Sex organs a little girl and an adult woman differ from each other in size and structure.
Large labia a newborn is almost always edematous and does not completely cover the small ones. The clitoris is large. uterus and ovaries the crumbs are located in the abdominal cavity.
The length of the uterus is about 3 cm, and the body of the uterus is several times smaller than its cervix. This is due to the action of placental hormones.
Gradually, the size of the uterus decreases and remains unchanged until the age of 8, after which it begins to grow. By the time of puberty, she reaches the size and shape of an adult woman.
The ovaries of a newborn girl are small: about 0.4 g. They grow extremely slowly, by the second year of life they become ovoid, fully formed by the age of 10.
Length of the urethra only a little more than 1 cm is born crumbs. All kinds of microbes can easily overcome such a distance and cause inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system.
That is why the observance of the rules of personal hygiene must be observed by a young mother!
The skin of a little girl's vagina is very vulnerable. From exposure to detergents, the use of washing powder for adult linen, an improperly selected diaper the mucosa quickly turns red, signs of inflammation appear.
In addition, if feces and urine come into contact with the delicate skin of the baby rash may occur.
To protect the delicate genital area of the newborn and prevent infection from entering the body, bathe the baby every day with particular attention to the genitals.
Shortly after birth, a mother may notice on her daughter's diaper bloody issues. This phenomenon is called "hormonal crisis" and should not cause you a feeling of fear.
This is how the reaction of the child's body to an increased level of maternal hormones that penetrated the placenta manifests itself. After birth, they enter the body with mother's milk.
This is a non-painful condition. that does not require any treatment. Everything will gradually pass by itself. During this period, it is also particularly important to pay due attention to the hygiene of the daughter's genitals.
Every mother should know that an oily white secret accumulates between the large and small genital sponges of the crumbs. This is also normal.
But if such secretions are not removed in time cotton swab, they can cause itching, redness of the skin and contribute to the development of inflammation.
So, paying special attention to the hygiene of the genitals of a newborn daughter, you save the baby from serious problems that can adversely affect women's health in the future.
About washing and rinsing
Compliance with the rules of intimate hygiene of a girl is not just a banal concern for cleanliness. It is also the prevention of all kinds of diseases. Therefore, a newborn girl not only can be washed, but also necessary.
It is only important to do it correctly so as not to harm the fragile skin of children. Do not show excessive fanaticism when washing your daughter, do not try to get your fingers where you do not need to.
Gentle folds of the labia should be wiped with a damp cotton pad, slightly opening them with a gentle movement of the hand. A few light pressure movements will not only remove unnecessary mucus from the children's genitals, but also prevent the fusion of the labia.
Starting to wash the child, wash your hands well. Your fingernails should be cut short so as not to accidentally injure your daughter's delicate skin.
Baby needs to be washed after each bowel movement, before going to bed, in the morning after waking up. After urination, it will be enough to wipe the child's genitals and folds with a damp cloth.
At the end of the procedure lubricate the inguinal folds with vegetable, olive (it must be sterile, that is, boiled) or special baby oil. You can buy it at a pharmacy or in the children's department of supermarkets.
Wash your newborn baby necessarily boiled water. Indeed, in ordinary tap water there are a lot of microbes that can become a source of infection in your crumbs.
In the first months of life, the delicate skin of the baby is especially vulnerable, so do not be lazy to boil water. After 3 months, the water can not be boiled, it will be enough to defend it for a while.
For example, in the evening, fill a clean bowl with ordinary tap water and leave overnight. By morning, all unwanted substances will settle at the bottom. Warm water and use to wash your baby.
Every mother should remember that washing a girl should start from the vagina, following to the perineum, anus and buttocks.
If you wash the baby under the tap, put her on your left hand with your tummy up. From the vaginal opening move down, gently washing off impurities from delicate skin.
After the procedure, wrap the baby's legs in a diaper and transfer to the room for further processing. If you find it easier to wash your baby on the changing surface, lay your daughter on the table upside down.
Raise her legs and also wash the girl from top to bottom with pre-prepared water. For washing, use a clean cotton cloth or a special baby washcloth.
At the end of this step, pat your baby's skin dry with a soft towel. You can not wipe the baby, this can cause redness and irritation of the skin.
When washing a newborn never use soap. It can dry out delicate baby skin.
If you need to remove a dried piece of stool, soak the area with baby oil. After a while, the pollution can be easily washed off with water.
As the baby grows you can use special baby soap, but getting it into the genital gap should be avoided. This can cause irritation of the vulva, the baby will become restless.
For the baby, a separate towel, a small washcloth should be allocated. From the cradle, teach your daughter to the elementary rules of personal hygiene. In this way, you will take care of your daughter's reproductive health.
Underwear and diapers
A young mother has a lot of trouble with her little daughter: she is learning to understand her child without words, to take care of the baby. In addition, the burden of caring for the house falls on the shoulders of a woman.
To avoid chafing in a child, from time to time, the baby should arrange air baths. After each diaper change, leave the baby naked for 5-7 minutes. Then wash the girl or blot the skin with a damp cloth, oil the folds and put on a clean diaper.
Such an operation should be performed every 3-4 hours and after the act of defecation. Do not buy cheap diapers from a dubious manufacturer, do not endanger your baby's genitals.
By following these simple rules, you will save baby skin from diaper rash and irritation.
Buy underwear for your daughter only from natural fabrics: Give preference to products made of cotton or linen. Such fabrics perfectly pass air, allowing the skin to breathe.
Panties and panties should not restrict the movement of the baby and tighten the genitals.
For an older baby, do not buy such a popular "thong!"
This is absolutely unhygienic: such underwear eats into the delicate skin of the genitals, can cause irritation and inflammation.
Never wash your daughter's clothes with an adult. For washing baby clothes there are special products that are unable to cause allergic reactions in the delicate skin of the baby.
In what cases it is necessary to see a doctor?
It happens that a mother notices unusual discharge from her daughter's genital tract, redness of the vulva. Sometimes it is a meaningless factor that is caused by some kind of irritant.
Usually, this problem can be dealt with at home. It will be enough to wash the baby with decoctions of anti-inflammatory herbs for several days and there will be no trace of irritation.
But there are situations that require immediate medical attention:
- if after self-treatment there is no particular improvement, the problem is aggravated;
- discharge has an unpleasant odor, green or bright yellow;
- labia minora fused together, forming adhesions.
Doctors call this phenomenon synechia. The cause can be both a reduced level of the hormone estrogen, and an inflammatory process.
Do not try sever lips by yourself!
A pediatric gynecologist will determine the cause of the discharge and itching, if necessary, prescribe the appropriate treatment.
For treatment adhesions of the labia minora, surgical treatment or local treatment can be used.
The genital organs of girls are arranged in such a way that the penetration of infection into them is not difficult. Children's skin is very delicate and easily vulnerable.
Excellent prevention in the fight against all kinds of sexual infections and inflammations is the usual observance of the rules of hygiene in girls.
Wash your newborn baby boiled water in the direction from the pubis to the anus, change the diaper every 3-4 hours and regularly arrange air baths for the girl.
Your daughter's underwear should be from natural fabrics. Let it freely fit the body, do not rub the genitals and do not eat into them. All this will contribute to the free breathing of the delicate skin of the genitals, prevent diaper rash and help avoid infection.
From childhood, teach your baby that she should have a separate towel, soap and washcloth. And in no case do not wash your daughter's things with adults.
When foul-smelling discharge occurs from the vagina, redness of the vulva, itching, be sure to consult a doctor. These symptoms may indicate infections, beriberi, a foreign body in the vagina.
Always remember that by taking care of your daughter's hygiene today, you prevent her from having serious problems in the future. May your girl be healthy and happy!
Hygiene of girls. School of Dr. Komarovsky.
Synechia in babies - fusion of the small and large labia in girls and the head of the penis with the foreskin in boys - are quite common. How do you know if a child needs treatment? Can the problem be prevented? What provokes the disease? The answers are given in the article.
What are synechiae and what do they look like?
Synechia is a common phenomenon that occurs mainly in babies 1-2 years old. Pathology is an adhesion of the labia (more often - small, less often - both large and small). The fusion is almost always asymptomatic, the baby feels good, so when parents discover an anomaly, they do not know what it is and how to help the baby.
Statistics show that mild or severe pathology occurs in 30% of children. To detect an accretion, you do not need to take tests - a visual examination of the external genital organs is enough. How should it be if the child is healthy:
- labia easily moved apart, separated from each other;
- the gap and the entrance to the vagina are visually visible.
During fusion at the initial stage, there are redness and peeling in the perineum, then a thin film of grayish-white color is formed, gluing the labia. The entrance to the vagina is blocked, which greatly complicates urination. In 1-2 years the problem reaches its peak. What synechiae look like can be seen schematically in the photo below:
The disease also occurs in boys: the foreskin fuses with the head of the penis, as a result of which the head is exposed (we recommend reading:). This is not considered a pathology, does not cause discomfort, adhesions resolve on their own at the age of 6-7 years - the foreskin will gradually hide the head.
Causes of pathology of the labia in girls
The most common cause of fusion of the labia is a congenital pathology due to severe maternal toxicosis during pregnancy or an infectious disease during the period of gestation. However, there are other factors causing the anomaly:
- Improper washing and violation of hygiene rules. Healing of delicate skin after trauma to the vulva due to sudden movement or strong pressure can cause sticking. Frequent washing with soap and infrequent diaper changes can also cause labial fusion.
- Infectious lesions - inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract and mucous membranes. A baby up to a year old can become infected during childbirth or by household means.
- Allergy. The rash is often localized on the mucous membrane. It can be triggered by food allergens, hygiene products, synthetic clothing, etc.
- Infectious diseases and frequent use of antibiotics also cause synechiae.
- Lack of estrogen. Fusion in a baby in a year is sometimes the result of a hormonal imbalance. Although the low content of the hormone in infants is the norm, it can cause pathology. In such a situation, there is no need for treatment; by the age of 7, adhesions will disappear.
Most often, synechia is a congenital pathology. Why is the disease dangerous?
If the parents find that the girl has overgrown small or large labia, the problem needs to be addressed urgently. An advanced disease is dangerous due to the formation of a closed vaginal cavity, where secretions accumulate, which are a favorable environment for the reproduction of bacteria and provoke the following conditions:
- urinary incontinence and cystitis;
- inflammation and infectious diseases of the genital organs;
- problems with conception, gestation;
- high risk of infertility.
Features of treatment
Synechiae in girls do not necessarily require surgical separation. Treatment of a baby in a year or two, especially at the initial stage of the disease, can be done at home. Therapy includes careful hygiene, the use of special ointments, baths and observation by a doctor. Treatment methods are chosen by a specialist based on the clinical picture.
Surgical separation
Surgical intervention for sticking of the labia is an extreme measure. Separation and removal of synechia is carried out in cases where conservative therapy has failed. The operation is performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia for several minutes by excising the adhesion.
The recovery period is painful, to facilitate urination and the general condition of the child, painkillers, antibacterial ointments, baths, and lotions are prescribed. Surgical intervention does not guarantee that the tissues will not grow together again.
Baby hygiene
If the labia has grown together, but the pathology is at an early stage, the girl's parents should take proper care, including meticulous hygiene, so that the adhesion resolves over time:
- wash the genitals twice a day, as well as every time after a bowel movement;
- do not use soap often, choose a hygiene product without fragrances, paying attention to its acidity (we recommend reading:);
- antiseptics and creams can be used only as directed by a doctor;
- buy underwear made from natural fabrics and change it daily;
- remove the diaper several times a day so that the skin "breathes".
In the presence of synechia, parents should take proper care of the baby Medical therapy at home
Conservative treatment at home is prescribed for minor fusion of the labia. Preparations with estrogen (for example, Kolpotrofin) are applied to synechiae, while healthy areas of the skin cannot be affected. Means loosen tissues, destroying adhesions and separating the genitals. Therapy lasts from 2 to 3-4 weeks. The ointment must be applied twice a day, it should not be used without a prescription from a specialist. At the end of the course of treatment, the doctor should evaluate the results and stop or extend therapy.
In addition to hormonal creams, you can use the usual children's drugs: Malavit, Bepanten. They have a calming effect on the skin.
Ovestin
Ovestin cream shows a good result in treatment. It helps to painlessly get rid of fusion with a lack of estrogen in a child. Therapeutic course Ovestin lasts 1-3 months. The tool is safe, but when the desired effect is achieved, the use can be stopped ahead of time.
How to use the drug? After washing, apply a thin layer to the adhesion site, without using cotton swabs and discs and without putting pressure on the mucosa. Ornion cream has a similar effect - it is a cheaper analogue of Ovestin.
Contractubex
Gel Contractubex A positive effect in therapy is achieved with the use of Contractubex gel. It acts on the connective tissue with the help of active ingredients: allantoin and heparin. They smooth out scars and protect delicate skin.
Contractubex is mixed with Traumeel S in equal proportions and gently applied to the problem area - similar to using Ovestin. The results before and after therapy become noticeable already in the middle of the course of treatment.
Folk remedies
Treatment of adhesion of the labia in a child can be carried out at home using folk recipes:
- An effective remedy is calendula oil. It has regenerating, anti-inflammatory and soothing properties. It is recommended to apply twice a day after washing the child.
- An infusion of chamomile, calendula and acacia flowers will help relieve puffiness if it hurts for a girl to go to the toilet (more in the article:). The baby is put in a bowl of decoction for 10 minutes - the bath relaxes the muscles and reduces swelling.
- For washing children, it is recommended to use decoctions of nettle and St. John's wort. After manipulation, the genitals are lubricated with sea buckthorn oil in the affected area. It is important not to overdo it with hygiene - this leads to injuries, and in the healing process, re-adhesion of tissues occurs.
In severe cases, phytoestrogens are used - medicinal herbs with a hormonal effect (raspberry leaves, red brush, boron uterus). After preparing the decoction, they wipe the problem areas.
Prevention of fusion of the labia in a child
Hygiene plays an important role in the prevention of synechiae. You need to wash the child correctly:
- use warm, preferably running water;
- before the procedure, you must wash your hands;
- the anus and genitals need to be washed with different hands to avoid bacteria and infection;
- the stream of water should go from front to back, heading from the vagina to the anus.
For hygiene, you need to use special products intended for children. It is important that they have a neutral pH, they may contain trace elements. It is worth paying attention to additional components - they can cause allergies.
The baby should always be kept clean and dry external genitalia After treatment of fused labia, it is important to ensure that there is no recurrence. Parents should follow these guidelines:
- in an infant, you need to change diapers regularly, keep the skin clean and dry;
- leave the baby without diapers for a while every day;
- push the labia apart with each washing;
- Apply ointment with estrogen once every few weeks;
- at the first symptoms of inflammation, consult a doctor.
Synechias are common, but they should not be afraid. To prevent pathology, it is enough to follow the rules of caring for a child. Regular check-ups will detect the disease at an early stage.
Allah asks:
Hello. I am 14 years old. I want to have sex. I put the tampon in completely, but there were no obstacles, pain and blood too. I have a couple of questions. Please answer them
1. Is it rumors or is it true? Is it possible to die with strong arousal (orgasm) at my age?
2. Do I need to rest after the 1st session?
3. I have a depth of 15 cm, is this normal?
Answers:
Dear Alla, the vast majority of girls your age do not experience a vaginal orgasm, so with death - it is unlikely, you cannot die from something that does not exist. And everyone who boasts - or deceives or confuses it with the clitoris - is a different thing. Rest - individually, depth - normal. However, we advise you to think seriously - are you ready? Read the information on the page, this is already part of adulthood, are you ready for this?
The ghoul asks:
Hello. on April 5, 2015, my daughter will turn 2 years old on her genitals as if it were a boy, how can this be what we should do and where to turn
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Gulya, good afternoon! To dispel your doubts and get answers to your questions will help a face-to-face visit to a pediatric gynecologist who accepts in any district children's clinic. Virtually drawing any conclusions from your description is quite difficult, and it does not make sense. Do not put off a visit to a specialist! Be healthy!
Tanya asks:
I am ashamed of my genitals. What should I do?
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Hello Tatiana! If your shyness is caused by the presence of some serious abnormalities in the structure of the external genitalia, you need to consult a gynecologist, make a diagnosis and decide on the need and possibility of correcting the defect. If there are no significant reasons for shyness - that is, the external genital organs are developed correctly, according to the female type, and correspond to your age and constitution, then this is a psychological problem and either auto-training and increasing self-esteem, or face-to-face consultation and treatment with a psychologist will help you solve it . Take care of your health!
Alexey asks:
Hello, my daughter has enlarged ovaries and mammary glands, the doctors do not know the cause and do not give treatment. 2 months ago, the ultrasound readings were two to three digits less. Tell me why and what to do? Thank you.
Responsible Dyatlova Natalya Renazhanovna:
Hello Alexey! Your daughter is experiencing precocious puberty. It can go at different paces, so the girl is being watched.
I recommend checking the level of hormones FSH, PRL, Estradiol, TSH. Cyclodion has a very good effect (1 drop for 1 year of life) 1 time per day. In general, the situation requires careful monitoring by a pediatric gynecologist, if the hormones are high, you need to show the girl to the department of pediatric gynecology in Kiev or Kharkov.
Only after tests in a hospital setting can precocious puberty be confirmed or refuted.
Health to your daughter!
Katya asks:
Hello! I am 15 years old, I did not call it sex, since I was in shorts, and he was without. He did not enter so deeply, I felt. We did this for three days in a row! his penis is 15 cm, he is also 15 .. I was in shorts! I'm very afraid of getting pregnant (I'm afraid to go to the gynecologist, but I certainly won't tell my mother .. I'm very afraid to constantly think about it .. Help what to do
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Anonymous asks:
Hello. I `m A virgin. I am 14 years old. Yesterday, foolishly during menstruation, she stuck her index finger (after washing it) into the vagina. But I didn't feel anything. This is fine? I thought it would be nice. And most importantly! Could I have brought the human papillomavirus there? It’s just that I recently received the first of three vaccinations against this virus, therefore, if the virus gets there now, then the vaccine will not help me. =(
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Hello! Very few women are able to enjoy simply the fact of inserting a finger into the vagina. You could not infect yourself with the human papillomavirus. To be theoretically savvy in matters related to human papillomavirus infection, read the article Human papillomavirus (HPV). The battle with a windmill on our medical portal - in it you will find answers to many of your questions. Take care of your health!
Michael asks:
My girlfriend bled during intercourse, she says that flesh sticks out in the vagina and its end is bloodied!! what can it be, please tell me! thanks for the early
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Hello Michael! During the first sexual intercourse, defloration occurs - a rupture of the hymen, a film that partially closes the entrance to the vagina in virgins. So the "piece of bloody flesh" sticking out of your girlfriend's vagina is a piece of hymen. Read more about the hymen, defloration and everything connected with them in the article The hymen: there must be some mystery in a woman! on our medical portal. Take care of your health!
Lika asks:
I have a question: what is the structure of girls under 15 years old
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Anonymous asks:
Hello! I am 15 years old. I have been masturbating since the age of 6. I can’t refuse, at least once every six months I need it. but over time, one labia lip (right) was stretched on me. The skin from the inside directly comes out over the lip, sometimes it’s even uncomfortable to walk. It looks terrible and can be seen even from afar. now I'm afraid that in my future life I'll just disappoint my partner. But this is still far away, in the next 5 years I'm not going to do this. But still, your advice would help me a lot!
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Hello! Unfortunately, masturbation can indeed lead to stretching and deformity of the labia minora, and the situation can only be corrected with the help of a plastic surgeon. We cannot say anything for sure about the reaction of your future sexual partner, although usually men (especially not very experienced ones) do not pay attention to such details. In the future, try not to irritate the area of the labia minora during masturbation - act on the clitoris (this is no less pleasant, but much safer in terms of changing the appearance of the external genitalia). Take care of your health!
Dinara asks:
Hello, I have a problem at the age of 12, I started masturbating and then I got some kind of white discharge, I have been suffering with this for a year ... What could it be ???
Responsible Medical consultant of the health-ua.org portal:
Hello Dinara! Detailed information about the possible causes of unusual vaginal discharge in girls and women is contained in the materials of the popular science article Vaginal Discharge: Norm and Pathology on our medical portal. The exact cause of the appearance of vaginal discharge can only be established after examination and examination conducted by a gynecologist during an in-person consultation. Take care of your health!
Irina asks:
Hello... you'll excuse me, but my problem may seem stupid to you... I'm 17 years old and I have never been to a gynecologist... I'm afraid of my appearance of the genitals... and because of this I'm afraid to turn to doctor...
Responsible Karapetyan Eliz Martinovna:
Hello. The structure of the genital organs, of course, has a certain norm, but there are quite a few variants of this norm. Therefore, their structure is individual. I cannot say what is wrong with you, since you do not say anything about the problems that worry you. What exactly scares you? But I can confidently say one thing: you need to go to the gynecologist. This will give you the opportunity to find out if everything is in order with your genitals, and also, if something is wrong, the gynecologist will help to correct everything. Gynecologists exist to help people. There is absolutely nothing to be nervous or afraid of.
Dmitry asks:
Hello, we have been together for four years, the first half of the year everything was fine, but then my girlfriend got pain when I insert a penis into the vagina and when I caress my chest, she often says that she is not even pleased, she even shudders and there is no lubrication without caress, but when we start making love very very slowly says that the pain is gone and she often gets an orgasm almost always...
tell me what it is, I'm already tired of it
Responsible Minukhin Andrey Sergeevich:
Dear, Dmitry, everything that you told is a completely normal phenomenon. The preliminary period of sexual intercourse is a prelude, it is necessary to prepare the female body for sexual intercourse. In women, unlike men, this period is very important, and if a woman is "slowly" excited, then you need to get used to this idea and conduct foreplay in the way that a woman requires. Try to study your partner, reveal her. Specify what she likes, which erogenous zones are the most sensitive, what kind of stimulation she prefers, which positions are most preferable.
What you need to know about the girl's toilet:
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Need advice! Of course, there is no need to show small child gynecologist once every half a year, as recommended for adult women. However, there are a number of symptoms and diseases in which a visit to this specialist cannot be avoided. So this is:
- redness of the skin and mucous membranes of the external genital organs, itching and burning at the same time, discharge from the genital tract;
- itching and burning when urinating,
- detection of bacteria and an increased number of leukocytes in urine tests;
- suspicion of abnormal structure of the external genital organs child;
- the presence of acute or chronic pain in the abdomen or a change in its shape and size;
- the presence of endocrine problems;
- the presence of allergic diseases;
- detection of inguinal hernias, especially bilateral ones;
- disease of the mother of the newborn child chlamydia, trichomoniasis, etc.
If, after reading these phrases, you doubt your knowledge, it's time to remember the doctor who devoted his work to the gynecological health of girls.
At the doctor
When visiting the gynecology room for children and adolescents, the doctor will definitely examine the girl, assess the compliance of her physical and sexual development with age standards. You should not escalate the situation and tell the girl of preschool age in advance all the details of the appointment with the pediatric gynecologist. It is enough to set her up so that she must correctly name her name and age, be able to show her tongue, chest, armpits, stomach and back. A pediatric gynecologist in a friendly manner will offer the girl to lie on her back or, bending forward, stand in a knee-elbow position (on a couch, on an armchair or on her mother's lap, depending on the individual reaction to the examination). At position child on the back, offering to take the frog pose, the doctor carefully spreads the legs and examines the external genitalia. If any pathology is revealed during the examination (reddening of the skin around the external genitalia, vaginal mucosa, discharge, abnormal structure, tumor-like or other formations of the genitourinary system), then the gynecologist suggests that the mother perform a special examination of her daughter with the help of those adapted for childhood: gynecological instruments that do not cause discomfort in child and do not violate the anatomy of the structure of the girl. The pediatric gynecologist performs an examination in disposable rubber gloves, which is necessary for the mutual safety of the doctor and the patient.
Possible problems
In girls under 6-7 years of age, the following gynecological pathology is most often detected: vulvovaginitis (inflammation of the vaginal mucosa); malformations of the genital organs (underdevelopment of the vagina or uterus, violation of sexual differentiation - hermaphroditism), congenital ovarian tumors, ovarian cysts, synechia (fusion) of the labia minora; precocious puberty (the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, enlargement of the mammary glands, growth of pubic hair and menstruation up to 8 years).
Vulvovaginitis (inflammation of the vaginal mucosa) are currently the most common gynecological disease in girls of preschool and early school age. Characterized by redness, swelling of the skin around the external genitalia, vaginal mucosa, secretions from the genitals. The child is worried about itching, burning. At the same time, newborn children can cry, turn around, fidget, fall asleep worse and wake up quickly. Irritation is aggravated by contact of urine with damaged skin. The fact is that girls, unlike adult women, do not have lactic acid bacteria - the natural defenders of the vagina from infection. And at the slightest decrease in immunity, for example, after a common acute respiratory disease or flu, all the microbes living in the perineal area "pounce" on the weakened body, causing the symptoms described above.
The treatment of vulvovaginitis is sometimes a difficult task and always complex, including local therapy (toilet of the genitals with solutions of antiseptic drugs, the use of anti-inflammatory ointments), personal hygiene, and an increase in the body's defenses with the help of vitamins. With repeated vulvovaginitis or with a severe course of the disease, antibiotics are prescribed in various dosage forms (candles, vaginal tablets, emulsions, creams, gels, irrigation solutions, etc., as well as in the form of tablets taken by mouth and in injections). At the final stage of treatment, in order to correct violations of the vaginal microflora, they are applied topically and through the mouth ( BIFIDUMBACTERIN).
Surprisingly, even a very small girl can have vulvovaginitis caused by a sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia, Trichomonas, etc.). The most common route of infection is intrauterine (from mothers who had this infection during pregnancy). In this situation, the mother should be aware of this possibility and turn to a pediatric gynecologist with a baby in a timely manner, and to an adult gynecologist herself.
In addition, babies can enter foreign objects not only in the ear or nose, but also in the vagina, which will immediately cause inflammation of the mucous membrane.
Parents need to know that redness and itching of the external genitalia is sometimes the only manifestation of a general allergic reaction organism. The reason for contacting a pediatric gynecologist is the presence of acute or chronic pain in the abdomen or a change in its shape and size in a girl. The reasons for these changes may be cysts and tumors of the ovaries (congenital or acquired), sometimes occurring in girls, as well as in adult women. Sometimes, even during an ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman, the doctor sees her future daughter ovarian cyst (pathological hollow formation filled with liquid contents). Most often, these cysts disappear within 2-3 months after birth. However, their presence requires mandatory ultrasound control examination and observation by a pediatric gynecologist.
Much less often, congenital cysts are an indication for mandatory surgical treatment, since their structure does not allow to exclude malignancy. Ovarian cysts and tumors sometimes reach gigantic proportions, filling the entire abdominal cavity, and cysts or tumors can also twist around their axis, which leads to malnutrition and abdominal pain. Since some cysts and tumors of the ovaries tend to degenerate into malignant formations, their surgical removal is indicated.
In early childhood, it is possible to carefully and, most importantly, timely diagnose and correct the abnormal structure of the external genital organs in girls. Occasionally, young girls (mostly under 2 years of age) may experience adhesions of the labia minora (synechia) , which makes it difficult to urinate, causes the development of secondary vulvovaginitis. Unfortunately, the reasons leading to the fusion of the labia, otherwise known as synechia, are not fully understood. Most likely, this is due to the individual peculiarity of the skin of the labia minora of the baby to react to allergens with the development of initially pronounced redness in the form of a strip from the clitoris to the coccyx, and then the edges of the labia minora stick together. Another reason for the development of synechia may be a low level of estrogen (female sex hormones) in babies, as well as the presence of an inflammatory process in the vulva that damages it. Since the labia are in contact with each other, the subsequent healing creates conditions for their fusion. Only with complete occlusion of the genital slit and with the inability to urinate, the presence of synechia is an indication for their surgical treatment. In other cases, the pediatric gynecologist will prescribe a therapy that leads to the gradual disappearance of synechia.
A pediatric gynecologist can help endocrine problems . Enlargement of the mammary glands, growth of pubic hair and other exposed areas of the skin, slow growth, lack or excess weight in a girl aged 0 to 8 years are signs of diseases that require a mandatory and quick visit to a pediatric gynecologist. In these cases, both conservative therapy with hormonal drugs and surgical correction of abnormal development are possible. child. In families who turn to a pediatric gynecologist in a timely manner, consciously and clearly following his advice and recommendations, more often there is an early detection of diseases, their prognosis and outcome are more favorable.
Mavrov I.I.
The genital apparatus of a child differs significantly in size and structure from the genital organs of an adult. In the first 6 years of life, the growth of the genital organs is insignificant and does not correspond to the growth of the whole organism. In the future, it somewhat intensifies, and at the age of 14-15 years, a teenager undergoes significant changes in the development of the genital organs.
Anatomy of the genital organs in boys.
By the time of birth, the child's penis is fully formed. In a newborn, it has an average length of 2-2.5 cm, in a 4-year-old boy - 2.5-3 cm, in a 7-year-old boy - 4.5 cm, and by the age of 16-18 it reaches sizes characteristic of adults .
The foreskin in newborns is usually longer than in infants, strongly protrudes, narrow enough, which leads to the presence of physiological phimosis. On the inner surface of the foreskin, and especially on the head, there are numerous glands that form smegma.
In newborns, the foreskin of the penis, due to the gluing of the inner sheet of the foreskin and the outer surface of the head, sticks together with the head (their epithelial cells do not undergo the process of keratinization). Until the age of 3, this adhesion is usually observed up to the opening of the urethra, then, under the influence of erections and manipulations with the hands, the size of the adhesion decreases, and by the 5th year of life, the head is already only half closed, and on the 8-10th year, the whole is exposed.
The length of the urethra in newborn boys is 5-6 cm. With age, it increases annually by an average of 0.5 cm, and by the age of 16 reaches 16-18 cm.
The mucous membrane of the child's urethra is smooth, without folds. The glands of the urethra have a very small diameter of the excretory ducts, which is vital, since it makes it difficult for pathogenic microorganisms to penetrate into the corresponding organs, which prevents the development of complications. Therefore, the urethritis that sometimes occurs in infants is characterized by a short course and is usually not accompanied by complications (epididymitis, orchitis, etc.). However, the mucous membrane of the urethra of infants is very thin throughout and is easily torn.
The scrotum in a newborn is a small pouch (4.5x3.5 cm) with flaccid walls. By the first year of life, it becomes more rounded, and its walls are more tense. The scrotum retains its rounded shape during the first decade, and by the age of 15 it has a wide bottom with testicles and a narrower part - the neck.
Shortly before birth, the testicle descends into the scrotum, dragging the vas deferens along with it, and occupies its final position. In a newborn, the testicles are relatively small, then their growth slows down, and during the first 10 years they increase little in size and mass. A slight increase is observed between the 10th and 14th years, by the age of 16-18 the testicles reach their maximum development, acquiring the properties of a mature gonad.
The testicular parenchyma of a newborn is relatively rich in connective tissue. Its seminiferous tubules are strands due to the lack of gaps in them. The latter are formed only with the onset of spermatogenesis.
The epididymis of a newborn is more pronounced than in adults. Its mass is more than half the mass of the testicle. Just like the testicle, the appendage grows slightly in the first 10 years of life and only during puberty quickly increases in size.
The spermatic cord in newborns and infants has a diameter of 14 mm, at the age of 15 years - 18 mm, and in adults - 20-25 mm. The vas deferens is basically similar to that of the adult. As a result of the growth of the organism, its length doubles. The seminal vesicle in a newborn is located higher than in an adult male, but does not differ in shape. It grows slowly, its significant increase occurs only during puberty.
The prostate gland in a newborn consists mainly of smooth muscle and connective tissue; has a spherical shape, is not divided into lobes, it has no isthmus. It acquires the shape of a chestnut only at the age of 13-14 years. The mass of the gland is on average 0.82 g; up to 2 years, it increases slightly, increases noticeably at the age of 6 to 16 years. Inside the gland there are blind epithelial tubules, by the age of 12 the ducts of the gland begin to branch, and their secretion increases; by the age of 16-17, the excretory ducts of the tubular-alveolar prostatic glands open.
Anatomy and physiology of the genital organs in girls.
One of the distinguishing anatomical features of the genitals in little girls is the presence of a posterior commissure of the labia minora, which is absent in adult women. There are numerous glands on the labia minora and labia majora. However, they are often absent on the inner surface of the small lips.
The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium cells. The small glands of the vestibule are located mainly at the external opening of the urethra. Newborn girls have significantly more of them than adult women. The large glands of the vestibule (Bartholin's glands) begin to function during puberty, their excretory ducts already by the age of 10-12 have a typical structure - they are covered with columnar epithelium.
The urethra in newborn girls is 1-1.5 cm long, at the age of 1 month. - 1.6 cm, 12 months - 2.2 cm, 16 years old - 3.2 cm. The external opening of the urethra opens in the vestibule 1-1.5 cm below the clitoris between the labia minora; has an oval or slit-like shape. The mucous membrane of the urethra in girls is rich in folds. The glands of Littre and the lacunae of Morgagni are located along the entire length of the urethra, but there are more of them in the anterior part of the canal. Some of them open on the eve of the vagina.
The ovaries in childhood grow slowly, and their weight increases gradually: by the end of the 1st year of life, it doubles, by the age of 6 it increases by 7 times, and by the age of 16 - by 20 times compared to birth weight and reaches 5-6 g. The ovaries in newborns have an elongated and flattened shape, their surface is smooth, their weight is from 0.2 to 0.4 g. At the 2nd year of life, they begin to become ovoid and are fully formed by the age of 10.
The number of primary follicles decreases with age: in a 17-day-old child there are about 23 rows, in a 10-year-old girl - 6-8. During puberty, the follicles in the cortical layer are at various stages of development. The oviducts do not elongate in childhood. The convolutions of the oviducts decrease in the 5th year of life, when the transverse size of the pelvis increases. The ligaments of the ovaries are stretched, and they, separating from the uterus, take their normal position.
By the time the girl is born, her uterus is about 4 cm long, the body is half the length of the neck. After birth, involution and a decrease in its size occur due to the termination of the placental secretion, which stimulates the growth of the uterus. In infancy, the length of the uterus is. 2.5-2.8 cm. Increased growth of the uterus begins after the age of 7-8 years. With the onset of puberty, it takes on the shape and size of the uterus of an adult woman.
By the time of birth, the girl has uterine glands. Their number is individual and varies significantly regardless of the age of the girl. At the age of 6 years, a small number of glands are located mainly on the bottom of the uterus. By the age of 10, their number increases, and after 12 years they evenly penetrate the entire uterine mucosa.
In newborns, the length of the vagina reaches 3 cm, the entrance is very deep, has an almost vertical direction, as if funnel-shaped. The walls of the vagina are in close contact, the muscles are poorly developed, maloelastic. In one-year-old girls, the length of the vagina is 4 cm. From the age of 8, folding of the walls appears. The absolute size of the vagina increases rapidly after 10 years of age and reaches 7-8 cm in length by the period of puberty.
In a newborn girl, the functional and morphological state of the vagina is under the influence of placental hormones. The mucous membrane is well developed, the epithelium contains glycogen, and the contents are acidic. As placental estrogens disappear from 1 to 10-12 years, glycogen is not formed in the vagina, there are no Dederlein sticks, the reaction of the contents becomes alkaline (pH 7-8), as a result, there is no protective function of the vagina, the epithelial cover becomes thinner.
In girls 12-14 years old, the ovaries begin to produce their own sex hormones. The vaginal mucosa thickens, glycogen is formed in it, the reaction becomes acidic, vaginal Dederlein sticks appear in the contents of the vagina, the uterus enlarges - all this indicates that puberty is coming.
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