From ancient times to this day, the navy has been the backbone of almost any country with access to the sea. Some have powerful, ultra-modern vessels, others call several old boats a fleet. But the essence is the same for everyone, these ships protect the expanses of water.
The warship has come a long way from biremes and galleys to modern nuclear-powered missile submarines and aircraft carriers. But sailors, like no one else, follow traditions, especially in the names and classification of ships.
Warships before the twentieth century
In ancient times, the bulk of ships adapted for coastal navigation were divided by the number of rows of oars. The presence of a large number of rowers requiring a large number of food did not contribute to the development of long-distance navigation.
With the advent of the sail, the development of the fleet and the consolidation of ships began. Along with the development of navigational instruments and technologies, the fleet developed, which by the 15th century made it possible to make the first major voyages across the oceans.
The wealth of the New World spurred European shipbuilders, and already in the 16th century the design of warships began to develop and become more complex. A little later, the fleet will begin to be divided into classes and ranks. At that time, the main criterion was either the number of guns or the sailing armament of the ship.
The ships, depending on the number of guns, fell into the 1st rank (about 100 guns or more), 2nd rank (about 90 guns), 3rd rank (about 75) and so on, up to 6th rank.
The second classification divided ships depending on the presence or absence of certain sails. There were three-masted and two-masted sailing ships, as well as single-masted varieties of very small ships, usually used to transport mail.
The ships could have any names associated with personal names, religious or geographical components. There were cases when, for special merits, the name of a ship was left in the fleet, although the ship itself might not exist. In the Russian fleet, the most striking example was the brig Mercury and several ships Memory of Mercury.
With the advent of mechanisms and the transition from sail to machine, many names for types of ships took root and remain to this day. The main difference between any ship was its size, displacement or tonnage. The history of steamships, although not as many centuries old as the sail, has clearly written pages in the naval chronicle.
The development of technology has reduced entire groups of once formidable ships to nothing, and transferred classes to other ranks. So, for example, the 20th century showed the weakness of battleships in front of aircraft-carrying groups. The Second World War generally made major changes to the picture of warships in the world. And if 300 years ago a frigate was a large ship, now it has descended to the level of patrol ships.
According to international maritime law, each ship falls into its own specific class. These rules, in order to avoid confusion, were used by Soviet sailors, as well as their legal successors, the ships of the Russian Navy.
Ships are divided by tonnage, or displacement, as well as by the type of weapons on board, that is, one might say, the old system has entered the new realities of modern ships.
According to these documents, the largest ships included in the strike group are:
- aircraft carriers, depending on their tonnage, can be large, medium and small, and the strength of naval aviation on them varies accordingly;
- cruisers, also varying in displacement, having more versatile tasks, from guarding convoys and aircraft carriers to intercepting enemy ships and shelling coastline;
- submarines, often larger than surface ships in size and armament, are divided according to their size and the type of propulsion system used;
- destroyers carrying out reconnaissance and protection of a group of ships, carrying the main weapons in the form of mines and torpedoes;
- torpedo boats, large of which are designed to attack large ships as part of squadrons, while small ones operate in the coastal zone;
- patrol ships designed for combat protection of convoys and the waters of a port or other facility.
There is also a smaller division of these classes of ships, but in each country they have their own characteristics and characteristics.
The second large subclass includes auxiliary vessels. They can be divided into several groups:
- floating bases necessary for replenishment with everything necessary, depending on the specialization of the base for each class of ships;
- supply ships, unlike bases, are more mobile and fast, although the goals and objectives for them are the same as above;
- repair facilities, floating workshops necessary for repairing ships on the high seas;
- rescue ships, designed to assist both submarines and surface ships in the event of emergency situations;
- research ships testing new technical systems;
- training ships used to acquire and master skills at sea;
- special ships testing weapon systems and complexes for spacecraft.
The crews of support ships perform many tasks to maintain the combat effectiveness of the main fleet. The USSR Navy also had a system of distinguishing ships by name. So, in the Northern Fleet for a long time There was a unit of Soviet patrol troops known as the “Bad Weather Division.”
The first in the series was the Hurricane ship, and in honor of it, subsequent ships of the same class, displacement and armament received “inclement” names. For example, the waves of the Barents Sea plied the “Storm”, “Metel”, “Blizzard” and other ships with similar names at different times.
For many years, the ships themselves have been divided into warheads, or warheads, each of which designates a part of the ship and its purpose.
Warships of different navies
The ship classification system adopted by the international community has proven to be unsuitable for some navies. Thus, the Japanese system of dividing ships can raise at least a lot of questions from an ignorant person. Japan, having a serious fleet, one of the best in Asia, meanwhile went a long way to modernize the ships under construction.
As a result, the same class of warships can differ significantly in their characteristics depending on the year of manufacture. Thus, the same destroyers in service can meet all modern requirements if they were built recently, or they can correspond to frigates or corvettes of other navies.
Helicopter destroyers are considered the main force of the Japanese fleet.
Despite their name, they are essentially light aircraft carriers equipped with state-of-the-art electronics. This class includes two types of ships, the Hyuga, which is a pair of ships, and the Shirane, also a pair of ships. Interestingly, the last two vessels were introduced into the fleet back in the 1980s.
The second category consists of URO (guided missile weapons) destroyers. There are also different types of ships here. The most modern ones, the Atago type, represented by two ships. The Kongo class consists of four ships built in the 1990s. Hatakaze class, created in the second half of the 1980s, consisting of a pair of ships, now used as training vessels.
Another category, the third, again destroyers, but more similar to their counterparts in other fleets. This includes many types, broken down by time of construction. The fourth category, submarines, is represented by 17 diesel submarines. The fifth includes landing and auxiliary ships, as well as icebreakers.
Its own classification in the US Navy. Vessels are divided according to their purpose. To distinguish them, a letter encryption system has been introduced. So, for example, the letters “BB” mean BigBattleship, which corresponds to the class of battleships in other fleets.
It is interesting that sometimes a ship changes its class, but the letters are left by the decision of the naval command.
This happened several times after major fleet reforms throughout the 20th century. Common to all ships are the letters “USS”, meaning “ship of the United States”.
Among the largest types of ships, usually designated by variations with the letters “CV,” are aircraft carriers. They vary in size and type of aircraft, airplanes or helicopters, but are combined into one class.
The remaining surface ships have the original letter designation, such as “C” - cruisers, “D” - destroyers, “F” - frigate. Over the years, both patrol ships and monitors were found under codes, but over time they were removed from the US Navy.
The submarine fleet wears the obligatory letter “S”, which also has many additional meanings depending on the type of weapon or power plant. The letter “P” stands for boats, which also vary in size and type of weapons they carry.
There are quite a few ciphers here that were used during the Vietnam War and then simply abandoned.
American coast guard warships, which are formally a separate unit, can also be placed here. The letter “L” means that the ship belongs to the landing fleet. It varies between huge landing ships that transport soldiers from one continent to another, and landing craft that land infantry and equipment directly on land. The latter have amphibian traits.
Much attention was paid to the development of these boats during the Second World War, when Marines landed and fought on the Pacific Islands and in the famous Normandy landing zone. The letter "A" designated all auxiliary vessels.
Despite the former glory of the mistress of the seas, the British fleet has lost all its former power. However, the authority of English sailors still remains high. Classifying ships of the British Navy is quite difficult.
Of course, among them are the same aircraft carriers, destroyers, corvettes and boats, but they differ by pennant number.
Each flotilla had its own special pennant, and the ship in this flotilla was assigned a number and then a letter indicating the class of the ship. It is interesting that in numerology there is no number “13” at all, which is considered unlucky among sailors.
The system of classification by numbers and pennants continues to exist, with minor changes, since the First World War.
Military history navy dates back more than one hundred years. Since sailors are extremely superstitious people, they keep traditions, including those associated with their “home” - the ship, in the names of ships, and even in their classification, you can find many old terms and designations that do not make the fleet less effective.
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Bomber ship
Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the navies of all countries. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828
Brig
A military 2-masted ship with a square rig, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. It had good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the world's fleets
Brigantine
2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and an oblique sail on the rear mast (mainsail). Used in European navies for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck there were 6- 8 small caliber guns
Galion
Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement is about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board
Caravel
A high-sided, single-deck, 3-, 4-mast vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels
Karakka
Sailing 3-mast ship XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. It could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on the karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries
Clipper
A 3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people
Corvette
A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with square rig, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries
Battleship
A large, usually 3-deck (3 gun decks), three-masted ship with square rigging, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. XIX century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships
Flutes
A 3-mast sailing ship from the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were tucked inward above the waterline. A steering wheel was used for the first time on a flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Sailing frigate
A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament power (up to 60 guns) and displacement after a battleship, but superior to it in speed. Intended mainly for operations on sea communications
Sloop
The second three-masted ship half of the XVIII- beginning of the 19th century with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the aft mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expedition vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation of the world (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)
Shnyava
A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. Shnyava length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people.
Schooner
A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.
The 17th century was a rich period in the history of shipbuilding. Ships have become faster, more maneuverable, and more stable. Engineers learned to design the best examples of sailing ships. The development of artillery made it possible to equip battleships with reliable, accurate guns. The need for military action determined progress in shipbuilding.
The most powerful ship at the beginning of the century
The beginning of the 17th century marks the dawn of the era of battleships. The first three-decker was the British HMS Prince Royal, which left the Woolwich shipyard in 1610. The British shipbuilders took the prototype from the Danish flagship, and subsequently rebuilt and improved it several times.
Four masts were installed on the ship, two each for straight and lateen sails. The three-deck, originally 55-gun, ship in its final version in 1641 became 70-gun, then changed its name to Resolution, returned the name, and in 1663 already had 93 guns in its equipment.
- Displacement about 1200 tons;
- Length (keel) 115 feet;
- Beam (midship) 43 feet;
- Interior depth 18 feet;
- 3 full artillery decks.
As a result of battles with the Dutch, the ship was captured by the enemy in 1666, and when they tried to recapture it, it was burned and scuttled.
The most powerful ship at the end of the century
The French Soleil Royal was built by shipbuilders at the Brest shipyard 3 times. The first 1669 three-masted with 104 guns, created as an equal opponent to the British "Royal Sovereign", died in 1692. And in the same year, a new battleship was already built, armed with 112 guns and had:
- Guns 28 x 36-pounders, 30 x 18-pounders (on the middeck), 28 x 12-pounders (on the front deck);
- Displacement 2200 tons;
- Length 55 meters (keel);
- Width 15 m (midship frame);
- Draft (interior) 7 m;
- A team of 830 people.
The third was built after the death of the previous one, as a worthy heir to the glorious traditions associated with this name.
New types of ships of the 17th century
The evolution of past centuries has shifted the emphasis of shipbuilding from the need to simply move safely across the seas, from the merchant ships of the Venetians, Hanseatics, Flemings and, traditionally, the Portuguese and Spaniards to overcome significant distances, to asserting the importance of dominance at sea and, as a result, defending their interests through military means actions.
Initially, merchant ships began to be militarized to counteract pirates, and by the 17th century, a class of only warships was finally formed, and a separation of the merchant and military fleets took place.
The shipbuilders and, of course, the Dutch provinces succeeded in building the navy. The galleon, the basis of the power of the squadrons of Spain and England, originated from the Portuguese shipbuilders.
17th century galleon
Shipbuilders in Portugal and Spain, who played a significant role until recently, continued to improve traditional ship designs.
In Portugal at the beginning of the century, 2 types of ships appeared with new hull proportions in the ratio of length to width - 4 to 1. These are a 3-masted pinnace (similar to a flute) and a military galleon.
On galleons, guns began to be installed above and below the main deck, highlighting battery decks in the design of the ship, port-cells for guns were opened on board only for combat, and were battened down to avoid flooding with waves of water, which, given the solid mass of the ship, would inevitably flood it; warheads were hidden in holds below the waterline. The displacement of the largest Spanish galleons of the early 17th century was about 1000 tons.
The Dutch galleon had three or four masts, up to 120 feet long, up to 30 feet wide, 12 feet low. draft and up to 30 guns. For ships with such a proportion of long hulls, speed was added by the number and area of sails, and additionally by foils and underlisels. This made it possible to cut the wave steeper into the wind compared to rounded hulls.
Linear multi-deck sailing ships formed the backbone of the squadrons of Holland, Britain, and Spain. Three- and four-deck ships were the flagships of squadrons and determined military superiority and advantage in battle.
And if battleships constituted the main combat power, then frigates began to be built as the fastest ships, equipping not a large number guns of one closed firing battery. To increase speed, the sail area was increased and the curb weight was reduced.
The English ship Sovereign of the Seas became the first classic example of a battleship. Built in 1637, armed with 100 guns.
Another classic example was the British frigate - reconnaissance and escort of merchant ships.
Actually, these 2 types of ships became an innovative line in shipbuilding and gradually replaced the European galleons, galliots, flutes, and pinnaces, which were obsolete by the middle of the century, from shipyards.
New technologies of the navy
The Dutch for a long time maintained the dual purpose of the ship during construction; shipbuilding for trade was their priority. Therefore, regarding warships, they were clearly inferior to England. In the middle of the century, the Netherlands built the 53-gun ship Brederode, similar to the Sovereign of the Seas, its flagship of the fleet. Design parameters:
- Displacement 1520 tons;
- Proportions (132 x 32) ft.;
- Draft - 13 ft.;
- Two artillery decks.
Flutes "Schwarzer Rabe"
At the end of the 16th century, the Netherlands began to build flutes. Due to the new design, the Dutch flute had excellent seaworthiness and had:
- Shallow draft;
- Fast sailing rig that allowed steep sailing to the wind;
- High speed;
- Large capacity;
- A new design with a length-to-width ratio starting from four-to-one;
- Was cost effective;
- And the crew is about 60 people.
That is, in fact, a military transport ship to transport cargo, and on the high seas to repel an enemy attack, and to quickly break away.
Flutes were built at the beginning of the 17th century:
- About 40 meters long;
- About 6 or 7 m wide;
- Draft 3÷4 m;
- Load capacity 350÷400 tons;
- And a weaponry of 10÷20 guns.
For a century, flutes dominated all seas and played a significant role in wars. They were the first to use a steering wheel.
From the sailing running equipment, topmasts appeared on them, the yards were shortened, the length of the mast became longer than the ship, and the sails became narrower, more convenient to control, and small in size. Sails of the main, foresails, topsails, topsails on the main and foremasts. On the bowsprit there is a rectangular blind sail, a bomb blind. On the mizzen mast there is a slanting sail and a straight cruisel. A smaller upper crew was required to operate the sailing rig.
17th century warship designs
The gradual modernization of artillery pieces began to allow their successful use on board a ship. Important Features the new battle tactics included:
- Convenient, quick reloading during the battle;
- Conducting continuous fire with intervals for reloading;
- Conducting targeted fire over long distances;
- An increase in the number of crew, which made it possible to fire during boarding conditions.
Since the 16th century, the tactics of dividing combat missions within a squadron continued to develop: some of the ships retreated to the flanks to conduct long-range artillery fire on a concentration of large enemy ships, and the light vanguard rushed to board the damaged ships.
British naval forces used these tactics during the Anglo-Spanish War.
The wake column during the review in 1849
Ships are classified according to the purpose of their use. Rowing galleys are being replaced by sailing cannon ships, and the main emphasis is transferred from boarding to destructive gunfire.
The use of heavy large-caliber weapons was difficult. Increased number of artillery crews, significant weight of the gun and charges, destructive recoil force for the ship, which is why it was impossible to fire salvos simultaneously. The emphasis was on 32...42-pound guns with a barrel diameter of no more than 17 cm. For this reason, several medium guns were preferable to a pair of large ones.
The most difficult thing is the accuracy of the shot in conditions of pitching and recoil inertia from neighboring guns. Therefore, the artillery crew needed a clear sequence of salvos with minimal intervals, and the training of the entire crew of the team.
Strength and maneuverability have become very important: it is necessary to keep the enemy strictly on board, not allow them to go to the rear, and be able to quickly turn the ship around on the other side in case of serious damage. The length of the ship's keel was no more than 80 meters, and in order to accommodate more guns, they began to build upper decks; a battery of guns was placed on each deck along the side.
The coherence and skill of the ship's crew were determined by the speed of maneuvers. The highest manifestations Mastery was measured by the speed with which the ship, having fired a salvo from one side, managed to turn its narrow bow into the oncoming salvo of the enemy, and then, turning on the opposite side, fired a new salvo. Such maneuvers made it possible to receive less damage and inflict significant and rapid damage to the enemy.
Worth mentioning are the numerous military rowing vessels used throughout the 17th century. The proportions were approximately 40 by 5 meters. Displacement is about 200 tons, draft is 1.5 meters. A mast and lateen sail were installed on the galleys. For a typical galley with a crew of 200 people, 140 oarsmen were placed in groups of three on 25 banks on each side, each with his own oar. The oar bulwarks were protected from bullets and crossbows. Guns were installed at the stern and bow. The purpose of the galley attack is boarding combat. Cannons and throwing weapons began the attack, and when they approached, boarding began. It is clear that such attacks were designed for heavily loaded merchant ships.
The most powerful army at sea in the 17th century
If at the beginning of the century the fleet of the winner of the Great Spanish Armada was considered the strongest, then later the combat effectiveness of the British fleet fell catastrophically. And failures in battles with the Spaniards and the shameful capture of 27 English ships by Moroccan pirates finally diminished the prestige of British power.
At this time, the Dutch fleet takes a leading position. This is the only reason why its rapidly growing neighbor encouraged Britain to build up its fleet in a new way. By the middle of the century, the flotilla consisted of up to 40 warships, six of which were 100-gun. And after the Revolution, combat power at sea increased until the Restoration. After a period of calm, towards the end of the century Britain was again asserting its power at sea.
From the beginning of the 17th century, flotillas European countries began to be equipped with battleships, the number of which determined fighting strength. The first 3-deck linear ship is considered to be the 55-gun ship HMS Prince Royal of 1610. The next 3-deck HMS “Sovereign of the Seas” acquired the parameters of the production prototype:
- Proportions 127 x 46 feet;
- Draft - 20 feet;
- Displacement 1520 tons;
- Total number 126 guns on 3 artillery decks.
Placement of guns: 30 on the lower deck, 30 on the middle deck, 26 with a smaller caliber on the upper deck, 14 under the forecastle, 12 under the poop. In addition, the superstructures have many embrasures for the guns of the remaining crew on board.
After three wars between England and Holland, they united in an alliance against France. By 1697, the Anglo-Dutch alliance was able to destroy 1,300 French naval units. And at the beginning of the next century, led by Britain, the alliance achieved an advantage. And the blackmail of the naval power of England, which became Great Britain, began to determine the outcome of the battles.
Naval tactics
Previous naval wars were characterized by disorderly tactics, with skirmishes between ship captains and no structure or unified command.
Since 1618, the British Admiralty introduced ranking of its warships
- Ships Royal, 40...55 guns.
- Great Royals, about 40 guns.
- Middle Ships. 30...40 guns.
- Small Ships, including frigates, less than 30 guns.
The British developed linear combat tactics. According to its rules were followed
- Peer-to-peer formation in wake columns;
- Building an equal-strength and equal-speed column without breaks;
- Unified command.
What should ensure success in battle.
The tactics of equal-rank formation excluded the presence of weak links in the column; the flagships led the vanguard, the center, the command and brought up the rear. A unified command was subordinate to the admiral, and a clear system for transmitting commands and signals between ships appeared.
Naval battles and wars
Battle of Dover 1659
The first battle of the fleets a month before the start of the 1st Anglo-Dutch War, which formally gave it its beginning. Tromp with a squadron of 40 ships set off to escort and protect Dutch transport ships from English corsairs. Being in English waters close to a squadron of 12 ships under command. Admiral Burn, the Dutch flagships did not want to salute the English flag. When Blake approached with a squadron of 15 ships, the British attacked the Dutch. Tromp covered a caravan of merchant ships, did not dare to get involved in a long battle, and lost the battlefield.
Battle of Plymouth 1652
Took place in the First Anglo-Dutch War. de Ruyter took command of the Zeeland squadron of 31 troops. ship and 6 fire ships in defense of the trade caravan convoy. He was opposed by 38 soldiers. ships and 5 fire ships of the British forces.
When the Dutch met, they divided the squadron; some of the English ships began to pursue them, breaking the formation and losing the advantage in firepower. The Dutch, using their favorite tactic of shooting at masts and rigging, disabled some of the enemy ships. As a result, the British had to retreat and go to the ports for repairs, and the caravan safely left for Calais.
Battles of Newport 1652 and 1653
If in the battle of 1652 Ruyter and de Witt, having united 2 squadrons of 64 ships into a single one - the vanguard of Ruyter and the center of de Witt - the squadron, gave an equal battle to Black's 68 ships. Then in 1653, the squadron of Tromp, who had 98 ships and 6 fire ships against the 100 ships and 5 fire ships of the English admirals Monk and Dean, was significantly destroyed when trying to attack the main forces of the British. Ruyter, rushing into the wind as a vanguard, attacked the English. the vanguard of Admiral Lauzon, he was energetically supported by Tromp; but Admiral Dean managed to come to the rescue. And then the wind subsided, an artillery exchange began until darkness, when the Dutch, having discovered a lack of shells, were forced to quickly leave for their ports. The battle showed the superiority of the equipment and weapons of the English ships.
Battle of Portland 1653
Battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. Convoy under command. Admiral M. Tromp of 80 ships was accompanied in the English Channel by a returning caravan of 250 merchant ships loaded with colonial goods. Having met with a fleet of 70 British ships under command. Admiral R. Blake, Tromp was forced into battle.
For two days of fighting, changing winds did not allow groups of ships to line up; The Dutch, pinned down by the defense of transport ships, suffered losses. And yet, at night, the Dutch were able to break through and leave, ultimately losing 9 military and 40 merchant ships, and the British 4 ships.
Battle of Texel 1673
Victory of de Ruyter with admirals Bankert and Tromp over the Anglo-French fleet at Texel in the third Anglo-Dutch war. This period was marked by the occupation of the Netherlands by French troops. The goal was to recapture the trade caravan. 92 ships and 30 fire ships of the Allies were opposed by a Dutch fleet of 75 ships and 30 fire ships.
Ruyter's vanguard managed to separate the French vanguard from the British squadron. The maneuver was a success and, due to the disunity of the allies, the French chose to keep the flotilla, and the Dutch managed to crush the British center in a brutal battle that lasted many hours. And as a result, having ousted the French, Bankert came to reinforce the Dutch center. The British were never able to land troops and suffered heavy losses in manpower.
These wars of advanced naval powers determined the importance of tactics, formations and firepower in the development navy and the art of warfare. Based on the experience of these wars, classes of division into ranks of ships were developed, the optimal configuration of a linear sailing ship and the number of weapons were tested. The tactics of combat between enemy ships was transformed into a combat formation of a wake column with coordinated artillery fire, quick formation and unified command. Boarding combat was becoming a thing of the past, and strength at sea influenced success on land.
17th century Spanish fleet
Spain continued to form its armadas with large galleons, the unsinkability and strength of which were proven by the results of the battles of the Invincible Armada with the British. The artillery the British had was unable to inflict damage on the Spaniards.
Therefore, Spanish shipbuilders continued to build galleons with an average displacement of 500 ÷ 1000 tons and a draft of 9 feet, creating an ocean-going ship - stable and reliable. Such ships were equipped with three or four masts and about 30 guns.
In the first third of the century, 18 galleons with up to 66 guns were launched. The number of large ships exceeded 60 against 20 large royal ships of England and 52 of France.
Features of durable, heavy ships are high resistance to staying in the ocean and combating water elements. Installing straight sails in two tiers did not provide maneuverability and ease of control. At the same time, the lack of maneuverability was compensated by excellent survivability during storms in terms of strength parameters, and the versatility of galleons. They were used simultaneously for trade and military operations, which were often combined during an unexpected meeting with the enemy in the vast waters of the ocean.
The extraordinary capacity made it possible to equip ships with a decent number of weapons and take on board a large crew trained for combat. This made it possible to successfully carry out boarding - the main naval tactics of battles and capture of ships in the arsenal of the Spaniards.
17th century French fleet
In France, the first battleship "Crown" was launched in 1636. Then the rivalry with England and Holland at sea began.
Ship characteristics of a three-masted two-deck "" 1st rank:
- Displacement more than 2100 tons;
- Length on the upper deck is 54 meters, along the waterline 50 m, along the keel 39 m;
- Width 14 m;
- 3 masts;
- Mainmast 60 meters high;
- Sides up to 10 m high;
- The sail area is about 1000 m²;
- 600 sailors;
- 3 decks;
- 72 different-caliber guns (14x 36-pounders);
- Oak body.
The construction required about 2 thousand dried trunks. The shape of the barrel was matched to the shape of the ship part by matching the bends of the fibers and the part, which gave special strength.
The ship is famous for eclipsing the Sovereign of the Seas, the British masterpiece Sovereign of the Seas (1634), and is now considered the most luxurious and beautiful ship of the sailing era.
Fleet of the United Netherlands Provinces of the 17th century
In the 17th century, the Netherlands fought endless wars with neighboring countries for independence. The maritime confrontation between the Netherlands and Britain had the character of internecine rivalry between neighbors. On the one hand, they were in a hurry to control the seas and oceans with the help of the fleet, on the other, to oust Spain and Portugal, while successfully carrying out robbery attacks on their ships, and on the third, they wanted to dominate as the two most militant rivals. At the same time, dependence on corporations - the owners of the ships, which financed shipbuilding, overshadowed the importance of victories in naval battles, which stopped the growth of the Dutch maritime industry.
The formation of the power of the Dutch fleet was facilitated by the liberation struggle with Spain, the weakening of its strength, and numerous victories of Dutch ships over the Spaniards during the Thirty Years' War by its end in 1648.
The Dutch fleet was the largest, numbering 20 thousand merchant ships, and a huge number of shipyards operated. Actually, this century was the Golden Age of the Netherlands. The Netherlands' struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire led to the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). After the completion of the war of liberation of the Seventeen Provinces from the rule of the Spanish monarchy, there were three Anglo-Gol. wars, a successful invasion of England, and wars with France.
3 Anglo-Dutch wars at sea tried to determine a dominant position at sea. By the beginning of the first, the Dutch fleet had 75 warships along with frigates. The available warships of the United Provinces were scattered around the world. In case of war, warships could be chartered, or simply hired from other European states. The designs of the “pinnace” and “Flemish carrack” were easily upgraded from a merchant vessel to a military vessel in case of war. However, apart from Brederode and Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, the Dutch could not boast of their own warships. They won battles through courage and skill.
By the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, van Wassenaar's squadron was able to assemble 107 ships, 9 frigates and 27 lower ships. Of these, 92 are armed with more than 30 guns. The number of crews is 21 thousand sailors, 4800 guns.
England could oppose 88 ships, 12 frigates and 24 inferior ships. A total of 4,500 guns, 22 thousand sailors.
In the most disastrous battle in the history of Holland, the Battle of Lowestoft, the Flemish flagship, the 76-gun Eendragt, was blown up along with van Wassenaar.
17th century British fleet
In the middle of the century, there were no more than 5 thousand merchant ships in Britain. But the navy was significant. By 1651, the Royal Navy squadron already had 21 battleships and 29 frigates, with 2 battleships and 50 frigates being completed on the way. If we add the number of free-hire and chartered ships, the fleet could reach up to 200 ships. The total number of guns and caliber were unrivaled.
Construction was carried out at the royal shipyards of Britain - Woolwich, Davenport, Chatham, Portsmouth, Deptford. A significant part of the ships came from private shipyards in Bristol, Liverpool, etc. Over the course of the century, growth gradually increased with the predominance of the regular fleet over the chartered one.
In England, the most powerful battleships were called Manovar, as the largest, with the number of guns exceeding a hundred.
To increase the multi-purpose composition of the British fleet in the middle of the century, more combat ships of smaller types were created: corvettes, bombards.
During the construction of frigates, the number of guns on two decks increased to 60.
In the first Battle of Dover with the Netherlands, the British fleet had:
60-push. James, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 52-push. Victory, 52-push. Speaker, five 36-guns, including President, three 44-guns, including Garland, 52-guns. Fairfax and others.
What the Dutch fleet could counter:
54-push. Brederode, 35-push. Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, nine 34-guns, the rest of lower ranks.
Therefore, the reluctance of the Netherlands to enter into a battle on open water according to the rules of linear tactics.
Russian fleet of the 17th century
As such, the Russian fleet did not exist before Peter I, due to the lack of access to the seas. The very first Russian warship was the two-deck, three-masted "Eagle" built in 1669 on the Oka River. But it was built at the Voronezh shipyards in 1695 - 1696 from 23 rowing galleys, 2 sailing-rowing frigates and more than 1000 ships, barques, and plows.
Ship "Eagle" 1667
The parameters of the 36-gun frigates “Apostle Peter” and “Apostle Paul” are similar:
- Length 34 meters;
- Width 7.6 m;
- 15 pairs of oars to ensure maneuverability;
- Flat-bottomed body;
- The anti-boarding sides are curved inward at the top.
Russian masters and Peter himself in 1697 The frigate Peter and Paul was built in Holland.
The first ship to sail into the Black Sea was the Fortress. From the shipyard at the mouth of the Don in 1699:
- Length - 38 meters;
- Width - 7.5 m;
- Crew - 106 sailors;
- 46 guns.
In 1700, the first Russian battleship “God's Predestination”, intended for the Azov flotilla, left the Voronezh shipyard, and it was rebuilt by Russian craftsmen and engineers. This three-masted ship, equal to IV rank, had:
- Length 36 meters;
- Width 9 m;
- 58 guns (26x 16-pounder guns, 24x 8-pounder guns, 8x 3-pounder guns);
- A team of 250 sailors.
The sailing fleet is one of the founders of the modern maritime fleet. Around 3000 BC, rowing ships already had primitive sails, with which people used the power of the wind. The first sailing rig was a rectangular piece of cloth or animal skin tied to the yard of a short mast. Such a “sail” was used only in favorable winds and served as an auxiliary propulsion device for the vessel. However, with the development of society, the fleet also improved.
During the period of the feudal system, large rowing ships with two masts and several sails appeared, and the sails had already taken on more advanced forms. However, ships with sails did not receive much use at that time, since the development of the fleet in a slave-owning society was determined by the use of slave labor and the ships of that time still remained rowing. With the fall of feudalism, free labor gradually disappeared. The operation of large ships with a large number of oars became unacceptable. In addition, with the development of international maritime trade, the sailing areas of ships have also changed - sea voyages have become longer. There was a need for vessels of a new design capable of making long sea voyages. Such ships were sailing ships - naves, which had a length of up to 40 m and a carrying capacity of up to 500 tons of cargo. Later, three-masted sailing ships - carracks - appeared in Portugal, with straight sails on the first two masts and triangular lateen sails on the third mast. Subsequently, both types of ships merged into one type of more advanced sailing vessel, which served as a prototype for ships and frigates.
At the end of the 16th century, sailing ships - galleons - began to be built in Spain. These had a long bowsprit and four masts. The bow mast of the galleon carried two or three straight sails, and the stern mast carried oblique lateen sails.
At the end of the 18th century, in connection with new geographical discoveries and the subsequent growth of trade, the sailing fleet began to improve. began to build depending on their purpose. New types of cargo sailing ships have appeared that are suitable for long-distance travel. The most common among them were barques, brigs, and later two-masted schooners. With the continuous development of shipping at the end of the 18th century, the design and armament of sailing ships improved significantly. During this period, a unified classification of sailing ships and ships was established. Warships, depending on the number of guns and type of weapons, will be divided into battleships, frigates, corvettes and sloops. Depending on the sailing equipment, merchant ships were divided into ships, barques, brigs, schooners, brigantines and barquentines.
Currently, it is customary to classify them according to their sailing equipment. Depending on the type of sails, all sailing ships are divided into ships with direct sails, ships with oblique sails sailing equipment and vessels with mixed sailing equipment.
square-rigged ships
The first group of classification of sailing ships includes ships whose main sails are straight. In turn, this group, based on the number of masts armed with straight sails, is divided into the following types:
a) five-masted ship (five masts, with straight sails);
b) four-masted ship (four masts with straight sails)
ship (three masts with straight sails)
a) a five-masted barque (four masts with straight sails, one at the stern with slanting sails);
b) four-masted barque (three masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails)
a) barque (two masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails);
b) brig (two masts with straight sails)
ships with oblique sails
To the second group sailing ship classifications include vessels whose main sails are oblique sails. The predominant type of ships in this group are schooners, divided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda-rigged schooners. The main sails of gaff schooners are trysails. Topsail schooners, unlike gaff schooners, have topsails and topsails on the foremast, and sometimes on the mainmast.
b) two-masted topsail schooner (masts with forward sails and several upper square sails on the foremast) ;
V) three-masted topsail schooner - Jekas (all masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);
On a Bermuda-rigged schooner, the main sails are triangular shape, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one - to the boom.
Bermuda-rigged schooner
In addition to schooners, this group includes small seagoing single-masted vessels - tender and sloop, as well as two-masted vessels - ketch and iol. A tender is usually called a single-masted vessel with a horizontal retractable bowsprit.
Unlike a tender, a sloop has a short, permanently installed bowsprit. On the masts of both types of sailing ships, oblique sails (trisails and topsails) are installed.
a) tender (one mast with slanting sails);
b) sloop (one mast with slanting sails)
On ketch and lol type vessels, the forward mast is rigged in the same way as on a tender or sloop. The second mast, located closer to the stern, is small in size compared to the first, which is what distinguishes these ships from two-masted schooners.
a) ketch (two masts with slanting sails, and the mizzen - the mast is located in front of the helm);
b) iol (two masts with oblique sails, the smaller one - mizzen - is located behind the steering wheel)
mixed-rigged vessels
The third group of sailing ships uses straight and oblique sails as their main ones. Vessels in this group include:
a) brigantine (schooner-brig; one mast with straight sails and one with oblique sails);
b) barquentine (barque schooner; three- or more-masted vessels with straight sails on the front mast and slant sails on the rest)
a) bombard (one mast almost in the middle of the ship with straight sails and one shifted to the stern - with oblique sails);
b) caravel (three masts; the foremast with straight sails, the rest with lateen sails);
c) trabacollo (Italian: trabacollo; two masts with lugger, i.e., raked sails)
A ) shebek (three masts; fore and main masts with lateen sails, and a mizzen mast with slanting sails);
b) felucca (two masts inclined towards the bow, with lateen sails);
c) tartan (one mast with a large lateen sail)
a) bovo (Italian bovo; two masts: the front one with a lateen sail, the rear one with a gaff or lateen sail);
b) navisello (Italian navicello; two masts: the first is in the bow, strongly inclined forward, carries a trapezoidal sail,
attached to the mainmast; mainmast - with a lateen or other oblique sail);
c) balancella (Italian: biancella; one mast with a lateen sail)
cat (one mast with a gaff sail is strongly offset towards the bow)
lugger (three masts with raked sails, used in France for coastal navigation)
In addition to the listed sailing ships, there were also large seven-, five- and four-masted schooners, mostly of American origin, carrying only oblique sails.
In the middle of the 19th century, the sailing fleet reached its perfection. By improving designs and sailing weapons, shipbuilders created the most advanced type of ocean sailing ship -. This class was distinguished by speed and good seaworthiness.
clipper
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Sailing autonomy- the duration of a ship’s stay on a voyage without replenishment of fuel, provisions and fresh water necessary for the life and normal activities of the people on board the ship (crew and passengers).
The stern peak is the outermost aft compartment of the vessel, occupies the space from the leading edge of the sternpost to the first aft watertight bulkhead. Used as a ballast tank to trim the ship and store water reserves.
Ramp - (ramp) a composite platform designed for the entry of cars various types independently or with the help of special tractors from the shore to one of the decks of the ship and back.
The sternpost is the lower aft part of the vessel in the form of an open or closed frame, which serves as a continuation of the keel. The front branch of the sternpost, in which there is a hole for the stern tube (deadwood), is called the star post, the rear branch, which serves to attach the rudder, is called the rudder post. On modern single-screw ships, a sternpost without a rudder post has become widespread.
Tank - a superstructure at the bow end of the ship, starting from the stem. It serves to protect the upper deck from flooding in the oncoming wave, as well as to increase the reserve of buoyancy and accommodate service spaces (painting, skipper, carpentry, etc.). A tank partially recessed into the hull of the ship (usually half the height) is called a forecastle. Anchoring and mooring devices are usually located on the deck of the forecastle or inside it.
Ballast is a load taken onto a ship to ensure the required landing and stability when the payload and supplies are insufficient for this. There are variable and constant ballast. Water (liquid ballast) is usually used as variable ballast, and pig iron, a mixture of cement with cast iron shot, less often chains, stone, etc. are used as permanent ballast.
The rudder stock is a shaft fixedly connected to the rudder blade (attachment), which serves to rotate the rudder blade (attachment).
Beams - a beam of the transverse frame of a ship, predominantly of a T-profile, supporting the deck (platform) flooring. The beams of the solid sections of the deck rest with their ends on the frames, in the span - on the carlings and longitudinal bulkheads, in the area of the hatches - on the side frames and longitudinal coamings of the hatches (such beams are often called half-beams).
The side is the side wall of the ship's hull, extending along the length from the stem to the stern, and in height from the bottom to the upper deck. The side plating consists of sheets oriented along the ship, forming belts, and the set consists of frames and longitudinal stiffeners or side stringers. The height of the impermeable freeboard determines the reserve of buoyancy.
Bracket is a rectangular or more complex shaped plate that serves to reinforce the beams of a ship's frame or connect them to each other. The bracket is made from the material of the body.
Breshtuk is a horizontal triangular or trapezoidal bracket that connects the side walls of the stem (sternpost) and gives it the necessary strength and rigidity.
Windlass is a winch-type deck mechanism with a horizontal shaft, designed to lift the anchor and tension the cables during mooring.
A buoy is a floating navigational sign designed to protect dangerous places (shoals, reefs, banks, etc.) in seas, straits, canals, ports.
A bridle is an anchor chain attached at the root end to a dead anchor on the ground, and at the running end to the road mooring barrel.
Bulb is a thickening of the underwater part of the bow of a vessel, usually round or drop-shaped, which serves to improve propulsion.
Shaft line - designed to transmit torque (power) from the main engine to the propulsion unit. The main elements of the shaft line are: propeller shaft, intermediate shafts, main thrust bearing, support bearings, stern tube device.
Waterways is a special channel along the edge of the deck that serves to drain water.
Waterline is a line marked on the side of a ship, which shows its draft with a full load at the point of contact of the water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.
A swivel is a device for connecting two parts of an anchor chain, allowing one of them to rotate around its axis. It is used to prevent the anchor chain from twisting when turning a vessel at anchor when the wind direction changes.
Lightweight displacement- displacement of the vessel without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh, boiler water in tanks, provisions, Supplies, as well as without passengers, crew and their belongings.
Hook is a steel hook used on ships to lift cargo with cranes, booms and other devices.
Helmport - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or in the sternpost of the vessel for the passage of the rudder stock. A helm port pipe is usually installed above the helm port, ensuring the tightness of the passage of the stock to the steering gear.
Cargo capacity- the total volume of all cargo spaces. Cargo capacity is measured in m3.
Gross tonnage, measured in registered tons (1 registered t = 2.83 m3), represents the total volume of the hull premises and closed superstructures, with the exception of the volumes of the double bottom compartments, water ballast tanks, as well as the volumes of some service spaces and posts located on the top deck and above (wheelhouse and charthouse, galley, crew bathrooms, skylights, shafts, auxiliary machinery rooms, etc.)..
Net tonnage is obtained by deducting from the gross tonnage the volumes of premises unsuitable for the carriage of commercial cargo, passengers and supplies, including living, public and sanitary premises of the crew, premises occupied by deck machinery and navigational instruments, engine room, etc. In other words, net capacity includes only premises that bring direct income to the shipowner.
Load capacity- the weight of various types of cargo that the ship can transport, provided that the design landing is maintained. There is net tonnage and deadweight.
Load capacity- net gross weight of the payload transported by the ship, i.e. weight of cargo in holds and weight of passengers with luggage and intended for them fresh water and provisions, the mass of fish caught, etc., when loading the vessel according to the calculated draft.
Cruising range- the greatest distance that a ship can travel at a given speed without replenishing fuel, boiler feed water and lubricating oil.
Deadweight is the difference between the ship's displacement at the load waterline, corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard in water with a density of 1.025 t/m3, and the lightship displacement.
Stern tube- serves to support the propeller shaft and ensure watertightness in the place where it exits the hull.
Trim is the inclination of the vessel in the longitudinal plane. The trim characterizes the landing of the vessel and is measured by the difference in its draft (deepening) by the stern and bow. The trim is considered positive when the bow draft is greater than the stern draft, and negative when the stern draft is greater than the bow draft.
Kabeltov - a tenth of a mile. Therefore, the cable length is 185.2 meters.
Carlings are a longitudinal below-deck beam of a ship that supports beams and, together with the rest of the deck structure, ensures its strength under lateral loads and stability under general bending of the ship. The supports for the carlings are the transverse bulkheads of the hull, the transverse coamings of the hatches and the pillars.
Rolling is an oscillatory movement near an equilibrium position performed by a vessel freely floating on the surface of the water. There are roll, pitch and heave motions. The swing period is the duration of one complete oscillation.
Kingston - an outboard valve on the underwater part of the outer hull of a ship. Through the kingston, connected to the inlet or discharge pipes of ship systems (ballast, fire protection, etc.), the ship's compartments are filled with sea water and the water is discharged overboard.
The keel is the main longitudinal bottom beam in the centerline plane (DP) of the vessel, running from the stem to the sternpost.
Fairlead - an opening in the hull of a ship, bordered by a cast iron or steel cast frame for passing an anchor chain or mooring cables.
A bollard is a pair of pedestals with a common base on the deck of a ship, which serves to secure a mooring or towing cable laid in eights.
Coaming - a vertical waterproof fence around hatches and other openings in the deck of a ship, as well as the lower part of the bulkhead under the door opening (threshold). Protects the rooms under the hatch and behind the door from water ingress when not closed.
Knitsa - a triangular or trapezoidal plate connecting the beams of the ship's hull converging at an angle (frames with beams and floors, bulkhead posts with stringers and stiffeners, etc.)
A cofferdam is a narrow, impenetrable compartment separating adjacent rooms on a ship. The cofferdam prevents the penetration of gases emitted by petroleum products from one room to another. For example, on tankers, cargo tanks are separated by a cofferdam from the bow rooms and the engine room. Leer is a fencing of the open deck in the form of several stretched cables or metal rods.
Bilge is a recess along the length of the hold (compartment) of a ship between the bilge belt of the outer plating and the inclined double-bottom sheet (bilge stringer), designed to collect bilge water and subsequently remove it using a drainage system.
A nautical mile is a unit of length equal to one arc minute of the meridian. Length nautical miles taken equal to 1852 meters.
Payol - wooden flooring on the hold deck.
Gunwale - A strip of steel or wood attached to the top edge of a bulwark.
Podvolok - lining the ceiling of the residential and many service areas of the ship, i.e. the undersides of the deck slab. Made from thin metal sheets or non-flammable plastic.
Pillers - a single vertical post supporting the deck of a ship; can also serve as a support for heavy deck machinery and cargo. The ends of the pillars are connected to the beams of the set using brackets.
Spar - a set of above-deck structures and parts of ship equipment intended on ships with mechanical engines to accommodate ship lights, communications, surveillance and alarm equipment, fastening and supporting cargo devices (masts, booms, etc.), and on sailing ships - for setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, topmasts, yards, booms, gaffs, bowsprits, etc.)
Steering gear- a ship device that ensures the maneuverability and stability of the vessel on course. Includes rudder, tiller, steering gear and control station. The force created by the steering machine is transmitted to the tiller, which causes the stock to rotate, and with it the steering wheel to shift.
Rybins are longitudinal wooden slats, 40-50 mm thick and 100-120 mm wide, installed in special brackets welded to the frames. Designed to protect cargo from getting wet and damaging the packaging by on-board kit. The cheekbone is the transition point from the bottom to the side of the ship.
Stringer is a longitudinal element of a ship's hull in the form of a sheet or T-beam, the wall of which is perpendicular to the hull plating. There are bottom, bilge, side and deck stringers.
Lanyard - a device for tensioning standing rigging and lashings.
Tweendeck is the space inside the hull of a ship between 2 decks or between a deck and a platform.
Bulwark is a fencing of the open deck in the form of a solid wall with a height of at least 1 m.
Door panel - a sheet of plywood or plastic that covers the hole in the ship's door, intended for emergency exit from the room.
Floor is a steel sheet, the lower edge of which is welded to the bottom plating, and a steel strip is welded to the upper edge. The floras go from side to side, where they are connected to the frames by the zygomatic brackets.
Forepeak - the outermost bow compartment of the ship, extending from the stem to the collision (forepeak) bulkhead, usually serves as a ballast tank. The stem is a beam along the contour of the bow point of the vessel, connecting the plating and a set of starboard and port sides. At the bottom, the stem is connected to the keel. The stem is inclined towards the vertical to increase seaworthiness and prevent destruction of the underwater part of the hull upon impact.
Mooring line - a cable, usually with a fire at the end, designed to pull and hold a vessel at a pier or at the side of another vessel. Steel, as well as vegetable and synthetic cables made of strong, flexible and wear-resistant fibers are used as moorings.
Spacing is the distance between adjacent beams of a ship's hull frame. Transverse spacing is the distance between the main frames, longitudinal spacing is between the longitudinal beams.
Scupper - a hole in the deck for removing water.
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