Why do we age if the cells in our body are constantly renewing? Scientists have been dealing with this issue for more than one century. How does the update process take place and what affects it? Each organ has its own renewal period, and many processes in the human body still cannot be solved. We invite you to find out the rhythm of cell renewal in our body - this is what has already been scientifically proven.

Take care of yourself, appreciate every moment of your life and!

Swedish neurologist Jonas Frisen found that every adult is, on average, fifteen and a half years old!

But if many of the "details" of our body are constantly updated and, as a result, turn out to be much younger than their owner, then some questions arise.

For example, why doesn't the skin stay smooth and pink all its life, like a baby, if the top layer of the skin is always two weeks old?

If the muscles are about 15 years old, then why is a 60-year-old woman not as flexible and mobile as a 15-year-old girl?

Frisen saw the answers to these questions in the DNA in the mitochondria (this is a part of every cell). She quickly accumulates various types of damage. That is why the skin ages over time: mutations in mitochondria lead to a deterioration in the quality of such an important constituent material of the skin as collagen.

According to many psychologists, aging occurs due to those mental programs that have been inherent in us since childhood.

Here we will consider the timing of the renewal of specific organs and tissues, which are shown in the figures. Although everything is written there in such detail that this commenting may be unnecessary.

Organ cell renewal:

Brain.

Cells live with a person throughout his life. But if the cells were renewed, the information that was embedded in them - our thoughts, emotions, memories, skills, experience - would go away with them.
Wrong way of life - smoking, drugs, alcohol - all this to one degree or another destroys the brain, killing some of the cells.

And yet, in two areas of the brain, cells are renewed.

One of them is the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for the perception of odors.
The second is the hippocampus, which controls the ability to assimilate new information in order to then transfer it to the "storage center", as well as the ability to navigate in space.

Heart.

The fact that cells also have the ability to renew itself became known only recently. According to researchers, this happens only once or twice in a lifetime, so it is extremely important to preserve this organ.

Lungs.

For each type of tissue, cell renewal occurs at a different rate. For example, the air sacs located at the ends of the bronchi (alveoli) are regenerated every 11 to 12 months.
But the cells on the surface of the lungs are renewed every 14-21 days. This part of the respiratory organ takes on most of the harmful substances coming from the air we breathe.

Bad habits (primarily smoking), as well as a polluted atmosphere, slow down the renewal of the alveoli, destroy them and, in the worst case, can lead to emphysema of the lungs.

Liver.

The liver is the champion in regeneration among the organs of the human body. Liver cells are renewed approximately every 150 days, that is, the liver is "reborn" once every five months. She is able to recover completely, even if, as a result of the operation, a person has lost up to two-thirds of an organ.

This is the only such organ in our body.

Of course, such endurance is possible with your help to this organ: the liver does not like fatty, spicy, fried, smoked food. In addition, her work is greatly complicated by alcohol and most of the drugs.

And if you do not pay attention to this organ, it will cruelly take revenge on its owner with terrible diseases - cirrhosis or cancer. (By the way, if you stop drinking alcohol for eight weeks, your liver can be completely cleansed).

Intestines.

The walls are covered from the inside with the smallest villi, which ensure the absorption of nutrients. But they are under the constant influence of gastric juice, which dissolves food, so they do not live long. The terms of their renewal are three to five days.

Skeleton.

The bones of the skeleton are renewed continuously, that is, at every moment of time, there are both old and new cells in the same bone. It takes about ten years to completely renew the skeleton.

This process slows down with age, when the bones become thinner and more fragile.

Renewal of body tissue cells

Hair.

Hair grows on average by one centimeter per month, but hair can completely change in a few years, depending on the length. For women, this process takes up to six years, for men - up to three.

Eyebrow and eyelash hairs grow back in six to eight weeks.

Eyes.

In such a very important and fragile organ like the eye, only corneal cells are capable of renewing. Its top layer is replaced every 7 to 10 days. If the cornea is damaged, the process occurs even faster - it is able to recover in a day.

Language.

10,000 receptors are located on the surface of the tongue. They are able to distinguish between the tastes of food: sweet, sour, bitter, spicy, salty. Tongue cells have a fairly short life cycle of ten days.

Smoking and oral infections weaken and inhibit this ability and also decrease the sensitivity of the taste buds.

Leather.

The superficial layer of the skin is renewed every two to four weeks. But only if the skin is properly cared for and does not receive excess ultraviolet radiation.

It also negatively affects the skin - this bad habit accelerates skin aging for two to four years.

Nails.

The most famous example of organ renewal is nails. They grow 3 to 4 mm every month. But this is on the hands, on the legs, the nails grow twice as slowly.
A fingernail is completely renewed on average in six months, on a toe - in ten.
Moreover, on the little fingers, nails grow much slower than others, and the reason for this still remains a mystery to doctors.

The use of drugs slows down cell regeneration throughout the body!

Now have you realized what affects the cell renewal of the body?
Draw your own conclusions!

Friesen found that cells in the body mostly replace themselves every 7-10 years. In other words, old cells die and are replaced with new ones during this period of time. Cell renewal is faster in some parts of the body, but complete rejuvenation from toes to head takes about ten years.

This explains why our skin flakes fall off, our nails grow and our hair falls out. But if we are constantly being filled with new cells, why does the body age? Shouldn't the new cells act like a botox shot? When it comes to aging, it turns out that the secret is not in our cells, but in cellular DNA.

Cell lifespan

The body is renewed in different ways. The time the cells work in certain areas of the body depends on what is required of them. Red blood cells, for example, live for four months because they are required to travel a difficult path through the circulatory system and deliver oxygen to tissues throughout the body.

And here is how long other cells live.

Skin: The epidermis undergoes a fair amount of wear and tear as it acts as the body's outer protective layer. These skin cells are renewed every two to four weeks.
Hair: Natural body hair has a lifespan of about 6 years for women and 3 years for men.
Liver: The liver cleanses the human body by removing a wide range of pollutants from our systems. It promotes a constant blood supply and remains immune to damage from these pollutants and toxins, renewing its cells every 150-500 days.
Stomach and intestines: The cells lining the surface of the stomach and intestines live short and complex lives. Constantly exposed to caustic stomach acids, they usually live for only 5 days, no more.
Bones: The cells of the skeletal system regenerate almost constantly, but the whole process takes up to 10 years. The renewal process slows down as we age, which is why our bones become thinner.

Despite all this constant regeneration, people who want to live forever should not stop looking for the source of youth. The point is that we continue to age and gradually die. Frisen and others believe it may be due to DNA mutations that get worse, moving on to new cells over time.

There are also a number of cells that never leave us and can contribute to the aging process, or at least the decay of the body over time. Although the cornea of the eye can heal in just one day, the lens and other areas of the eye do not change. It's the same with neurons in the cerebral cortex - the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for memory, thinking, language, attention and consciousness - they stay with us from birth to death. Since they are not replaced, the loss of these cells leads to serious ailments. The good news is that other areas of the brain, the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for smell, and the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning, can and do renew themselves.

Take care of yourself. The first person has already been born who will live forever.

HOW OLD ARE YOU?

Take your time to answer this seemingly simple question, because the Swedish neurologist Jonas Frisen answered it for you: every adult is on average fifteen and a half years old. If, for example, you are sixty in your passport, then the lenses of your eyes are on average 22 weeks older (!), Your brain is about the same age, but your skin is only two weeks old. The muscle cells of the intercostal muscles in people 37-40 years old, as it turned out, are on average 15.1 years old, and the intestinal cells (except for the epithelium) are 15.9 years old.

From one popular science book to another, the statement wanders: our body is almost completely renewed in seven years. Old cells gradually die off, new ones take their places.

The cells do renew themselves, but where the mythical number "seven" came from, no one really knows. For some cells, the renewal period is set more or less precisely, namely: 150 days for blood cells, the gradual replacement of which can be traced after blood transfusion, and two weeks for skin cells that appear in its deep layers, gradually migrate to the surface, die off and exfoliate.

Our body is constantly renewing. In one day, millions of new cells appear in it, and millions of old ones die off. The cells that are in contact with the external environment are renewed the fastest. For example, skin cells are renewed on average in three weeks, and cells of the inner walls of the intestine (of which the smallest villi are composed, absorbing nutrients from food masses) - in 3-5 days.

The receptor cells on the surface of the tongue, which help to distinguish the tastes of food, are renewed every 10 days. Blood cells - erythrocytes - are renewed on average in 120 days, therefore, in order to see a picture of changes in our body, it is recommended to do a general blood test every six months.

Liver cells are renewed in 300-500 days. If you give up alcohol, do not eat fatty and spicy foods, do not take medications, the liver can be completely cleansed in 8 weeks. By the way, the liver is the only organ in our body that is able to fully recover with the loss of 75% of its tissue.

The alveoli (air sacs at the ends of the bronchi) renew within one year, and the cells on the surface of the lungs every 2-3 weeks.

Bone tissue is constantly renewed - bone fusion after fractures occurs precisely due to its regeneration. But in order for our skeleton to be completely renewed, it takes from 7 to 10 years.

Fingernails grow by 3-4 mm per month, and hair, on average, by one centimeter. Hair can completely change in several years, depending on their length. It is believed that in men, hair change occurs in three years, while in women this cycle can reach seven or more years.

The more complex the structure of the tissue and its function, the longer the process of its regeneration. In our body, nerve tissue is considered the most complex in structure. And although earlier scientists were sure that it is not restored, it has now been revealed that regenerative processes are possible in it. The brain, the lenses of the eyes and the heart also hold many unsolved mysteries for scientists, since these organs have not yet been fully understood. At the moment, scientists believe that their regeneration process is very difficult and almost impossible.

As a neurologist, Friesen is, of course, most interested in the brain. From studies conducted on animals, as well as on one patient who was dying of cancer and agreed to inject a weakly radioactive isotope into his brain, it is known that after birth, new neurons appear only in two areas - in the hippocampus and around the ventricles of the brain.
So far, the new method has measured the age of only a few areas of the brain. According to Friesen's data, the cells of the cerebellum are on average 2.9 years younger than the person himself. The cerebellum, as you know, is responsible for the coordination of movements, and it gradually improves with age in a child, so it can be assumed that by about three years the cerebellum is finally formed. The cerebral cortex has the same age as the person himself, that is, new neurons do not appear in it throughout life. The rest of the brain is still being studied.

Measuring the age of individual tissues and organs is not done out of curiosity. Knowing the rate of cell turnover, we may be able to learn how to treat cataracts, obesity, and some nervous diseases. In 2004, researchers at Columbia University (USA) found that when depression occurs, too few new neurons appear in the hippocampus, and some drugs for depression stimulate this process. Alzheimer's disease has also been associated with insufficient neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In Parkinson's disease, as far as is known, the death of old cells is not balanced by the appearance of new ones.

Knowing how often people develop new fat cells will help treat obesity. So far, no one knows if this disease is associated with an increase in the number or size of fat cells. Knowing the frequency of the appearance of new liver and pancreatic cells will create new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer and diabetes.

The question of the age of the muscle cells of the heart is very relevant. Experts believe that dying cells are replaced by fibrous connective tissue, so the heart muscle weakens over time. But there is no exact data. Friesen and his team are currently working on determining the age of the heart.

Americans have learned to measure the age of the lens of the eye. Its central part is formed from transparent cells at the sixth week of the embryo's life and remains for life. But new cells are constantly added around the periphery of the lens, making the lens thicker and less flexible, which affects its ability to focus the image. By studying this process, we may find ways to delay the onset of cataracts by five years, says Bruce Buchholz of Livermore National Laboratory (USA), which carries out mass spectrometric measurements of samples supplied from the University of California and Frisen's laboratory.

But if many of the "details" of our body are constantly updated and, as a result, turn out to be much younger than their owner, then some questions arise. For example, if the top layer of skin is only two weeks old, why doesn't it stay smooth and pink all its life, like a two-week-old baby? If the muscles are about 15 years old, why is a 60-year-old woman less agile and less agile than a 15-year-old girl? The reason is in mitochondrial DNA. It accumulates damage faster than the DNA of the cell nucleus. That is why the skin ages over time: mutations in mitochondria lead to a deterioration in the quality of its important constituent material, collagen.

Based on the materials of the "New Scientist" magazine

That the cells in our body are renewed. But how does the renewal of body cells take place? And if the cells are constantly renewing, then why does old age come, and does not eternal youth last?

Swedish neurologist Jonas Frisen found that every adult is, on average, fifteen and a half years old!

But if many of the "details" of our body are constantly updated and, as a result, turn out to be much younger than their owner, then some questions arise.

For example, why doesn't the skin stay smooth and pink all its life, like a baby, if the top layer of the skin is always two weeks old?

If the muscles are about 15 years old, then why is a 60-year-old woman not as flexible and mobile as a 15-year-old girl?

According to many psychologists, aging occurs due to those mental programs that have been inherent in us since childhood.

Organ cell renewal

*Brain.

Brain cells live with a person throughout his life. But if the cells were renewed, the information that was embedded in them - our thoughts, emotions, memories, skills, experience - would go away with them. Wrong way of life - smoking, drugs, alcohol - all this to one degree or another destroys the brain, killing some of the cells.

And yet, in two areas of the brain, cells are renewed.

One of them is the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for the perception of odors. The second is the hippocampus, which controls the ability to assimilate new information in order to then transfer it to the "storage center", as well as the ability to navigate in space.

*Heart.

The fact that heart cells also have the ability to renew itself became known only recently. According to researchers, this happens only once or twice in a lifetime, so it is extremely important to preserve this organ.

*Lungs.

For each type of lung tissue, cell renewal occurs at a different rate. For example, the air sacs located at the ends of the bronchi (alveoli) are regenerated every 11 to 12 months. But the cells on the surface of the lungs are renewed every 14-21 days. This part of the respiratory organ takes on most of the harmful substances coming from the air we breathe.

Bad habits (primarily smoking), as well as a polluted atmosphere, slow down the renewal of the alveoli, destroy them and, in the worst case, can lead to emphysema of the lungs.

*Liver.

The liver is the champion in regeneration among the organs of the human body. Liver cells are renewed approximately every 150 days, that is, they are "born" again once every five months. She is able to recover completely, even if, as a result of the operation, a person has lost up to two-thirds of an organ.

This is the only such organ in our body.

Of course, such endurance of the liver is possible with your help to this organ: the liver does not like fatty, spicy, fried, smoked food. In addition, her work is greatly complicated by alcohol and most of the drugs.

* Intestines.

The walls of the intestine are covered from the inside with the smallest villi that ensure the absorption of nutrients. But they are under the constant influence of gastric juice, which dissolves food, so they do not live long. The terms of their renewal are three to five days.

* Skeleton.

The bones of the skeleton are renewed continuously, that is, at every moment of time, there are both old and new cells in the same bone. It takes about ten years to completely renew the skeleton.

This process slows down with age, when the bones become thinner and more fragile.

Renewal of body tissue cells

*Hair.

Hair grows on average by one centimeter per month, but hair can completely change in a few years, depending on the length. For women, this process takes up to six years, for men - up to three.

Eyebrow and eyelash hairs grow back in six to eight weeks.

* Eyes.

* Language.

Smoking and oral infections weaken and inhibit this ability and also decrease the sensitivity of the taste buds.

* Skin.

The superficial layer of the skin is renewed every two to four weeks. But only if the skin is properly cared for and does not receive excess ultraviolet radiation.

Smoking also has a negative effect on the skin - this bad habit accelerates skin aging for two to four years.

*Nails.

The most famous example of organ renewal is nails. They grow 3 to 4 mm every month. But this is on the hands, on the legs, the nails grow twice as slowly. A fingernail is completely renewed on average in six months, on a toe - in ten. Moreover, on the little fingers, nails grow much slower than others, and the reason for this still remains a mystery to doctors.

The use of drugs slows down cell regeneration throughout the body!

Now you have realized what influences cell renewal? Draw your own conclusions!

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Is the epidermis renewed every 30 days?

Florence Barrett-Hill

The question of renewing the epidermis

During my seminars, I am often asked two questions that deserve attention:

If the epidermis is renewed every 30 days, then why doesn't my beautiful and perfect skin appear every month?
- If every pigment that carries the melanosome is transferred to the keratinocyte, and every keratinocyte eventually peels off within 30 days, then why do I still have pigmentation?

The reason for these questions is that the combination of previous knowledge and the literature that has been published on cell renewal gives the impression that the end result of 30 days of cell renewal is the formation of a new epidermis.
But where did the idea come from that all cells of the epidermis are renewed every 30 days?

Typical composition of epidermal cells

The general statement that epidermal cells are renewed every 30 days is used in most of the dermatology and skin care literature. At one time, a sufficient number of studies of the epidermis were carried out to support this statement, but given the amount of knowledge accumulated today, this statement can, to some extent, be considered misleading.

In other words, there continues to be a fundamental error in the understanding of epidermal cells, and the basic cosmetology training that still teaches this assumption is false. This means that it is necessary to return to the beginning for the new thinking to take its rightful place.

The epidermis contains a number of key cells, each of which has different functions and a different lifespan. Up to 20% of these cells do not peel off at the end of their existence, and therefore combining all of them in a 30-day scenario is incorrect and demonstrates a lack of understanding of the subject.

This was the first article I read that gave a detailed description of the keratinocyte life cycle and cell differences. For me, it was a revolutionary, thought provoking and eye-opening article. Even after fully understanding that a keratinocyte has a life cycle of 8-10 days, from mitosis to entering the stratum corneum, I never really understood the importance of this fact and its connections.

It was only much later, when subsequent research led me to gain more extensive knowledge about melanocytes, did I see that keratinocytes and melanocytes are very different, although they work in conjunction with each other.

I found that keratinocytes have an unlimited stem cell resource, along with a short and active life cycle that ultimately ends in exfoliation. On the other hand, melanocytes are slow to live for years and lack important stem cell resources to use when damaged.

It became clear that these two types of cells have a physical difference, and their life cycles are different. One cell type has a cycle of 10 days, while the life cycle of another is calculated in years, but both types of cells are located in the epidermis, and work together to create an important part of the skin's protective barrier system.

This article discusses other types of cells in the epidermis, but I can already ask a question. With this information about melanocytes and keratinocytes, how can you substantiate the statement about a 30-day renewal of epidermal cells, and how much can you now believe this statement?

Let's take a look at a short list of the cells found in the epidermis, the roles they play, and their individual life cycle.

The skin has a very complex defense system in which different types of cells act together or sequentially. In addition to keratinocytes, there are three types of specialized cells in the epidermis.

Melanocytes produce pigment (melanin). Langerhans cells are at the front line of defense of the immune system in the skin, and Merkel cells serve as mechanoreceptors involved in the function of touch.

Keratinocytes

Keratinocyte

Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the epidermis and account for 70 to 80 percent of all cells in the epidermis. Keratinocytes are programmed to die off, a process known as apoptosis, and their life cycle from mitosis to the stratum corneum of the skin is 8 to 10 days, depending on age and environment.
They are hydrophobic cells and are responsible for creating and maintaining the skin's protective barrier function. Cells of this type have an unlimited resource of stem cells located in the convex part of the hair follicles and epidermal loop-like outgrowths.

Langerhans cell

Langerhans cells

Other cells involved in skin defense are Langerhans cells, which are dendritic cells derived from the bone marrow. The dendrites of Langerhans cells shorten with age, and the cells themselves are susceptible to ultraviolet radiation, chemical and water burns, which cause cell migration in their epidermis.
If necessary, these cells are easily replenished with bone marrow, provided that the epidermal environment is not damaged or healed. They account for 2 to 5 percent of all epidermal cells, but due to their dendritic structure, they provide up to 25% of the skin's protective barrier.
The function of these cells is to detect any foreign bodies (antigens) that have entered the epidermis. They carry out the capture of these bodies, and transfer to the lymph nodes of the dermis, where they will be occupied by lymphocytes. After this, a cellular type of immune response is activated, which neutralizes and then eliminates antigens. The nature of Langerhans cells suggests that their life cycle lasts longer than 30 days.

Merkel cells

Merkel cage

Merkel cells are epidermal cells that do not have a dendritic structure and do not synthesize keratin. They are located mainly in the basal layer of the epidermis, or near it. Merkel cells are usually arranged in clusters of excitation around hair follicles.

Merkel cells make up 6 to 10 percent of all cells in the epidermis, and are located between keratinocytes in the basal layer. They stay in contact with the nerve endings.

These cells serve as mechanoreceptors used in the function of touch. They detect vibrations, pressure, touch, etc., information about which is transmitted through the network of fibers to the brain in the form of a stream of nerve impulses. These impulses create sensation.

The origin of Merkel cells is unclear as they have both epidermal and neuroendocrine characteristics, but in any case, they must also be long-lived cells.

Melanocytes

Melanocyte

These cells live a long life due to their slow cycle. Formed in the neural roller at the embryonic stage, as the embryo develops, melanocytes migrate from the neural roller, moving in the body until they reach different parts of the body in which pigment is found. These are the epidermis, hair and eyes. Eventually, they end up in the lower region of the basal layer of the epidermis.

About every tenth cell in this layer is a melanocyte. They are stable, have a slow cycle and are long-lived cells lacking an important stem cell resource. Melanocytes are classified as dendritic cells, and it is estimated that each melanocyte contacts approximately 35 keratinocytes through dendrites.
The function of these cells is to produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin color. Melanin is transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes via cytoplasmic processes. Keratinocytes ultimately carry pigment to the skin's surface and exfoliate.

Outcomes

So what have we learned? Well, we definitely learned that the four main types of epidermal cells have different origins and different lifetimes. We also know now that keratinocytes have the shortest life cycle, and an unlimited stem cell resource. Langerhans cells are replenished by the bone marrow as needed, and melanocytes are long-lived and do not have a sufficient resource of stem cells for their restoration or replacement.

Research on Merkel cells is still ongoing, but it can be classified as a family of cells in the nervous system that regenerate slowly and most definitely do not renew for 30 days.

Not a single cell of the epidermis, by itself, has a 30-day life cycle. In reality, they all have different life spans, and, most interestingly, they all work in conjunction with keratinocytes.

In order for our beauticians to be perceived as professionals in the field of skin, it is necessary to base their training and published literature on existing facts, and not on erroneous conclusions based on outdated knowledge. Only then will we be treated with the respect we deserve.

If you want to challenge yourself, think about the second question I just mentioned.

K D Marenus, PhD, Functional Ultrastructure of the Epidermis Cosmetic & Toiletries, vol 99, 52, 1984.
Martin M Rieger, PhD, Keratinocyte Function Cosmetic & Toiletries, vol 107, 35-40 1992
Jean L Bolognia & Seth J Orlow, Melanocyte Biology Pigmentary Disorders. Page 44.
Derek R Highley, PhD, The Epidermal Keratinization Process vol 99, 60-61

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