In this regard, we remembered countries where they do not speak “their own languages.”
From the history:
Official language- a language that has a privileged status in a state or international organization. When referring to the official language of a state, the term is often used official language.
Switzerland – German, French, Italian, Romance languages
The languages of Switzerland, recognized by law as official and used by the majority of the country's population, are represented by German (63.7%), French (20.4%), Italian (6.5%) and Romansh (0.5%). IN oral speech local variants based on Alemannic dialects predominate German language and Franco-Provençal Patois. The presence of four legally recognized languages does not mean that every Swiss must know and speak them all: in most cases one or two languages are used.
At the same time, Swiss exists as an unofficial language, which is more often called the Swiss dialect.
Canada - English, French languages
English and French are recognized as "official" languages by the Canadian Constitution. This means that all laws at the federal level must be passed in both English and French, and that federal services should be available in both languages.
The five most widely spoken languages that do not have official status are Chinese ( home language for 2.6% of Canadians), Punjabi (0.8%), Spanish (0.7%), Italian (0.6%) and Ukrainian (0.5%). Indigenous languages, many of which are unique to Canada, are now spoken by less than one percent of the population and their use is generally declining.
Australia - no official language
The most widely spoken language in Australia is Australian. in English. The number of speakers is 15.5 million. The next most common languages in Australia are Italian (317 thousand), Greek (252 thousand), Cantonese (245 thousand), Arabic (244 thousand), Mandarin (220 thousand), Vietnamese (195 thousand) and Spanish (98 thousand).
There are also 390 Australian Aboriginal languages. Indigenous people- Australian Aborigines, speak Australian languages, which are divided into a large number of language families and groups. The largest language is the “language of the Western Desert” (more than 7,000 speakers), divided into many dialects. The largest language family is Pama-Nyunga, occupying 7/8 of the continent.
Russian is the mother tongue of 147 million people. Another 113 million speak it as a second language. In terms of distribution (number of native speakers), Russian is the fifth language in the world (after English, Chinese, Spanish and Arabic). Among languages that are native to their speakers, Russian in 2009 ranked 8th in the world after Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi, Bengali and Portuguese.
According to UN statistics and research group Euromonitor International, the Russian-speaking population of the former Soviet republics has been steadily declining over the past twenty years. For example, in Kazakhstan there are minus 2 million Russian speakers in 22 years. In 2016, the number of citizens speaking it at home was 20.7% (3 million 715 thousand people) compared to 33.7% (5 million 710 thousand people) in 1994. In addition, Kazakhstan plans to switch to the Latin alphabet.
. The most popular languages in the world. Infographics ↓
According to various estimates, 7,000 languages are spoken in the world, but only a few dozen of them have global significance or are used officially. The UN recognizes only 6 languages as official: English, Arabic, Russian, French, Chinese and Spanish. Currently, 80% of the Earth's inhabitants speak only 80 languages, which allows scientists to make disappointing predictions. So, according to their calculations, in 30-40 years more than half of today existing languages will fall out of use.
The spread of a particular language is associated with several factors. Firstly, when learning a foreign language, the choice falls on the most universal method of communication. Today, the most popular languages in the world are used for interaction in the field of trade, political relations, culture, and Internet communications. In Asia, many communications take place in Arabic and Chinese. In the CIS countries it remains big number native speakers of Russian. Today, English is the most universal language in the world: it is widespread on all continents and is part of the educational standards many countries.
Secondly, the most popular languages in the world have undergone changes due to the migration of the indigenous population of England, Spain and Portugal. Spanish is official language in many countries South America and the second most common among neighbors: residents of the United States. Portuguese predominates in Brazil and is gaining momentum in terms of prevalence in the world due to the country's growing role as a raw material and economic partner.
The territorial proximity to countries where native speakers live plays an important role. For example, residents eastern outskirts In Russia, Japanese and Chinese are the most popular. Your own preferences are also important, when you simply like a language for one reason or another. Thus, French and Spanish are chosen for their euphony, while Chinese seems exotic and original to residents of non-Asian regions.
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The Tourweek portal talks about five European countries, where a Russian-speaking tourist can do without the services of an interpreter.
Bulgaria
Good morning in Bulgarian " Good morning", good afternoon - "dobar den", good evening, respectively - "good evening", and thank you - "thanks to". Even on the basis of this Russian-Bulgarian micro-phrase book, one can draw the correct conclusion: it is quite possible for a Russian tourist in Sofia or Varna to do without a translator. If they don’t understand a word of what you say (which is unlikely), you yourself will at least understand the speaker. Signs, advertisements and menus in restaurants simply need to be read carefully, and they will be understandable without translation. And in resort towns, among service personnel hotels there will definitely be someone who speaks Russian quite well. All that remains is to wish “Pleasant travel to Bulgaria”!
Poland
At first, Polish speech sounds very strange to the Russian ear - in a continuous stream of hissing and nasal consonants, individual words sound similar to Russian. By the way, you should not succumb to this impression: Polish words similar to Russian can mean something completely different: “melon” - pumpkin, “sofa” - carpet, and even create confusion in situations that are important for tourists. So, a “crypt” is not a cemetery building at all, it’s a store. But the “store” is a warehouse. “Briefcase” (with the emphasis on the first syllable) is just a wallet.
But don’t be alarmed, you won’t remain misunderstood in Poland. Several generations of Poles studied Russian in school, and it has not yet been forgotten among the older generation. Among young people there are also those who speak Russian - it, along with English and German, is one of the three most studied languages in Poland. In cities where Russian-speaking tourists often visit - Warsaw, Gdansk, Sopot, many inscriptions are duplicated in Russian, and the staff of hotels, restaurants and museums are always ready to help in case of language difficulties. And most often they succeed - the Polish language is still Slavic, there is no insurmountable language wall.
Estonia
Estonian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric language language family, even the closest neighbors of the Estonians - Latvians and Lithuanians - do not understand them. But the older generation major cities and in the capital of the country, Tallinn, he understands and speaks Russian quite well. And in towns bordering Russia, Russian speech can be heard even more often than Estonian. True, there are no announcements or signs in Russian - the law on the state language prohibits them.
A good option for solving the “language problem” by Russian-speaking tourists in Tallinn and other cities is to find a Russian cafe, there are a lot of them there. In such a cafe you can not only have a good meal and relax, but also get the necessary information from a Russian-speaking waiter and even buy a tourist card in Russian. Maps and guides in Russian are also sold in souvenir shops and kiosks.
Lithuania
Lithuania borders Kaliningrad region Russia, Vilnius and Kaliningrad are separated by only 300 kilometers, people on both sides of the border often travel to each other, there is even a Kaliningrad-Vilnius train. In Lithuania itself, in addition to Russians, there are also many Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles living - all of them speak Russian to one degree or another. So it’s quite possible to do without a translator in Lithuania, even in markets, not to mention restaurants and cafes. According to statistics, more than half of the country's residents speak Russian in Lithuania - 78% of the population. But do not try to read the inscriptions in Lithuanian - this language is very difficult and has no “relatives” among other European languages.
Latvia
In the capital of Latvia, Riga, a Russian-speaking tourist will definitely not have problems with the language - here you can hear Russian speech even more often than Latvian. But the problem with signs and announcements is the same as in Estonia - the language law does not allow the use of languages other than Latvian. True, maps and guides in Russian are sold everywhere, and finding a Russian-speaking guide is not a problem.
In other Latvian cities, the Russian language is less widespread, but finding a Russian speaker is not difficult. The staff of hotels and museums, as a rule, speak Russian, and in the famous resort of Jurmala this general rule.
The article was prepared based on materials from Russia’s first center for teaching languages in a training format - “Freedom of Speech”:
Russian-speaking (Russian speakers, Russophones) - people who use Russian as their native language.
The term is also used in a more specialized sense - to refer to people whose culture is associated with the Russian language, regardless of ethnicity or territorial affiliation. Among the Russian-speaking population, there are especially many Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Armenians, Kazakhs, Kurds, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, as well as descendants of mixed marriages of Russians (or Russian-speaking people) with Latvians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Kazakhs and others.
The largest Russian-speaking country is Russia, the birthplace of the Russian language. In many nearby countries that were formerly part of Soviet Union, there are significant Russian-speaking communities. In Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia Russian is the second state or official language; in Ukraine, Moldova, Estonia and Latvia, a significant part of the population is Russian-speaking. In Tajikistan, Russian is officially recognized as a language interethnic communication, and in Uzbekistan it is the de facto official language (along with Uzbek), and a significant number of its residents speak Russian. In Israel, Russian is the third most important language after the official languages of Hebrew and Arabic. Russian-speaking immigrant communities exist in various parts USA, Canada, China, Germany, Greece.
The total number of Russian speakers around the world, according to an estimate in 1999, is about 167 million, and another 110 million people speak Russian as a second language.
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, discrimination against the Russian-speaking population is noted in the post-Soviet space, for example, in Estonia and Latvia.
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Status of the Russian language in the world
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The Russian language is the language of science, progress and culture. Silicon Valley and CERN speak Russian. Knowledge of spoken Russian is mandatory for all cosmonauts working on the International space station. Russian is the only language state language Russia and has the status of one of the state languages in Belarus and Transnistria, and in some CIS countries its status is called official. The global status of the Russian language is enshrined in the UN, where Russian is one of the six working languages.
In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks 4th in the world, second only to English, Chinese and Spanish.
A surge of interest in the Russian language has arisen since 2000. This is largely due to the fact that anti-Russian reactions and prejudices have become a thing of the past, giving way to cooperation and mutual economic interest between countries. With the active development of business, the creation of international corporations and companies, the increase in the number of tourists, both leaving Russia and those coming to our country, the number of people using the Russian language in communication is increasing every year.
Today, the prevalence of the Russian language on the planet can be assessed as follows: about 170 million people speak Russian. About 350 million people understand it perfectly.
More than 30 million people live outside their historical homeland (Russia) for whom Russian is their native language. 180 million people living in countries near and far abroad are learning Russian. The Russian language, one way or another, is taught in about 100 countries. 79 have academic university programs. In 54 it was included in the school education system.
There are countries with high level Russian language proficiency – Belarus (77%), Ukraine (65%) and Kazakhstan, where approximately two thirds of the population are fluent in Russian. In countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Moldova, and Estonia, about a quarter of residents use Russian as a means of communication. In Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, and Lithuania, about 30% of the population speaks Russian.
In the former socialist countries of Europe, our closest neighbors - Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic - in the same 90s there was a certain decline in interest in the Russian language. However, today in Poland and Bulgaria the Russian language ranks second in the popularity ranking.
According to statistics, today the Russian language shares with Spanish the fourth place in the number of people who want to study it as a foreign language. On this moment the number of such applicants is 6% of the total population of the European Union. Interest in the Russian language abroad is also shown by those who do not know the language, but want to know more about the events taking place in Russia.
There are about 300 radio stations broadcasting in Russian in the world; there are also Russian publications that print news not only in Russian, but also in the language of partner countries, collaborating with the most famous foreign media.
Thus, the Russian language is gradually becoming a means of global communication, strengthening Russia’s position in the world.
The language barrier. Often it is because of this that many problems arise when crossing the borders of another state. Of course, many modern tourists are ready not only to arm themselves with a phrase book, but also to learn a few phrases that will definitely be useful in Everyday life. And yet, for many it is much easier to travel abroad, knowing that they will be understood there in the language they are used to speaking at home.
So in which countries can you hear the Russian language outside the hotel?
Belarus
The only one former republic The USSR, which retained the status of the Russian language as the state language, is Belarus. Is it any wonder if even the president of the country uses only Russian in all his addresses, not to mention ordinary residents who speak their “native” language solely for the sake of formalities.
Belarus
A tourist from Russia will be understood here from Vitebsk to Brest, despite the fact that most of official road signs, signboards and other announcements will be written in Belarusian. But these words, for the most part, will differ from the Russian language only in a few letters or in a slightly unusual shape for the Russian ear and eye.
Abkhazia
Unrecognized by a number of countries, but recognized by Russia Abkhazia is a territory where Russian is de facto the main language of communication of local residents, but does not have state status. Moreover, even the Russian currency is used everywhere here, which allows us to talk about the special status of the language and special treatment to tourists from Russia.
At all resorts, the Russian language will be on the menus of cafes and restaurants, on the signs of official institutions, museums and entertainment centers. In addition, Abkhaz TV channels, radio and newspapers mostly use Russian, which is good news.
Kazakhstan
According to statistics, in Kazakhstan 80% of the population speaks Russian fluently, regardless of nationality. But this fact has not yet promoted it to the level of the state language, leaving it with official status. However, in cities such as Ust-Kamenogorsk or Alma-Ata, the Russian-speaking population is the majority even a quarter of a century after the collapse of the USSR.
Kazakhstan
In tourist areas, even small Kazakh children speak Russian, which has always been and will be to the advantage of those who travel independently in the neighboring republic. In cities, the signs of shops and most institutions are duplicated in two languages, but with TV channels and radio last years the trend is shifting in favor of Kazakh content.
Estonia
Despite the obvious pro-European and openly anti-Russian sentiments in the Baltic states, Estonia I continues to be a country where more than 50% of the population speak Russian fluently, even outside the tourist areas. Of course, the record holder is here - Narva and neighboring settlements on the border with Russia - this region is almost completely Russified.
How dangerous is it for a Russian tourist in the Baltics?
The partly fair statement that in recent years it is better for Russian-speaking tourists not to appear in the Baltic countries is being increasingly discussed on many forums and websites. For the most part, these are true facts, but not all of them are objective.
The problem, as experienced guests of the Baltics say, is often not in the Estonians, Lithuanians or Latvians, but in the very behavior of the Russian person. There are a lot of complaints on the Internet about Baltic customs officers that they are too biased towards Russians and often carry out full searches of luggage. In fact, a hasty tourist can rudely answer a question from a calm government official, which will not cause the most pleasant reaction at any airport in the world.
Reports of refusal to serve tourists simply because they are from Russia are isolated cases of provocations that are immediately suppressed by local authorities. Whatever the anti-Russian sentiment, tourist regions continue to generate profits precisely at the expense of ordinary Russian guests, of whom there are still many in Tallinn and Riga.
Serbia
Information about the notorious integration into Europe and the demonstrative refusal of ties with Russia in Serbia- one of the many provocations. Russians have always been loved here and continue to be loved, and understanding the language is connected not only with similarity, but also with the sincere desire of many Serbs to learn Russian as a foreign language.
Belgrade and some other tourist areas have their own Russian cafes and restaurants with staff without language barriers.
Bulgaria
But with another Balkan country - Bulgaria– Russian language “works” only in the tourist area. The rather long memory of Bulgarians helps the tourism industry make money from Russian-speaking guests. Therefore, even when leaving the hotel into the city, you don’t have to be afraid that you won’t be understood. True, this now only works with the Black Sea region - in Sofia there are people who speak at least Russian entry level, every year less and less.
Bulgaria
Mongolia
You can joke a lot about the Tatar-Mongol invasion, but the facts show that the Russian language in Mongolia is the third most popular among foreign languages, after Chinese and English. Since 2007, it has been compulsory in schools, and even the President of Mongolia speaks Russian fluently. For this reason, when traveling around Mongolia, the chance to hear your native speech from the “locals” is growing every year.
Mostly subjects spoke Russian Empire. In total, there are about 150 million Russian-speaking people in the world. During the Soviet era, Russian was compulsory in schools and had the status of a state language, and therefore the number of people speaking it increased. By the beginning of perestroika, about 350 million people spoke Russian, most of whom lived on the territory of the Soviet Union.
After the collapse of the USSR, the number of people whose main language of communication was Russian decreased. By 2005, 140 million people spoke it in Russia, and about 278 million in the world. This language is native to 130 million people living in the territory Russian Federation, and for 26.4 million of those who permanently reside in the Baltic countries and the CIS republics. Just over 114 million people on the planet speak Russian as a second language or have learned it as a foreign language. The W3Techs company conducted a study in March 2013, during which it turned out that Russian is the second most common language on the Internet. Only English surpassed it.
In 2006, the journal Demoscope published the research of the director of scientific work Center sociological research Ministry of Education and Science of Russia A.L. Arefieva. He claims that the Russian language is losing its position in the world. In a new study, “The Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries,” which was published in 2012, the scientist predicts a weakening of positions. He believes that by 2020-2025 it will be spoken by about 215 million people, and by 2050 - about 130 million. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, local languages are elevated to the status of state languages; in the world, the decrease in the number of Russian-speaking people is associated with the demographic crisis.
Russian is considered one of the most translated languages in the world. According to the electronic translation register database Index Translationum, it is currently in 7th place.
Official status of the Russian language
In Russia, Russian is the official state language. In Belarus it also has state status, but shares its position with Belarusian language, in South Ossetia - with Ossetian, in Pridnestrovian Moldova - with Ukrainian and Moldavian.
In Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia, as well as a number of administrative-territorial units of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania, office work is carried out on. In Tajikistan it is used in lawmaking and is recognized as a language of interethnic communication. According to the laws American state New York, some election-related documents must be translated into Russian in mandatory. Russian is the working or official language of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation of Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Eurasian Economic Society, International organization on standardization and others.
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