. (Ch.) 11. But he didn’t seem to notice me, motionless, arms crossed over his chest, surrounded by an invisible cloud of boredom. (M.G.) 12. At noon, while crossing the rails to the station, he was stunned by the unexpected whistle of a steam locomotive. (Cupr.) 13. The cavalrymen had to spur their horses, keeping up with him. (A.T.) 14. The difficult news spread across the shelves, making everyone despondent. (Form.)

Exercise 18. Correct the sentences. Indicate the nature of the stylistic error.

1. The use of these expressions and phrases can be understood through illustrative examples, taking examples of fiction as illustrations. 2. Approaching the river, we stopped the horses, jumped to the ground and, quickly undressing, rushed into the water. 3. Previously, the machine was stopped to measure the part, while now, using a special system bracket, the size is determined in one step while the machine is running. 4. Having gone up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the piers of Yaroslavl. 5. Science requires such advice that, if applied, would have a great effect in practical work. 6. Having read the manuscript a second time, I think that it needs serious revision. 7. It would be necessary to specifically indicate who exactly improperly organized the construction work, where and when the unfinished construction of the facility was accepted, thereby violating the government regulation. 8. Then Sergeev is appointed head of the motor depot, working in this position for a year and a half. 9. All presentation in the book is made extremely briefly, taking into account the time budget of a practicing doctor.

Exercise 19. Correct the sentences, explain the mistakes.

1. The novel reveals the full depth of social inequality prevailing in society. 2. The task we perform does not cause any particular difficulties. 3. The writer spoke about the changes in the book that he is preparing for republication. 4. Will be shown soon new production, created by the entire theater team. 5. Our regularly published newspaper provides interesting information about the life of the city. 6. Daredevils who attempt to climb to the top of this mountain in winter conditions will pay with their lives. 7. Students who write a weak homework essay will have to redo it. 8. Every student who would like to participate in the work scientific society, must submit an application to the dean's office. 9. The lecture given to students on the use of atomic energy aroused great interest. 10. A few days after the quarrel, Dubrovsky caught Troyekurov’s peasants stealing firewood in their forests.

Exercise 20. Replace subordinate attributive clauses with participial phrases; if this cannot be done, indicate the reason for the impossibility of replacement.

1. Chelkash was pleased with his luck, with himself and with this guy, who was so scared of him and turned into his slave. 2. Grushnitsky is one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions. 3. The author had to be present at the scene with the landowner Penochkin, which will remain in his memory for a long time.