Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky(March 31, 1839, village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province - October 20, 1888, Karakol) - Russian traveler and naturalist. Undertook several expeditions to Central Asia. In 1878 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. Major General (since 1886).
Born on April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimborovo in the family of retired lieutenant Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky. The place where the village of Kimborovo was located is located four kilometers from the village of Murygino, Pochinkovsky district, Smolensk region. A memorial sign has been installed here.
Przhevalsky belonged to a noble family that had the coat of arms “Silver Bow and Arrow, turned upward on the Red Field,” granted for military exploits in the battle with Russian troops during the capture of Polotsk by the army of Stefan Batory.
A distant ancestor of Nikolai Mikhailovich was a warrior of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Karnil Perevalsky, a Cossack who distinguished himself in the Livonian War.
After completing a course at the Smolensk gymnasium in 1855, Przhevalsky became a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment in Moscow; Having received an officer rank, he transferred to the 28th Polotsk Infantry Regiment. Then he entered the General Staff School. At this time, his first works appeared: “Memoirs of a Hunter” and “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region,” for which in 1864 he was elected a full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. After graduating from the Academy, he volunteered for Poland to participate in the suppression of the Polish uprising. Subsequently occupying the position of teacher of history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School, Przhevalsky studied the epic of African travels and discoveries, became acquainted with zoology and botany, and compiled a geography textbook published in Beijing.
Since 1867, he made expeditions throughout the Ussuri region and Central Asia. Having completed the processing of the fourth trip, Przhevalsky was preparing for the fifth. In 1888, he moved through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where, while hunting in the valley of the Kara-Balta River, after drinking river water, contracted typhoid fever. On the way to Karakol, Przhevalsky felt ill, and upon arrival in Karakol he fell completely ill. A few days later he died. He was buried on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. Fulfilling the last will of the deceased, they chose a flat place for his ashes, on the eastern steep shore of the lake, between the mouths of the Karakol and Karasuu rivers, 12 km from the city of Karakol. Due to the hardness of the soil, soldiers and Cossacks dug the grave for two days; two coffins: one wooden and the other iron - for the outside.
Travel and research activities
In 1867, Przhevalsky received a business trip to the Ussuri region. Along the Ussuri River he reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka, which served as a station during bird migration and provided him with material for ornithological observations. In winter, he explored the South Ussuri region, covering 1,060 versts (about 1,100 km) in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Lake Khanka, then pacified Chinese robbers in Manchuria, for which he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur region. The results of his first trip were the essays “On the Foreign Population in the Southern Part of the Amur Region” and “Travel to the Ussuri Region.”
In 1872, Przhevalsky made his first trip to Central Asia. From Beijing he moved to the northern shore of Lake Dalai Nor, then, after resting in Kalgan, he explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Huang He), showing that it does not have a branch, as previously thought on the basis Chinese sources; Having passed through the Ala Shan desert and the Alashan Mountains, he returned to Kalgan, having traveled 3,500 versts (about 3,700 kilometers) in 10 months. In 1872, he moved to Lake Kuku-Nor, intending to penetrate the Tibetan Plateau, then through the Tsaidam Desert he reached the upper reaches of the Blue River (Mur-Usu). After an unsuccessful attempt to cross Tibet, in 1873, through the central part of the Gobi, Przhevalsky returned to Kyakhta through Urga. The result of the trip was the essay “Mongolia and the Country of the Tanguts.” Over the course of three years, Przhevalsky walked 11,000 versts (about 11,700 km).
In 1876, Przhevalsky undertook a second journey from Kulja to the Ili River, through the Tien Shan and the Tarim River to Lake Lob-Nor, to the south of which he discovered the Altyn-Tag ridge; he spent the spring of 1877 on Lob-Nor, watching the migration of birds and doing ornithological research, and then returned to Gulja through Kurla and Yuldus. The illness forced him to stay in Russia longer than planned, during which time he wrote and published the work “From Kulja to the Tien Shan and to Lob-Nor.”
In 1879, he set out from the city of Zaisan on his third journey at the head of a detachment of 13 people. Along the Urungu River through the Hami oasis and through the desert to the Sa-Zheu oasis, through the Nan Shan ridges into Tibet, and reached the valley of the Blue River (Mur-Usu). The Tibetan government did not want to let Przhevalsky into Lhasa, and the local population was so excited that Przhevalsky, having crossed the Tang-La pass and being only 250 miles from Lhasa, was forced to return to Urga. Returning to Russia in 1881, Przhevalsky gave a description of his third trip. He described a new species of horse, previously unknown to science, later named in his honor (Equus przewalskii).
In 1883, he undertook a fourth voyage, leading a detachment of 21 people. From Kyakhta he moved through Urga along the old route to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue Rivers, and from there he went through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to the city of Karakol (Przhevalsk). The journey ended only in 1886.
In any conditions, every day N.M. Przhevalsky kept a personal diary, which formed the basis of his books. N. M. Przhevalsky had a brilliant writing gift, which he developed through persistent and systematic work.
Scientific merits
Przhevalsky's greatest achievements are the geographical and natural-historical study of the Kun-Lun mountain system, the ridges of Northern Tibet, the Lob-Nor and Kuku-Nor basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms of animals: the wild camel, Przewalski's horse, the Himalayan bear, a number of new species of other mammals, and also collected huge zoological and botanical collections, containing many new forms, which were later described by specialists. The Academy of Sciences and scientific societies around the world welcomed Przhevalsky's discoveries. The British Royal Geographical Society named Nikolai Przhevalsky “the most outstanding traveler” in the world. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences awarded Przhevalsky a medal with the inscription: “To the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia.”
According to A.I. Voeikov, Przhevalsky was one of the largest climatologists of the 19th century.
Personality
In adulthood, N. M. Przhevalsky was absolutely indifferent to ranks, titles and awards and was equally partial to living research work. The traveler's passion was hunting, and he himself was a brilliant shooter.
Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born traveler-wanderer, who preferred the lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Thanks to his persistent, decisive character, he overcame the opposition of Chinese officials and the resistance of local residents, which sometimes reached open attacks and skirmishes.
Family
Brother Vladimir is a famous Moscow lawyer. Brother Evgeniy is a famous mathematician.
Addresses in St. Petersburg
- 1881-2014 - furnished rooms I. Ts. Loshevich - Stolyarny Lane, 6
Addresses in the Moscow region
- 1882-2014 - Estate in the village. Konstantinovo, Domodedovo urban district, Moscow region
The first mention of the village of Konstantinovo dates back to the 16th century; until the mid-17th century it belonged to the famous boyar family of the Golovins. The estate changed a large number of owners, among them Prince Romodanovsky, Count Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin, Colonel Lopukhin, Tatishchev, and finally, under Ivan Fedorovich Pokhvisnev, the estate ensemble that has survived to this day was created.
In 1882, the estate came into the possession of the brother of the famous Russian traveler and geographer Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. The family owned the estate until 1917.
In 1905, Przhevalsky’s widow, Sofia Alexandrovna, drew up an insurance policy for an estate in Podolsk district, 4 miles from Domodedovo station near the village of Konstantinovo. In addition to a detailed inventory of buildings and their assessment, the insurance file had a plan of the estate, which showed all the estate's residential, non-residential, and outbuildings, as well as a pond with a dam, a landscape park and a formal garden. The main house was described in sufficient detail: “... stone, one-story with a mezzanine, mezzanines and a basement under vaults, covered with iron, with a stone terrace on columns...”, “... the house was heated by 10 Dutch tiled stoves...”. During the restoration of the manor complex in 1990, data from this particular document were used.
Now the estate is in a deplorable state - in many places the plaster has fallen off, exposing the wooden frame. Some of the windows were broken and filled with pieces of plywood. On weekends, the gate is locked, but on the left side of the estate there are a couple of passages in a dilapidated wire fence.
Addresses in Karakol
- Karizhensky House - Dzerzhinsky (Dzhamansariev) Street, 156.
Awards
- Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class. (1866);
- Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class. (1881);
- Austrian Order of Leopold, Knight's Cross (1874).
- Large gold Constantine medal - the highest award of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1868)
- Small silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society for an article on the population of Primorye
- Certificate of Honor from the International Geographical Congress in Paris
- Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society
- Order of the Academic Palms (France)
- Great Alexander Humboldt Gold Medal of the Berlin Geographical Society
- Royal Medal of the London Geographical Society (1879)
- Vega Medal of the Stockholm Geographical Society
- Grand Gold Medal of the Italian Geographical Society
- Gold personalized medal with the inscription: “To the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Honorary titles
- Honorary citizen of Smolensk (1881)
- Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg
- Corresponding Member of the Berlin Geographical Society
- honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878) and the Botanical Garden
- honorary member of St. Petersburg University
- honorary member of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists
- honorary member of the Ural Society of Natural History Lovers
- honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society
- Honorary Doctor of Zoology, Moscow University
- honorary member of the Vienna Geographical Society
- honorary member of the Italian Geographical Society
- honorary member of the Dresden Geographical Society
- honorary member of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography
Memory
- Named in memory of the researcher:
- geographical objects: Przhevalsky Ridge, discovered by him; glacier in Altai, etc.;
- a number of species of animals and plants, including Przewalski's horse, Przewalski's pied, Przewalski's buzulnik;
- the city of Karakol, in Kyrgyzstan, from 1889 to 1922 and from 1939 to 1992 bore the name Przhevalsk;
- the village of Przhevalskoye in the Smolensk region, in which the traveler’s estate was located;
- Przhevalsky streets in Moscow, Minsk, Irkutsk, Smolensk and other cities;
- gymnasium named after N. M. Przhevalsky, Smolensk;
- in the Primorsky Territory, a mountain system was named in honor of N. M. Przhevalsky - the Przhevalsky Mountains, a cave near the city of Nakhodka and a rock massif in the Partizanskaya River basin.
- passenger motor ship of project 860 of the Amur River Shipping Company.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - quotes
“Basically, you have to be born a traveler.” 
“The traveler has no memory” (about the need to keep a diary).
“Travel would lose half its charm if it were impossible to talk about it.”
“And the world is beautiful because you can travel.”
In Central Asia, I left a lot of offspring - not in the literal sense, of course, but figuratively: Lop Nor, Kukunar, Tibet and so on - these are my brainchildren.
This search work Mikhail Vladimirovich wrote about the Przhevalsky family before last minutes own life. Many things are seen differently today. But in the late 90s this was a guideline for us.
ROAD OF PRZHEVALSKY
The Przhevalskys descend from the Zaporozhye Cossack Kornila Anisimovich Paravalsky. Having risen to the rank of captain of the Cossack banner (detachment), Kornila Przhevalsky took part in the battles of Polotsk and Velikiye Luki; for his courage and bravery, King Stefan Batory granted him the Polish nobility and coat of arms in 1581. For his valiant service, Kornil Przhevalsky received from the Vitebsk governor and headman of Velizh and Surozh Nikolai Sapieha five villages (Shishtsenka, Yudunevskaya, Ostrovskaya in the Vitebsk voivodeship, Pustovskaya, Bobovaya Luka in the Velizh volost), which were approved for him by King Sigismund III. Kornila Przhevalsky was married to Maria Mitkovna (i.e. Dmitrievna) and had two sons - Bogdan and Gabriel, and the latter also left two sons - Leonty and Gregory.
Grigory Przhevalsky married Kristina Gostilovich in 1666 and received as her dowry half of the estate Skuratovo, Romanovo, Zamerzino in Vitebsk Povet. They had three sons: Leon, Jan (Ivan) and Lavrenty. The children were raised in the spirit of the Orthodox religion. Lavrenty also had three sons: Martyn, Dmitry and Anton. Martin had sons Anthony and Tomas (Foma).
Tomas (Thomas) Przewalski was married to Marfa Petrovna and had five children: Nicholas, Franz the Greater and Franz the Lesser, daughter Maria and son Casimir. Franz the Great was a major, distinguished himself in the war of 1812 near Tarutino, for which he was awarded the Order of Anna, 3rd class (later it was 4th class). He took part in the battles near Maly Yaroslavets and Vyazma, was wounded near Dorogobuzh, after recovery, he participated in foreign campaigns and was wounded a second time in 1813.
Kazimir (Kuzma) Przhevalsky (another son of Thomas) was brought up in a Jesuit college in Polotsk, but without completing the course, he fled from the school and converted to Orthodoxy, taking the name Kuzma. Orthodoxy was preserved for a long time in the Przhevalsky family. Perhaps Kuzma’s parents converted to Catholicism, but we don’t know for sure. In his younger years, Kuzma lived on the family estate Skuratov, Vitebsk Voivodeship, married Varvara Terentyevna Krasovskaya, had sons Hieronymus, Mikhail, Alexei and daughters Elena and Agrafena.
Kuzma Przhevalsky in 1818 was in the service in the city of Staritsa as a supervisory assistant, then he was awarded the rank of clerical officer and transferred to the same position in Vyshny Volochok, and in 1822 - to Vesyegonsk, in the same year he retired. In 1824 he was assigned to the office of the Tver Noble Deputy Assembly, where he remained until 1826. In 1825, he was included in the 6th part of the genealogical book of the Tver province, and had the rank of collegiate registrar. In 1835, Kuzma Fomich was the manager of the estate of the landowner Palibin in Elninsky district. Kuzma Fomich died in 1842.
BRANCH "MIKHAILOVICH"
Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky born 1803. At the age of fourteen he entered the former 4th Carabinieri Regiment as a cadet, was promoted to cadet harness in the same year, and 3 years later (at the age of 17) he retired. In January of the following 1821, he again entered service, first in the Borodino, then in the Belevsky infantry regiments. In 1824 he was promoted to ensign and transferred to the Estland Regiment. In 1834, already with the rank of lieutenant, he was transferred to the Nevsky Marine Regiment. While participating in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1831, he fell ill with eye inflammation and lung disease. He was treated at the clinic at the Vilna Medical-Surgical Academy. The treatment was unsuccessful, and it became impossible to remain in military service. Dismissed on May 10, 1835, with a pension of 2/3 of his salary, Mikhail Kuzmich, being only 32 years old, settled with his father on the Palibins’ estate in Elninsky district.
Not far from the estate was the village of Kimborovo, which belonged to Alexei Stepanovich Karetnikov, whose daughter Mikhail Kuzmich fell in love with.
At first, the Karetnikov family did not like Mikhail Kuzmich very much. He was not good-looking: tall, thin and pale, his eyes were cloudy and cloudy. Elena's parents for a long time did not agree to marry their daughter to a retired infantry officer, considering such a marriage a misalliance compared to the marriage of older daughters. But in 1838 the marriage took place. We got married in the church of the nearest village of Lobkova, and celebrated the wedding in Kimborovo. Here in Kimborovo, on March 31, 1839, the first son, Nikolai, was born - later a famous traveler, and on June 6, 1840, the second son, Vladimir, was born in the future, a famous lawyer. The third son, Evgeniy, was born on January 15, 1844 - in his mature years he would become a famous mathematician. Daughter Elena was born on May 17, 1846. After the birth of his second son, Karetnikov allocated for his daughter from the Kimborovsky estate a farm with the villages of Malanina (Tserkovishchi also) and Rakovichi. A farm was a lonely building that stood in the middle of the forest and was located one and a half miles from Kimborovo. It was difficult to live in such a house with young children. The situation of the young Przhevalskys was extremely difficult until Elena Przhevalskaya (nee Karetnikova) received 2,500 rubles from the will of her deceased sister (who was married to Zavadovsky). With this money, an estate was built, called Otradnoe. The Przhevalskys moved here in 1843. Three years later, in October 1846, at the age of 42, Mikhail Kuzmich died. The eldest son was seven years old, the youngest daughter was five months old. All the brothers loved their little sister very much, and if she cried, all three would run to her and try to calm her down as best they could. Even as teenagers, the boys told their mother: “Don’t be afraid that she is poor. We will all learn and serve and work, and if she gets married, we will all join in and make her a dowry.”
Most During his life, Evgeniy Mikhailovich taught mathematics and mechanics at the 3rd Alexander Military School. He was a military man and went from ensign to lieutenant general. He was a holder of the Order of St. Anne 2nd and 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degree. He had a medal in memory of the sacred coronation of Their Imperial Majesties (1884).
Evgeny Mikhailovich was born on January 15, 1844 in the Otradnoye estate, Smolensk province. Military education Evgeniy received his education at the Alexandrinsky Orphaned Moscow Cadet Corps. At the age of 26, he married the daughter of the provincial secretary, a noblewoman of the Moscow province, Maria Fedorovna Panteleeva, and a year later their daughter Elena was born. Yevgeny Mikhailovich did not have his own house in Moscow; he and his family lived in rented apartments in the Arbat area.
Evgeniy Mikhailovich had the Podosinka estate in Vereisky district, from this district he was a deputy of the Moscow Noble Deputy Assembly. Like his brothers Vladimir and Nikolai, Evgeniy Mikhailovich was a member of many societies and committees. Before last days throughout his life he was engaged in social activities. Evgeniy Mikhailovich died at the age of 81 on September 10, 1925 and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. There is no information about Evgeniy Mikhailovich’s wife. Little is known about Evgeny Mikhailovich’s daughter Elena Evgenievna. In Sofia Alekseevna's letters to her son there are references to Elena Evgenievna (Lyala), dating back to the period of her upcoming marriage (November 1892 - May 1893). The wedding took place on May 17, 1893.
The groom - Gardner - "a sedate gentleman, 31 years old, a zemstvo chief. Lives in the Ryazan province... When they blessed Lyalya, letting her leave the house, her uncle (that is, her father Evgeny Mikhailovich) cried so much that I did too (Sofya Alekseevna Przhevalskaya ) couldn’t resist, and after seeing Lyalya off, my uncle walked along the platform, sobbing and not understanding anything.” Elena Evgenievna did not live with her husband for long, separated and returned to Moscow to her parents. Children from E.E. did not have. Elena Evgenievna died on March 4, 1945 at the age of 73, and was buried, like her father, at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (senior) (1869-1919).
Vladimir Vladimirovich is the only son of the famous lawyer Vladimir Mikhailovich and the only nephew of the great traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich. Of the three sons of Mikhail Kuzmich (Nikolai, Vladimir and Evgeniy), only Vladimir Mikhailovich continued the Przhevalsky family.
Vladimir Vladimirovich was born on October 6, 1869 in Moscow. In 1880 he entered the first class of the 1st men's gymnasium and graduated in 1887. After graduating from high school, he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. In 1891 he completed a full course of legal sciences with a 1st degree diploma and was left at the university “to prepare for a professorship in the department of criminal law.” Soon he was sent abroad for academic purposes, and for three years Vladimir Vladimirovich lived abroad, attending lectures at European universities.
His mother Sofya Alekseevna regularly sent her son parcels (sweets, chocolate, caramel, caviar, whitefish, prunes) and gave advice on how to behave and what to buy.
Abroad, Vladimir Vladimirovich studied the criminal legislation of Switzerland, which upon his return he made a report on at a meeting of the Moscow Law Society. He published a number of legal essays, passed "the prescribed tests", and in 1893 he was awarded the title of senior candidate. At the end of 1894, he was given the right to independently conduct investigative actions in the 5th precinct of Moscow and was promoted to titular councilor. Then Vladimir Vladimirovich was a district judge in Moscow, an honorary magistrate in the Moscow City Duma and in the Podolsk district. His ranks “grew” from collegiate assessor in 1899 to full state councilor in 1903.
Since 1900, Vladimir Vladimirovich, like his father, has been a sworn attorney and has a free practice as a lawyer. For many years (from 1903 to 1917) V.V. did a lot of work as a member of the Moscow City Duma. He was on the following commissions under the City Duma: organizational (chairman), financial, on general issues of the city structure, on consideration of complaints, and was a member of the Meeting of Public Lawyers.
Vladimir Vladimirovich devoted a lot of mental energy and time to charitable activities, and was also a member or chairman of many societies and committees.
V.V. Przhevalsky was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree (1913), a light bronze medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov (1913), the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree (1915), a silver breastplate a sign in memory of the 50th anniversary of provincial and district institutions (1914), an anniversary sign of the Imperial Humane Society (1914).
Vladimir Vladimirovich married at the age of 38 the daughter of a manufacturer, Lyubov Nikolaevna Lukutina. The wedding took place on January 21, 1907 in the Church of the Eye Hospital on Tverskaya. After the wedding there was lunch in Vladimir Vladimirovich’s own house (B. Molchanovka 14), and then the newlyweds went abroad on a honeymoon. Lyubov Nikolaevna was 21 years old (she was born in Moscow on October 20, 1886). From marriage with Lyubov Nikolaevna V.V. had four sons: Vladimir (born in 1907), Nikolai (1909), Mikhail (1912) and Evgeniy (1916). The latter died in infancy. The family lived in a house on Bolshaya Molchanovka, then in an apartment at house No. 3 on Malaya Dmitrovka. At V.V. there was an estate Sloboda in the Smolensk province, and Lyubov Nikolaevna had an estate in the village. Danilkovo, Moscow province (Savelovskoe direction).
The life of Vladimir Vladimirovich changed dramatically after the October Revolution of 1917. He was a member of the Constitutional Democrats (Cadet) party. During its meeting in May 1918, members of the Cadet Party were arrested, as a large conspiracy against the Bolshevik government was allegedly discovered. Among those arrested was V.V. Przhevalsky. He spent about two months in Butyrka prison, then was released and went to the Danilkovo estate. You can read about all this in the diaries of V.A. Mikhailovsky, friend of V.V. in the literary circle. In September 1918 V.V. left Moscow, there is evidence of his stay in Kiev ("Power of Attorney" in the name of his wife Lyubov Nikolaevna, dated October 10, 1918, certified by a Kiev notary). From the same document it follows that he left Moscow after September 19, 1918, since the certificate issued to him by the Ukrainian Consul General in Moscow No. 15058 is dated September 19, 1918. In 1919 V.V. - in Rostov, where he suddenly died from typhus May 14, 1919, buried there in the local cemetery (message from acquaintances of V.V. Alevtina’s sister, who buried him). Official document on the death of V.V. was received by his eldest son Vladimir in 1937.
In September 1919, arrests of prominent members of the Cadet Party took place in Moscow, among those arrested was the wife (now widow) of V.V. Przhevalsky Lyubov Nikolaevna. 20 days after the arrest, more than 40 people were shot: the famous teacher A.D. Alferov with his wife, former member Moscow City Duma N.N. Shchepkin, Aristarkhov’s family are all Muscovites. Lyubov Nikolaevna, fortunately, was released after three weeks of imprisonment in Butyrka prison. She was 33 years old, and at that time she had three sons - the eldest was 12 years old, the youngest was 7. The house where the Przhevalskys’ apartment was located was occupied by the Communist University, and Lyubov Nikolaevna and her children were evicted without providing any premises. Wanderings around Moscow began.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (junior) (1907-1956).
Vladimir was the first-born in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on November 15 (November 28, new style) in Moscow. After graduation high school in 1924, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but failed to graduate from the university. Already in 1926, he worked in different cities in railway survey parties. Since 1927, he lived and worked as an engineer in the design and survey group of the Ryazan-Ural Railway in Saratov. In this city in 1930 he married Olga Petrovna Ukhanova and in 1935 their daughter Elena was born. Vladimir Vladimirovich died, like his father, at the age of 49, and was buried in Saratov.
His daughter, Elena Vladimirovna Przhevalskaya, married Ilyin and in the 60s their daughter Ekaterina was born. This branch of the Przhevalsky family in the male line was interrupted.
Nikolai Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1909-2000).
Of the three sons of Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (the eldest), only Nikolai inherited from the explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky's passion for travel. At the age of 16, he left for two years with P.K. Kozlov (student of N.M. Przhevalsky) on an expedition to Mongolia. Upon returning to Moscow, he entered the polytechnic school, after graduating, he left for Vologda. Nikolai Vladimirovich, having a specialty as a builder of highways and bridges, often changed his place of residence: the north of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Tajikistan. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was in the road troops of the Western and 2nd Belorussian fronts. Nikolai Vladimirovich went through the entire war, after its end he served another 10 years in the army and retired in 1956 with the rank of engineer-lieutenant colonel. He graduated from the Correspondence Institute of Civil Engineering and for 20 years worked as the chief engineer of the Kazdorstroy road construction trust in Kazan. From 1969 to 1971 As part of a group of specialists, he designed roads in Cuba. In 1975 he retired. Nikolai Vladimirovich - Honored Builder of the Tatar SSR, Honorary Road Worker.
N.V. got married at the age of 41 to Irina Nikolaevna Shlyaeva, and in 1951 their son Vladimir was born. The marriage soon broke up. After 9 years N.V. married Nina Ivanovna Surchenko and adopted her daughter Elena from her first marriage. The son of his adopted daughter, Vadim (born in 1976), also bears the surname Przhevalsky. N.V. died Przhevalsky February 19, 2000, buried in Kazan.
Nikolai Vladimirovich’s son from his first marriage, Vladimir Nikolaevich, is a physicist by profession, and graduated from Kazan University in 1973. Has a daughter, Irina (born in 1977), lives in Moscow.
Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1912-1997).
Mikhail was the third son in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on October 23 (November 5, new style) 1912 in Moscow. In 1927 he graduated from a seven-year school, then two-year drawing and design courses, and in 1929 he began working as a draftsman. In April 1930, Mikhail, his brother Nikolai and their mother Lyubov Nikolaevna were arrested, they spent three months in Butyrka prison, then they were expelled from Moscow for three years without the right to live in six major cities. They were charged under Article 58-10 (anti-Soviet agitation). Mikhail and his mother left for the city of Gorky, where Mikhail worked as a technician at the construction of the Automobile Plant. They returned to Moscow after 3 years, then Mikhail was in the army for 2 years, and after returning from it, he entered the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute in 1938, from which he graduated in 1944.
“I worked all my life on construction projects, and each new construction project brought me great satisfaction,” said Mikhail Vladimirovich in an interview with a correspondent of Narodnaya Gazeta (March 21, 1992, No. 157). He worked his way up from a foreman to the head of the production and technical department. He was considered a good specialist. For many years he built facilities in the system of the Academy of Sciences and the former 4th Directorate under the Ministry of Health. He was awarded medals for his work. After retiring in 1975, he worked for another 8 years (temporarily, in the SMU of the 4th Directorate), but his main activity in retirement was collecting materials for writing genealogies on his father’s side - the Przhevalskys, and on his mother’s side - the Lukutins. The genealogies were written in 1987-1988, but until his death (August 3, 1997). Mikhail Vladimirovich searched and found new documents and facts related to these births. He published a number of articles in newspapers and magazines. Like his father and grandfather, Mikhail Vladimirovich was actively involved in social activities and was a member of several societies.
In 1943 M.V. married Princess Evfalia Sergeevna Kropotkina (b. 1918), who came from an old Russian princely family (the middle branch of the younger branch of the Kropotkin princes, 33rd generation from Rurik). They had two children: son Nikolai (b. 1943) and daughter Tatyana (b. 1945). They, like their grandfather and great-grandfather, graduated from Moscow State University. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after. K.A. Timiryazev. In 1966, he married his classmate Lyudmila Konstantinovna Korkunova, and they had sons Vsevolod (1970) and Konstantin (1979). They are the youngest representatives of the Przhevalsky family in the male line known to us (13th generation from Kornila).
Vsevolod Nikolaevich Przhevalsky in 1989 he married Elena Alekseevna Pronina, they have a daughter, Anastasia (b. 1995).
The Przhevalsky offspring continued through the female line. Tatyana Mikhailovna, nee Przhevalskaya, married to Komarova, is a chemist, she has two children: Irina (b. 1968) and Mikhail (b. 1976). Irina Yuryevna, nee Komarova, married to Shalaev, has two sons: Anton (b. 1990) and Sergei (b. 1995).
BRANCH OF "IERONIMOVICH"
Let's go back to the turn of the 18th-19th centuries and trace the branch of the "Jeronimovichs", coming from the eldest son of Kuzma (Kazimir) Fomich Przhevalsky.
Jerome Kazimirovich (1802-1863) .
He worked his way up from lieutenant ensign to lieutenant colonel of the Caucasian 17th line battalion. He took part in the Russo-Persian War (1827-1829) and was awarded a silver medal. He took part in expeditions related to the subjugation of the Caucasus to Russia (in the battles on the Bolshoy and Maly Zelenchuk rivers with the Nogais, on the Laba River with the Circassians, in Tabasaran with the Tabasarans). He defended the fortress of Derbent, besieged by Kazi-Mulloya in 1831. Hieronymus Kazimirovich was a holder of the orders of St. George 4th class, St. Anna 3rd class, St. Stanislav 3rd class, had the insignia of blameless service for 30 years and bronze medal in memory of the Crimean War of 1853-1956. Died at 61.
Jerome Kazimirovich was married for the second time to the daughter of an Orthodox priest, Raisa Ivanovna Klyuchareva; they had sons: Vladimir (born in Derbent in 1837), Alexander (b. 1841), Vsevolod (b. 1846), Evgeniy (b. 1846), Evgraf (b. 1957 .) and daughters: Claudia (b. 1854) and Eugenia (b. 1859). Vladimir was brought up in the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps, Alexander in the Voronezh Cadet Corps, Vsevolod and Evgeniy in the Tambov Cadet Corps.
Vladimir Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1837-1880) .
The eldest son of Hieronymus of Przhevalsky, Vladimir, served in the artillery. Being an ensign and moving from Petrovsk to Mozdok, he was captured by the Shamil highlanders, and a year later he was released by exchange. Vladimir was in firefights during the assault on the Michikal rubble, during the movement of the detachment from Michik-Kalek to Burtupai and from the city of Lusheta to the village of Kmilyak, but was not wounded or shell-shocked. He was an assistant commander of the Gunib fortress artillery. Like his father, he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a holder of the Order of St. Anne 2nd and 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 2nd and 3rd degree, had a medal for the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (1857-1859), a cross for service in the Caucasus. Died at 43 in 1880.
Vladimir Ieronimovich was married to the major’s daughter Lyudmila Ivanovna Svishcheva. They had children: Vladimir (b. 1861), Natalya (b. 1867), Lydia (b. 1869).
Vladimir Vladimirovich (1866-?) .
He was educated in the Tiflis Cadet Corps, then in the Tiflis Infantry Junker School. He served in the Caucasian, Avar, and Temir-Khan Shura reserve battalions. With the rank of lieutenant, he retired at the age of 41. At the age of 48 (in August 1914) he was called up for mobilization. It was under enemy fire since November 1914, when it was part of the 3rd Civilian Four-Way Transport. He was in the 597th Stavropol foot squad, and in the 552nd Simbirsk foot squad. In 1916 he was dismissed from service.
Vladimir Vladimirovich was married for the third time to the widow of an assistant pharmacist, Natalia Aleksandrovna Fomina, from this marriage he had daughters Tamara (b. 1908) and Olga (b. 1909). We know nothing about their fate. From his first marriage he had a son, Georgy (Yuri) (b. 1900), about whose fate we also know nothing.
Evgeny Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1846-?) .
Eugene was the fourth son of Jerome. He was educated at the 3rd Alexander School, after which in 1865 he was sent to the Caucasian Grenadier Rifle Battalion as an adjutant, a year later he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1869 he submitted a request for dismissal from service. Evgeniy Ieronimovich had a son, Evgeniy (b. 1889) and a daughter, Olga.
Evgeniy Evgenievich was married for the first time to Lydia Vladimirovna Pashinskaya and they had children: Tamara (b. 1907), Zoya (1909) and Victor (b. 1915). Evgeniy Evgenievich died in 1939.
The son of Evgeny Evgenievich, Viktor Evgenievich Przhevalsky, died in 1941 during the defense of Odessa. With the death of Victor, the branch of the “Jeronimovichs” in the male line was stopped, but descendants in the female line remained.
Evgeny Evgenievich’s daughter, Zoya Evgenievna Przhevalskaya, married Vasily Batechko, and they had a daughter, Zoya. Zoya Evgenievna died in 1975. Zoya Evgenievna’s daughter, Zoya Vasilievna Batechko (b. 1937), married to Titov, lived in Saratov. Her son Valery Borisovich Titov (b. 1956) is the author of the handwritten collection “The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army” cited here, lives in Stavropol.
Evgraf Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1857-?) .
Evgraf - the fifth son of Jerome - was also a military man. Evgraf was an excellent shooter: almost every year he received monetary awards for competitive shooting, and in 1899 - an imperial prize. Over the years he was the chairman of the battalion and regimental courts, battalion commander, and head of the household. In 1909 (at the age of 52) he was dismissed from service, but in January 1915 he was again assigned to it as head of the economic unit of the 117th infantry reserve battalion of the Caucasian Military District. He ended his military career as a colonel, commandant of the Caravanserai point. By June 1917, he was in the reserve ranks of the stage and transport department of the Directorate of the Chief of Military Communications of the Caucasian Front. He was married to the widow of a Tiflis citizen, Maria Nikolaevna Kharebova. Had no children.
About the other two sons of Jerome - Alexandra And Vsevolod - and also about his two daughters - Claudia And Evgenia - we don't know anything.
"ALEXEEVICH" BRANCH
Let's go back once again, to the 20-80s of the 19th century, and follow the family branch coming from Kuzma Fomich's youngest son, Alexey.
Alexey Kuzmich was 20 years younger than his brothers Jerome and Mikhail. Of the three sons of Kuzma Fomich, only he had a family estate in the Tver province, in Staritsky district.
Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky (1824-?) .
Alexey Kuzmich entered military service as an ensign in the 1st battery of the artillery brigade in 1842. In 1849, Russian troops, defending the power of the Austrian emperor, suppressed the uprising in Hungary. Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky, a 25-year-old lieutenant of an artillery battery, distinguished himself in the battles of the village. Tiga, Borgoprunde, Russo-Borgo, awarded the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree with the inscription “For bravery.” For distinction in the battles of Bystritsa and Galitsa, he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree with swords, and received a silver medal for the Hungarian campaign (“pacification of Hungary and Transylvania”). Alexey Kuzmich participated in the second campaign against the Turks (from March to September 1854) and entered Moldavia with Russian troops, and then in the Crimean War he fought against the combined forces of Turkey, England and France from September 1, 1854 (i.e. from the first campaign, which began when enemy fleets appeared near Evpatoria) until March 20, 1856 (this is the third campaign). He was in the Russian army during the period when it tried to help the besieged Sevastopol (the battle of Inkerman, the battle of the Black River), but was unsuccessful. For the courage and bravery shown in the battle at the Black River and during the defense of Sevastopol in the “latest time”, he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 2nd degree with swords, and a silver medal for the defense of Sevastopol 1854-1856. and bronze on the St. Andrew's ribbon in memory of the war of 1853-1856.
Alexey Kuzmich took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, for his distinction in the battle of Eski Zagra and the village of Juranly. He rose to the rank of major general, and in 1878 was released from service due to illness with a uniform and a full salary pension.
Alexey Kuzmich had 9 children from three marriages. Children from his first marriage: Alexandra (b. 1846), Vladimir (b. 1847), Nikolai (b. 1850), Konstantin (b. 1855). Children from the second marriage: Elizaveta (b. 1858), Mikhail (b. 1859). Children from the third marriage: Varvara (b. 1867), Ekaterina (b. 1868), Alexey (b. 1870). His third wife was the daughter of Major General Sofya Fedorovna Likhacheva.
Vladimir Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1847-1907) .
Vladimir Alekseevich is the eldest son of Alexey Kuzmich from his first marriage. He graduated from a military school and was sent to the Kuban Cossack Regiment in the village of Ust-Labinskaya. He rose to the rank of general. He was married to the daughter of a Cossack, Anna Davydovna Kotlyarova, and had three sons: Vladimir, Boris (b. 1887) and Alexander, who died as a teenager, and three daughters: Elena (b. 1875), Lydia (b. 1876) , Lyudmila (b. 1877). Vladimir Alekseevich died in 1907 and was buried in Krasnodar.
Vladimir Vladimirovich He graduated from a real school, served in the Caucasus in the Cossack troops in Erivan. There is no other information about him.
Boris Vladimirovich (1887-?) .
He studied at the Kuban Alexander Real School, then at the Konstantinovsky Artillery School, after which in 1908 he was assigned to serve in the 1st Kuban Cossack battery as a cornet. About him future fate All that is known is that he served in Maykop, was married to a Russian girl, Irina, and they had a son.
Now about the descendants of Vladimir Alekseevich on the female line. Both daughters, Elena (1875-1956) and Lydia (1876-1950), had no children. The youngest daughter Lyudmila (b. 1877) graduated from dental school in Moscow in 1909 and worked as a dental technician in Essentuki, Krasnodar, and Ust-Lab. During the First World War she was a nurse at the front. In 1918, in a “civil marriage,” she gave birth to a daughter, Alevtina, who died in 1951. L.V. Przhevalskaya’s daughter, Alevtina Aleksandrovna, married to Khoroshavkina, graduated from Kubansky in 1942 medical school, went to the front. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. served with the rank of military doctor of the 3rd rank in a field surgical hospital. Has a daughter Lyudmila (b. 1945), a son Sergei (b. 1949) and grandchildren: from his daughter Lyudmila (married Eremenko) - Marina (b. 1966) and Oleg (b. 1970), and from his son Sergei - Alevtin (b. 1973) and Irina (b. 1976).
According to Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina, Alexei Kuzmich Przhevalsky had a daughter, Elena, although there is no daughter with that name in his service record. According to the same data, this Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya, married to Klendo, lived in Moscow, she has a daughter Maria Semyonovna, married to Golovanova, and her daughter has sons Sergei and Yuri.
Konstantin Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1855-?) .
Konstantin Alekseevich, the youngest son of Alexei Kuzmich from his first marriage, like his father, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Konstantin Alekseevich was a lieutenant of the 1st, then 3rd battery of the 3rd Grenadier Artillery Brigade. With this battery he participated in the campaign of the Grenadier Corps from Plevna to Gabrovo and further to Hermada. When crossing the Balkans, he was in the “Shipka crossing” for 9 days (he crossed the Balkans three times in total). He received his first award, the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree with the inscription “For Bravery,” for distinction in the battle with the Turks on November 28, 1877, and was also awarded a light bronze medal in memory of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. and the Romanian Iron Cross. For his distinction in the last battle of Pleven he received the highest award - the Silver Trumpets of St. George.
Konstantin Alekseevich was married to the daughter of the widow of the staff captain, Anna Pavlovna Brodovich. They had a son, Konstantin, born in 1881. This is information for December 1881, when Konstantin Alekseevich was 26 years old. We know nothing about his further fate.
Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1859-?) .
Mikhail Alekseevich was the son of Alexei Kuzmich from his second marriage. He studied at the Petrovskaya Poltava Military Gymnasium, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, then at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. Everywhere he was the first student. He completed his course at the Nikolaev Academy in April 1888 (Twenty-five years earlier, in May 1863, his cousin, traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, graduated from this academy). After graduating from the academy, Mikhail Alekseevich was assigned to the General Staff and assigned to serve in the Caucasus Military District. He was the commander of the 155th Kuban Infantry Regiment (1903), chief of the military headquarters of the Kuban (1905), then Terek (1906) Cossack Army in Vladikavkaz. In the civil service, for 9 years he was secretary of the Russian Imperial Consulate General in Erzurum. In 1914, Mikhail Alekseevich received the rank of lieutenant general, and from 1915 he served as commander of the 2nd Turkestan Army Front, operating in the Caucasus direction. In 1917 he was commander of the Caucasian Army. Awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, St. Anna, 2nd and 3rd degree, and a silver medal in memory of the reign of Alexander III.
Mikhail Alekseevich was married to the priest’s daughter Olga Mikhailovna Vinogradova, they had two children: Varvara (b. 1889) and Alexey (b. 1895). We know nothing about the fate of Mikhail Alekseevich after 1917.
Alexey Mikhailovich (1895-?) .
Little is known about the son of Lieutenant General Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky, warrant officer Alexei. He was born in Erzurum, graduated from the Tiflis Real School, was a student at the Tomsk Technological Institute, then completed a 6-month course at the Tiflis Military School. After graduating from college, he was transferred to the command of the head of the radiotelegraph of the front of the Caucasian Army. Participated in the battle against the enemy on October 24, 1916.
Alexey Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1870-1902) .
Alexey Alekseevich is the youngest son of Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky from his 3rd marriage. His life was short - 32 years. He was brought up at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, studied “sapper, demolition, railway and telegraph work”, and headed the regimental sapper team. Then he was appointed regimental adjutant to the 49th Arkhangelsk Dragoon Regiment, only managing to rise to the rank of staff captain.
We know a representative of another branch of the Przhevalsky family, coming from Nikolai Fomich, brother of Kuzma Fomich (who is the common ancestor of the described branches of “Ieronimovich”, “Mikhailovich” and “Alekseevich”). This is Joseph Flavianovich Przhevalsky, whom the authors of this essay met in the village of Przhevalsky, Smolensk region, at a celebration
150th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky in 1989. Joseph Flavianovich is the great-grandson of Nikolai Fomich (11th generation from Cornila). He was born in 1914, lived in the city of Bogushevsk, Vitebsk region. The male line of this branch was interrupted on it.
The death of Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (August 3, 1997) did not allow him to complete work on this essay. We hope that this publication will be the best memory of the person who did so much to preserve and describe the traditions of the ancient Przhevalsky family.
LITERATURE
1. Certificate (Pedigree) issued by the Vitebsk noble deputy assembly in 1823 to Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky [extract from the book of minutes of the Vitebsk deputy assembly on March 8, 1818].
2. The will of Christina Przhevalskaya, drawn up on March 10, 1701 [Case of the Vitebsk Noble Deputy Assembly, 1834, No. 66].
3. Chernyavsky I. Genealogy of noblemen included in the genealogical book of the Tver province from 1787 to 1869. Tver. 1869. Lithographed edition. P.178.
4. Dubrovin N.F. "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky." St. Petersburg, 1890.
5. Bibliography of books about N.M. Przhevalsky, see in the book: Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. Ed. "Moscow worker", Smolensk branch, 1989, 143 p.
7. Lyakhovitsky L.F. Characteristics of famous Russian court speakers. St. Petersburg, 1902. P.59-84.
8. City Duma 1897-1900, ed. Alex. Odintsova, p.90-91.
9. Brockhaus and Efron. encyclopedic Dictionary, 1906.
10. Moscow archive (historical and local history almanac). M., 1996, p.430.
11. Registry of the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa [CIAM F.4. Op.8. D.1130. L.27ob., No. 1260]. Now on the site of the former church is the Novokuznetskaya metro station.
12. Registry book of the Church of St. Nikita the Martyr on Staraya Basmannaya for 1868 - (Vera died at the age of 12).
13. The metric book of the Moscow Nikolaevskaya Church on Shchepakh for 1869: the recipients were the court councilor Mikhail Fedorovich Krapiventsev and the wife of the titular councilor Vera Sergeevna Tarasova [CIAM. F.4. On.8. D.PZO. P.28. No. 7128]. The church was located on the corner of 2nd Nikoloshchepovsky lane. and 1st Smolensky lane, 20. Rebuilt, occupied by a foundry.
14. The metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas the Appeared on Arbat for 1873: the recipients were the candidate of law Vladimir Alekseevich Andreev and the widow of the court councilor Nadezhda Gustavovna Krapiventseva.
16. 0 to the service of a full member of the Elizabethan Charitable Society in Moscow and the Moscow province, full state councilor Vladimir Przhevalsky. Formal list, dated July 23, 1903 [RGIA. F.114. Op.2. D.314].
17. Dzhunkovsky V.F. Memoirs, vol. 1,2. M., 1997.
18. Russia is on the edge. Diaries of V. A. Mikhailovsky for 1917-1920. In the magazine "Moscow", 1993, No. 1,2,3.
19. RGVIA. F.400. Op.14. D.14676. L. 6-12.
20. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.7751. L. 15-21.
21. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.100478. L. 1-6.
22. RGVIA. F.400. Op.9. D.5415. L. 2.4.5.
23. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.177132. L. 18-23.
24. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.5547. L. 22-32.
25. From letters of Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina to N.V. Przhevalsky.
26. RGVIA. F.409. Op.11. D.23439. L. 390-392 vol.
27. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.9739. L. 5-8.
28. RGVIA. F.409. Op.2. D.343712. L. 1-7.
29. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.332612. L. 1.
30. RGVIA.F.400. Op.17. D.13556. L. 140-144.
The surname Paravalsky meant a brave man - “the ferry is falling.” In Polish, “prze” means “through”, and “to bring down” means to fight. This is where the surname was changed from Paravalsky to Przhevalsky.
Jerome was born in 1802, Mikhail in 1803, and 20 years later Alexey (1823) and Elena (1824) were born; The dates of Agrafena's life are unknown.
Originally from the Tula province, A.S. Karetnikov served as a private, a store watchman, in the courier corps, in the Tsar’s retinue (1805, 1807, 1808). In 1809 he was dismissed with the rank of collegiate registrar. He entered the customs service as a caretaker of one of the warehouses in St. Petersburg. He was married to the daughter of a Tula merchant, Ksenia Efimovna Demidova, and had 4 sons and 3 daughters, of whom the youngest Elena was born on April 17, 1816.
The eldest daughter Elizaveta Karetnikova married Colonel Zavadovsky, later a famous figure in the Caucasus. The second daughter Alexandra was married to captain-lieutenant Pavel Nikolaevich Potemkin.
In the metrical church register of the village of Lobkova, Smolensk district, it is recorded that Nikolai was born on April 1, 1839; the successors were Alexey Stepanovich Karetnikov and Elizaveta Alekseevna Zavadovskaya.
In 1854, Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya remarried nobleman Ivan Demyanovich Tolpygo. They had three children: daughter Alexandra, born in 1855, son Nikolai, born in 1856, later a railway engineer, and son Ippolit, born in 1858, future doctor, lived in Moscow.
She was lucky enough to achieve this only for her third son, Evgeniy, who was brought up in the Moscow Alexander Corps.
The main milestones of N.M. Przhevalsky’s military career and the awards he received:
1855 g. - non-commissioned officer in the combined reserve Ryazan infantry regiment.
1856 g. - ensign in the Polotsk infantry regiment.
1860 g. - Nikolai writes in his drafts: “Having served 5 years in the army, I clearly realized the need to change similar image life and choose a broader field of activity where labor and time can be spent for a reasonable purpose."
1861 g. - admission to the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in St. Petersburg.
1863 g. - early completion of studies at the academy with the right to second category, subject to return to one’s regiment, which was sent to Poland to suppress the Polish uprising of 1863. Appointed regimental adjutant.
1864 g. - election as a full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for the manuscript "Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region."
1864 December - 1866 November - platoon officer and teacher of history and geography at the cadet school in Warsaw.
1867 January - departure of staff captain N.M. Przhevalsky from Warsaw to Irkutsk. Assigned to the General Staff in the East Siberian District with the appointment "for (scientific) studies."
1868 - during Przhevalsky's stay in Siberia, Chinese unrest began. Nikolai Mikhailovich was cut off from scientific studies and appointed chief of staff. He commanded detachments operating on the Suchan River. In one month the excitement was “pacified.” For the Suchansky expedition, Przhevalsky was promoted (a year after the events described) to captain and transferred to the General Staff of the Primorsky Region as a senior adjutant. In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, he worked at the headquarters, and also described his journey through the Ussuri region. In his free time he liked to play cards. “He played briskly and very happily, he was given the nickname “golden pheasant”. When he won 1000 rubles, he always stopped playing; he did not have more than 500 rubles with him. The money was kept by M.P. Stepanov, who was strictly forbidden to give it out during games. Played with local merchants and naval officers." “I play,” he said, “to win my independence,” and he really achieved his goal. In the winter of 1868, he won 12,000 rubles at cards, after which he threw the cards into the Amur.
1870 - after a two-year stay in Siberia, he arrived in St. Petersburg. “Always friendly and cheerful, he captivated with his appearance. Tall, slender, with a handsome and intelligent face, he made an impression at the first meeting. Hot-tempered in character, he was extremely kind and generous. Strong physically and morally, N.M. "He couldn't stand the tears of others, and many took advantage of this. Easy to use, he easily became the soul of society. He couldn't stand city life, he avoided ladies' company. He didn't like gossip."
1874 - rank of lieutenant colonel and lifelong pension of 600 rubles per year.
1878 - rank of colonel and pension of 1,200 rubles per year.
1881 - acquires the small estate Sloboda on Lake Sapsho in the north-west of the Smolensk region. “Here in Sloboda there will be my nest, from where I will fly into the depths of the Asian deserts,” said N.M. friends.
1883 - just before Nikolai Mikhailovich left St. Petersburg for the 2nd Tibetan expedition, the Heir Tsarevich gave him a telescope made of aluminum (this gift served the entire expedition). And when Przhevalsky arrived at the starting point of the trip, the city of Kyakhta, he received a letter from the educator of the royal sons, Adjutant General G.G. Danilovich, dated August 17, 1883: “The Sovereign Heir Tsarevich instructed me,” he wrote, “to give you a photographic card of His "Imperial Highness and His August Brother. Fulfilling this through the General Staff, I wish from the bottom of my heart that this parcel will reach you before setting off on the expedition." N.M. thanked you for the precious gift.
1886 - rank of major general, lifelong pension of 1800 rubles and presentation to the Sovereign Emperor.
1888 - before the last journey he was presented to the Emperor and treated kindly by him. Przhevalsky presented the Emperor with his book “The Fourth Journey to Central Asia.”
Knight of the orders: St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degree, Stanislaus 3rd degree, Austrian Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold. He had medals: bronze "In memory of the war of 1853-1856." and "For the pacification of the Polish rebellion in 1863-1864." He was awarded the following gold medals: "The first explorer of the nature of Central Asia", the Konstantinovsky (and small silver) medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the Humboldt medal of the Berlin Society of Geosciences, geographical societies: London, Paris and Italian, the Vega medal of the Swedish Anthropological and Geographical Society, the French Palme d'Academie.
1866-1870 - entered the 2nd department of the 6th department of the Senate, held the position of chief secretary. After the closure of the Senate in Moscow, he was seconded to Chief Prosecutor Gazanvikel to audit the cases of the Moscow Chamber of Criminal and Civil Courts.
1870-1900 – sworn attorney.
In 1897, the public figure V.M. Przhevalsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of head of the Moscow City Duma. “He enjoyed universal respect, but the merchant I.A. Lyamin categorically stated: “The Moscow mayor must end in -ov, -in, -tsyn.” “These categorical words, or other considerations, eliminated the question of Przhevalsky,” wrote V.I., a member of the Moscow City Duma. Guerrier, - most likely, the reason was the refusal of Vladimir Mikhailovich himself, since it was impossible to bear the significant expenses that the title of head entailed. At that time, a significant amount entered into the budget under the heading “for city representation” actually remained inviolable, and the expenses under this item were not covered by the salary of the head." From a letter from Vladimir Mikhailovich’s wife to his son: “My father was offered to run for the head, but he refused. My father said that they couldn’t exist on 12,000 rubles, and if we sell Sloboda and the Arbat house, we’ll have another 10,000 rubles a year, but that’s not enough. My father said I won't go."
1. Member of the board and secretary of the Society of Proper Hunting Lovers.
2. Member of the board of the society of former university students.
3. Active member of the society of lovers of natural history, anthropology and ethnography.
4. Full member of the Imperial Russian Musical Society.
Alevtina Przhevalskaya (married to Zagoskin) studied music with Konyus, a professor at the Moscow Conservatory. She arranged one of Tchaikovsky’s romances for the orchestra, and the author (P.I. Tchaikovsky) said that it was well orchestrated, thanked him and asked that several more of his works [from Sofia Alekseevna’s letters to her son] be arranged for the orchestra. Alevtina was busy transcribing works by Konyus for a children's choir. She played the piano beautifully and composed music herself, mostly romances.
“No matter how strict Przhevalsky was with himself, no matter how much he thought about his speeches, there were hobbies in his activities that he himself could later regret. He was sometimes very carried away by the role of a defender.”
Alekseevsky cemetery was located in the Alekseevsky convent - on Verkhne-Krasnoselskaya street. 17 and 2nd Krasnoselsky lane. 3, 5, 7. Now this place is a district park.
"Elementary Algebra" (1867). He presented this book to Emperor Alexander II, for which he received the highest gift from him - a diamond ring. “Elementary geometry” (1878), “Rectangular geometry” (1884), “Analytical geometry on the plane and in space”, collection of problems (1924), “Collection of analytical problems” (1870), “Collection of geometric problems and theorems” (1869 ) and etc.
1862 - released from the Alexandrinsky Cadet Corps as an ensign in the cavalry, sent to the Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment.
1863-1865 – retired due to illness; Probably during these years he was a free student at Moscow University (mathematics department).
1865 - assigned again to service with an appointment to the former 3rd Dragoon Regiment with an assignment to the 2nd Moscow Military Gymnasium.
1866 - transferred to the 3rd military Alexander School full-time teacher. Lieutenant.
1869 - for distinction, he was transferred to the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment as an ensign and remained at the school.
1873 - staff captain, 1875 - captain, 1878 - lieutenant colonel, 1898 - colonel-teacher, 1907 - major general, 1910 - lieutenant general, 1912 - retired general Lieutenant [Full track record of full-time teacher Lieutenant Colonel E.M. Przhevalsky dated October 22, 1886; directories of Moscow].
He was married in the Moscow Alexandria Church at the Alexander Military School on June 1, 1870. “He took for himself a 20-year-old girl, M.F. Panteleev” [Partition book for 1870: CIAM f4, op.8, d.PZO, p.20, 19464].
The metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas on Chicken Legs for 1871 [CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. P.21. ZhM65]. Elena was born on November 14, 1871. The foster children were: retired guard captain Fyodor Fedorovich Panteleev and the daughter of the provincial secretary Fyodor Fedorovich Panteleev, Kapitolina Fedorovna Panteleeva. The church was located on the corner of B. Molchanovka and Rzhevsky Lane. Now there is a school and foreign language courses here: B. Molchanovka, 26-28.
1. Member of the economic council of the Petrovsko-Alexandrovsky shelter-boarding house for the nobility of the Moscow province.
2. Member of the Moscow Metropolitan Trusteeship Committee for People's Sobriety.
3. Member of the academic council of the Moscow School of the Order of St. Catherine and the Alexander Institute.
4. Vice-President of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture.
5. Honorary guardian of the Moscow presence of the guardianship council and the Institute of the Moscow nobility for children of noble rank named after. Emperor Alexander III in memory of Empress Catherine II.
A graduate of this institute, Natalia Arkadyevna Malyutina, more than 70 years after graduation, recalled: “I was lucky in my life: I knew so many great people. How great they were mentally and morally and, at the same time, simple and accessible. Evgeniy Mikhailovich ( Przhevalsky) I knew closely, and he even called me “my favorite.” I remember the horror of the head of the Catherine Noble Institute (O.A. Talyzina) when she saw Evgeniy Mikhailovich not in the front row (where the guardian of the institute was supposed to sit), but sitting at a distance with me. She asked him to change seats, but the kind Evgeniy Mikhailovich flatly refused to take a seat in the first row... I remembered how Evgeniy Mikhailovich once invited Maria Alexandrovna Ostroumova and me to the club of the Small Hall of the Noble Assembly and once walked with me a mazurka; but how beautifully he did it, those around him clapped."
6. Member of the Moscow House of Scientists.
7. Member of CECUBU ( central commission to improve the life of scientists) at the SEC of the RSFSR.
Almost nothing is known about Mikhail Kuzmich's daughter Elena Mikhailovna, except that she was born on May 17, 1846 ["Request" of Elena Alekseevna, the widow of Mikhail Kuzmich, to include her sons and daughter in the genealogical book. The decision was positive and approved by the Governing Senate on February 12, 1853, No. 1094 (CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. P.2,8)] and she was married to a man named Golm, lived in Dorogobuzh. Elena was in correspondence about her brother Nikolai [Private message from the head of the N.M. Przhevalsky Museum in the village of Przhevalsky, Smolensk region, E.P. Gavrilenkova].
From a letter from S.A. to his son in Paris: “I would like you to move to Lyon as soon as possible. It’s still warmer there. If your feet are cold, buy yourself warm socks at the Louvre” (December 1892). From a letter to Italy: “In Italy, be afraid of swindlers, especially in Naples; also have a revolver with you in the carriages.”
Some details about the work in the Duma of Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1905-1908. were discovered in the book of V.F. Dzhunkovsky, who was at that time the vice-governor and then the Moscow governor. This was the time of Russia's defeat in Russian-Japanese war 1905 “At that time,” wrote Dzhunkovsky, “a very oppositional mood reigned among some of the vowels of the Moscow City Duma, and speeches with a revolutionary tint began to be made at the meetings of the Duma... Thus, the vowel V.V. Przhevalsky demanded the removal of the Cossacks from Moscow ", who arrived to help the police. He said that if they are not removed, then the population of Moscow itself will be able to remove them (since the population is 1,600,000 people, and there are only 1,000 Cossacks)." At another meeting V.V. with another 12 vowels, he introduced a statement of a revolutionary nature (according to Dzhunkovsky) about the organization of a Committee of Public Safety to protect the liberation movement, to ensure freedom of consultation, to protect the integrity of the person, home and property of Moscow citizens. It was proposed to immediately begin organizing the Moscow police. At the subsequent meeting of the Duma V.V. Przhevalsky and other public figures insisted on transferring the external police to the city administration. When other public officials objected, saying that this was a violation of the legal order, V.V. answered: “in a revolutionary era there is no need to think about form.” The decision passed by a majority vote, but when V.V. raised the issue of abolishing the Corps of Gendarmes, he did not meet with sympathy. At a meeting of the Duma on October 14, 1905, the issue of establishing a city police force, independent of the existing police, was considered. Przhevalsky spoke “for”, a number of vowels - “against”. After much debate, controversy and even insults, the question was rejected. On November 16, 1905, a revolt of sailors took place in Sevastopol under the leadership of naval lieutenant Schmidt. On this occasion, a statement was received from public figures, including V.V., with a proposal to the government “to show mercy in the form of exemption from death penalty". V.V. made another proposal to abolish the death penalty in general, 19 more members joined him. The Duma rejected the last proposal (by a margin of one vote), and the proposal to mitigate the fate of the rebellious sailors was accepted. When the December armed conflict took place in Moscow uprising in 1905, Duma meetings were held daily from December 13 to 16. A statement of an “alarming” nature was received from the leader V.V., written in a rather harsh form (according to Dzhunkovsky), which spoke of the shooting of civilians and Red Cross troops , and nothing was said about the uprising of the workers. All public voices were divided into two camps: some defended the actions of the Governor-General, others condemned. In his speech, V.V., denying that Moscow was experiencing an uprising, said: “I am not afraid of the triumph of His Majesty proletariat. In Russia the proletariat will never triumph over the mass of the people. There are few proletariat in Russia; the entire mass are owners. We have 100,000,000 owners, and it is impossible to say that the proletariat can triumph."
1. Trustee of the Firsanovsky Home for Widows and Orphans in Moscow.
2. Member, and later chairman, of the city guardianship for the poor of the Arbat part.
3. Honorary member of the Shchuchey rural trusteeship of the Porech district of the Smolensk province orphanage.
4. Member of the Brotherly Loving Society for Providing Apartments for the Poor.
5. Member of the Society for Assistance to Former Pupils of the Rukavishnikovsky Orphanage.
6. Full member of the Elizabethan Charitable Society.
7. Member of the Moscow men's and women's charitable prison committee.
1. Member, later chairman, of the Supervisory Committee of the city mutual fire insurance company.
2. Chairman of the Supervisory Committee at the Moscow City Credit Society. On October 30, 1912, this society celebrated the half-century anniversary of its existence. A ceremonial meeting took place. The chairman's seat was taken by the representative of the Ministry of Finance D.I. Nikiforov, next to him sat the Chairman of the Board of the Credit Society N.M. Perepelkin and Chairman of the Supervisory Commission V.V. Przhevalsky. The meeting opened with a short speech by V.V. Przhevalsky. In the evening, a banquet took place in the Napoleonic Hall "Yara". The first toast to the Emperor and the royal family was proclaimed by the Minister of Finance, after which V.V. Przhevalsky proclaimed the health of V.N. Kokovtsev (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) and A.A. Makarov (Minister of Internal Affairs). Mayor Adrianov spoke about how easy and pleasant it is to work with the Credit Society. Everyone felt at ease.
3. Member of the Moscow branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.
4. Vice-president of the Moscow Society of Agriculture.
5. Full member of the Russian Geographical Society.
6. Member of the literary and artistic circle (chaired by V.Ya. Bryusov).
7. Member of the Imperial Humane Society.
8. Member Russian society Red Cross.
From that time on, her career began: employee of the Historical Museum (1919-1921), saleswoman at the Mostorg department store (1921-1926), supernumerary employee at the Historical Museum (1927-1928), head of library subscriptions them. IN AND. Lenin (1928-1941), bibliographer and senior editor at the library of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1941-1957). Lyubov Nikolaevna died on May 3, 1965 at the age of 79. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
The documents (service records), from which the facts cited here and below are taken, were found in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) by a descendant of the “Ieronimovichs” on the female line, Ph.D. Valery Borisovich Titov and described in his manuscript “The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army”, Stavropol, 1989.
In marriages where at least one of the spouses was Orthodox, until 1905, children were required to profess Orthodoxy.
P Rzhevalsky (Nikolai Mikhailovich) - famous Russian traveler, major general. Born in 1839. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. His initial teacher was his uncle, P.A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who instilled in him this passion and with it a love of nature and wandering. After completing the course at the Moscow gymnasium, Przhevalsky became a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment in Moscow; Having received the rank of officer, he transferred to the Polotsk regiment, then entered the Academy of the General Staff. At the same time, his first works appeared: “Memoirs of a Hunter” and “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region.” Occupying the position of a history teacher at the Warsaw cadet school, Przewalski diligently studied the epic of African travels and discoveries, became acquainted with zoology and botany, and compiled a geography textbook. In 1867, Przhevalsky received a business trip to the Ussuri region. Along the Ussuri he reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka, which served as a station during bird migration and provided him with material for ornithological observations. In winter, he explored the South Ussuri region, covering 1060 versts in 3 months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Lake Khanka, then pacified the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, for which he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur region. The results of his first trip were the essays: “On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur region” and “Travel to the Ussuri region.” In 1871, Przhevalsky undertook his first trip to Central Asia. From Beijing he moved to Lake Dalai-Nor, then, after resting in Kalgan, he explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River, showing that it does not have a branch, as previously thought based on Chinese sources; Having passed through the Ala Shan desert and the Alashan Mountains, he returned to Kalgan, having covered 3,500 versts in 10 months. In 1872, he moved to Kuku-Nor and further to Tibet, then, through Tsaidan, to the upper reaches of the Blue River (Mur-Usu), in 1873 to Urga, through the Middle Gobi, and from Urga to Kyakhta. The result of this journey was Przhevalsky’s essay “Mongolia and the Country of the Tunguts.” Over the course of three years, Przhevalsky walked 11,000 miles. In 1876, Przhevalsky undertook a second journey from Kulja to the Ili River, through the Tien Shan and the Tarim River to Lake Lob-Nor, to the south of which he discovered the Altyn-Tag ridge; in the spring he took advantage of the migration of birds at Lob-Nor for ornithological research, and then returned to Gulja through Kurla and Yuldus. The illness forced him to return to Russia for a while, where he published “From Kuldzha to the Tien Shan and to Lob-Nor.” In 1879, he set out from Zaisansk on a third journey with a detachment of 13 people, along the Urungu River, through the Khali oasis and through the desert to the Sa-Zheu oasis, through the Nan Shan ridges to Tibet, and reached the Mur-Usu valley. The Tibetan government did not want to let Przhevalsky into Khlassa, and the local population was so excited that Przhevalsky, having crossed the Tan-La pass and being 250 miles from Khlassa, was forced to return to Urga. Returning to Russia in 1881, Przhevalsky gave a description of his third trip. In 1883, he undertook a fourth trip, leading a detachment of 21 people. From Kyakhta he moved through Urga, along the old route, to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue Rivers, and from there passed through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to Karakol, now Przhevalsk. The journey ended only in 1886. The Academy of Sciences and scientific societies around the world welcomed Przhevalsky’s discoveries. The Mysterious ridge discovered by him is called the Przhevalsky ridge (see above). His greatest achievements are the geographical and natural-historical study of the Kuen Lun mountain system, the ridges of Northern Tibet, the Lob-Nor and Kuku-Nor basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms: the wild camel, Przewalski's horse, the Tibetan bear, a number of new forms of other mammals, and also collected huge zoological and botanical collections, containing many new forms, later described by specialists. Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born traveler-wanderer, who preferred the lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Thanks to his persistent, decisive character, he overcame the opposition of the Chinese government and the resistance of local residents, sometimes reaching the point of open attack. Our Academy presented Przhevalsky with a medal with the inscription: “To the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia.” Having completed the processing of the fourth trip, Przhevalsky was preparing for the fifth. In 1888, he moved through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where he caught a cold while hunting and died on October 20, 1888 in Karakol, now Przhevalsk. A monument was erected at Przhevalsky’s grave based on a drawing by A.A. Bilderling, and the other, according to his own design, was erected by the Geographical Society in the Alexander Garden in St. Petersburg. Przhevalsky's works have been translated into many foreign languages. In all expeditions, Przhevalsky carried out route surveys based on astronomical points determined by him, altitudes were determined barometrically, meteorological observations were carried out tirelessly, collections on zoology, botany, geology and information on ethnography were collected. He spent a total of 9 years 3 months in Central Asia and walked 29,585 miles, not counting his travels around the Ussuri region; During this time, he identified astronomically 63 points. Barometric observations gave heights of up to 300 points. Before Przhevalsky, there was not a single accurately mapped place in Central Asia, and very little positive was known about the nature of this part of Asia. Przhevalsky's research covered a huge area from the Pamirs in the east to the Greater Khingan ridge, 4000 miles long, and from north to south - from Altai to the middle of Tibet, i.e. width up to 1000 versts. In this space, Przhevalsky crossed the Great Gobi several times; he crossed the so-called Eastern Gobi in two directions, and, summarizing all the available data about these countries, gave Full description these areas. Przhevalsky gave the first description of Eastern Turkestan, finally established on the map the course of the Tarim and the place of Lob-Nor, where it flows. Having explored the entire southern outskirts of East Turkestan for 1300 versts, Przhevalsky was the first European to visit these areas. He also has the honor of examining Kuen-Lun for the first time, northern border of the vast Tibetan Plateau, which was previously indicated on maps for fortune-telling. For the first time, they clarified the structure of the earth's surface in these places, where the huge Altyn-Taga ridge, rising south of Lob-Nor, separates two completely different natures. In the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Przhevalsky was able for the first time to examine in detail the entire region of Lake Kuku-Nora and visit the sources of the Yellow and Blue rivers. In general, Przhevalsky was the first to give a generally correct picture of the entire northern Tibet. Works of Przhevalsky, in addition to those mentioned above: “The Third Journey in Central Asia” (St. Petersburg, 1883), “The Fourth Journey in Central Asia” (St. Petersburg, 1888); then, some have already been published, some are about to be published: “Routes and meteorological diaries”, “Flora Tangutia” and “Enumeratio plantarun bacusgue et Mongolia notarum”, “Zoological Department”, with a description of all Przhevalsky’s zoological collections and “Insects”. The most complete biography of Przhevalsky is given by N.F. Dubrovin "N.M. Przhevalsky" (St. Petersburg, 1890); see "News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society" (vol. XXIV, 1888, pp. 231 - 288)EPISODES OF PRZHEVALSKY'S LIFE
England took possession Suez Canal(1875), Balochistan (1876), tried to conquer Afghanistan (1875), sent scouts to Tibet (in 1872 and 1875), preparing an invasion of its borders. England tried to give the appearance of “defense against Russia” to its Indian possessions to its expansion in Asia. England pursued the same imperialist policy in the Black Sea region under the pretext of “protecting the inviolability of the Ottoman Empire from Russia.” Having concluded an alliance with each other, England and Turkey sought to use the new Muslim state in Central Asia - Jety-Shaar - for purposes hostile to Russia. This state was formed on the territory of East Turkestan, which separated from the Chinese Empire as a result of the following events.
In 1861–1862, the oppressed Muslim national minorities of these provinces, the “Dungans,” rebelled in Shaanxi and Gansu. The Dungan uprising was the last wave of the Great Peasant War in China, the so-called Taiping Uprising. In 1863–64, the Muslim uprising spread to the cities of Eastern Turkestan - Gulja, Chuguchak, Urumqi, Kucha, Aksu. The descendants of its former rulers who dominated here before the Chinese conquest - the “Khojas” - tried to take advantage of the uprising to the best of their ability to seize power over East Turkestan.
In 1865, one of them, Buzruk Khan, at the head of a cavalry detachment, invaded Kashgaria (in East Turkestan) from Western Turkestan. Buzruk Khan's cavalry detachment was commanded by the enterprising and power-hungry Yakub Beg. Muhamed Yakub Beg was born in 1820 in Western Turkestan. By the time of his appearance in Kashgar, he had already gained some fame for his activities hostile to the Russian government in Western Turkestan: he fought against the troops of General Perovsky at Ak-Mosque in 1853 and against the troops of General Chernyaev in Chimkent and Tashkent in 1864. In East Turkestan, Yakub Beg, having concentrated power over the armed forces of Buzruk Khan in his hands, overthrew him in 1866.
In 1870–72, after a successful struggle - on the one hand with the Bogdokhan troops, and on the other - with the independent khanates formed as a result of the uprising and the Dungan Union of Cities, Yakub Beg became the autocratic ruler of East Turkestan. His state received the name “Jety-shaar”, Yakub-bek - the title of emir. England and Turkey tried to use the power-hungry Yakub Beg in order to create a state hostile to Russia in Central Asia. They tried to turn Jety-shaar into the center of “gazavat” - the “holy war” of Muslims against infidels, to spread gazavat under Anglo-Turkish leadership to Western Turkestan, to separate Western Turkestan from Russia.
To this end, the Turkish Sultan took care of creating religious prestige for Yakub-bek in the eyes of Muslims and recognized him as the “leader of the believers” - “atalyk-gazi”. England and Türkiye sent military instructors to the emir's army. England supplied him with European weapons. With the help of these weapons, Yakub Beg and his military clique established such terror in East Turkestan and placed such a heavy tax burden on the shoulders of the people that the life of the population did not become better than it was under Bogdokhan’s rule.
The Russian government, trying to block the path of British aggression in the Middle East, temporarily sent troops into the Ili region in 1871. Russia tried to establish diplomatic ties with Jety-Shaar. But Russia could not recognize as an independent state the territory that belonged to its friendly China and fell under British influence. Naturally, the Russian government was interested in receiving diverse information regarding the geographical areas to which British aggression was directed - Jety-shaar and Tibet.
Przhevalsky's expedition could have provided valuable scientific information about these areas.
PREPARATION FOR THE SECOND CENTRAL ASIAN EXPEDITION
On March 5, 1876, the Russian government agreed to allocate 24 thousand rubles for Przhevalsky’s two-year expedition.
On May 23, Nikolai Mikhailovich said goodbye to his mother and nanny Makaryevna. On June 6, he and his companions arrived in Perm. On June 13, with all the equipment of the expedition, they left Perm on 13 post horses. It was troublesome and expensive to carry huge luggage along the bad Ural road - the carts often broke down and you had to pay for their repairs.
On May 23, Nikolai Mikhailovich said goodbye to his mother and nanny Makaryevna. On June 6, he and his companions arrived in Perm. On June 13, with all the equipment of the expedition, they left Perm on 13 post horses. It was troublesome and expensive to carry huge luggage along the bad Ural road - the carts often broke down and you had to pay for their repairs.
Beyond the Urals lie vast steppes. The closer to Semipalatinsk, the steppe became more and more harsh and deserted and more and more resembled the Gobi. On July 3, in Semipalatinsk, Przhevalsky had a joyful meeting with his old comrades - the Cossacks Chebaev and Irinchinov.
From here the expedition left on five troikas. In Verny (now Alma-Ata), Nikolai Mikhailovich took three more Cossacks, and in Gulja he hired a translator, Abdul Yusupov, who knew Turkic and Chinese. The expedition acquired 24 camels and 4 horses.
Equipment for a long journey, correspondence with the governments of China and Jety-shaar detained Przhevalsky in Kulja for several weeks. On August 7, Przhevalsky received from the Governor-General of Russian Turkestan K.P. Kaufman a translation of a letter from the Dzhetyshaar Emir Yakub-bek. The emir wrote that he would receive the expedition members as guests and provide them with all possible assistance in his possessions.
On August 9, the Russian envoy in Beijing E. Byutsov sent the expedition a pass to Chinese Turkestan. This pass was obtained with great difficulty from the Bogdokha government. As in 1871, the Bogdokhan ministers, in order to dissuade the Russians from traveling, tried to intimidate them with all sorts of dangers. This time, the ministers even stated that they could not take upon themselves the protection of the lives of travelers. This statement not only did not alarm Nikolai Mikhailovich, but, on the contrary, made him very happy.
“I received a passport from Beijing for passage from Hami to Tibet,” he wrote to Pyltsov on the same day. - Only the Chinese refused to guard the expedition. This is what is needed." Since the Bogdohan authorities refused to guard the expedition, they would have no excuse to assign a convoy to it. And the convoy would interfere with the orderly work of travelers.
On August 12, 1876, Przhevalsky and nine of his companions set out from Kulja and headed up the banks of the Ili River.
Near Lake Lob-nor, discovered by Przhevalsky. Photo by Roborovsky.
Przhevalsky after hunting during the Lop Nor expedition. From a watercolor by Bilderling.
IN THE KINGDOM OF YAKUB BEK 
Travel from Kulja through the Tien Shan to Lob-nor and through Dzungaria to Guchen in 1876–1878.
During the previous expedition, Przhevalsky’s route to Tibet lay from the northeast (from Beijing) to the southwest. The new expedition headed from northwest to southeast. Its closest goal was the banks of the Tarim River and Lake Lop-Nor.
The travelers had to cross the possessions of the Jety-Shaar emir Yakub Beg. Having crossed the rivers Ili, Tekes and Kunges, and crossed the Narat ridge, Przhevalsky and his companions entered the Yuldus plateau. The very first weeks of the trip showed that Nikolai Mikhailovich, despite all his experience and insight, made a mistake when choosing one of his companions.
“Our entry into Yuldus was marked by an extremely unpleasant event. My assistant, warrant officer Povalo-Shvyikovsky, almost from the very beginning of the expedition could not bear the difficulties of the journey,” says Przhevalsky. “I was forced to send him back to his previous place of service. Fortunately, my other companion, volunteer Eklon, turned out to be a very diligent and energetic young man. With some practice, he will soon become an excellent assistant for me.” Having crossed the southern spurs of the Tien Shan, the travelers arrived in the Jetyshaar city of Kurlya.
Here, by order of Yakub-bek, they were placed in a house allocated for them, and a guard was assigned to them, “under the pretext of security,” as Przhevalsky says, “in essence, in order to not allow any of the local residents here , generally extremely dissatisfied with the rule of Yakub Beg.” Przhevalsky and his companions were not allowed into the city. They were told: “You are our dear guests, you should not worry, everything you need will be delivered.” These sweet speeches were only a pretense. True, lamb, bread and fruit were delivered to travelers every day, but this was the extent of the hospitality promised by Yakub Beg.
Everything that interested Przhevalsky was closed to him. “We didn’t know about anything beyond the gates of our yard,” he says. To all questions regarding the city of Kurlya, the number of local residents, their trade, the nature of the surrounding country - he heard the most evasive answers or outright lies. The next day after Przhevalsky’s arrival in Kurlya, the emir’s close associate, Zaman-bek (or Zaman-khan-efendi), came to him.
Imagine Nikolai Mikhailovich’s surprise when the adviser to the Dzhetyshaar ruler spoke excellent Russian! Przhevalsky describes Zaman-bek as follows: “In appearance he is obese, of average height, dark-haired, with a huge nose; age about 40 years.” Answering Przhevalsky’s questions, Zaman-bek said that he was a native of the city of Nukha in Transcaucasia and was in the Russian service.
From Russia Zaman-bek moved to Turkey. The Turkish Sultan sent him to Yakub Beg along with other persons knowledgeable in military affairs. Zaman-bek announced from the very first words that the emir had instructed him to accompany Przhevalsky to Lob-nor. “I was shocked by this news,” writes Przhevalsky. “I knew well that Zaman Bey was being sent to monitor us and that the presence of an official would not be a relief, but a hindrance to our research. That’s what happened later.”
Although Zaman-bek was sent to Jety-shaar by an ally of the British - the Turkish Sultan, he himself sympathized not with England, but with Russia. Przhevalsky appreciated Zaman-bek’s friendly attitude towards the Russians. The traveler fully understood that Zaman-bek was better than any other “honorary guard” assigned to him by the Jetyshaar emir. But even the most benevolent guard prevented Przhevalsky from freely photographing the area, getting to know the local population, and carrying out the necessary research. Nikolai Mikhailovich would prefer freedom to the best convoy.
That is why Zaman-bek aroused in him a mixed feeling of gratitude and annoyance. “Zaman-bek was personally very disposed towards us,” says Przhevalsky, “and, as far as possible, he provided us with services. I owe deep gratitude to the venerable bek for this. With him at Lob-Nor we were much better off than with any of Yakub-bek’s other trustees - of course, as much as it can be better in bad things in general" Przhevalsky was outraged not only by his position as an “honorary prisoner” of Yakub-bek, the whole political regime, established by the emir in Jety-shaar.
On July 6, 1877, Przhevalsky wrote to Russia: “Being under the strictest supervision during our entire stay in the possessions of Badualet, we could only occasionally, by chance, enter into relations with the local population, but from this random, fragmentary information, the most important contours inner life the kingdom of Yakub Beg... Even if Badualet floods the field of his dominion with streams of blood, if only the shoots of the future prosperity of the state sprout on this field. But there are no such sprouts at all. The bloody terror in today's Jityshar has the sole purpose of strengthening the power of the king himself - there is no concern for the people.
They look at him only as a working mass from which the best juices can be squeezed... The petty worries of the day absorb all the attention and time of the Jityshar ruler. Badualet listens to all sorts of denunciations of his servants, knows which merchant brought what to the city (and some of the goods are taken for free), accepts gifts in the form of horses, rams, etc., from the simplest of his subjects he takes into the harem, at his own choice, women, sometimes at the age of a child. Constantly fearing for his life, Yakub-bek lives outside the city in a fanza, surrounded by guards and a soldier’s camp, does not sleep at night and, as Zaman-bek told us, even enters the mosque with a Winchester rifle in his hands.” According to Przhevalsky’s angry and correct description, Yakub-bek is “nothing more than a political rogue”, who used the national liberation movement of Muslim peoples against the Bogdokhan yoke only in order to “seize power over them and oppress them together with a clique of his closest adherents” .
“The clique of his henchmen is a match for Badualet himself,” wrote Przhevalsky. “All of them are known to the local population under the common name “Anjanov”. The most important positions in the Jita-shara are distributed to these anjanas. For the local population, these people are hateful.” Not as an indifferent outsider, but with passionate sympathy for the fate of the masses, Przhevalsky depicts their situation in the state of Yakub Beg: “It is very bad to live in today’s Jityshar.
Neither person nor property are secured; espionage has developed to terrifying proportions. Everyone is afraid for tomorrow. Arbitrariness dominates in all branches of government: truth and justice do not exist. The Anjans rob the residents not only of their property, but even of their wives and daughters.” From everything that the traveler saw in Jety-shaar, he was able to draw an insightful conclusion regarding the viability of this state: “ The kingdom of Yakub Beg will fall in the near future(Przhevalsky's italics - S. X.).
Most likely, it will be conquered by the Chinese; in the event of any peaceful combinations on this side, which is, however, very doubtful, an uprising will inevitably break out within Jityshar itself, for which there are, even to the extreme, all the ready-made elements, but which is now delayed by military terror and the commonality of the Muslim cause.” Przhevalsky pointed out that “the local population, guilty of little, will, of course, pay in this case, perhaps even with a complete massacre.” History soon fully confirmed Przhevalsky’s predictions. The “Kingdom of Yakub Beg” really fell a year later. It was conquered by the Bogd Khan's troops, as Przhevalsky predicted.
The population, as he also foresaw, paid in the “total massacre” that the Bogdokhan government ordered. Tens of thousands of residents of Jety-shaar fled to the west, to Russian Turkestan, and settled here forever.
THE WAY TO LOB-NOR On November 4, the expedition, accompanied by Zaman-bek and his retinue, set out from Kurl to the shores of Tarim and Lob-nor. “A whole horde is traveling with Zaman-bek,” Przhevalsky was indignant. “Food (sheep, flour, etc.) and pack animals are taken from the residents for free.” Nikolai Mikhailovich spoke about Zaman-bek himself with mockery and indignation: “On the road and at Lob-Nor itself, our companion, probably out of boredom, married four times, including once to a 10-year-old girl.” The society of Zaman-bek and his retinue prevented Przhevalsky from not only mapping the area, but even hunting.
Even an inveterate loser remembers that there is a horse named after Przhevalsky. But Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky is famous not only for the discovery of this wild horse. What is he famous for?
An honorary member of the Geographical Society of Russia, he conducted several expeditions to Central Asia, opening up Russian and European scientific world previously unknown lands with their population, nature and fauna.
Many species of birds, fish, mammals and lizards that were discovered during his travels are named in his honor. He was a true ascetic, which, according to his contemporaries, was so lacking at that time. He is placed on the same level as Marco Polo and Cook. His legacy still enjoys prestige in scientific circles.
Representative of the noble family
The scientist’s ancestor, the Cossack Kornilo Parovalsky, arrived to serve in Poland and changed his surname to Przhevalsky. Being a successful warrior, he received lands, a title and a coat of arms as a reward for winning battles. Descendants adopted the Catholic faith. But not everyone did this.
Kazimir Przhevalsky fled and converted to Orthodoxy. In Russia he was named Kuzma. His son Mikhail served in the Russian army and pacified the rebellious Poles in 1832. Four years later, due to poor health, he left the service and resigned. Mikhail moved to his father in the Smolensk region. Here he met a neighbor’s girl, Elena, from the wealthy Karetnikov family. Mikhail was not handsome, and besides, he had no money, but they had a mutual passion. The girl’s parents did not immediately agree to the marriage. Soon they had a son, Nikolai Przhevalsky (life: 1839-1888), a future traveler and explorer. It was in childhood that his love for travel began.
Childhood and youth
The first years of Nikolai Przhevalsky’s life were spent in Otradnoye, his mother’s estate. His surroundings did not seem to contribute in any way spiritual development. Parents were conservative landowners and did not delve into the scientific trends of those times.
The father died early, and the mother, being of a strong nature, took control of the household into her own hands and ruled according to the old way of life. The second person after her on the estate was the nanny, Makarievna, kind to the “panic” and grumpy to the serfs. The latter were 105 souls, who provided a poor but well-fed life for the whole family.
Nikolai Przhevalsky grew up a real tomboy, for which his mother’s rods often ran through him. From the age of five, his uncle Pavel Alekseevich took over his education, who, having squandered his estate, received shelter from his sister. He instilled in Nikolai a love of hunting and nature, which later grew into a fiery passion.
From the age of eight, teachers from the seminary came to Nikolai. Mother wanted to send her son to the cadet corps, but she failed and had to go to the second grade of the gymnasium in the city of Smolensk. He graduated from high school at the age of sixteen. After a whole summer of hunting and fishing, in the fall, he was supposed to join the Polotsk regiment. During the service, the young man kept himself to himself. He devoted all his free time to studying zoology and botany and dreamed of traveling.
Preparing for the expedition
Przhevalsky's great desire to travel around Central Asia was not enough to convince the Geographical Society of Russia to help organize the expedition. Unfortunately, Nikolai Mikhailovich at that time did not yet have weight in scientific circles, and it was naive to count on the approval of the Society's Council.
Peter Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, as follows from Przhevalsky’s biography, advised him to go to the Ussuri region. Upon return, the discoverer will have a much better chance of convincing the Council to assemble an expedition. Which is exactly what happened. The result of the Ussuri trip was several works and discoveries in the field of botany and ornithology. All this elevated Przhevalsky in the eyes of scientists. Which they eloquently supported with an award - a silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. Of course, the real recognition for Nikolai Mikhailovich was a trip to Central Asia.
First trip
The expedition, led by the Russian naturalist Przhevalsky, could not be easy. Beginning in 1870, it lasted three years. During this time, its participants covered at least eleven thousand kilometers. Later this expedition would be called the Mongolian expedition.
The following were explored: Lake Dalai-Nur, the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges. The naturalist managed to refute the data of old Chinese sources, which claimed that the Yellow River has branches. The expedition members waited out the winter in Kalgan.
At the beginning of March 1872, from Kalgan we walked through the Alashan desert and, having reached the Nanshan ridges, moved to Lake Kukunar. Afterwards, Nikolai Mikhailovich walked along the Tsaidam Basin, crossed the Kunlun and reached the Yangtze River.
In summer last year The first expedition, having made its way through the Middle Gobi, Przhevalsky arrives in Urga (now the capital of Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar). At the beginning of autumn he returned from there to Kyakhta.
The results of the expedition were more than four thousand open plants, and many species of animals and reptiles were named in his honor. In addition, the Geographical Society awarded the traveler a gold medal, and he became a world celebrity.
Second trip
Having gained experience on his first trip, Nikolai Przhevalsky is planning a second expedition to Central Asia, on a larger scale. It was supposed to cover Tibet and Lhasa. Adjustments to shortening the route were made by Nikolai Mikhailovich’s failing health, as well as the worsening political relations with China.
The start of Nikolai Przhevalsky's expedition began in Kulja. Having crossed the mountain ranges of the Tien Shan, passing through the Tarim depression, he reaches the reed Przhevalsky writes in his writings that the length of the lake-swamp is one hundred kilometers and the width is about twenty kilometers. He is the second white explorer here after Marco Polo. In addition to geographical research, ethnographic research was also carried out. In particular, the life and beliefs of the Lobnor people were studied.
Third trip
Przhevalsky made his third - Tibetan - journey in 1879-1880. His detachment of thirteen people crossed the Khamiya desert, starting from the Nan Shan ridge.
The discoveries of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky amazed the geographical community. The participants discovered two ridges called Humboldt and Ritter, which they explored in the northern part of Tibet. Several animals were discovered, including the Dzungarian horse, known to everyone from school textbooks, named after Przhevalsky. Although the scientist’s notes indicate that these horses had a local name. The Kirghiz called it kartag, and the Mongols called it tak.
Upon his return, Przhevalsky was awarded various honorary titles, awards and degrees. And then he retires from the bustle of the city in the village, where he begins to work on the materials collected during the expedition and presents the results in a book.
Fourth journey
Tibet again. The tireless explorer embarked on his fourth journey in 1883, which lasted until 1885. Here new adventures awaited him. He explored lakes Orin-Nur and Dzharin-Nur, the sources of the Yellow River, and the Tibetan ridges of Moscow, Columba and Russian. The collection of unknown species of fish, birds, reptiles, animals and plants has been expanded. Przhevalsky’s work biography was outlined in another book, which he wrote on the Sloboda estate.
Fifth journey
It would be foolish to be surprised that at almost fifty years old Nikolai Mikhailovich is embarking on a new expedition to Central Asia. Unfortunately, this is where Przhevalsky’s adventure-filled biography ends. On his last journey, he sailed along the Volga and Caspian Sea. Arriving in Krasnovodsk, he goes to Samarkand and Pishpek (Bishkek). From there - to Alma-Ata.
Death by negligence
In the fall of 1888, Nikolai Mikhailovich and his entire detachment arrived in Pishpek. Camels were recruited here. With his friend Roborovsky, they notice that there are a lot of pheasants in the area. The friends could not deny themselves the pleasure of stocking up on bird meat before departure. While hunting in the valley, he, already having a cold, drinks water from the river. And all winter in these places, the Kyrgyz suffered from typhus in droves. When preparing for the trip, Przhevalsky did not pay attention to changes in his health, saying that he had caught a cold before, and it would go away on its own.
Soon the temperature rose. On the night from the 15th to the 16th, he slept restlessly, and the next morning, as described in Przhevalsky’s biography, he was still able to leave the yurt in which he slept and shoot a vulture.
The Kirghiz grumbled, believing that this was a sacred bird. The next day the scientist did not get out of bed. The doctor who arrived from Karagol pronounced a verdict - typhoid fever. And on his deathbed, Przhevalsky showed unprecedented fortitude. He admitted to friends and fellow travelers that he was not afraid to die, since he had met the “bony one” more than once.
The last request was to bury him on the shore of Issyk-Kul. On October 20, 1888, Nikolai Mikhailovich’s life was cut short. A year later, a monument was erected on his grave: an eight-meter rock made up of twenty-one stones, according to the number of years devoted to research and scientific activity traveler, above which rises a bronze eagle.
Merits in science
Nikolai Przhevalsky's books describe his research into the geographical and natural history of the following objects:
- Kun-Lun - mountain system;
- ridges of Northern Tibet;
- the sources of the Yellow River;
- basins of Lob-Nor, Kuku-Nor.
The naturalist discovered many animals for the world, among which are the wild camel and the horse. All the botanical and zoological collections that the traveler collected were described by specialists. They contained many new forms of flora and fauna.
Nikolai Mikhailovich’s discoveries were valued not only in his homeland, their significance was recognized by academies and scientists all over the world. He is also considered one of the significant climatologists of the nineteenth century.
Researcher name in science
The name of the traveler Nikolai Przhevalsky was preserved not only in his works. Named after him natural objects, city, village, streets, gymnasium in Smolensk, museum.
Also, many representatives of flora and fauna bear his name:
- horse;
- pied - a sandy animal of the hamster family;
- nuthatch - bird;
- buzulnik is a herbaceous perennial plant of the aster family;
- sage;
- zhuzgun;
- skull cap
In memory of the traveler, monuments and busts were erected, medals and commemorative coins were established, and a film was made.
With his own life, he proved that a dream is worth striving for. Faith in your goals, hard work and perseverance can overcome many obstacles on the way to your desired goal. Such a distant place opened up its vastness to the Russian naturalist.
Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 –20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, explorer of Central Asia, honorary member St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, major general from 1886.
Przhevalsky is known as one of the greatest travelers, who spent 11 years of his life on 5 expeditions. total length its operating routes are 31,500 km. During the expeditions, rich zoological collections were collected (over 7.5 thousand exhibits); several new species of animals were discovered, including the wild camel, the wild horse (Przewalski's horse), the pika-eating bear, etc. Its herbariums contain about 16 thousand plant specimens, comprising 1,700 species, of which 218 species and 7 genera were described for the first time.
His mineralogical collections were striking in their richness. He received the highest awards from a number of geographical societies, was elected honorary doctor of several universities, became an honorary member of 24 scientific institutions in a number of countries and an honorary citizen of St. Petersburg and Smolensk.
Born in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province, into a noble family. Since childhood I dreamed of traveling. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. His initial teacher was his uncle P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter, who instilled in him this passion and with it a love of nature and wandering.
In 1855 he graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium. After completing the course at the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky became a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment in Moscow; Having received the rank of officer, he transferred to the Polotsk regiment, then entered the Academy of the General Staff. At the height of the Sevastopol defense he entered the army as a volunteer, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years of being unloved by Przhevalsky N.M. military service received a refusal to transfer him to Amur for research work.
In 1861 he entered the Academy of the General Staff, where he completed his first geographical work, “Military Geographical Survey of the Amur Region,” for which the Russian Geographical Society elected him as a member.
In 1863 he completed his academic course and volunteered to go to Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw as a teacher of history and geography at a cadet school, where he seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little-studied countries.
In 1866 he was assigned to Eastern Siberia. He made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10 -1885 to Mongolia, Tibet and China. Surveyed more than 30 thousand km. the path he traveled, discovered unknown mountain ranges and lakes, a wild camel, a Tibetan bear, and a wild horse named after him. He talked about his travels in books, giving a vivid description of Central Asia: its flora, fauna, climate, peoples who lived in it; collected unique collections, becoming a generally recognized classic of geographical science.
In 1883, he undertook a fourth voyage, leading a detachment of 21 people. From Kyakhta he moved through Urga along the old route to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue Rivers, and from there he went through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to the city of Karakol (Przhevalsk). The journey ended only in 1886.
Przhevalsky's greatest achievements are the geographical and natural-historical study of the Kun-Lun mountain system, the ridges of Northern Tibet, the Lob-Nor and Kuku-Nor basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms of animals: the wild camel, Przewalski's horse, the Tibetan bear, a number of new species of other mammals, and also collected huge zoological and botanical collections, containing many new forms, later described by specialists. The Academy of Sciences and scientific societies around the world welcomed Przhevalsky's discoveries.
Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born traveler-wanderer, who preferred the lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Thanks to his persistent, decisive character, he overcame the opposition of Chinese officials and the resistance of local residents, which sometimes reached open attacks and skirmishes. The Academy of Sciences awarded Przhevalsky a medal with the inscription: “The first explorer of the nature of Central Asia.”
The result of the first trip was the book “Travel in the Ussuri Region” and rich collections for the geographical society. For the first time he described the nature of many regions of Asia, lakes and mountain ranges unknown to Europeans; collected collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), etc.
He died of typhoid fever (11/20/1888) while preparing to make his fifth expedition to Central Asia. A number of geographical objects, animal and plant species are named after him. In 1892 St. Petersburg was opened monument Przhevalsky N.M. sculptors Shroeder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.
In 1891, in honor of Przhevalsky, the Russian Geographical Society established a silver medal and a prize named after him; in 1946 a gold medal named after Przhevalsky was established. The following names were named in his honor: a city, a ridge in Kunlun, a glacier in Altai, several species of animals (including a horse) and plants. Monuments to Przhevalsky were erected: near Lake Issyk-Kul (at his grave) and in St. Petersburg.
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