Secondary immunodeficiency. Human immunodeficiency (primary, secondary), causes and treatment Treatment of immunodeficiency zvenigorodskaya

The human immune system is designed to respond in time to the invasion of foreign elements. Its correct functionality is to recognize the threat and eliminate it. Primary immunodeficiency means that the child has not formed a protective mechanism during intrauterine development, or he has not received it due to a hereditary factor. As a result, harmful microorganisms entering his body will bring him maximum harm. The same can be said about atypical cells that have a negative effect on health and cause pathologies of varying severity.

A distinction should be made between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. The primary is determined in an infant shortly after birth. His body is deprived of the ability to defend against antigens, is prone to infectious invasion. This is expressed in the fact that the baby is often sick, he suffers from repeated ailments, he finds it difficult to endure them, and gets complications. Severe forms of primary immunodeficiency lead to death in infancy.

There are rare cases when primary immune deficiency manifested itself in adults. This is possible, but for this a person must have a high compensation for a certain type of disease.

The clinic of the disease is a re-infection, the transition of diseases to a chronic form. What does primary immunodeficiency lead to:

The patient suffers from bronchopulmonary abnormalities.
His mucous membranes and skin are affected.
There are problems with the ENT organs.
PIDS, as a rule, leads to lymphadenitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, meningitis, sepsis.
Certain forms of primary immunodeficiency provoke allergies, autoimmune diseases, and the growth of malignant neoplasms.

Immunology is engaged in the study of violations of the functions of immune defense - the science of the development and formation of a defense mechanism that counteracts the penetration of antigens into the body and destroys cells damaged by harmful substances and microorganisms.

The earlier PIDS is diagnosed, the more chances the child has to survive and continue life in satisfactory health. Timely identification of a gene mutation is important, which makes it possible to determine family planning.

Immunodeficiency is considered to be a persistent anomaly of the defense mechanism, which causes a failure in the immune response to the influence of antigens. This failure can be of four types:

age, that is, arising in childhood or in old age;
acquired due to improper diet, lifestyle, medication, AIDS virus, etc.;
developed as a result of various infections;
congenital or primary ID.

PIDS are classified according to the form and severity of the disease. Primary immunodeficiencies include:

ID characterized by the defeat of several cell complexes;
Reticular dysgenesis, in which stem cells are absent, dooms the newborn to death.
Severe combined ID is a hereditary disease caused by dysfunction of B and T lymphocytes.
DiGeorge's syndrome - or abnormalities of the thymus, parathyroid glands - underdevelopment, or the absence of the thymus gland. As a result of the defect, T-lymphocytes are affected, congenital heart defects, deformities in the bone structure, the structure of the facial bones, renal defects and dysfunctions of the central nervous system occur.
Primary immunodeficiency due to damage to B-lymphocytes.
Disorders in myeloid cells that provoke chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with an abnormality in oxygen metabolism. A defect in the production of active oxygen leads to chronic fungal and bacterial infections.
Defects in complex blood proteins that impair humoral defenses. Several components may be missing from the complement system.

Need to know! Cellular immunodeficiency is characterized by a deficiency of immunocompetent cells, which include lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages. Humoral immunodeficiency means dysfunction in the production of antibodies.

Primary Immunodeficiency Symptoms

Signs and symptoms indicate primary immunodeficiencies. Studying the clinical picture of the course of the disease, the doctors of the clinic identify a type of immune deficiency. This is facilitated by examination, analyzes, collection of anamnesis to clarify genetic pathology.

Primary deficiencies of cellular immunity give rise to viral and fungal infections. Repeated colds, severe ARVI, chickenpox, mumps, frequent manifestations of herpes are considered characteristic signs. The patient suffers from thrush, pneumonia, gastrointestinal tract infections caused by fungi. Cellular immunodeficiency increases the risk of cancer and lymphoma.
Lack of humoral protection provoke bacterial infections. These are pneumonia, skin ulcers, erysipelas, staphylococcus, streptococcus.
Insufficiency of the level of secretory immunoglobulin A causes damage to the mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, eyes, intestines, bronchi suffer.
Combined IDs are characterized by complications of viral and bacterial infections. The manifestations of this form of primary immunodeficiency are nonspecific - they are expressed in malformations, tumor processes, lymphoid tissues, thymus, megaloblastic anemia.
Congenital neutropenia and dysfunction of phagocytosis of granulocytes gives rise to bacterial inflammatory processes with abscesses, abscesses. Sepsis may be the result.
Complement-associated primary immunodeficiencies lead to bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, as well as recurrent edema on the body, extremities - hereditary angioedema (HAE).

Causes of primary immunodeficiency

Dysfunctions of the immune system are formed in the embryo inside the womb. This process is influenced by various factors. Prenatal diagnosis shows a combination of congenital malformations of the fetus with immunodeficiency. The etiology of PIDS is based on three pathologies.

Genetic mutations, meaning that changes have occurred in the genes on which immunocompetent cells perform their functions. That is, the process of development and differentiation of cells is disrupted. The inheritance of the anomaly is in an autosomal recessive manner, when both parents are carriers of the mutagen. Only a small number of mutations develop spontaneously or by germline (in the germ cells).
A teratogenic factor is the effect on the embryo of dangerous toxins that lead to congenital primary immunodeficiency. ID TORCH infections are provoked - cytomegalovirus, herpes, rubella, toxoplasmosis in pregnant women.
Unclear etiology. Immune deficiency, the cause of which is not clear.

Such conditions include asymptomatic ID, which are manifested by infectious complications in provocative situations. If even one of the elements of the defense mechanism is exposed to anomalies, then the defenses weaken, the patient becomes an object for the invasion of various infections.

Diagnosis of primary immune deficiency

Immunodeficiency states are identified by type, since the primary ID is most often congenital, then its type is determined in the first months or weeks. A visit to the doctor is required for frequent illnesses of the baby, colds, the development of fungal, viral, bacterial infections. Abnormalities in the development of the child can also depend on primary immunodeficiency. To solve the problem, urgent diagnosis and immediate treatment are needed.

The disease identification method includes the following procedures:

general examination, in which attention is paid to lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, pustular processes, subcutaneous edema of adipose tissue;
a study of the leukocyte formula according to a general blood test, ID is indicated by the presence of leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and other disorders;
blood biochemistry shows dysgammaglobulinemia, the presence of uncharacteristic metabolites, indicating a primary humoral ID;
specific research on the response of the immune system. The indicators of the activity of immunocompetent cells are studied;
molecular genetic analysis - a method of gene sequencing for the type of mutation. This is a way of defining Bruton, Dee Giorgi, Duncan, Wiskott-Aldrich syndromes.

The doctor differentiates immunodeficiency states with acquired secondary IDs arising from the effects of radiation, toxic substances, autoimmune diseases, and oncology. In adults, the diagnosis is difficult, since the signs are smoothed out, the symptoms are implicit.

Prenatal diagnosis

Determination of the primary ID by biopsy of the chorionic villi is called prenatal identification of the form of the disease. In addition, the culture of cells of fetal waters, fetal blood is being studied. These are complex tests that are shown in cases where a mutagen is detected in the parents.

But for the detection of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, this method gives an accurate result, and also clarifies the diagnosis in primary ID syndromes, chronic granulomatosis, and other conditions of SCID.

Treatment of primary immunodeficiencies

Different etiology and pathogenesis of diseases do not allow the development of a general methodology for the treatment of pathology. In severe forms, therapeutic treatment is not relevant, it brings only temporary relief, but death is inevitable from complications of immunodeficiency. In these cases, only bone marrow or embryonic thymus gland transplantation helps.

The deficiency of cellular immunity is compensated by the use of specific colony-stimulating drugs. This is a substitutional immunotherapy with thymalin, taktivin, levamisole and other means, the choice of which is made by the immunologist. Fermentopathies are corrected by enzymes, metabolites. Biotin is a common drug in this series.

Dysglobulinemia (lack of humoral protection) is treated with immunoglobulin replacement, depending on the missing substances of this type. But the main obstacle to the progress of the disease is the prevention of infections. Moreover, vaccination of children with primary ID has no effect, it is dangerous.

Forecast and prevention

With severe primary ID, the child is doomed, he dies in the first year of life. Other pathologies of the immune system are treated as described above. The main task of parents is to visit a doctor in a timely manner and take care of children. The child should not be infected with viral, bacterial, fungal pathogens.

If you are planning to have a baby and you have problems with a gene mutation, then consultation with an immunologist is required. During pregnancy, you need to undergo prenatal diagnostics, protect yourself from infections and follow all the doctor's recommendations.

For patients with ID, it is important to observe personal hygiene, take care of the oral cavity, nasal mucosa, and eyes carefully, without damaging their integrity. A balanced diet, exclusion of contacts with patients during epidemics, drug prevention of infections are required.

Complications after immunodeficiency

Primary immunodeficiencies lead to formidable complications. The result of the consequences can be the death of a person. These conditions are considered sepsis, abscesses, pneumonia, severe infections. Autoimmune diseases are possible, when the failure of the immune system is that it destroys its own cells. The risk of cancer and an imbalance of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system increases.

Conclusion

Primary immunodeficiency is not always a sentence. It is necessary to be monitored by an immunologist constantly, this will help maintain a satisfactory quality of life and live a long time.

Immunodeficiencies are understood as states of a weakened immune system, in connection with which people suffering from immunodeficiencies are much more likely to deal with infectious diseases, while the course of the infection is usually more serious and less treatable than healthy people.

Depending on the origin, all immunodeficiencies are usually divided into primary (hereditary) and secondary (acquired).

Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited disorders of the immune system. Such genetic defects occur in one child out of 10,000. To date, about 150 such genetic defects have been deciphered, leading to serious disorders in the functioning of the immune system.

Immunodeficiency symptoms

Chronic infectious diseases are the leading manifestation of both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Infections can affect ENT organs, upper and lower respiratory tract, skin, etc.

Infectious diseases, their manifestations and severity depend on the type of immunodeficiency. As mentioned above, there are about 150 types of primary immunodeficiency and several tens of secondary immunodeficiency, while some forms have features of the course of the disease, the prognosis of the disease may differ significantly.

Sometimes immunodeficiencies can also contribute to the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases.

Primary immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are hereditary diseases that are passed from parent to child accordingly. Some forms can manifest themselves at a very early age, others can remain hidden for many years.

Genetic defects that cause primary immunodeficiency states can be divided into the following groups:

humoral immunodeficiencies (lack of production of antibodies or immunoglobulins);
cellular (usually lymphocytic) immunodeficiencies;
defects in phagocytosis (capture of bacteria by leukocytes);
defects of the complement system (proteins that contribute to the destruction of foreign cells);
combined immunodeficiencies;
other immunodeficiencies associated with breakdowns of the main links of the immune system.

Secondary immunodeficiencies

Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired diseases of the immune system, as well as primary immunodeficiencies associated with a weakened immune system and an increased incidence of infectious diseases. Perhaps the best-known secondary immunodeficiency disorder is AIDS resulting from HIV infection.

Secondary immunodeficiencies can be associated with infections (HIV, severe purulent infections ...), drugs (prednisolone, cytostatics), radiation, certain chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus).

That is, any action aimed at weakening our immune system can lead to secondary immunodeficiency. However, the rate of development of immunodeficiency and its inevitability can vary greatly, for example, with HIV infection, the development of immunodeficiency is inevitable, while not all people with diabetes mellitus may have an immunodeficiency state even years after the onset of the disease.

Prevention of immunodeficiency

Due to the hereditary nature of primary immunodeficiencies, there is no prophylaxis for this group of diseases.

Prevention of secondary immunodeficiency mainly boils down to avoiding HIV infection (protected sex, the use of sterile medical instruments, etc.).

Complications of immunodeficiency

The main complications of both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies are severe infectious diseases: pneumonia, sepsis, abscesses ... Taking into account the very large heterogeneity of these diseases, the prognosis and possible complications should be determined individually.

Diagnosis of immunodeficiencies

A prerequisite for detecting immunodeficiency is a chronic (often recurrent) infection. In most cases, the simplest tests can reveal serious damage to the immune system: the total (absolute) number of leukocytes, as well as their subtypes of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, the level of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA , IgM, test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Much less often there is a need to diagnose more subtle elements of the immune system: phagocytic activity of macrophages, subtypes of B- and T-lymphocytes (determination of the so-called CD markers) and their ability to divide, production of inflammation factors (cytokines), determination of elements of the complement system, etc. ...

Treatment of primary immunodeficiency

Depending on the severity of immunodeficiency and its type, treatment may have its own characteristics.

Important points are the assessment of the feasibility of using live vaccines, quitting smoking and drinking alcohol, prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infections or modern antiviral drugs for diseases caused by viruses.

Immunocorrection is possible:

with the help of bone marrow transplantation (an important organ of the immune system);
replenishment of individual elements of the immune system, for example, immunoglobulins;

Secondary immunodeficiency treatment

The treatment of secondary immunodeficiency is based on the following general principles:

fighting infection;
vaccination (if indicated);
replacement therapy, for example, immunoglobulins;
use of immunomodulators.

It is worth thinking about our protective shield even when the first signs of its weakening appear: frequent colds, weakness, dizziness, etc. Many factors can provoke IDS, therefore it is necessary to know the nature of its appearance in order to choose an adequate method for eliminating the disease. An immunologist is called upon to clearly identify the prerequisite that led to the disease.

There are two main types of pathology.

Primary immunodeficiency is a congenital disease caused either by genetic defects or by various influences during intrauterine development. Depending on the level of exposure and localization of the process, they are: cellular, antibody, combined, expressed by deficiency of the complement system and defects in phagocytosis.
Secondary immunodeficiency. This pathology is much more common. The disease is caused by a wide variety of environmental factors that negatively affect almost all elements of the immune system. This group includes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome known as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

The list of causes of secondary immunodeficiency is quite wide:

lack of important substances for the proper development of the body, due to malnutrition;
the effect of chronic infections on the body, which, constantly affecting the immune system, eventually reduce its reactivity. Also, such diseases have a bad effect on the state of the hematopoietic system, which is responsible for the creation of extremely important lymphocytes;
helminthiasis;
blood loss or kidney failure;
various kinds of poisoning, prolonged diarrhea, due to which there is a sharp loss of all essential nutrients;
diabetes mellitus or thyroid disorder;
oncological diseases.

Procedure process

Preparation

If you or your child is often sick and therapy does not work, it is worth checking your immune system. Before the first visit to the doctor, you can prepare a little so that the consultation is quick and effective. For example:

Write down any symptoms you notice.
Collect all the previous test results that you have ever taken.
Take a little look at your family's medical history.
Make a list of your recent medications and vitamins.
Prepare in advance all the questions that you plan to ask the doctor.

Such actions will help the health worker quickly diagnose the disease and prescribe the necessary therapy.

The process of eliminating malaise

Treatment of primary immunodeficiency is carried out using the following methods:

etiotropic therapy (in this case, the genomic deficiency of the patient is corrected);
treatment with immunostimulants;
transplantation of bone marrow, immunoglobulins, thymus cells.

Treatment of immunodeficiency in children, as well as in adults, is carried out under the supervision of a specialist. Secondary IDS is much easier to cure than primary, because the prerequisites for its appearance are transient factors. Therefore, it is possible to have an effective suppressive effect on them using the correct therapy. After the diagnosis and establishment of the true cause, a course of treatment is prescribed.

Children are more often susceptible to secondary IDS because they have not yet fully developed a mechanism for dealing with harmful environmental factors.

Against the background of a lack of vitamins and minerals, appropriate vitamin complexes are prescribed. If the presence of a chronic infection is established, then first of all, its foci are sanitized.

Immunostimulants help to strengthen the immune system after suffering ailments and operations.

Symptoms

Signs differ depending on the type of disease and each person may have an individual character. Among them:

frequent infectious disorders that recur from time to time;
infection and other blood ailments;
developmental delay;
problems with the digestive tract;
fungal infections;
stomatitis;
hair loss;
allergic reactions;
weight loss.

Contraindications

Taking almost every immunostimulant has its own contraindications. Special care should be taken when treating children with autoimmune problems. Such children should take medications solely as directed by the attending physician. However, as well as pregnant.

Complications

Typical complications for both types of the disease are serious infectious pathologies, such as pneumonia, sepsis and others, which depend on the cause of the onset of IDS. Early diagnosis can prevent long-term problems.

Prices and clinics

Such a difficult problem should be trusted only by professionals with many years of experience. The portal site will assist in the selection of a worthy clinic and doctor, including taking into account your financial capabilities.

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21 clinic where the service is provided Immunodeficiency treatment in Moscow
3.6 - average rating, calculated based on patient reviews and recommendations

Service	price, rub.
Treatment with the drug (PAK) by the method of Khodanova R.N. (hemopuncture) 1 procedure	1800
Specific immunotherapy with 1 allergen (1 visit)	1270
Specific immunotherapy with allergens 1 injection (drug cost not included)	1000
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) - maintenance course of ASIT	12700
Administration of drugs for allergen-specific immune therapy (ASIT) full course	36450
Allergen specific immunotherapy	3000
Allergen specific immunotherapy	14500
Allergen-specific immunotherapy program Fostal	11040
Specific immunotherapy	1300
Sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy (maintenance course)	15800

Diagnostic tests

It is rather difficult to identify this pathology. This is possible only after a comprehensive examination, which includes:

clinical analysis of blood, urine;
immunological analysis of immunoglobulins E, A, G, M;
detection of viral hepatitis C, B;
blood test for HIV;
X-ray of the lungs;
CT scan of affected organs.

The main stages of treatment

Before starting replacement therapy, which is carried out for life (with the help of donor plasma, serums, etc.), it is necessary to get rid of concomitant infectious diseases. For this, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiviral therapy, antifungal drugs are used. Immunostimulating therapy (Cycloferon, Inflamafertin) is also carried out. It is recommended to take vitamin and mineral complexes, food supplements. Antidepressants are prescribed as needed. It is necessary to observe the correct regime of work and rest, give up bad habits - smoking, drinking alcohol.

The most effective treatment is bone marrow transplant. But it is carried out only after other methods have failed.

Complications

If untreated, immunodeficiency contributes to the development of infectious processes (sepsis, pneumonia), which are very difficult to treat and can lead to death.

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Immunodeficiency - what is it?

Doctors note that in the latter case, patients are increasingly diagnosed with serious diseases that are difficult to treat. Immune deficiency or, scientifically, immunodeficiency is a pathological condition in which the immune system does not work properly. The described violations are faced by both adults and children. What is this condition? How dangerous is it?

Immunodeficiency is characterized by a decrease in the activity or inability of the body to create a protective reaction due to the loss of a cellular or humoral immune link.

This condition can be congenital or acquired. In many cases, IDS (especially if untreated) is irreversible, however, the disease can also be transitive (temporary).

Causes of human immunodeficiency

The factors causing IDS have not yet been fully understood. Nevertheless, scientists are constantly studying this issue to prevent the onset and progression of immunodeficiency.

Immunodeficiency, causes:

The cause can only be identified with the help of a comprehensive hematological diagnosis. First of all, the patient is sent to donate blood to assess the parameters of cellular immunity. During the analysis, the relative and absolute number of protective cells is calculated.

Immunodeficiency can be primary, secondary and combined. Each disease associated with IDS has a specific and individual severity of the course.

In the event of pathological signs, it is important to contact your doctor in a timely manner to receive recommendations for further treatment.

Primary immunodeficiency (PID), features

It is a complex genetic disease that manifests itself in the first few months after birth (40% of cases), in early infancy (up to two years - 30%), in childhood and adolescence (20%), less often after 20 years (10%).

It should be understood that patients do not suffer from IDS, but from those infectious and concomitant pathologies that the immune system is unable to suppress. In this regard, patients may experience the following:

Polytopic process. This is a multiple lesion of tissues and organs. Thus, the patient may simultaneously experience pathological changes, for example, of the skin and urinary system.
Difficulty in treating a single disease. Pathology often turns into a chronic course with frequent relapses (repetitions). Diseases are rapid and progressive.
High susceptibility to all infections, leading to polyetiology. In other words, one disease can cause several pathogens at once.
The usual therapeutic course does not give a full effect, therefore the dosage of the drug is selected individually, often in shock doses. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to cleanse the body of the pathogen, therefore, carriage and latent course of the disease are often observed.

Primary immunodeficiency is a congenital condition, the rudiments of which were formed in utero. Unfortunately, screening during pregnancy does not detect a severe anomaly initially.

This condition develops under the influence of an external factor. Secondary immunodeficiency is not a genetic disorder; it is diagnosed with the same frequency for the first time both in childhood and in adulthood.

Factors causing acquired immunodeficiency:

deterioration of the ecological environment;
microwave and ionizing radiation;
acute or chronic poisoning with chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, low-quality or expired food;
long-term treatment with drugs that affect the functioning of the immune system;
frequent and excessive mental stress, psycho-emotional overstrain, experiences.

The above factors negatively affect the immune resistance, therefore, such patients, in comparison with healthy ones, will more often suffer from infectious and oncological pathologies.

Main reasons, due to which secondary immunodeficiency can develop, are listed below.

Power supply errors - The human body is very sensitive to the lack of vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids, fats, carbohydrates. These elements are essential for building up a blood cell and maintaining its function. In addition, a lot of energy is required for the normal functioning of the immune system, which comes from food.

All chronic diseases negatively affect the immune defense, impairing resistance to foreign agents that penetrate from the external environment into the body. In the chronic course of infectious pathology, the function of hematopoiesis is inhibited, therefore, the production of young protective cells is significantly reduced.

Adrenal hormones. An excessive increase in hormones inhibits the function of immune resistance. Failure of work is observed in violation of material exchange.

A short-term condition, as a defensive reaction, is observed as a result of severe surgical procedures or severe trauma. For this reason, patients who have undergone surgery are susceptible to infectious diseases for several months.

Physiological characteristics of the body:

prematurity;
children from 1 to 5 years old;
pregnancy and lactation period;
advanced age

Features in people of these categories are characterized by suppression of the immune function. The fact is that the body begins to work intensively in order to transfer additional stress to perform its function or survival.

Malignant neoplasms. First of all, we are talking about blood cancer - leukemia. In this disease, there is an active production of protective non-functional cells that cannot provide full-fledged immunity.

Also, a dangerous pathology is the defeat of the red bone marrow, which is responsible for hematopoiesis and the replacement of its structure with a malignant focus or metastases.

Along with this, all other oncological diseases inflict a tangible blow on the protective function, but violations appear much later and have less pronounced symptoms.

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. Oppressing the immune system leads to a dangerous disease - AIDS. The patient has increased all lymphoid nodes, oral ulcers often recur, candidiasis, diarrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, purulent myositis, meningitis are diagnosed.

The immunodeficiency virus affects the defense reaction, therefore, patients die from those diseases that a healthy body can hardly prevent, and weakened by HIV infection - even more so (tuberculosis, oncology, sepsis, etc.).

Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (CID)

It is the most severe and rare disease that is very difficult to cure. KID is a group of hereditary pathologies that lead to complex disorders of immune resistance.

As a rule, changes occur in several types of lymphocytes (for example, T and B), while with PID, only one type of lymphocyte is disturbed.

KID manifests itself in early childhood. The child is poorly gaining body weight, lagging behind in growth and development. Such children are highly susceptible to infections: the first attacks can begin immediately after birth (for example, pneumonia, diarrhea, candidiasis, omphalitis).

As a rule, after recovery, after a few days, a relapse occurs or the body is affected by another pathology of a viral, bacterial or fungal nature.

Treatment of primary immunodeficiency

Today, medicine has not yet invented a universal medicine that helps to completely overcome all types of immunodeficiency conditions. However, the proposed therapy is aimed at relieving and eliminating negative symptoms, increasing lymphocytic protection and improving the quality of life.

This is the most complex therapy, selected on an individual basis. The patient's life expectancy, as a rule, depends entirely on the timely and regular intake of medical supplies.

Treatment of primary immunodeficiency is achieved by:

prevention and concomitant therapy of infectious diseases in the early stages;
improving protection by bone marrow transplantation, replacement of immunoglobulins, transfusion of neutrophilic mass;
increasing the function of lymphocytes in the form of treatment with cytokines;
the introduction of nucleic acids (gene therapy) in order to prevent or suspend the development of a pathological process at the chromosomal level;
vitamin therapy to support immunity.

If the course of the disease worsens, it is necessary to inform the attending physician.

Secondary immunodeficiency treatment

As a rule, the aggressiveness of secondary immunodeficiency states is not severe. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of the IDS.

Therapeutic focus:

in case of infections - elimination of the focus of inflammation (with the help of antibacterial and antiviral drugs);
to increase the immune defense - immunostimulants;
if IDS was caused by a lack of vitamins, then a long course of treatment with vitamins and minerals is prescribed;
human immunodeficiency virus - treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy;
for malignant tumors - surgical removal of the focus of an atypical structure (if possible), chemotherapy, radio-,
tomotherapy and other modern methods of treatment.

In addition, with diabetes mellitus, you should carefully monitor your health: adhere to a hypo-carbohydrate diet, regularly test your sugar level at home, take insulin pills in a timely manner or administer subcutaneous injections.

KID treatment

Therapy for primary and combined forms of immunodeficiency is very similar. The most effective treatment is bone marrow transplantation (if T-lymphocytes are damaged).

Today, transplantation is successfully carried out in many countries to help overcome an aggressive genetic disease.

Forecast: what awaits the patient

The patient must be provided with high-quality medical care at the early stages of the development of the disease. If we are talking about genetic pathology, then it should be identified as early as possible by passing many tests and passing a comprehensive examination.

Children who suffer from PID or KID from birth and do not take appropriate therapy have a low survival rate of up to two years.

With HIV infection, it is important to regularly get tested for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in order to control the course of the disease and prevent a sharp progression.