Composition of human intestine microflora. Microflora intestines. The role of intestinal microflora in the human body. Basic intestinal functions

The human body exists in cooperation with many microorganisms. A huge amount of their number is in every person on the skin, mucous and intestines. They support equilibrium with the environment and ensure the right work of the body. Especially important for health normal intestinal microflora. After all, useful bacteria that exist in it are involved in the processes of digestion, metabolism, in the development of many vitamins and enzymes, as well as in maintaining protective forces. But the microflora is a very fragile and sensitive system, so often the number of useful bacteria decreases. In this case, dysbacteriosis develops, which has serious consequences for human health.

What is microflora

The intestine microflora is called a complex of many types of microorganisms, which exist in symbiosis with a person and benefit him. When birth at the child, the intestine only begins to settle with these bacteria due to its interaction with the environment. The formation of normal microflora in children occurs for several years. Usually only by 12-13 years old, the child is formed by the composition of microflora, like an adult.

The digestive tract of a person is not all populated by bacteria. In the stomach and the small intestine there are no them, since there is very high acidity, and they simply do not survive. But closer to the Tolstoy Intestine, the number of microorganisms increases.

If there is a normal intestinal microflora, the problems with digestion rarely occur. But often it happens that the balance is violated: useful bacteria are dying, and pathogen begin to multiply quickly. In this case, there are unpleasant symptoms that are called dysbacteriosis. Many doctors do not consider it a separate disease, although such pathology can bring a lot of problems to a person. And it may occur against the background of the absolute health of the entire digestive system.

Structure

In the intestine of a healthy person, there are about 100 billion different bacteria, which belong to several hundred species - according to various data from 300 to 1000. But studies of scientists have determined that only 30-40 varieties of bacteria really have a useful impact on the work of the body. Each person has its own microflora composition. It affects the type of food, habits, the presence of diseases of the digestive tract.

About 99% of all bacteria living in the intestines make up useful microorganisms. They participate in the digestion and synthesis of the necessary enzymes, support immunity. But each person also has a pathogenic flora, although it is usually only 1%. These are staphylococci, protein, blue, and others. If the number of these bacteria increases, dysbacteriosis develops.

Bifidobacteria is the main type of useful microorganisms living in the colon. It is they that provide maintenance of strong immunity and protect the intestine from the reproduction of the pathogenic flora. In addition, bifidobacteria are an important participant in the digestion process. They help split and absorb proteins, amino acids.

Another group of useful microorganisms is lactobacillia. They are also called natural antibiotics, as their main function is to protect the intestine from population by pathogenic bacteria, as well as strengthen and maintain immunity. In addition, enterococci, intestinal sticks, bacteroids also include useful bacteria. These are the main microorganisms that are necessary for the normal functioning of the intestine.

Value

Recently, scientists are increasingly talking about the useful functions of the intestinal flora. They found that it is so important for the normal functioning of the whole organism that its slightest violation immediately affects health. Therefore, now often in the complex treatment of many diseases includes drugs to restore the balance of microorganisms.

After all, the normal microflora of the large intestine performs several important tasks in the human body. The most important work of the intestinal useful bacteria is to participate in the process of digestion. They accelerate the absorption of amino acids and vitamins, help split proteins, synthesize some digestive enzymes. Another microflora function is that bacteria produce many vitamins, indispensable amino acids and other useful substances. It is they who participate in the synthesis of vitamins of the group B, nicotinic acid, improve the absorption of iron.

The main function of the intestinal microflora is an improvement in digestion.

The protective function is that useful bacteria prevent the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, protecting the body from infectious diseases. In addition, the microflora performs an immunomodulatory function - it helps to maintain the body's protective forces and strengthens the immunity. Useful bacteria are involved in the formation of immunoglobulin, which is necessary for good health. The microflora cleansing function is that useful microorganisms accelerate the conclusion from the intestine of various toxins and metabolic products, participate in the neutralization of poisons.

Causes of violations

Intestinal flora is violated in most cases due to the fault of the person himself. Its incorrect behavior and nutrition, harmful habits, unbearable chronic diseases - all this can lead to a change in the balance of microorganisms.

Improper nutrition is one of the main causes of dysbiosis. The disorder of the intestinal microflora arises if there is little dietary fibers in it, which serve as a nutrient medium for useful bacteria. In addition, this happens with monotonous nutrition, compliance with strict diets, predominance in the diet of harmful products.

Disrupt the balance of microorganisms can use fast food, alcoholic beverages, oily and fried food, large quantities of preservatives, sweets, baking and chemical additives. Because of this, beneficial bacteria are dying, and the processes of rotting and fermentation, which develop with such nutrition, contribute to the growth of pathogenic microflora.

A frequent cause of imbacitriosa becomes a long use of some drugs. First of all, these are antibiotics and antiseptics that destroy not only pathogenic bacteria, but also useful. Especially harmful to take such drugs without the appointment of a doctor, as specialists are usually in complex treatment include microflora recovery tools. Dysbacteriosis can also cause immunosuppressants and hormonal agents, such as contraceptive. To break the microflora may pass through with the enema and other cleansing procedures, as they simply wash off beneficial bacteria

In addition, dysbacteriosis can also develop for other reasons:

hormonal failures;
sharp climate change, for example, when moving;
harmful habits - smoking and drinking alcohol;
diseases of the gastrointestinal bodies - gastritis, duodenitis, pancreatitis;
decrease in immunity;
transferred infectious or inflammatory diseases, for example, often microflora is broken after diarrhea;
individual intolerance to some products, such as milk or cereal;
strong stress and mental overvoltage;
overwork and lack of sleep;
passion for antibacterial hygiene tools, excessive cleanliness;
poisoning of poor-quality food or dirty water consumption.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis

When the balance of useful and pathogenic bacteria is disturbed, serious changes occur in the body. First of all, they are reflected in the digestive process. In addition, the impaired suction of nutrients leads to a general deterioration of the state. Each person develops an individual response to such changes.

But usually dysbacteriosis is characterized by such symptoms:

stool violation;
bloating, increased gas formation;
constipation or diarrhea, often their alternation;
stomach ache;
nausea, vomiting;
decline in appetite;
weakness, reduced performance;
depression, irritability;
avitaminosis;
skin allergic reactions.

If a person is broken in the intestinal microflora, it torments flatulence, abdominal pain, stool violation

To effectively cure dysbacteriosis, you need to take into account its stage. At the initial stage, the balance of microorganisms is only a bit broken, which happens, for example, after the use of antibiotics or harmful food. At the same time, it is possible to restore the microflora without drugs, only adjusting the diet, for example, including more fermented dairy products. After all, at this stage, they often talk about the development of transient or transient dysbiosis. Often the body can cope with it independently. Serious treatment is necessary on 3 and 4 stages of development of pathology. At the same time, serious symptoms of dysbiosis appear: a violation of the chair, abdominal pain, avitaminosis, apathy and chronic fatigue.

Features of treatment

To restore the normal intestinal microflora, it is necessary, first of all, to undergo a survey and determine the cause of pathology. In addition, it is necessary to find out what changes occurred in microflora. Not only the ratio of useful and pathogenic bacteria, but also their number is important for choosing treatment. To do this, sowing feces on dysbacteriosis. It is prescribed when the patient complains about a violation of the chair, increased fatigue and meteorism. Cala's survey in combination with such symptoms helps to make a diagnosis properly. This is important in order not to miss the development of more serious diseases: ulcerative colitis, intestinal obstruction, crown disease.

But even if the analysis showed ordinary dysbacteriosis, the therapy must begin immediately. After all, useful microorganisms perform many important functions, and without them the work of all organs deteriorates.

The treatment of dysbacteriosis is starting with changing the diet. It is necessary to observe such a diet that would provide the body with all the necessary nutrients, but did not make it difficult to digestion. It is necessary to eliminate all products that destroy useful microorganisms or causing meteorism: fatty meat, legumes, mushrooms, cabbage, onions, baking, sweets. It is necessary to stop drinking alcohol, coffee, carbonated drinks.

At the initial stage of the disease, normalization of microflora is possible only with the help of these measures. But in more serious cases it is necessary to use special drugs. They must be appointed by a doctor depending on the composition of the microflora, the degree of its violation and the overall state of the patient.

Medications

Usually, probiotics receiving probiotics are recommended for improving the intestine microflora containing lively beneficial bacteria. Typically, their composition includes bifidobacteria or lactobacillia. The most effective are the complex drugs that contain several different microorganisms.

The best preparations that restore the intestinal microflora is bifidbacterin, lactobacterin, bifissim, bifiform, acipol, acilakt, Ermal. Recently, integrated funds are often prescribed: Linex, Hilak Forte, Maxihak, Florin, Bificol. It is also recommended to take prebiotics - means creating a nutrient medium for beneficial bacteria. This is the norm, Duhalak, portalc.

In addition, drugs are sometimes used to help eliminate the causes of microflora disorders. These can be enzymes, hepatoprotectors and other means that improve digestion. And to restore immunity and protective forces of the body, vitamins are needed.

Most often to restore intestinal microflora recommend taking probiotics

Scheme of treating complex cases

The difficult course of dysbiosis requires special treatment. Ordinary drugs to restore microflora in this case will no longer help, so the doctor assigns other means by special scheme. Usually, such pathology is associated with the rapid reproduction of the pathogenic flora in the intestines, so it is important to destroy it. But antibiotics are not suitable for this, since they are still stronger than the microflora.

Therefore, special intestinal antibiotics are prescribed, which act only on pathogenic bacteria, without destroying useful. This may be a drug enterol containing yeast-like sugarmice substances. They are a favorable medium for reproducing useful microflora, but detached for pathogenic bacteria. In addition, in these cases, the preparations of ersphuril, furazolidone, enterofunyl, pyobacteriophage are effective. And if there are contraindications, you can take a hilak forte, which is destructive effect on some harmful bacteria.

After the destruction of pathogenic microflora, it is necessary to put the course of enteric to purify the intestines from the residues of these bacteria and their livelihoods. It is best for this to apply enterosgel, lactofilter, polysorb or filter. And only after that they take drugs to populate the intestines with useful microorganisms, as well as prebiotics - means containing dietary fibers that are a nutrient medium for them.

Folk Methods

Additionally to the treatment appointed by the doctor, and in light cases - independently - can be used folk remedies. There are several popular recipes that will help restore intestinal microflora:

more often there are sour fresh apples;
before eating, drink a half of the heated brine from the sauerkraut;
every day there are fresh or dried berries lingers;
instead of tea drinking herbs champs: currant leaves, mint, plantain, chamomile flowers, Hypericum;
it is useful to drink infusion from beets, in which the apple vinegar and carnation boutons are added.

The normal state of the intestine microflora is very important for human health. Therefore, when the first symptoms of dysbiosis, special treatment must begin. But it is better to prevent its occurrence, avoiding what contributes to the destruction of beneficial bacteria.

The intestinal microflora (intestinal biocenosis) begins to form since the birth of a child. In 85% of children, it is finally formed during the first year of life. In 15% of children, the process captures a longer period. Ensuring a child in the first half of the year, breast milk is an important stabilizing factor.

Biofidobacteria, lactobacillia, and bacteroids provide normal human body. They account for 99% of the intestinal normal microflora.

Fig. 1. Intestinal bacteria. Computer visualization.

What is the intestine microflora

Fig. 2. Type of the wall of the small intestine in the context. Computer visualization.

Up to 500 species of various microorganisms are contained in the intestine of a person. Their total mass is more than 1 kg. The number of microbial cells exceeds the number of the entire cell composition of the body. Their number increases in the course of the intestine and in the thick intestine of the bacteria already make up 1/3 of the dry residue of the roaming masses.

The microbial community is considered as a separate, vital body of the human body (microbioma).

Microflora intestine is constant. This is due to the presence of receptors in a thin and colon, which are adapted to adhesion (adhesion) of certain types of bacteria.

In the small intestine prevails aerobic flora. Representatives of this Flora in the process of energy synthesis use free molecular oxygen.

Anaerobic flora (lactic acid and intestinal sticks, enterococci, staphylococci, mushrooms, protea) prevails in the colonist. Representatives of this flora synthesize energy without access of oxygen.

In different departments of the intestine, the intestinal microflora has a different composition. Most microorganisms live in the intestinal area, significantly less in the cavities.

Fig. 3. The intestinal microflora is concentrated in the private intestinal zone.

The total intestinal area (its inner surface) is approximately 200 m2. Streptococci, lactobacillia, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria, mushrooms, intestinal viruses, non-pathogenic simplest are inhabited in the intestines.

The normal operation of the body is obliged by bifidobacteriums, lactobacteriums, enterococci, intestinal chopstick and bacterodes, which account for 99% of the normal intestinal microflora. 1% amounted to representatives of the conditionally pathogenic flora: clostridia, staphylococci, proteins, etc.

Biofidobacteria and lactobacilli, intestinal and acidophilic sticks, enterococci - the basis of human intestinal microflora. The composition of this group of bacteria is always a permanent, numerous and maintenance functions.

Fig. 4. In the photo, the acidophilic stick destroys the pathogenic bacteria Shigella (Shigella Flexneri).

Intestinal wands, enterococci, bifidobacteria and acidophilic sticks suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.

The intestine microflora during the life of a person undergoes high-quality and quantitative changes. She is changing with age. The microflora depends on the nature of the nutrition and lifestyle, the climatic conditions of the region of residence, the time of year.

Changes in intestinal microflora do not pass without a trace for humans. Sometimes they leak latent (asymptomatic). In other cases - with pronounced symptoms of the already developed disease. With the active work of intestinal bacteria, toxic substances are formed, which are derived from the urine.

Fig. 5. The inner surface of the colon. Pink islands - clusters of bacteria. Three-dimensional computer image.

Microorganisms of intestinal microflora

The main group is represented by bifidobacteriums, lactobacillia, normal intestinal chopsticks, enterococci, peptopulation strokes and propionobacteriums.
Conditionally pathogenic flora and saprophytes are represented by bacteroids, staphylococci and streptococci, yeast-like mushrooms, etc.
Transient flora. This microflora accidentally enters the intestines.
The pathogenic flora is represented by pathogens of infectious diseases - Shigella, Salmonella, Irani, etc.

Functions microflora intestines

The intestine microflora performs many of the most important functions for humans:

Intestinal microflora plays a big role in maintaining local and general immunity. Due to it, the activity of phagocytes and the development of immunoglobulin A is increasing, the development of the lymphoid apparatus is stimulated, which means that the growth of pathogenic flora is suppressed. With a decrease in the function of the intestinal microflora, primarily the state of the immune system of the body is suffering, which leads to the development of staphylococcal, candidal, aspergilasis and other types of candidiasis.

The intestinal microflora contributes to the normal trophic of the intestinal mucosa, thereby reducing the penetration into the blood of various food antigens, toxins, viruses and microbes. In disruption of the trophic of the intestinal mucosa in the blood of a person, many pathogenic flora penetrates.
Enzymes that produce intestinal microflora take part in the process of cleavage of bile acids. Secondary bile acids are again absorbed, and their small amounts (5 - 15%) are highlighted with feces. Secondary bile acids are involved in the formation and promotion of feces, preventing them with dehydration. If bacteria in the intestines are excessively much, then the bile acids begin to be clever prematurely, which leads to the occurrence of secretory diarrhea (diarrhea) and steatonea (highlighting the increased amount of fat). Impact suction of fat-soluble vitamins. A typical disease is often developed.
Intestinal microflora takes part in tilting fiber. As a result of such a process, short-chain fatty acids are formed, which are the source of energy for the cells of the intestinal mucosa. With an insufficient amount of tissue in the human diet, the tomb of the bowel tissues is disturbed, which leads to an increased permeability of the intestinal barrier for toxins and pathogenic microbial flora.
With the participation of bifido, lacto, enterobacteria and intestinal sticks, vitamins K, C, groups B (B7, B2, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12), folic and nicotinic acid are synthesized.
The intestinal microflora supports water-salt metabolism and ionic homeostasis.
Due to the secretion of special substances of the intestine microflora, it suppresses growth causing rotting and fermentation.
Bifiido-, lacto, and enterobacteria take part in the detoxification of substances falling from the outside and formed within the organism itself.
The intestinal microflora increases the resistance of the intestinal epithelium to carcinogens.
Regulates intestinal peristalsis.
The intestinal microflora acquires skills on the seizure and withdrawal of viruses from the host's body, with whom it was in symbiosis for many years.
Intestinal flora supports the thermal balance of the body. The microflora is powered by substances, untapped by the enzymatic system of substances coming from the upper departments of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of complex biochemical reactions, a huge amount of thermal energy is produced. Heat with a blood current is distributed throughout the body and enters all internal organs. That is why when fasting a person will always frown.

Positive role of individual types of intestinal microflora bacteria

Biofidobacteria

Fig. 6. Biofidobacteria. Three-dimensional computer image.

Due to bifidobacteriums, acetate and lactic acid are produced.
Zakisaya habitat, they suppress growth causing rotting and fermentation.
Bifidobacteria reduces the risk of allergy to food products in kids.
Bifidobacteria provide an antioxidant and antitumor effect.
Bifidobacteria participate in the synthesis of vitamin C.

Intestinal wand

Of particular importance is paid to the representative of this kind of Escherichia coli M17. Escherichia coli M17) is able to produce a substance of a coculin that oppresses the growth of a number of pathogens.
With the participation of intestinal sticks, vitamins K, groups B (B1, B2, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12), folic and nicotinic acid are synthesized.

Fig. 7. Intestinal wand. Three-dimensional computer image.

Fig. 8. Intestinal wand under a microscope.

Lactobacterial

Lactobacteria is oppressed by the growth of renal and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms due to the formation of a number of antimicrobial substances.
Bifi-and lactobacillia take part in the processes on the absorption of vitamin d, calcium and iron.

Fig. 9. Lactobacivity. Three-dimensional computer image.

The use of lactic acid bacteria in the food industry

The lactic acid bacteria includes milk streptococci, creamy streptococci, Bulgarian sticks, acidophilic, grain thermophilic and cucumber. Local bacteria are widely used in the food industry:

in the production of prokobwash, cheeses, sour cream and kefir;
we produce milk acid, riding milk. This property of bacteria is used to produce sources and sour cream;
when cooking cheeses and yogurts on an industrial scale;
in the process of suping, the lactic acid serves as a preservative.
when bumping cabbage and sings of cucumbers, take part in the urication of apples and marinas of vegetables;
they give a special aroma wines.

Bacteria of the genus streptococci and lactobacilles give products a more dense consistency. As a result of their vital activity, the quality of cheeses is improved. It is they who give cheese a certain cheese fragrance.

Fig. 10. Colony of acidophilic sticks.

(1 estimates, average: 5,00 out of 5)

The microflora is a combination of microorganisms living in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe body, whether the intestines (intestinal microflora) or the vagina (respectively, the vaginal microflora). The normal bacterial composition of this or that part of the body is also called normofloro. In Normophlor are participating microorganisms – commensals, that is, not bringing any benefits or harm, and symbiounta - gaining benefits, but at the same time, those who provide certain "convenience" the host organism.

There is also a concept conditional pathogenic microflora under which microorganisms are meant - opportunists, that is, those microbes that, with a decrease in the protective functions of the human body, are able to leave their biotopes (accommodation places) and spread to other organs and tissues, causing diseases (staphylococci, protea, klebseylla, citrobacteria, klostridia, mushrooms Candida). Well, of course, you can not get around this part microflora like pathogenic microorganisms. These microbes harm the owner's body initially, but they can also take off on the terms of "constant registration". In this case, a person becomes a carrier of infectious diseases, not even suspecting it.

Microorganisms are also bonded (Biofidobacteria, bacteroids, propionic acid bacteria, lactobacilli Escape stick, streptococci) That is, the main representatives of microflora, optional (conditional and pathogenic microbes and saprophytes) and transient, which are not able to live in the human body for a long time.

Microflora composition It is inconsistent and depends on the set of factors. Supercooling, overheating, various diseases, nervous stress, physical exertion, reception of medicines, food - all this is capable of affecting the ratio of microorganisms in the microflora. Strong immunity - almost 90% is the key to the fact that microflora (in other words - microbiocenosis) will be relatively constant. Regardable - since even one-time intake of alcoholic beverages or acute foods can slightly change the composition of the microbiocenosis. But bacteria have the ability to reproduce, therefore, those who died as a result of such interventions of individuals are replaced by "newborns".

Microflora of the gastrointestinal tract

The bond microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is represented Bifidobacteriums, lactobacteriums, intestinal wand, propionobacterium, streptococci, enterococci, eubacteria and bacteroids. Now scientists are inclined to the belief that Helicobacter Pilori is also an obligate microflora of the stomach.

Biofidobacteria In young children, they represent the main mass of obligate microbes (from 90 to 98% of the entire child's microflora). They are unevenly distributed over the intestines. For example, in the blind and transverse colon, there are most of them, and a small amount in the duodenum. This is due to the fact that the duodenum is a bowel department, which begins immediately behind the stomach. And here there is neutralization of an acid coming from the stomach. It is clear that in such a "chemical furnace" it is difficult to survive. In Kale in children, the concentration of bifidobacteria is about 10 9 microorganisms per gram (CFU).

Lactobacterial Inhabit all sections of the gastrointestinal tract and their number is as high as in bifidobacteria. The role of these microorganisms for a person is difficult to overestimate. They suppress the growth and reproduction of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, stimulate the immune system, participate in digestion.

Intestinal wand, or Escherichia, as well as the lactobacillia inks for the child's body in the first days after birth. The Eschierchius of Kolya forms a film in the thick departments, sticking to the epithelium villicks. Thanks to such a film, pathogenic microbes is very difficult to fix in the body. The amount of intestinal sticks in the colon varies from 10 6 to 10 8 ka / g.

Propionaobacteria They have active anatagonistic properties against pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, thus taking part in immune processes. Peptopulationococci lyse (split) dairy proteins, and also participate in carbohydrate fermentation (sugars).

Enterococci Refer to conditionally pathogenic microbes, but at the same time, in the human body, they fulfill an important mission - they train immunity. The content of these bacteria ranges from 10 6 to 10 9 Case / g.

Microflora vagina

The fluctuations of the hormonal background occur at a woman throughout life. Therefore, the oscillations of the microflora composition occur regularly. Estrogens (female sex hormones) are involved in the formation of glycogen, which in turn regulates the number of lactobacilli, and, accordingly, the acid-alkaline balance. Depending on this, during pregnancy, menopause, in different periods of the menstrual microflora cycle can undergo significant changes.

In the first hours of life, the vagina of a newborn girl is sterile. Then the glycogen begins to accumulate, which is a wonderful food substrate for lactobacterium.. And these bacillos begin to actively multiply, splitting glycogen to lactic acid. Due to the increase in the concentration of lactic acid, the pH is shifted into the acidic side, which prevents the reproduction of non-acid-resistant bacteria. Different kinds lactobacterium. Make up the bulk of the microflora of the vagina (up to 95%). When a hormonal background is changing, then the acidity of the medium changes, providing the opportunity to other microorganisms to colonize a new habitat. So in the vagina appear streptococci, staphylococci, diphternoids.

In addition to the above bacteria, the vagina is also found bifidobacteria, Prevella, Propionaobacteria, Klostridia, Gardnerners, Candids and may even attend norm intestinal chopsticks (in 30-40% of women). And if in the vagina adult women biofidobacteria sown approximately every tenth, then peptopulationococci Inhabit each third, and according to some data - and in 90% of women.

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The evolution of a person proceeded with a constant and direct contact with the world of microbes, as a result of which the close relationships were formed between the macro and microorganisms characterized by a certain physiological necessity.

Settlement (colonization) of body cavities communicating with the external environment, and is also one of the types of interaction of living beings in nature. The microflora is contained in the gastrointestinal tract and the urinary system, on the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract.

The most important role is given to the intestine microfloraSince it covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 200-300 m2 (for comparison, the lungs is 80 m2, and the skin of the body is 2 m2). It is recognized that the ecological gastrointestinal system is one of the body protection systems, and when it is violated, it becomes the source (reservoir) of pathogens, including with the epidemic nature of distribution.

All microorganisms with which the human body enters into interaction can be divided into 4 groups.

■ First Group Includes microorganisms that are not capable of long-term stay in the body, in connection with which they are called transient.

Their detection during the examination is random.

■ Second group - bacteria that are included in the bond (most constant) intestinal microflora and playing an important role in activating the metabolic processes of macroorganism and protection against infection. These include Biofidobacteria, bacteroids, lactobacilli, intestinal sticks, enterococci, cationaccteria . Changes in the stability of this composition, as a rule, lead to a violation of the state.

■ Third Group - Microorganisms, also with sufficient constancy, which are in a certain state of equilibrium with the host organism. However, with a decrease in resistance, with a change in normal biosomes, these conditionally pathogenic forms can burden the flow of other diseases or act as a etiological factor.

Their proportion of microbiocenosis and the ratio with the microbes of the second group has great importance.

These include staphylococcus, yeast mushrooms, protea, streptococci, klebseyella, citrobacter, pseudomonas and other microorganisms. Their proportion can be only less than 0.01-0.001% of the total number of microorganisms.

■ Fourth groupcauses of infectious diseases.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is presented by more than 400 types of microorganisms, and more than 98% of it is bonded anaerobic bacteria. The distribution of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract is uneven: each of the departments are peculiar to its relatively constant microflora. The species composition of the microflora of the oral cavity is represented by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

In healthy people, as a rule, are the same species lactobadil, as well as micrococci, diplococci, streptococci, spirillas, simplest. Saprofit inhabitants of the oral cavity can be the cause of caries.

Table 41 Normal Microflora Criteria

The stomach and the small intestine contains relatively few microbes, which is explained by the bactericidal effect of gastric juice and bile. However, in some cases, lactobacilli resistant yeast, streptococcis are detected in healthy. In the pathological conditions of digestive organs (chronic gastritis with secretory failure, chronic enterocolites, etc.) there is a settlement of various microorganisms of the upper sections of the small intestine. In this case, there is a violation of fat suction, steatheree and megaloplastic anemia develop develop. The transition through Bauuginiyev's damper into a large intestine is accompanied by significant quantitative and qualitative changes.

The total number of microorganisms is 1-5x10p microbes in 1 g of content.

In the microflora of the colon anaerobic bacteria ( biofidobacteria, bacteroids, various disputes) Make up more than 90% of the total number of microbes. The aerobic bacteria represented by E. coli, lactobacillias and others constitute an average of 1-4%, and staphylococcus, clostridium, protea and yeast-like mushrooms do not exceed 0.01-0.001%. In qualitatively, the microflora of feces is similar to the microflora cavity of the large intestine. The amount is determined in 1 g of feces (see Table 41).

The normal intestinal microflora is subject to change depending on the nutrition, age, living conditions and a number of other factors. The primary colonization of the microbes of the intestinal tract of the child occurs during the birth of Doderlyin's chopsticks belonging to the fluorose. In the future, the character of microflora significantly depends on the supply. For children on breastfeeding from 6 -7 day prevailing is bifidoflora.

Bifidobacteria is contained in the amount of 109-1 0 10V 1 g of feces and make up to 98% of the entire intestinal microflora. The development of bifioflores is supported by lactose contained in breast milk, bifidus factor I and II. Bifidobacteria, lactobacilli involve in the synthesis of vitamins (groups B, PP,) and essential amino acids, contribute to the absorption of calcium salts, vitamin D, iron, contain the growth and reproduction of pathogenic and rotary microorganisms, regulate the motor-evacuation function of the colon, activate local intestinal protective reactions. . The first year of life on artificial feeding the content of bifioflores drops to 106 and less; Intestinal, acidophilic sticks predominate, enterococci. Frequent occurrence of intestinal disorders in such children is explained by the replacement of bifioflores by other bacteria.

Microflora of nursery children It has a high content of intestinal sticks, enterococci; Bifidobacteria is dominated in the aerobic flora.

In older children microflora In its composition approaches microflora adults.

Normal microflora It is well adapted to the conditions of existence in the intestine and successfully competes with other bacteria coming from the outside. High antagonistic activity of bifido-, lactoflora and normal intestinal sticks are manifested in relation to causative agents of dysentery, abdominal typhoid, Siberian ulcers, diphtheria sticks, cholera vibrion, etc. Intestinal saprophytes We produce a variety of bactericidal and bacteriostatic substances, including the type of antibiotics.

Great importance for the body has Immunizing property of normal microflora. Escherichia Along with enterococci and a number of other microorganisms cause constant antigenic irritation of the system of local immunity, maintaining it in a physiologically active condition (Hazenson Ji. B., 1982), which contributes to the synthesis of immunoglobulins that prevent the penetration into the mucous membrane of pathogenic enterobacteria.

Bacteria intestinesparticipate directly in biochemical processes, decomposition of bile acids and formation in a colon of sterkobilo, coprotine, deoxycheological acid. All this favorably affects the metabolism, peristaltic, the processes of suction and formation of feces. With a change in normal microflora, the functional state of the colon is disturbed.

Intestinal microflora is in close connection with macroorganism, Performs an important non-specific protective function, helps to maintain the constancy of the biochemical and biological environment of the intestinal tract. At the same time, the normal microflora is a highly sensitive indicator system that reacts with pronounced quantitative and high-quality shifts to change environmental conditions in its habitat, which is manifested by dysbacteriosis.

Causes of changes in normal intestinal microflora

Normal intestinal microflora can only be with the normal physiological state of the body. With different adverse effects on macroorganism, a decrease in its immunological status, pathological conditions and processes in the intestines occur in the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. They can be short-term and spontaneously disappear after eliminating the external factor causing adverse effects or to be more pronounced and persistent.

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Probably, each person owns information about the presence of various particles - viruses, bacteria, fungi and other similar elements. But in this case, few people suspect that inside our body there is also a huge number of such substances, and our health and normal state depends on their balance between them. Just such an important role is played by the composition of the intestine microflora. Consider on this page www ..

It is known that the intestinal microflora has a particularly complex composition and plays an extremely important role for the normal functioning of the body. Scientists argue that in the intestine of a healthy person two and a half-kilograms of microorganisms, and sometimes even more. And this mass includes four hundred fifty-five hundred microbes varieties.

In general, the entire intestine microflora can be divided into two main types: bond, as well as optional. The bondes are those microorganisms that are in the intestines of an adult constantly. And the optional is called those bacterial particles that are often found in healthy people, but are conditionally pathogenic.

Also, experts periodically detect in the composition of intestinal microflora are also those microbes that cannot be called permanent representatives of intestinal microflora. Most likely, such particles enter the body together with food, which has not been subjected to thermal processing. From time to time inside the intestines, there is also a certain amount of infectious agents that do not lead to the development of the disease, if immunity is working normally.

Detailed composition of microflora colon man

The bond microflora contains ninety-five-ninety-nine percent of the anaerobic microorganisms represented by bifidobacteria, bacteriiodias, as well as lactobacteriums. To the same group, aircomes constituting from one to five percent can also be attributed. Among them is an intestinal wand, as well as enterococci.

As for the optional microflora, it is the residual and takes less than one percent of the entire biomass of the germs of the gastrointestinal tract. Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria may include such a temporary microflora, and clostridia, staphylococci, yeast-like fungi, etc. may be present in this group.

Mukoznaya and shift microflora

In addition to the classification already listed, the entire intestinal microflora can be divided into M-microflora (mucous) and P-microflora (translucent). The M-microflora is closely associated with the intestinal mucous membranes, such microorganisms are located inside the mucus layer, in the glycicalce, the so-called space between the villis. These substances form a dense bacterial layer, which is also called biofilm. Such a layer, as the glove covers the surface of the mucous membranes. It is believed that its microflora exhibits special resistance to the effects of insufficiently favorable factors, both chemical, so physical and biological. Mukoznaya microflora mostly consists of bifidum and lactobacilli.

As for the P-microflora or translucent microflora, it consists of microbes that are localized in the intestinal lumen.

How determine the composition of microflora and why is it necessary to study?

To clarify the exact composition of the microflora, the doctor is usually prescribed to conduct a classic bacteriological study of Cala. This analysis is considered the most simple and budget. Despite the fact that it shows only the composition of microflora in the colon cavity, however, according to the disrupted violations, it is possible to draw conclusions about the state of the microflora of the tract in general. There are other techniques for diagnosing microbiocenosis disorders, including implied bioactive taking.

The quantitative composition of the normal microflora of the intestine of a healthy person

Despite the fact that the number of microorganisms may vary, there are certain averaged values \u200b\u200bof their normal number. Doctors consider the volume of such particles in colony-forming units - something, and the number of such units in one gram of feces is taken into account.

So, for example, the amount of bifidobacteria should vary from 108 to 1010 in grams of feces, and the number of lactobacilli is from 106 and to 109.

In the study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestine microflora, it is worth remembering that these indicators may depend on the age of the patient, climate and geographic location and even from ethnic features. Also, these data may differ depending on the time of year and seasonal oscillations, depending on the nature, type of food and the profession of the patient, and also from the individual characteristics of its organism.

The violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora adversely affects the general state of health, including the activities of immunity and the digestive tract, as well as on the flow of metabolic processes.

The correction of such problems should be carried out exclusively after a number of laboratory research and only after consultation with the doctor.

Catherine, www.Syt.