Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	The concept of orthoepy.
Rubric (thematic category)	Literature

Orthoepy from Greek orthos - direct, correct, epos - speech.

This is a set of rules of normative literary pronunciation.

The section of linguistics that studies these rules of Russian orthoepy establishes norms for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as norms and rules for placing emphasis (accentology).

The basic norms for the pronunciation of the Russian literary language developed in the 17th century, but only towards the end of the 19th century did these norms become nationwide. The transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg (early 18th century) is associated with the emergence of St. Petersburg pronunciation in Russian orthoepy.

There are high, neutral and colloquial styles outside the literary norms of the colloquial style.

High – slow and careful pronunciation (theater).

Neutral - ϶ᴛᴏ our everyday speech in compliance with all orthoepic norms at a faster pace of pronunciation.

Colloquial characterized by great emotionality, an even faster pace and less strict adherence to the rules of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy - ϶ᴛᴏ a set of speech rules that establish uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy studies variants of the pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops orthoepic recommendations and rules for the use of these variants.

By allowing several options, orthoepy indicates the place each of these options occupies in literary pronunciation. Pronunciation options may belong to different styles.

So for high The style is characterized by ekanye: in [e and ] sleep, vz[e and ]la

pronunciation of unstressed [o] nocturne,

hard consonant before e – prog [e] ss, [de] duction.

IN neutral style is pronounced:

in [and] sleep, in [and] la

n[a]cturne

prog" [e] ss, [d" induction].

IN colloquial speech there is a loss of vowels and consonants: wire - provo [lk] a, some - not [kt] ory, in general - in [a] general, thousand - [tysh], when - [kada].

Orthoepy - ϶ᴛᴏ branch of linguistics that studies the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds, as well as the peculiarities of the pronunciation of sounds in any grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features.

At the root of the traditional orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language lies the so-called Moscow vernacular, which developed as a result of the interaction of North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects.

For example, from the southern Great Russian dialects in the literary language came akanye (non-difference in 1 pre-stressed syllable [a] [o]), and from the northern Great Russian dialects - the pronunciation of the plosive [g].

Established by the 17th century as a fairly uniform system, Moscow pronunciation over time becomes exemplary for all of Russia.

At the same time, Moscow pronunciation was subjected to different time noticeable influence of pronunciation features characteristic of individual large cultural centers.

This is how pronunciation features developed that were unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Thus, under the influence of St. Petersburg pronunciation, soft back-lingual consonants [g "k "x"] in the forms of adjectives became widespread in the literary language: strict, loud, quiet, instead of the old Moscow norm of pronunciation of hard consonants.

With the development and strengthening of the national Russian language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms.

The Old Russian orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved in its basic features to the present day, but in a number of cases the literary norms were subjected to various reasons changes.

Sources of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation.

1. The main source of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is the native dialect of the speaker.

For example, speakers of southern Russian dialects often violate the literary norm by pronouncing the fricative [Ɣ] instead of the plosive [g].

2. The second reason for deviation from literary pronunciation is writing, since we become familiar with the literary language through writing, through reading literature, which leads to pronunciation in accordance with what is written.

For example, as a result of letter-by-letter pronunciation, you can hear [ch"] in the words: what, so, boring, of course. But on the other hand, deviations can gain the right to exist and then become the source of the development of variants of norms: I dare [s] and I dare [ With"].

3. Deviations from literary pronunciation are also caused by the influence of the phonetic system of another language: Ukrainian li[dm]i.

Orthoepic standards in the region. vowels.

1. In literary pronunciation, akanye predominates - non-difference or coincidence in 1 pre-stressed syllable of the consonants [o], [a]. We always pronounce [s/sna] [d/bro].

2. hiccup – coincidence of [a, o, e] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [and e]: [v "and e / sleep].

3. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of [o, a] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after hissing [zh, sh, ts].

According to Old Moscow norms, the sound y should be pronounced here, which is preserved in some words: [zhy e / let], to sozh [y e] leniya, losh [y e] dey, zh [y e]ket, twenty [y e] ti .

In most cases, according to modern standards, it is pronounced: walk, cap, queen...

4. Proclitics and enclitics may not obey the norms of vowel reduction:

those forests [t"e/l" and e/sa]

you and I [you d/a]

Pronunciation of consonants.

1.Look at the topic “Positioning the alternation of consonant sounds”.

2. The sound [g] in Russian is plosive and at the end of words it changes to [k]: [druk] [ispuk]

Exception: [bokh] [ɣ o/ spъ /d "i].

3. All consonants before [e] become soft: [be/lyi] [t "em] [mu/z "ei].

In some foreign words, consonant sounds remain hard: par [te] r, o [te] l.

It is extremely important to check the hardness and softness of the pronunciation of consonants using spelling dictionaries.

Pronunciation of consonant combinations.

1. In place of the orthoepic combinations [chn] in a number of words it is pronounced [shn]: of course, on purpose, laundry birdhouse, Ilyinichna.

In some words, in addition to the old Moscow pronunciation, a new, letter-by-letter pronunciation is also possible: [chn] - bakery, milk, buckwheat.

But in most cases, particularly in book words and in new formations, it is pronounced [chn]: scientific, milky, flowing, filming.

2. In the word ʼʼwhatʼʼ and its derivatives it is pronounced [w]: something, something.

An exception is the word ʼʼsomethingʼʼ, and in the word ʼʼnothingʼʼ two pronunciations are possible.

3.Combinations tts, ts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, pronounced as [ts]:

[/tsy] [bra/ tsy] [two/ ts't "].

4.Combinations ts at the junction of verb endings and suffixes Xia pronounced as [ts]: I dare [ts] a.

Combinations ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tstv, dstv) at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as [ts] without longitude: bra [ts]ky, city [ts] koy.

5. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced like [h]: pilot [l "o/chik].

6. Combinations сч, зч at the junction of a root and a suffix are pronounced as [ш] or [шч]: scribe, customer.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, boa, bolero.

2. Previously, in the Russian language there could only be soft consonants before [e] (except sh, zh, ts). Now this pattern is dying out - in many borrowed words only hard consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, delta, cafe.

In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - with hard and soft consonants: gene [e] tika, dean, tent.

3. When identical consonants are combined at the junction of morphemes, a double (long) consonant is usually pronounced: push away, import, push.

Topic No. 17. Graphics.

Plan.

1. The concept of graphics.

2.Alphabets of Russian languages.

3.Syllabic principle of Russian graphics.

4. The relationship between letters and sounds. Letter meanings.

The concept of orthoepy. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of orthoepy." 2017, 2018.

(Greek orthos - direct, correct and epos - speech) is a set of rules oral speech, establishing uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system, for example, the pronunciation of [shn] in place of the combination chn (sku [sh]no) or [v ] in place g at the end of th - - his (that - that [v]o, his - e [v]o).

In normal colloquial pronunciation There are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often the native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, letter pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okanye, and for southerners - the pronunciation of the [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter g at the end of gender. pad. adjectives with the sound [g], and in place of h (in words, of course, that) the sound [h] is explained by the “literal” pronunciation, which in in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traversed by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important features colloquial language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, Moscow pronunciation became an expression of the national pronunciation. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation:

“The Moscow dialect is rightly preferred to others not only for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty...”

Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were adopted there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features developed that were unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. At the same time, there was no complete unity in Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic overtones.

With the development and strengthening national language Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. This name indicates the importance of realistic theater in developing pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.

In the formation of literary pronunciation, an exceptional role belongs to radio broadcasting, television and sound cinema, which serve a powerful tool spreading literary pronunciation and maintaining its unity.

The pronunciation system of the modern literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between the first and second are of a particular nature. The changes and fluctuations that have arisen in modern literary pronunciation concern mainly the pronunciation of individual words and their groups, as well as individual grammatical forms. So, for example, pronunciation soft sound[s] in the affix -s - -sya (my [s"], soap [s"b]) with the old norm (moyu [s"] - soap [s"b]) does not make any changes to the consonant system phonemes of the modern Russian language. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant of the affix - s - - sya (boyu [s]) as a modern orthoepic norm brings pronunciation closer to writing, which was not the case with the old pronunciation variant (boyu [s]), and therefore is quite advisable.

An example of a new pronunciation variant that makes a change in the phonetic system of the language is the pronunciation of a long hard one in place of a long soft ["]: along with [vo"i], [dro"i] they pronounce vo ы, dro ы. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant introduces a change in the phonetic system of the language frees it from the isolated element ["], which is not organically connected with the consonant system as a whole. This replacement makes the phonetic system of the modern Russian language more consistent and integral and serves as an example of its improvement.

The examples given show that the new pronunciation options are unequal. If they improve the pronunciation system and give it greater consistency, then they turn out to be viable and have a basis for consolidation as an orthoepic norm. Otherwise, the pronunciation option gradually dies out.

The differentiation of styles in the literary language in the field of vocabulary and grammar is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: conversational style and public (book) speech style. Conversational style- this is ordinary speech, dominant in everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The lack of a focus on perfect pronunciation in this style leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [about s"ut] and [about s"yt], [vysoky] and [vysokoy]. The book style finds expression in different forms public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation variations.

In cases where differences in pronunciation are due solely to the area of ​​phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete). The full style is characterized by clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow speech rate. The conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, naturally, less careful articulation of sounds.

Introduction

1. Orthoepy as a science

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

3. Variation of stress (accentological aspect)

4. Accentological options

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation modern trends Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies allow you to study this topic using new approaches.

The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the areas of linguistics, allows us to look for an answer to long-existing expressions (their correctness and incorrectness of pronunciation).

The invasion of Rus' by enemies was the reason sudden changes in pronunciation and writing of words and phrases. Much during the historical period of development was erased by time and irrelevant; Russian reforms made it possible to more actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.

Modern Russian language, which has a long history historical background should reflect both words from European languages ​​and a historical background.

The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.

1. Orthoepy as a science

Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

The word orthoepia is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both a set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the study of the norms of oral speech: the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress placement.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. “The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener's attention from the content of the statement, thereby complicating the exchange of information... Role correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people.”

It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means interethnic communication of all peoples, Russia and one of the international languages ​​of our time.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, and regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the central figure in the spread of spelling skills was and remains school teacher. Therefore, a student at a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm is developing in the field of stress and pronunciation, and be able to distinguish variants of the norm from non-normative, incorrect pronunciation.

2. Development of Russian orthoepy

Russian literary pronunciation developed gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm was finally formed by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.

By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation also formed. If Moscow pronunciation was based on characteristic features living folk language and was supported by theatrical tradition (the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation was the Maly Theater), then St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing features in oral speech, bookishness, and “literalism.” In addition, the St. Petersburg pronunciation was affected by some features of the Northern Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekanye. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater and did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.

Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence on oral literary speech of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers as Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, there were pronunciation variations, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of spelling norms.

After October change social composition Russian intelligentsia was caused by a temporary weakening of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture they gradually acquired the pronunciation norms of the literary language. Currently spelling standards became more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation variants has decreased. All kinds of pronunciation “idioms” have disappeared or are gradually disappearing, that is, special pronunciation of individual words or their forms that do not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This was due to the loss of many specific features pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.

The result was a convergence of Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When people nowadays talk about the “Moscow norm,” they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It was preserved in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 20s and 30s. XX century, but in the post-war period it underwent intensive processing. Now even Moscow theater actors and radio and television announcers are noticeably moving away from specifically Moscow norms.

Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still remain, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of the pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad ekanye is sometimes still found, cf.: [р'ие]ка and [р 'e]ka, [p'i e]middle and [p'e]middle; in Moscow, assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z"d"e]s, [s"n"a]t; stronger is the reduction of vowels of non-upper rise: [gъл ^ ва], [gorъt].

In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, a rounded pronunciation may still be preserved.

However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and generally do not affect modern orthoepy.

Thus, the main pattern of development of pre-modern Russian orthoepy is the elimination local peculiarities pronunciation, establishment of uniform orthoepic standards for all speakers of the Russian literary language.

The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases becomes closer to writing. This is due to the strengthening of the public role writing under the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily due to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w) and [z] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, naughty, steps); the pronunciation of soft back-lingual ones before [i] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare away, wave) ; distinction in pronunciation of 3rd person endings plural verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they will say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [zh:] in the roots of words (reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of soft [s"] in the postfix -sya (-s) (decided, took a bath, bathed).

3. Variation of holding

(accentological aspect)

The diversity and mobility of the Russian accent create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of the Russian accent make it possible to use it to distinguish between different words (homographs) that have the same spelling: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ushko (a term of endearment for the word ear) and ushko (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), baldly (cut) and baldly (keep the checkers bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): the dress wrinkles in the "shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), pickaxe (Protestant church) and pickaxe (tool); fells (a lumberjack fells a pine tree) and knocks down (people are falling down the street, smoke is pouring out, snow); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowards ( afraid) and cowardly (runs, jogs), submerged (on the platform) and submerged (in the water), etc.

Using the place of stress, grammatical forms of words that coincide in spelling (homoforms) are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); will not shake hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. plural); trim ( perfect view) - trim ( imperfect species); load (indicative mood) - load ( imperative mood); coat is small (short form of adjective) - slept little (adverb); around (TV of the noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerund); stand freely (adverb, circumstance) - he was free to leave (state category, predicate); it’s tricky to say (adverb, circumstance) - it’s tricky to figure it out (category of state, part of the predicate to figure it out).

Being an important distinctive means, Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech and promotes its rhythmic organization. In particular, thanks to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by its exceptional richness of rhythms and the variety of musical construction of verse.

Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in Everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepia?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech is what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such addresses are especially often used in work environments and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established method of use in oral speech.

• Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. For men, a short version is also acceptable: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
• On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
• In female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, [ov] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same way as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In the Russian language, stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

• provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring of words (Silver - Serebro) and the emergence of professionalisms (Kompas - Kompas);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change morphological features words (pines - pines).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The emphasis and its correct placement are too broad and complex topic, therefore it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and socially accepted rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for a literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

It is customary to distinguish between different spelling norms: “senior” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation of bulo[sh]aya, myag[ky], [z`v`]er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo[chn]aya, soft[k`y], [zv`]vr.

The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of the unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]net, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing the unstressed sound [o] with the sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]net, n[a]cturn.

The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the pronunciation features of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which presents 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.

To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; spelling of individual grammatical forms; spelling of borrowed words.

Norms of orthoepy. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (v[o]du - v[a]da, t[o]chit - t[a]chit); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m[ya]so - m[i]snoy, v[yo]l - v[i]la, l[e]z - get in); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[p], moro[z]y - moro[s]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants (ru[b]it - ru[p]ka, slide - how much [s]ko), and voiceless consonants before voiced ones change to voiced (ko[s]it - goat, molo [t]it - young [d]ba). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. Thus, in words of foreign language origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de]kada, [te]mp), sometimes soft (for example, [d] "e]claration, [t"e]perament, mu[z"e]y). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[ch"n]aya and bulo[sh]aya, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to say kone[sh"o, and not kone[h"n]o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: correctly pronounce document, not document, started, not started, zvont, not zvnit, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o]da, and not in [a]da), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a]su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “yakayat”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south - “akayat” and “yakayat” (they say v[a] ]da, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More details in the specified source

The term “orthoepy” is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of words: norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (spelling rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which promotes fast and easy linguistic communication. The rules of orthoepy have a long history and usually emerge as language norms late, when various forms of public speech develop and the share of oral speech in the life of society increases. Great importance in the development of literary pronunciation there was a theater that preserved the norms of orthoepy in its purest form. Stage speech in many languages ​​is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound cinema, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features back in the first half of the 17th century as norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; Only some private rules have changed.