The study of allergenic bacteria began in 1909, when allergies and anaphylaxis were studied. The development of allergy teachings showed that allergic properties can be detected not only immediately, but after some time.
Among the reactions that may occur can immediately be, both and also bronchial asthma caused by bacteria.
The bacteria that have allergenic properties are still being studied, their study occurs by samples of leather tissues. The strongest action is allergens from saprophilic microbes, which are distinguished from patients.
Participants in pathogenic types of microbes are very small and with other types of allergic diseases to the assessment of the values \u200b\u200bof the saprofites have to be approached in a new way. In this case, we are not talking about the causative agents of the disease, but that not the types of microbes can settle in the body and to be in it for a very long time, this may be caused by sensitization and such a disease as a bronchial asthma.
Currently, bacterial allergens are customary to divide into two groups:
- Antigen of the causative agent of the infectious disease:
To this type of allergens includes tuberculin, which was obtained extraction of allergen from tuberculosis microbacteria. Sensitization to the causative agents of tuberculosis has become classic in the study of the slow motion hypersensitivity. Tuberculin-. In its composition, tuberculin contains impurities of lipids, which affect the term for the formation of the reaction and contribute to the activity of the drug. Antigens of this type of pathogen were studied by the very first.
Injection of recombinant allergen
Mantu's sample is the diagnosis of the method of studying the intensity of immunity to the pathogens of tuberculosis, which is carried out using special microbacterium - tuberculin and the reaction is tracked. Mantu is not done if there are any diseases, chronic and infectious diseases, epilepsy, allergies, quarantine. The vaccination is done a month after the quarantine is removed.
- Allergen conditionally pathogenic bacteria:
It includes lepromine, which contains 75% protein, 13% of polysaccharides and about 13% of nucleic acids. Since the manufacture of Lepromine, many years have passed, and it is still the most common leprosy during the diagnosis.
Bacteria leprees
Lepromatous fabrics extract
Activation of allergens
Allergies can cause various substances and simple, and complex protein, protein-lipid and protein-polysaccharide complexes.
Based on the result of numerous experiments and studies of modern medicine, which was engaged in the study of chemical composition, it can be assumed that natural allergens are in most cases glycoprotein with m from 10-90 kd. If the fraction with m is less than 10 kd, they cannot for themselves to form an effective bridge and therefore the allergic reaction does not occur.
Antigen with M is greater than 70-90kd opportunities to penetrate the barrier fabrics, and allergens do not reach fat cells.
Allergenic stimulus is the first signal that starts the activation of lymphoid cells.
More sensitization to this type of bacteria is manifested if there are infectious diseases of various complexity: bronchial asthma, chronic pneumonia, tonsillitis, streptococcus allergen.
Viral allergy is a disease that occurs during various infectious infections. The reaction may occur in people of any age. Its manifestation depends on the type of allergen and the individual characteristics of the body.
Infectious pathogens of allergies
Viral or bacterial allergies is a response of the body to the development of not fully cured infectious disease.
Allergy arises when man infected with these microorganisms.
Also, the cause of the reaction can be particles of infected cells. Most often, the development of infectious allergies contributes to chronic diseases.
People with the presence of such diseases are subject to the greatest risk:
- dysentery;
- syphilis and gonorrhea;
- tuberculosis;
- plague and Siberian ulcer;
- mycosis;
- brucellosis.
An infectious allergy can develop both an adult and a child.
Sometimes it appears as a result of taking samples for the presence of infection in the body.
Symptoms in children and adults
The main signs of allergies caused by infections are practically no different from general symptoms on various allergic reactions:
- rash, redness and itching of skin;
- chihanye, swelling and nasal congestion;
- cough, respiratory impairment;
- tear, redness and swelling of the mucous eye;
- disruption of the digestive system, diarrhea, nausea.
Allergic to infection in children often occurs after respiratory diseases.
The course of the disease is accompanied by:
- runny nose;
- high body temperature;
- difficulty breathing;
- cough;
- lack of appetite.
Pains in hand, legs and stomach can also appear. Sometimes an allergic reaction with an acute respiratory viral infection leads to the development of asthma.
It is very important to identify allergies in time and begin treatment, since the aggravation of the disease can lead to complications.
In some cases, anaphylactic shock is possible.
The reaction that occurs when taking samples to the presence in the body of the infection can manifest itself immediately. At the injection site, it is felt by itching, redness and skin swelling are visible.
Diagnostics
In order to assign proper treatment, the type of allergen should be set, which causes the reaction. Initially, the full collection of anamnesis is carried out, according to which a possible allergen is preliminar than.
All transferred infectious diseases take into account.
The detection of an accurate pathogen is carried out on the conducted skin samples with a possible allergen. If there is an increased sensitivity to a specific microorganism, then characteristic redness appears at the site of its introduction.
The exact diagnosis is set after a full survey.
Treatment
Infectious allergy is a dangerous disease whose development can lead to the death of the patient.
Therefore, when the first signs are manifested, it will be necessary to see a doctor.
The basic principle of treatment is the identification and destruction of allergen, which can be bacteria, microscopic fungi or viruses. Each type of pathogen is treated with certain drugs.
Allergy treatment caused by viruses
If after the diagnosis confirming that the reaction in the body causes viral infections, the treatment is carried out by such drugs:
- "Remantadin" is a drug with severe antiviral activity;
- "Zanyvir" - antiviral remedy Neutralizing viruses of group A and V.
In therapy ...
Causes of viral allergies
Bacterial allergies caused by increased sensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops if there are chronic infection in the body of chronic infections, which can be localized in almonds, carious teeth, nose cavities, in the bronchophell, intestine, biliary system.
- Specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies
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- Treatment of viral, fungal and bacterial allergies with antihistamine drugs
- Prevention of viral and bacterial allergies
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Bacterial allergies are formed for a long time for several years, so it is extremely rare to three years of age.
Infectious-allergic diseases are formed under the infection of bacterial allergens: infectious allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies, standard bacterial allergens are used, manufactured by Kazan NIIEM: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, protea Mirabilis and Vulgaris, Sinnaya wand, Enterococcus, intestinal wand, group pneumococcus, nesseria.
The first stage of diagnosis of bacterial allergies is allergic.
The seasonality of exacerbation (in the raw cold season) is considered characteristic of the alamous signs of bacterial allergies, the connection of the exacerbation of the disease with the supercooling due to the exacerbation of foci of chronic infection.
The aggravation of the infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by a febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in treatment. For infectious-allergic diseases, acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often taken, especially for patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result, an anamnestic hyperdiagnosis of infectious-allergic diseases is often held. From Table 2.15, it can be seen that a bacterial positive history (BKA) correlates with a complex of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% are provocative. In 1/3 of cases, with a positive history, all other tests turned out to be negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected.
Thus, more than half of the patients suspected a history of bacterial etiology of the disease are not confirmed by an integrated allergological examination. With a negative data of the anamnesis, 13.00% of children detects bacterial allergies, mainly subclinic. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergies is not always credible.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is not specific. From table 2.15, it can be seen that only in 38.33% of cases, the positive result of intradermal samples (WCP) correlates with a complex of other tests and 9.45% with a provocative, and 61.67% all other tests turned out to be negative, t.
e. Bacterial sensitization is not detected. It…
Treatment of bacterial allergies
Allergic reactions and diseases are in the first place among pathologies, whose prevalence every year everything increases.
Those who once encountered allergies are aware that the most frequent allergens are pollen of plants, food, pet wool, chemicals.
But not many know that there is another type of allergic reaction - infectious allergies, with this pathology, the immune system of a specific reaction responds to a number of microorganisms that cause certain diseases.
Infectious pathogens leading to allergies
Under the term infectious allergy is understood as the increased sensitivity of the human body to pathogenic causative agents of infectious diseases and invasive processes.
Pathology can develop and as a response to the products of the vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.
Allergy in infectious disease occurs if the body simultaneously experiences the effect of three factors provoking pathology, this is:
- Long course of the disease;
- Localization of infection inside cells;
- The presence of a focus of chronic inflammation.
It has been established that the infectious type of allergies can be caused:
Infectious allergies often develop not only under the action of the specified causative agents of the disease.
The culprit of the disease can also become fragments of infected cells, the collapsing residues of infectious agents and products formed during their livelihoods.
The hypersensitivity of the body may appear with almost any infection. But the most likely the emergence of infectious allergies, if the disease has a chronic flow.
The likelihood of pathology increases repeatedly, if a person has caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pyelonephritis, that is, chronic foci of inflammation.
Diseases under which the occurrence of infectious allergies
More often an infectious type allergy is installed in patients with:
Infectious allergies in rare cases can develop and after sample used to detect the focus of infection.
With tuberculosis, the impetus to the disease can give a test manta, with a brucellosis of the BURNER test, the test of the tvumekalov during dysentery, a trial with a gononaccision to detect gonorrhea and a number of others.
In children, bacterial and viral allergies are often provoked by influenza, streptococcus, staphylococcus, intestinal wand.
The probability of occurrence of pathology in children is increased with a long-term course of respiratory diseases, with an increased sensitivity of the body to the products resulting from the life of microorganisms.
Symptoms in children and adults
The clinical picture of infectious allergies is practically no different from the symptoms of other allergic diseases.
When it is developed, it is noted:
- Redness of individual areas of leather, rash formation;
- Itching body;
- The runny nose manifested by the embezzlement of nasal moves, sneezing, abundant separated;
- Tear eye, redness of the scool and conjunctiva;
- Violations in ...
Specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies
Allergy is a pathological reaction of a human immune system for certain substances. It may arise due to the contact of the body with pollen, wool, aggressive chemical compounds, some kinds of medical preparations, etc. There is also infectious allergies. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.
Views
Depending on the allergen, it happens different types:
- viral allergy;
- bacterial allergies;
- fungal allergy.
All of them are caused by the presence in the body of infection.
Causes of viral allergies
Such an immune response may appear both in children and in adults.
It can be caused by serious diseases. Such as:
brucellosis;
anthrax;
micoses of the skin and other organs;
tularemia;
dysentery;
tuberculosis;
Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under such conditions:
intracellular arrangement of infection;
long during the listed diseases;
the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.
Such an allergy may occur not only by itself, but also due to the sample in the presence of infection in the body.
With tuberculosis, it is a test of manta, with chronic dysentery - TsUverkalov's sample, when brucellosis - BURNER test, with a gonor - a trial with a gonoganccinate, with a Siberian ulcer - a trial with anxissine, with tularemia - trial with tularemin.
Children may also have allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body.
It is often manifested after a long course of colds.
In this case, ORZ turns into infectious allergies in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
So, it can be concluded that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:pneumococcus;
staphylococcus;
streptococcus;
intestinal wand.
Infectious allergies in children develop for such reasons:
severe diseases listed above;
a long course of sharp respiratory diseases;
increased sensitivity of the body to productivity products of microorganisms causing any diseases (including
flu, etc.);
Also allergic to vital products of viruses, bacteria and fungi may occur in adults and children due to a prolonged chronic inflammatory process. It may be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.
Symptoms of allergy to infection
This type of immune response in adults and children is accompanied by such signs:
redness or rash on the skin;
allergic runny nose;
redness and tear eye;
disorders of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (pain in the stomach, diarrhea);
difficulty breathing;
an increase in lymph nodes;
in particularly severe cases - anaphylactic shock.
If the allergies arose after conducting Mantu or other samples for the presence in the body of infection, then local symptoms are added to the signs listed above:
pain and swelling in the injection site;
strong itching;
swelling and redness at the site of the sample to infection.
After a long flow of sharp respiratory diseases, children accompany such symptoms:
increased temperature;
wheezes in the lungs;
sweet breathing.
Such symptoms may also be present in adults if they strongly launched bronchitis or other respiratory diseases.
If children or adults have symptoms of acute infectious allergies, you should not try to treat yourself yourself, as the likelihood of development is high ...
However, the development of an allergic reaction can cause pathogenic microorganismsresulting in the emergence of various diseases. In this case, infectious or viral allergy occurs in children.
General
Viral allergy arises as a result of penetration into a children's body various viruses.
The body's immune system issues an appropriate reaction, highlights an increased amount of obese cells that should fight with pathogenic microflora.
With an increased sensitivity of the body to this irritant (virus cells), obese cells are destroyed, as a result of which the substance is distinguished into the body - histaminewhich is toxic, and leads to the development characteristic of allergies of symptoms.
In this case, this reaction may occur not only to the presence of the virus itself, but also on the products of the vital activity of this microorganism.
There is also such a concept as an infectious allergy that occurs when a child's virus cells come into the body, but also of various kinds bacteria, fungal microorganisms.
This type of allergic reaction is developing against the background of other diseases whose pathogens are one or another infection.
What is an allergen?
Infectious and viral allergies occurs in a child at the contact of its body with:
Causes of occurrence
The main reason for the development of the illness is considered to penetrate the child infection-pathogen.
In addition, it is necessary that the child's body differs in high sensitivity to the microorganism and its livelihoods.
In order for the child an allergic reaction to viruses, bacteria and another pathogenic microflora, such factors need as:
Provoking the development of illness may such serious diseases As: syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, Siberian ulcers, plague, dysentery, typhoid, brucellosis, fungal lesions of skin and internal organs.
Cause the development of an allergic reaction may even be a minor content in the body of a child of pathogenic microorganisms.
This situation occurs, for example, when conducting or other infectious samples(such as Mantu's reaction), when a small amount of drug containing a virus or other infection is introduced into the child's body to determine its sensitivity.
Can an allergy in children have a cumulative effect? Find out about it from ours.
Classification and species
Depending on what caused the development of an allergic reaction, the following types of infectious allergies are distinguished:
- viral(developing due to the penetration of the virus-causative agent);
- bacterial(arising from contact with pathogens);
- fungal(An organism arising from fungal damage, that is, skin cover, nails, internal organs).
Symptoms and signs
Viral allergy in a child - Photo:
Recognize the development of viral allergies can be followed Characteristic manifestations of this ailment, such as:
- Redness of certain parts of the body, the formation of specific nodule or bubble rasions on them.
- Strong itching of skin.
- Nasal congestion, appearance of transparent discharge from the nasal cavity.
- Tearing, the development of signs of conjunctivitis.
- Disruption of the organs of the digestive system, manifested in the form of painful sensations in the abdomen, stool disorders, the appearance of vomit urges.
- A strong dry cough, whose attacks deliver serious discomfort.
- Difficulty breathing, a child appears shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy and noisy.
- The increase in lymph nodes, most often located in the field of virus penetration into the body.
- Increased body temperature (sometimes hyperthermia occurs suddenly, the temperature indicators reach high marks).
Diagnostics
The diagnosis is raised from the collection of anamnesis of the alend.
In particular, the doctor reveals the increased sensitivity of the child's body to allergic reactions, burdened heredity, the conditions under which arise characteristic symptoms of allergies (Whether the child had any viral disease, the nature and duration of his flow).
It also matters and how often the child is sick with viral diseases, since the children most susceptible to their development, the corresponding variety of allergies occurs more often.
Next is the inspection of the patient, identifying characteristic symptoms of pathology. I. laboratory studies, in particular, blood tests to determine the number of fat cells and the speed of their decay.
Differential
In case of infectious allergies it is very important to identify the cause This reaction of the children's body, that is, a specific pathogen.
Differential diagnosis of postal allergies is carried out. For this, the child is prescribed various samples (skin or subcutaneous), for example, a manta reaction.
After that, the doctor is observed for the reaction of the body of a small patient. In the presence of allergies after such samples The child develops the corresponding symptoms of illness, in particular:
- redness of the skin in the place of the injection, the occurrence of painful papulese education in this area;
- fission cells of tissues in this area;
- the deterioration of the overall health of the child.
What is dangerous?
Viral allergies can lead to various kinds complicationsassociated with respiratory impairment (for example, the emergence of a strong suffocation, which can lead to the death of a child), the defeat of the eyes, joints (infectious-allergic arthritis), significantly worsening the quality of the child's life.
With the defeat of the internal organs, their functionality is significantly reduced, which also contributes to the development of certain health problems.
Treatment
The main method of treatment is reception of prescribed medication drugs.
Allergies can be caused by various reasons (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Therefore, only a doctor should be chosen based on this reason.
Thus, antiviral drugs will not give any effect in bacterial or fungal allergies, while with a viral type of illness they cope with quite effectively. Therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to identify Allergen, and this can only do a doctor in the clinic.
Medicate
The child is prescribed the reception of drugs of the following groups:
Funds of traditional medicine
Remove the unpleasant symptoms of allergies will help tested by the Time of Folk Medicine. For example, from rashes and itching well helps sea \u200b\u200bbuckthorn oil or rosehip butter.
This means must be necessary several times a day. lubricity affected skin. The oil has a soothing, anti-inflammatory effect, contributes to the rapid regeneration of damaged skin. For the same purposes, you can use fresh sea buckthorn berries or rosehip fruits.
Infusion of dandelion leaves It has a pronounced common action, helps the children's body better cope with pathogenic viruses.
For cooking, you need to take 2 tbsp. Ground leaves, pour their glass of boiling water.
Giving a child to half a cup 2 times a day.
other methods
With the tendency of the child's body to viral allergies, it is necessary to accept measures to strengthen immunity. This recommends a course of immunotherapy with drugs appointed by the doctor.
In addition, it is important to adjust the lifestyle of the baby, to provide him with a long stay in the fresh air, adequate physical exertion.
In some cases, crumbs are prescribed introduction of minimum doses of allergen. This contributes to the restructuring of the child's immunity, addictive to its body to the presence of the pathogen.
Prevention
For preventing the development of allergic seizuresneed:
An allergic reaction to infections and viruses is a very common phenomenon in children, especially those who often suffer from various kinds of virus or bacterial nature diseases.
In order to get rid of the manifestations of allergies, it is necessary to identify the pathogenAnd only after that start treating. From this largely depends the success of therapy.
You can learn about the causes of allergies in infectious diseases from the video:
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Syndrome of portocawal shunting
Mesenchimal inflammatory syndrome
The activation and proliferation of lymphoid and reticulogistic cells are observed, enhancing fibrgenesis, the formation of active septal with hepatocyte necrosis, intrahepatic migration of leukocytes, vasculitis.
It is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, an increase in the indicators of protein-sediment samples, an increase in ESP, the appearance of the products of the degradation of the connective tissue (C-jet protein, serumcoed, etc.). There are changes in indicators of cellular and humoral immune reactions: antibodies appear to subcelet hepatocyte fractions, a rheumatoid factor, antimyolochondrial and anti-nuclear antibodies, changes in the number and functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes, as well as an increase in the level of immunoglobulins.
Diagnosed when carrying out thymol, sub-samples, the definition of gamma globulin and ummunoglobulins of blood serum.
It occurs when developing anastomoses in the liver. A part of the blood from the portal vein passes into the central blood flow by the liver, with the result that the high level of ammonia is observed in the blood, noticeable fluctuations in the glucose level.
Bacterial allergies are disclosed from the name - during sensitization under the action of bacterial principles, they used to be called as allergies of tuberculin type. This name came from the first observations. If you enter subcutaneously tuberculin is a filtrate of tuberculous bacilli, sensitized organism washes to respond to the place of administration by the reaction of hypersensitivity. Papula is formed, the blister, the cells are rushed there, first of all the monocytes, which are staying there until 24 hours, then observation increased to 48 hours as the most reliable, perhaps they tried to identify a non-specific body reaction to the injection. After 48 hours, there is already a reason for talking about inflammatory infiltrate, as about the sensitization of the body as a re-exposure of the antigen to the body, since the infiltration of tuberculosis bacilli seems to be otherwise as an antigen. Consequently, from this idea of \u200b\u200btuberculin allergies, they moved to the concept of bacterial allergies, during scarletin, during the abdominal typhoid - rash-inflammatory foci. Inflammatory foci and in the internal organs are formed, for example, in the abdominal type, the delicate intestines in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Peter Globes are affected, the inflammatory tricks arise, mainly lymphocyte and monocyst infiltrates, hydration occurs, then inflammation is developing trite with the participation of non-specific mediators. It was established that bacterial allergies appear if the doctor sees allergic rashes on the skin, rash as inflammatory foci can be ulcerated, subject to nectobiotic processes, i.e. The process of destruction under the influence of allergy mediators. The problem of treatment is not simple. The focus itself of inflammation can occur both on the skin and in any organ. Bacterial allergies as an allergy corresponding to the allergies of increased sensitivity on the common processes and is more often associated with the processes of infection. Bacterial allergies not only tuberculin type, but any inflammation includes specialists for manifestation of allergies. At the point of contact, an inflammatory process occurs when contacting antigen and heavy metals (chromium), the workers have raisms. When contacting antibiotics of that time (Penicillin, it was very allergic). Many nurses threw their work as they have developed rash on cancer with contact method. They could not make injections as the barrier was damaged (skin). Leather, with strong allergization, starred as gloves. Developed as a result of the reaction of the hypersensitivity of the slow-type due to the active operations of T-cytotoxic lymphocytes, which were also struck by healthy cells and affected by allergens without parsing. Further it became clear that the contact allergy is the reaction of skin proteins (rich in lysine, cysteine) they bind to haptenses \u003d Gapten + protein complex \u003d full-fledged antigen (CD8). They find contact not only with proteins but also polysaccharides. Food allergens are possible. Cosmetics (SMS containing chlorine), amino acids (lysine) are found and sensitized them. Finally, chlorine detergents are more favorable. Nitrates find cysteine. All chemical preparations find their amino acid. A 20% allergic reaction is subject to. Therefore, for most good. Gapten's great importance.
Allergy
GPT - the main phenomenon of fever or shock
GZT - for development takes several hours (tuberculin type)
There is differences. Increased sensitivity of an immediate type-indirectly indirectly (through an antibody) without the participation of immunocompute cells, no allergy develops. The focus is on the speed of development.
Classified:
- Allergy of reactive type
- Tsito toxic type
- Free immunocomplexes
Allergy of reactive type. Reactive antibodies of immunoglobulins E, Atopic diseases and anaphylactic manifestations. It refers to the third stage of development of allergies (pathophysiological). Features of the Patoimmune Stage: Any allergy develops with the participation of allergen (soluble (for rapid penetration) and poorly soluble) allergen reacts with monocyt (motionless macrophage) or others, but the primary cell with unfinished phagocytosis comes out and reacts with in lymphocyte, sensitizing it, adjusts Participation of T-lymphocyte Helper 2. Under the slower type, helper 1. Helper 2 contributes to sensitization highlighting interlikin 4 - causes the ability to respond with increased sensitivity. Interlikin 1 is a constant mediator between the primary and secondary cell. Among the population of sensitized lymphocytes, there are cells capable of synthesize immunoglobulins (mainly class E). Immunoglobulins are fixed on membranes of all cells, becoming a receptor for antigens (from nerve cells to skin cells). When the allergen reaches itself, the memory cells are exposed to blastotransformation, multiply and convert into plasma cells or antibodies. One plasma cell forms from 1000 to 1500 antibodies that are fixed on any cell. More often is skin cells, gasts, respiratory tract, and all others. This is such a complex chain forms "new receptors" of cells. Synthesis of immunoglobulins is supported during life, because The protein is not durable. Immunoglobulins G are involved, which protect against infection, when vaccinated. They are capable of sensitizing the body and, in contrast to immunoglobulins, they circulate in the body, their allergic hazard is revealed. They may accidentally meet with allergens 2. Immunoglobulin E - fixed, and immunoglobulin G is circulating. In this feature of the Patoimmune stage.
Hidden period - first. All events occur during the second hit. Furious cells are very willingly fixed by immunoglobulins E. When fixing, the metabolic change occurs. Called cell dystrophy. Allergy mediators will be released: histamine, heparin, serotonin. Histamine is an expanding microcirculatory course, the formation of pain, itching (allergic itch) reducing the smooth intestinal musculature. Through histamine receptors, there is a change in both inflammation, only a different starting irritant inflammation mediators are mediators of an immediate type allergy. Kinina, especially Bradykin, is mediators of an immediate type allergy (reminds of histamine). KININA As a plasma factor in aggregate with a plasma factor in blood coagulation (XII) is able to participate in microtrombosis (fibrinolysis enhances). May lead to the development of vasculitis. Inflammatory mediators It is tied to allergies. The cells of neutrophils and eosinophils easily fix immunoglobulins on their membranes. Eosinophils produce toxic proteins that come out of them and amaze everything around. All cells that are damaged as a result of the formation of the AT + allergen complex is no longer disassembled and someone else, reinforcing the dystrophy process. Large group of mediators in the form of lymphokinov. Lymphotoxin activates prolifera in cells, as they dominate the allergy focus. Mediator monocin (interlikin1, prostaglandins, pyrogenne, slowly reacting substance) Powerful allergy product. A slowly reacting substance is formed from unsaturated higher fatty acids and in particular relate to the leukosanoid class. Lakeotrienes are calculated by MRC. Causes a slow reduction in smooth muscles. With bronchospasm, they impede the action of histamine advocates. There are other mediators, they are studied. All irritable and destructive phenomena refer to the pathophysiological stage. Immediate type allergies are classified for reacting, cytotoxic, free immune complexes. All allergic processes going with the participation of immunoglobulins E are called reagent allergies.
Apotic diseases - strange diseases. Hay fever, allergic rhubber on plants pollen. Allergic bronchitis, inflammation of mucous bronchi or atopic bronchial asthma. Harfish infectious or not infectious. When the nettle is risen, the body is covered with blisters. Dermographism (with a sample on sensitization) push strongly on the skin of the back with mechanical (pressure or cold) during the swelling of the quinque. Children's eczema or atopic dermatitis - on food allergens (up to 3 years) The formation of bubbles and their autopsy (as a result of combing). Then he disappears or replaces the air (3-7 years). Children's eczema returns after (40 years) - reaction to chronic cholecystitis, medicines. Anaphylaxis refers to the same class, develops very quickly for a few minutes, more often on paraintral administration, shoulders bites. Immunoglobulins G. The compliments system takes an active part in the development of anaphylactic shock. Antifilactoxin is represented by a compliment system. Action at the expense of its enzymes. Cytotoxic class. Pain the formation of pathological immune complexes AG + AT + Complement system \u003d cytolysin on cell membrane. Hemopathy. When fixing on cells, their destruction (erythrocytes, leukocytes, etc.) of the reaction may occur in the digestive, respiratory system, etc. cause food allergens, pharmacological (very many drugs) immunocomplex type. Pathological immune complex in the blood is formed. Where they stop unknown, as a rule, stop in all tissues. An example is a serum disease (after the introduction of anti-tailed serum) - the swelling of the larynx, the urticaria, the edema of myocardium, pain in the joints, the increase in their volume (more often there is no complement in the complex) stop in the microcirculatory course, causing vasculitis. Vasculitis does not necessarily cause a serum disease. Serum disease helped decipher the vasculitis mechanism. The GZT and GNT distinction occurs. But, mixed allergies are possible - autoallergia. In response to antigens of own fabrics. Allergens are formed in the organism itself. All internal allergens are divided into primary or secondary. Natural. When the normal components of the tissues are perceived as an alien substance. This happens that highly molecular proteins (protected by the barrier) do not have tolerance receptors (histocompatibility) with the immune system. At CMT, during damage to protective structures, the output of proteins from isolation occurs. Allergic and inflammatory processes are formed. Another mechanism for the development of autoimmune diseases. Special lymphocytes that destroyed contacts between these bodies. They may disappear (performed their functions in early embryogenesis) or are expressed. The mutation of lymphocytes is possible, as a result of which they lose the quality of histocompatibility. Causes of mutation: The defect of T-suppressors is their insufficiency or transformation into aggressive. Autoallergia launches GZT and GNT reaction mechanisms, which is especially noticeable on rheumatism and other nervous diseases
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In recent years, in clinical allergology, the problems of bacterial allergies are practically ousted by ideas about the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.
At the same time, the relationship of infection and allergic diseases is completely obvious, including bronchial asthma.
The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergies has been proven.
In this regard, it is currently an interest in the possibility of conducting a SIT with infectious-allergic diseases, in particular with bronchial asthma. Perspective is the problem of developing effective vaccines for SIT. It should be noted that in allergology, significant experience has been accumulated on allergen-specific immunotherapy of patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.
Despite this, in the defining modern document, the bacterial vaccination is called ineffective (Who PAPER PAPER. ALERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY: THERAPEUTIC VACCINES FOR ALERLGIC DISEASES (Allergy. 1998, V53. N 44 (Suppl). Nevertheless, it is proved that if there is an immediate type of hypersensitivity to Microbial allergens specific treatment is very effective. This is evidenced by the work of both domestic and foreign authors.
Probably, the ineffectiveness of individual works on the sieve bacterial allergens can be explained by the improper selection of patients for treatment, the lack of appropriate skills to carry out a doctor. In this regard, the special section dedicate the experience of the SIT in infectious allergies.
The history of the problem of bacterial allergies
The problem of allergic reactions in infectious diseases finds its origins in the works of the German doctor R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), devoted to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R.KOCH and the works of other researchers, played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergies.In 1906, S. Pirguet reported on the important value of the scarification test in tuberculinidiagnostics and introduced into medical practice the term "allergy" (from Greek. "Allyos" - other, "Ergos" - I act), denoting the changed reactivity of the body. Antibodies that were previously thought are produced in the body under the influence of Tuberculina, S. Pirguet called "Ergini".
In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first works on anaphylaxis and allergies.
Research PF Zdodovsky in infectious parallergia made a significant contribution to the teaching on allergies in general and about bacterial allergies, in particular. An opening phenomenon of a generalized allergic reaction to cholera vibrine endotoxin, as noted by A.D.ado, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly entered into allergology based on the study of bacterial allergies. Following the studies on the allergenic activity of the pathogen of tuberculosis, work began to appear, indicating the allergizing effect of other microorganisms.
Special attention was paid to the allergenic properties of grappletic coils, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. The classic are the works of R.Lancefield on the antigenic and allergenic characteristic of hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that in experimental studies, the al-leverizing effect of their type-specific protein, the so-called, M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus was revealed.
An extremely important stage in the development of research in the field of bacterial allergies opened the works of O. Swineford and its employees. In the late 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and green streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, intestinal and blue sticks, protest, etc.
For the first time, the attention of researchers on the allergenic properties of those microbes were drawn, the Commonwealth of which was the so-called normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tract.
The results of the assessment of the hypersensitivity of patients with infectious-allergic BA to the allergens of autogenic strains isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of these patients are presented on Table. eight.
Table 7. Microflora of the oz, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma
Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedosayeva, 1980) 
Among the allergens of these crops (neasery, pneumococcal, staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Sardin), neussereria and staphylococci were leading. Significant allergenic activity is marked by Klebsiella, however, the frequency of detection of this microbe in the crops from the mucous membranes of the bronchi patients does not exceed 10 - 15%. But in cases where the microbe was present in the crops, the patient's hypersensitivity to the allergens of this microorganism was sharply expressed.
Currently, allergic practice is widely used for specific diagnostics and therapy of allergens (and vaccine forms) of infectious diseases: Tuberculin, Malein, Brucellin, Lepromine, etc., as well as pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic representatives of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of patients with the respiratory - allergic diseases: allergens and vaccines from streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.
Considering the history of the problem of bacterial allergies, on the one hand, emphasizes the fact that it was when studying infectious diseases for the first time, both the very concept of "allergy" and such terms, as "type of allergic reaction", "the reaction of a slow and immediate type" , "Skin-allergic diagnostic tests", "tuberculinidiagnosis", etc., which are firmly entered into allergology and are currently used.
On the other hand, it should be noted that allergenic activity is inherent in not only the causative agents of infectious diseases, but also to representatives of the so-called conditional pathogenic microflora of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory-allergic diseases. In addition, it is quite obvious that bacterial allergies have features due to both the properties of the microorganism and the reactivity of the body of the patient with an infectious-allergic disease.
Hutueva S.X., Fedoseeva V.N.
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