Surely everyone at least once in their life has come across an analysis to determine the blood group. The topic of today's article is about what methods of determining a blood group exist and which of them is best to test for belonging to a particular species.
Why is a blood type test carried out?
In modern hematology, a blood group is understood as a specific set of antigens located on the surface of erythrocytes, which determines their specificity. There are a huge number of these antigens (usually a table of groups with all kinds of antigens is used), however, the classification of blood according to the AB0 system and the Rh factor is recognized throughout the world.
The blood group must be determined in preparation for any surgery. The obligatory contingents in which the blood group is determined include the military, employees of law enforcement agencies and internal organs. This event is necessary, since in the event of an urgent (life-threatening) condition, it may be necessary to transfuse, when there is no time to conduct an analysis and test for its compatibility with the donor.
Determination of blood groups by standard methods
There are many different techniques, but in clinical laboratories, the standard sera technique is most commonly used. How to determine the blood group using standard sera?
This method is used to determine the antigens of the AB0 system. Standard isohemagglutinating serum contains a set of specific antibodies to surface molecules of erythrocytes. In the presence of an antigen, which is affected by the action of antibodies, the formation of an antigen-antibody complex occurs, which provokes the launch of a cascade of immune reactions. Its result is the agglutination of erythrocytes, based on the nature of the agglutination, it is possible to make a conclusion about the assignment of the sample to one or another blood group.
Standard sera are prepared from donor blood according to a specific system - by isolating plasma with antibodies present in it and its subsequent dilution. Dilution is carried out using isotonic sodium chloride solution.
Dilution is carried out as follows - 1 ml of plasma is added to a test tube with 1 ml of 0.9 percent solution of food salt and the solution is thoroughly mixed. Then, 1 ml of the resulting plasma solution is taken with a pipette and added to the second tube containing the isotonic solution. Thus, a plasma dilution of 1: 256 is achieved. Using other dilutions may lead to a diagnostic error.
The technique for conducting the study is as follows - one drop (with a total volume of about 0.1 ml) of each serum is placed on a special plate for determining the blood group in the area with the corresponding mark (sera of two samples are used, one of which is a control, and the second is used for research). After that, a test sample (0.01 ml) is placed near each drop of serum, after which it is separately mixed with each type of diagnosticum.
After some time (on average, about 5 minutes), the results are analyzed with a description of the nature of the reaction that occurred:
- if agglutination occurs in the test sample, the test is positive;
- if there is no agglutination, then the reaction is negative.
Simply put, the presence of agglutination indicates that there is a necessary set of agglutinogens in the blood, and if it occurs, then the blood belongs to the group, antibodies to which are contained in the serum. Based on the results obtained, a table or diagram is built that visually displays the results.
Cross reaction method
This technique consists in the determination of agglutinogens using tsoliclones or standard sera with parallel detection of agglutinins using reference erythrocytes.
The methodology practically does not differ from the determination of the blood group using sera, however, there are some additions.
One small drop of standard erythrocytes is added to the plate below the applied sera. After that, plasma is extracted from the tube containing the patient's blood passed through the centrifuge using a pipette, which is added to the standard erythrocytes, and the erythrocytes at the bottom are added to the standard serum.
As with the standard sera method, the results obtained are evaluated a few minutes after the start of the reaction. In the presence of agglutination in standard sera, the presence of agglutinins of the AB0 system is judged, and in the development of a plasma reaction with standard erythrocytes, the presence of agglutinogens is judged.
The cross-over method has become widespread due to the fact that it prevents major diagnostic errors in the determination of blood by standard methods.
Determination of the group by tsoliclones
The use of tsoliclones is used when it is impossible to determine the antigens of the AB0 system using standard sera.
Tsoliklones are specific antibodies obtained by hybridizing them in a living organism (usually tsoliclones obtained from mice by modifying B-lymphocytes are used). Their characteristic feature is the development of an immune reaction between tsoliclone and antigen A or B, located on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane.
The algorithm for using monoclonal antibodies is as follows: one large drop of a solution of tsoliclones is applied to the plate (it is imperative to mark where and which tsoliclones are located). After that, one drop of the test blood is added to the serum and the results are evaluated after a few minutes.
The test must be carried out in specially created conditions, observing the temperature and humidity conditions (before carrying out this analysis, it is necessary to make sure that the zoliclones are suitable).
The test is considered positive if an agglutination of erythrocytes has occurred in the test sample (i.e., a reaction between the antibody and antigen has taken place). If a positive result is observed in two drops, it is judged that the sample belongs to group IV. If, on the contrary, the reaction did not occur in any sample, then the blood group is presumably I. Errors in determining blood by this method are rare.
Express method "Erythrotest"
Despite the fact that the generally accepted methods for determining the group belonging of blood are ubiquitous, at present, express methods for determining the blood group are widely introduced into medical and laboratory practice. One of them is Erythrotest.
The set for determining the blood group "Erythrotest-group cards" consists of the following components:
- a universal planer board with five holes for determining the group according to the AB0 system and its Rh-affiliation;
- scarifier for obtaining a sample for research;
- a clean pipette with which a set of solutions is carried out;
- glass rods used to stir samples.
All of the above equipment is necessary for the correct performance of express diagnostics.
This technique allows you to determine the blood group and Rh factor in any conditions, especially if it is not possible to use classical methods.
The analysis process using the "Erythrotest" method
In the plate wells there are tsoliclones to surface antigens (tsoliclones anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB), as well as to the main antigen causing the inheritance of the Rh factor (tsoliclon anti-D). The fifth well contains a control reagent to help prevent errors and correct group analysis.
To assess the results obtained, a special table is used, which lists all kinds of research results.
Are you expecting a baby and are you curious to know his blood type? For this, it is not necessary to carry out laboratory tests. With the help of simple calculations, this parameter can be determined with acceptable reliability.
Many people think that if the mother and father have the same blood type, then the baby will have the same. It is not right. The fact is that the designations II, III are not easy Roman numbers. These are designations characterizing the presence or absence of erythrocyte antigens in human blood. These antigens are of two types A and B. If they are not in the blood, then the person is a donor of the first group. Medical records often write "0", which means no antigens. If there is antigen B in the blood, then this is the third group. When antigen A is detected, the second. The fourth is considered the rarest, which means that the blood contains two antigens A and B, so you can see the inscription AB on the card. Austrian botanist Mendel built a table, according to which, knowing the data of the parents, you can determine the blood type of the baby. It is worth considering that parents with the first and second groups can have a child with any group. This is due to the fact that only the dominant antigen A or B will manifest itself, and possibly none. In this case, the baby will be born with the absence of certain proteins in the cells. But there is a possibility of the birth of crumbs with two antigens. With 100% probability it is impossible to say what kind of blood the baby will have, but it can be assumed. But you can confidently identify a group that should not be. So, parents with group I will definitely have a child with the same blood. Oddly enough, but mom and dad with group III can have a baby with group I. This is due to the fact that antigen B may not manifest itself. Residents of India are an exception to the rule. Their blood contains hidden antigens that do not appear, but can make themselves felt when a baby is born. Such an interesting fact is called the "Bombay phenomenon". It is impossible to calculate and predict a blood group. If both antigens are present in the mother or father, then the birth of a baby with group I is impossible. The same applies to children born to a parent with no antigens, they cannot have a fourth group, since the second antigen B has nowhere to appear. How to determine the Rh factor? It is worth considering that only 15% of the world's inhabitants do not have Rh, that is, it is negative. Therefore, it is possible that a baby with an absent Rh rhesus will be born, even if both parents have it positive. But people with negative rhesus can only have a baby with the same rhesus. In laboratories, analyzes are carried out using reference samples. When the antigens do not match, the blood proteins coagulate. Only one standard that corresponds to the patient's blood will remain red without lumps and sediment.Precisely determine the presence or absence of antigens can only be based on test results. Modern laboratories and family planning centers can determine the blood type and Rh factor even in an unborn baby. But such studies are carried out only in extreme cases, when the health of the mother and baby is threatened.
Doctors divide blood into 4 types. They differ between themselves by the existence of antibodies and antigens. Everything depends in what combination they are on erythrocytes, they fix belonging to a given group. There is a great variety of antigens, despite this, a unified ABO measurement system has been adopted in the world. In addition, in humans, there may be either of two rhesus - positive or negative. These data begin to develop in the human embryo and do not change throughout life.
The Rh factor (RH) is the so-called antigen, which is determined together with the blood group. It can be positive or negative. Rh factor with a minus sign is more common.
Rh + and Rh-. In medicine, they are designated as follows:
the first is 0 (I);
the second is A (II);
the third is B (III);
the fourth is AB (IV).
It is generally accepted that A2, the most common on the whole planet, and the fourth is found singularly, the first serves as the best donor and will be useful to all other patients.
After the conducted studies, it was proved that there is a connection between diseases with the blood group. Based on what criteria the patient has, they can prescribe a special diet, with the help of which one can effectively fight excess weight, as well as prevent the occurrence of new diseases. When planning a pregnancy, it is important to know what the RH is for both parents-to-be.
How to determine?
The easiest and most inexpensive way is look into your passport or outpatient card... There you can read a set of letters or numbers with plus or minus signs. But this data is not always included in the document.
Another quick way is to get tested at a polyclinic or at a blood transfusion station, if you are a donor.
The most common technique for determining is study with standard sera... They are prepared from an untested blood sample, cutting out the plasma containing antibodies, for further combination with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Agglutination decoding will be ready in three to four minutes from the beginning of serum solvation.
Another method for denoting group and rhesus is made with using monoclonal tsoliclones... The latter have greater visibility in comparison with the sera that are used in the first method, which means that the agglutination reaction will come much faster.
When checking RH, they use sera with this type of ABO, as in the applied patient, as well as special anti-rhesus antibodies. Stirring is carried out in a Petri dish.
Where to go to find out the blood group
Rhesus analysis and tests can be taken at the clinic at your address or in a private clinic. Such an analysis must be carried out in urgent cases in a hospital before surgery, if donor blood is needed for transfusion.
Is it possible to recognize my group without tests
It is not always possible to go to the clinic and stand in line to get tested, it’s these people who are interested in the question of whether it is possible to find out without taking tests. This mainly applies to children. Although they are small, they are people, so the methods of determination will not differ from adults, although you yourself can foresee inheritance from mom and dad.
Doctors believe that if both parents have the first group, then the child will be born, with 100% probability, with the same type. If the parents have the first, second or third, then the baby will get any of them in equal shares. The fourth will go to the one whose parents are one with the fourth, the second with the third. There is a table that allows you to recognize the group and Rhesus, long before the birth of the baby, this is the Gregor Mendel table.
Determining the Rh factor is even easier:
- If the parents have Rh with a minus sign, then the children will have it the same.
- All other variations will be both Rh positive and negative.
Sometimes, according to the blood format, paternity is predetermined. However, such information is not very accurate, since it gives only intermediate results.
In addition to laboratory analyzes, there are tests for self-determination of blood group... Such tests help to determine it in artisanal conditions at home. To test your blood, you need a special test strip to apply a drop of blood to. The result will not be long in coming, in a few minutes everything will be known. There is another test for use at home, apply biomaterial feces on a special cardboard box with margins. In the field on which agglutination appears, it will be your type.
Determine the blood group by psychological characteristics
There is an opinion that you can recognize your relatives and group by character:
- Samples of the first type are distinguished by their firm disposition, inclination to leadership and self-confidence.
- Patients with the second type, on the contrary, are too calm, soft and non-military.
- The third prototype can be found among sociable, cheerful, optimistic people.
- What can not be said about the figurants of the fourth type, they cannot be classified in one word - they have different predispositions.
If you do not know which group your relatives belong to, try to analyze yourself by nature, and then compare the results obtained.
Blood type by eating habits
Are there any other ways to determine it without taking tests? There is a doctrine that food preferences can also predict the outcome of a study.
- The first group prefers meat dishes.
- The second is hunters for vegetables and cereals.
- The third is dairy lovers.
- Only the fourth does not suffer from attachment to certain foods.
Despite the fact that this conclusion was made by physicians as a result of innumerable observations, one should not believe only these data, since they can manifest themselves as erroneous. The most reliable way is to get tested and find out your group and Rh factor in a proven way.
Now science is not standing still and can provide us with all sorts of ways to determine the blood group both at home and in medical laboratories. This is a big leap in medicine, allowing for a rapid test that will take a minimum of time. Undoubtedly, while additional research and improvements are being carried out, which will help make the analysis more error-free and over time, identifying a group will become much easier, people will get rid of trips to the clinic and unwanted queues.
In addition to emergency situations, knowledge of the blood group and Rh factor is required to improve a person's condition. For example, when making dietary recommendations.
There are 3 main ways to find out which blood is:
- Delivery of analysis in the laboratory.
This method is considered the most effective. The research is carried out at a professional level with special equipment. The advantage of the method is to obtain an accurate result.
- Donating blood for donation.
This method is both the most accurate and fastest. Plus, donating your own blood can help those who are sick.
- Doing a home study or blood type tests.
Without passing the necessary tests, it is very difficult to correctly establish the blood group, but the probability of the accuracy of the method of determination exists.
The method has the advantage of eliminating the need for a trip to the hospital. The only thing that is necessary is knowledge of the theory in the field of biological sciences.
There is a special AB0 antigen system. A blood group is a special combination of antigens and antibodies of the AB0 system found on erythrocytes.
Agglutinins are antibodies found in plasma. With the help of them, group affiliation is determined.
α-agglutinin is characteristic for groups I and III, and β-agglutinin for I and II. In erythrocytes, antigens A or B can be contained separately, together, or completely absent.
Hence, there are 4 main groups:
- Group I. It is characterized by the content of 2 agglutinins in the plasma.
- Group II differs in the content of β-agglutinin.
- Group III is characterized by the content of α-agglutinin.
- Group IV - agglutinins are absent.
The fourth is considered the rarest group. The first and second groups are common.
The Rh factor (Rh) is an antigen determined together with a blood group. It can be positive and negative.
To find out exactly your blood group and its Rh, you should contact a special medical laboratory. It is here that it will be determined with the most reliable accuracy.
You will need a finger test, which is mixed with a small amount of standard antibodies (monoclonal, they are produced by immune cells against a protein). In the process of mixing, a biochemical reaction takes place, thanks to which the laboratory specialists will decipher the results obtained.
So, in some cases, blood coagulates in the form of flakes, while in others it does not.
Many will say that information about the blood group and rhesus is indicated in the passport on one and the last pages. Indeed, such a practice exists. Especially in Soviet times, every citizen of the country was obliged to have such a mark.
What is blood made of?
Before proceeding to consider the question of how to find out your blood type, let's analyze what the red liquid consists of. Many people know that it contains plasma and dense shaped elements.
Thanks to the first component, the "yushka" in the body is liquid, therefore all organs and systems of vital activity receive nutrients in a timely manner. Form elements are leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, which provide blood coagulation.
The platelet structure also includes antigens of two groups "A" and "B".
Serum contains agglutinins, which are also categorized as "alpha" and "beta".
In the process of laboratory analyzes, different samples are combined with each other and their reaction just determines which group each of them belongs to. This research method was called the "AVO system". Experts have found that today there are over one and a half million different groups based on the individual characteristics of each person.
At the same time, there is a typical classification, according to which four categories are distinguished, within each of which there can be either a negative or a positive Rh factor. Moreover, the second is usually dominant.
For example, if one parent has 1 blood group with positive Rh, and the other has the same group, but Rh negative, then their offspring will have 90% Rh with a plus sign. This is another reason to ask the question of how to find out your blood type.
Methods for determining blood glucose
The presence of the policy gives the right to receive:
- emergency medical care (when calling an ambulance or self-seeking medical help);
- outpatient treatment (that is, to receive and consult specialists at a medical institution at the place of registration);
- inpatient treatment (treatment in a hospital on a day or round-the-clock hospital)
To pass the test for free, you need to get a referral from a medical institution at the place of registration. To do this, you need to get an appointment with a specialized doctor. After examining and assessing your condition, the doctor will write out a referral for their delivery. In this case, the following scheme works:
- the direction is given for delivery in the same medical organization;
- if there is no possibility of free delivery in this organization, the doctor must be sent to another medical institution;
- if in your locality it is not possible to pass this analysis free of charge, the doctor gives a referral for the delivery of tests in a private laboratory on a paid basis.
The easiest way to find out where the blood group is written is to look at the information in the passport. Most people have a seal in it indicating the corresponding blood type and Rh factor. If there is no such data in the passport, then you should look at the medical record.
The extract from the card must indicate the group characteristics. Depending on them, you can determine the blood group. If 00 is specified, then you have group I; 0A, AA - II; 0B, BB - III and AB - IV. The Rh factor is even easier to find out, at the top there should be "" or "-".
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Remember! Only a specialized doctor will be able to correctly determine your group and Rh factor when examining analyzes.
- The blood group of the child can be determined by the parents. In some cases, an option is possible, in some the answer will be unambiguous. In parents with the same rhesus, the child inherits it with a 100% probability. If the parents have a different Rh factor, then the chances of inheriting any of them are equal. In cases where a Rh-positive mother develops an Rh-negative fetus, a Rh-conflict is possible, fraught with miscarriage and early miscarriages. It is very important to take action by the doctor.
In the morning on an empty stomach, blood will be taken from a vein and transferred to a laboratory, where it will be examined through a simple immunohematological reaction. The meaning of the analysis is quite simple. A laboratory assistant on a flat plate using a wax pencil puts eight marks according to the number of groups and Rh factors in each of them.
Next, next to each of them is placed the "etalon" serum, into the structure of which a small amount of the patient's blood is added. If the serum antigen is combined with the antibody of the "red" liquid, and sand precipitates, this means that an agglutination reaction has occurred.
In order to be sure of the final result, it is additionally confirmed by a cross reaction, which allows you to accurately determine the Rh factor. Moreover, the rarest blood group is the fourth "negative". Information about the results of the analysis is entered into the passport, since this is the main document for a person.
There are several methods for determining the blood group. All of them are based on carrying out reactions with the test samples. But various chemical components are used as reagents. Under any circumstances, laboratory tests give a reliable result in 100% of cases.
Determination of blood group and Rh factor can be done at home. Over time, however, it will be necessary to verify your own research. After all, such a method for determining the Rh factor and blood group is not informative for doctors, although it has a right to exist.
- First, the HA of both parents is determined. If both have the same, then the child cannot have another.
- If the parent does not match, then the offspring will inherit one of them. Until recently, it was believed that there was no other interpretation. Recent studies have shown that everything depends on the presence of certain antigens and antibodies.
- How to determine the Rh factor? It is very simple if both parents have Rh negative. In this case, it will be the same for the descendants. All other options can give either "" or "-".
A table by which it is easy to determine the likelihood of inheritance of genetic information by children from their parents will provide an opportunity to navigate the situation. It is almost impossible to answer how to determine the Rh factor of a future baby.
| Parents' blood groups | Probability of inheritance by a child (%) | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| 1 1 | 100 | |||
| 1 2 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1 3 | 50 | 50 | ||
| 1 4 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 2 2 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 2 3 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 25 |
| 2 4 | 50 | 25 | 25 | |
| 3 3 | 25 | 75 | ||
| 3 4 | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| 4 4 | 25 | 25 | 50 | |
The Rh factor is hereditary information, it is formed in a child in the womb and does not change all his life, like HA. It is difficult to find out Rh before birth, only in the case of tests of the umbilical cord blood. But such research is very dangerous and requires strong evidence. For example, in the case of severe Rh-conflict for timely treatment.
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The procedure for providing citizens with free medical care under compulsory medical insurance policies is regulated by the following regulations:
- Law No. 326;
- Resolution No. 1403;
- the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
All citizens of the Russian Federation who have received a compulsory medical insurance policy are guaranteed medical care, both for basic and additional (regional) programs. The main program includes not only the treatment of the pathologies established by the doctor, but also the timely detection of such pathologies, as well as preventive measures.
The list of diseases subject to free therapy throughout the Russian Federation is briefly presented in clause 6 of Art. 35 of Law No. 326, and in more detail is given in the List of Section 4 of Resolution No. 1403.
The tests prescribed for the following purposes are free of charge:
- treatment of the pathology present in the List;
- diagnosis of this pathology;
- diagnostics of possible concomitant pathologies;
- prevention of suspected pathology and concomitant diseases.
For example, a doctor, based on the symptoms described by the patient, suspects a specific pathology, which is often accompanied by another pathology. If tests for the presence of an underlying disease are free, then tests for the presence of an underlying disease must also be performed as part of services paid by the insurance company.
The main medical standards by which the treatment of diseases listed in the basic and additional programs is carried out can be found on the website of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
Among the main free types of analyzes are the following:
- blood test for syphilis - markers, HIV, and other infections;
blood and plasma tests for the content of basic elements (red cells); - biochemical studies of blood and lymph;
- analysis of the content of hormones;
- tissue biopsy;
- high-tech analytical studies of tissues and organs (MRI, CT);
- X-ray examinations;
- ultrasound analyzes of tissues and organs;
- scrapings and smears of the skin, foreskin and saliva.
Only expensive tests can be paid if there is a suspicion of rare autoimmune or genetic diseases, which are less common than in 0.01% of cases, as well as tests of aesthetic medicine.
To determine the legality of a doctor's referral for paid tests, you need to find out whether the required analysis is included in the list of services provided under the basic insurance program.
It is important to know that the basic list of medical services provided throughout the country can be supplemented by:
- regional medical programs;
- employer programs.
Regional programs are budget subventions to pay for services that are not in the all-Russian list, and which are provided free of charge only in a specific constituent entity of the federation. These services can only be received by patients who are registered in the region and have received an insurance policy from local insurers.
Is it possible to find out without tests
There is the possibility of conducting a study for belonging to a certain blood group before the birth of the baby.
Everyone knows that any person inherits genes from their parents. A similar situation occurs with this analysis. To determine it, it is enough to know the blood group of the father and mother. In this case, after going through all possible combinations, you can find out the child's belonging to the group as a percentage.
As mentioned above, there is a legend for each group. Using them, you can get the information you need. Of course, not all cases guarantee 100% accurate determination. But it's worth listing the possible combinations.
If both parents belong to the first group (00), the second (AA) or the third (BB), then with a probability of 100% the child will have the same. In cases where one parent has I (00), and the other has II (AA) or III (BB), then II (A0) or III (B0) comes out, respectively. The fourth group may be in a child whose one parent is with the second group (AA), and the other with the third (BB).
The Rh factor is much simpler. If both parents have it negative, then the baby will have it similar. In other cases, it is impossible to predict the result.
Attention! If the father has a positive Rh factor, and the mother has a negative one, it is imperative to consult a specialist.
It should be noted that the study of "red" liquid for the Rh group is quite common.
The above analysis is mandatory for women who are in a state of pregnancy, as well as young people who are called up to serve in the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces.
For many years, invitro agglutination testing has been the main methodology for identifying AB0 / Rh. With the advent of automatic analyzers, new methodology has been introduced, including column agglutination and solid state test systems.
Ask your parents for blood type. If your parents know their blood type for sure, then this makes the task much easier. In most cases, you can use an online calculator (in English) or see the following table:
Blood type table
I (O) parent x I (O) parent = I (O) child
I (O) parent x II (A) parent = II (A) or I (O) child
I (O) parent x III (B) parent = III (B) or I (O) child
I (O) parent x IV (AB) parent = II (A) or III (B) child
II (A) parent x II (A) parent = II (A) or I (O) child
II (A) parent x III (B) parent = II (A), III (B), IV (AB) or I (O) child
II (A) parent x IV (AB) parent = II (A), III (B) or IV (AB) child
III (B) parent x III (B) parent = III (B) or I (O) child
III (B) parent x IV (AB) parent = II (A), III (B) or IV (AB) child
IV (AB) parent x IV (AB) parent = II (A), III (B) or IV (AB) child
Determination of the blood group includes the determination of the Rh factor, which is referred to as "Rh". If both parents have negative Rh factors (for example, I (O) - or IV (AB) -), then your Rh factor is negative. If one or both parents have a positive Rh factor, then it is impossible to find out your Rh factor without a blood test.
Check with your doctor for your blood type. This information may already be on your medical record.
She will be there if you donated blood to determine her group.
Determination of the blood group is carried out in the following situations:
- pregnancy;
- surgical intervention;
- organ donation;
- blood transfusion.
Buy a self-blood typing kit. If you don't want to go to the doctor or donate blood, you can buy a blood typing kit. These kits are sold online or in pharmacies. The kit should contain instructions according to which you will need to apply the solution to a special card and add a few drops of blood. Follow the directions carefully when adding patch solutions to specific areas where clumping (agglutination) is to occur. After the test, determine the blood group according to the table:
Using a special blood typing kit
Remember that a self-administered test is less reliable than a test conducted by a specialist. Pay attention to the signatures "Anti-A" and "Anti-B" on the reagents: this means that the agglutination in the "Anti-A" cell determines blood group II (A). Agglutination in the Anti-B cell determines blood group III (B). Agglutination in both cells "Anti-A" and "Anti-B" means blood group IV (AB).
Pay attention to the cell "Anti-D". Agglutination in this cell means a positive Rh factor. Lack of agglutination means negative Rh factor.
Evaluate the control patch. If flakes appear on the control patch, then use a new card.
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