What it is? A heart attack is one of the forms of coronary heart disease, which is a necrosis of the heart muscle caused by an abrupt cessation of coronary blood flow due to damage to the coronary arteries. The disease is the leading cause of death among adults in developed countries. The frequency of myocardial infarction directly depends on the sex and age of a person: men get sick about 5 times more often than women, and 70% of all sick people are between 55 and 65 years old.
What is a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction is a necrosis of a part of the heart muscle, the cause of which is a circulatory disorder - a critical decrease in blood flow through the coronary vessels.
The risk of death is especially high in the first 2 hours from its onset and decreases very quickly when the patient enters the intensive care unit and undergoes a clot dissolution, called thrombolysis or coronary angioplasty.
- With an extensive zone of necrosis, most patients die, half - before arriving at the hospital. 1/3 of the surviving patients die from repeated heart attacks, which occur in the period from several days to a year, as well as from complications of the disease.
- The average mortality rate is about 30-35%, of which 15% is sudden cardiac death.
- Cardiologists note that in the male population, a heart attack will happen much more often, because in the female body, estrogens control the level of cholesterol in the blood. If earlier the average age of development of a heart attack was 55-60 years, now he is relatively younger. Cases of pathology are diagnosed even in young people.
Periods of development
In the clinical course of myocardial infarction, there are five periods:
- 1 period - preinfarction (prodromal): increased frequency and intensification, can last for several hours, days, weeks;
- 2nd period - the most acute: from the development of ischemia to the appearance of myocardial necrosis, lasts from 20 minutes to 2 hours;
- 3 period - acute: from the formation of necrosis to myomalacia (enzymatic fusion of necrotic muscle tissue), duration from 2 to 14 days;
- 4th period - subacute: initial processes of scar organization, development of granulation tissue in place of necrotic, duration 4-8 weeks;
- Period 5 - postinfarction: scar maturation, adaptation of the myocardium to new conditions of functioning.
It is important to remember: if heart pains bother for ten to twenty minutes, and even more so for about half an hour, and do not go away after taking nitrates, you should not endure the pain, you must call an ambulance!
Classification
If we consider the stages of the disease, then there are four of them, each of which is characterized by its own characteristics. The size of the affected area is also taken into account in the classification. Allocate:
- Large-focal infarction, when tissue necrosis captures the entire thickness of the myocardium.
- Small focal, a small part is affected.
By location, there are:
- Right ventricular infarction.
- Left ventricle.
- Interventricular septum.
- Side wall.
- Back wall.
- The anterior wall of the ventricle.
A heart attack can occur with or without complications, so cardiologists distinguish:
- Complicated heart attack.
- Uncomplicated.
By the multiplicity of development:
- primary;
- recurrent (occurring up to two months after the primary heart attack);
- repeated (occurs two or more months after the primary).
By localization of pain syndrome:
- typical form (with retrosternal localization of pain);
- atypical forms of myocardial infarction (all other forms - abdominal, cerebral, asthmatic, painless, arrhythmic).
There are 3 main periods of heart attack
During myocardial infarction, there are three main periods. The duration of each of them directly depends on the area of the lesion, the functionality of the vessels supplying the heart muscle, associated complications, the correctness of therapeutic measures, the patient's compliance with the recommended regimens.
| Acute period | On average, with a heart attack with a large focus without complications, it lasts about 10 days. This is the most difficult period of the disease, during which the lesion is limited, the replacement of necrotic tissue with granulation begins. At this time, the most formidable complications can occur, the mortality is the highest. |
| Subacute period | There are no painful sensations, the patient's condition improves, the body temperature is normalized. Symptoms of acute heart failure become less severe. Disappears, systolic murmur. |
| Scarring period | Lasts up to 8 weeks, but in some cases it can take up to 4 months. During this period, the final healing of the affected area by scarring occurs. |
The first signs of a heart attack in adults
Some are familiar with a disease such as a heart attack - symptoms, the first signs of it cannot be confused with other diseases. With this ailment, the heart muscle is affected, often this is caused by a violation of its blood supply due to blockage of one of the heart arteries by atherosclerotic plaques. The affected muscle dies off, necrosis develops. Cells begin to die 20 minutes after the moment the blood supply stops.
The first signs of myocardial infarction should be learned and remembered:
- the sternum and heart begin to hurt badly, perhaps the entire surface of the chest, pressing pain, can be given to the left arm, back, scapula, jaw;
- the pain lasts more than 20-30 minutes, is recurrent, that is, repetitive (it subsides, then it resumes);
- pain is not relieved by nitroglycerin;
- the body (forehead, chest, back) is profusely covered with cold, sticky sweat;
- there is a feeling of "lack of air" (the person begins to suffocate, and as a result - to panic);
- a sharp weakness is felt (it is difficult to raise a hand, too lazy to take a pill, there is a desire to lie down without getting up).
If at least one, and even more so several of these signs are present during malaise, then there is a suspicion of myocardial infarction! You should urgently call zero or three, describe these symptoms and wait for the team of doctors!
Causes
The main and most common cause of myocardial infarction is impaired blood flow in the coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle with blood and, accordingly, oxygen.
Most often, this violation occurs against the background of atherosclerosis of the arteries, in which the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels occurs.
If a heart attack develops, the causes of its occurrence may be different, but the main one is the cessation of blood flow to some parts of the heart muscle. This is most often due to:
- Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, as a result of which the walls of the vessels lose their elasticity, the lumen is narrowed by atherosclerotic plaques.
- Spasm of the coronary vessels, which can occur due to stress, for example, or other external factors.
- Thrombosis of the arteries, if the plaque breaks off and is brought to the heart with the blood stream.
Most often, a heart attack affects people suffering from a lack of physical activity against the background of psychoemotional overload. But he can defeat people with good physical fitness, even the young.
The main causes of myocardial infarction are:
- overeating, unhealthy diet, excess of animal fats in food;
- insufficient physical activity,
- hypertonic disease,
- bad habits.
The likelihood of developing a heart attack in people leading a sedentary lifestyle is several times higher than in physically active people.
Symptoms of myocardial infarction in adults
Symptoms of myocardial infarction are quite characteristic and, as a rule, make it possible to suspect it with a high degree of probability even in the pre-infarction period of the development of the disease. So, patients experience longer and more intense chest pains, which are less responsive to treatment with nitroglycerin, and sometimes do not go away at all.
Shortness of breath, sweating, various arrhythmias and even nausea are possible. At the same time, even minor physical activity is more and more difficult for patients.
Unlike an attack of angina pectoris, pain syndrome in myocardial infarction persists for more than 30 minutes and does not stop at rest or by taking nitroglycerin again.
It should be noted that even in cases where the painful attack lasts more than 15 minutes, and the measures taken are ineffective, it is necessary to immediately call the ambulance team.
What are the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction? The typical course of pathology includes the following symptom complex:
- Severe chest pain - piercing, cutting, stitching, bursting, burning
- Irradiation of pain in the neck, left shoulder, arm, collarbone, ear, jaw, between the shoulder blades
- Fear of death, panic
- Shortness of breath, chest tightness
- Weakness, sometimes loss of consciousness
- Paleness, cold sweat
- Blue nasolabial triangle
- An increase in pressure, then a drop
- Arrhythmia, tachycardia
Atypical forms of myocardial infarction:
- Abdominal. Symptoms mimic a surgical disease of the abdominal cavity - abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, salivation appear.
- Asthmatic. Shortness of breath, impaired exhalation, acrocyanosis (blue lips, edges of the auricles, nails) are characteristic.
- Cerebral. In the first place are cerebral disorders - dizziness, confusion, headache.
- Arrhythmic. There are attacks of increased heart rate, extraordinary contractions (extrasystoles).
- Edematous form. Peripheral soft tissue edema develops.
With atypical forms of myocardial infarction, pain can be much less pronounced than with typical, there is a painless variant of the course of the disease.
If symptoms are present, urgently call an ambulance, before her arrival, you can take nitroglycerin tablets (0.5 mg) with an interval of 15 minutes, but no more than three times, so that a sharp drop in pressure does not occur. Elderly people, active smokers are predominantly at risk.
Diagnostics
For symptoms resembling myocardial infarction, an ambulance should be called. The treatment of a patient with a heart attack is carried out by a cardiologist, who also carries out rehabilitation and dispensary observation after a previous illness. If necessary, stenting or bypass grafting is performed by a cardiac surgeon.
When examining the patient, pallor of the skin, signs of sweating are noticeable, cyanosis (cyanosis) is possible.
A lot of information will be given by such methods of objective research as palpation (feeling) and auscultation (listening). So, on palpation, you can identify:
- Pulsation in the region of the cardiac apex, precordial zone;
- Increase in heart rate up to 90 - 100 beats per minute.
After the arrival of an ambulance, the patient, as a rule, undergoes an urgent electrocardiogram, according to the indications of which the development of a heart attack can be determined. At the same time, doctors collect anamnesis, analyzing the time of the onset of the attack, its duration, the intensity of pain, its localization, irradiation, etc.
In addition, an acute blockade of the bundle of His bundle may be indirect signs of the development of a heart attack. Also, the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the detection of markers of damage to the muscle tissue of the heart.
Today's most compelling (explicit) marker of this type can be considered an indicator of troponin in the blood, which with the onset of the described pathology will be significantly increased.
Troponin levels can rise sharply in the first five hours after the onset of a heart attack and can remain so for up to twelve days. In addition, to detect the pathology in question, doctors can prescribe echocardiography.
The most important diagnostic signs of myocardial infarction are the following:
- prolonged pain syndrome (more than 30 minutes), which is not stopped by nitroglycerin;
- characteristic changes in the electrocardiogram;
- changes in the general blood test: increased ESR, leukocytosis;
- deviation from the norm of biochemical parameters (the appearance of C-reactive protein, an increase in the level of fibrinogen, sialic acids);
- the presence of markers of myocardial cell death (CPK, LDH, troponin) in the blood.
Differential diagnosis of the typical form of the disease does not present any difficulties.
First aid for a heart attack
Urgent care for myocardial infarction includes:
1. Sit or lay the person in a comfortable position, free their torso from tight clothing. Provide free air access.
2. Give the victim a drink of the following:
- tablet "Nitroglycerin", for severe attacks 2 pieces;
- drops "Corvalol" - 30-40 drops;
- tablet "Acetylsalicylic acid" ("Aspirin").
These funds help to relieve an attack of a heart attack, as well as minimize a number of possible complications. In addition, Aspirin prevents the formation of new blood clots in the blood vessels.
Treatment
With myocardial infarction, emergency hospitalization in cardiological intensive care is indicated. In the acute period, the patient is prescribed bed rest and mental rest, fractional food, limited in volume and calorie content. In the subacute period, the patient is transferred from intensive care to the cardiology department, where the treatment of myocardial infarction continues and a gradual expansion of the regimen is carried out.
Medications
In case of an acute attack, the patient must be admitted to a hospital. In order to restore blood supply to the lesion in myocardial infarction, thrombolytic therapy is prescribed. Thanks to thrombolytics, plaques in myocardial arteries dissolve, blood flow is restored. It is advisable to start taking them in the first 6 hours after myocardial infarction. This minimizes the risk of an unfavorable outcome of the disease.
Treatment and first aid tactics for an attack:
- Heparin;
- Aspirin;
- Plavix;
- Prasugrel;
- Fraxiparine;
- Alteplaza;
- Streptokinase.
For anesthesia, the following are prescribed:
- Promedol;
- Morphine;
- Fentanyl with droperidol.
After the end of inpatient treatment, the patient should continue medication therapy. It is necessary for:
- maintaining low blood cholesterol levels;
- restoration of blood pressure indicators;
- prevention of blood clots;
- fight against edema;
- restoring normal blood sugar.
The list of drugs is individual for each person, depending on the extent of the myocardial infarction and the initial level of health. In this case, the patient should be informed about the dosage of all prescribed medications and their side effects.
Nutrition
The diet for myocardial infarction is aimed at reducing body weight and therefore low in calories. Products with a high content of purines are excluded, since they stimulate the nervous and cardiovascular systems, which leads to impaired blood circulation and kidney function and aggravates the patient's condition.
List of prohibited foods after a heart attack:
- bread and flour products: fresh bread, buns, pastries made from various types of dough, pasta;
- fatty meats and fish, rich broths and soups from them, all types of poultry, except chicken, fried and grilled meat;
- lard, cooking fats, offal, cold snacks (salinity and smoked meats, caviar), stew;
- canned food, sausages, salted and pickled vegetables and mushrooms;
- egg yolks;
- confectionery with fat cream, sugar is limited;
- legumes, spinach, cabbage, radish, radish, onion, garlic, sorrel;
- fatty dairy products (whole non-skimmed milk, butter, cream, high-fat cottage cheese, spicy, salty and fatty cheeses);
- coffee, cocoa, strong tea;
- chocolate, jam;
- seasonings: mustard, horseradish, pepper;
- grape juice, tomato juice, carbonated drinks.
In the acute period of the disease, the following nutrition is shown:
- porridge on the water,
- puree from vegetables and fruits,
- mashed soups,
- drinks (juices, tea, compotes),
- lean beef, etc.
Limit salt and fluid intake. From the 4th week after an attack of a heart attack, a diet that is enriched with potassium is prescribed. Such a trace element can significantly improve the outflow of all excess fluid from the body, enhancing the contractile ability of the myocardium. Potassium-rich foods: prunes, dried apricots, dates.
Surgery
In addition to drug therapy, surgical methods are sometimes used to treat heart attacks and its complications. Such measures are resorted to for special indications.
| Types of surgery for a heart attack | Description |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
| Bypass surgery |
|
| Excision of an aneurysm of the heart |
|
| Pacemaker implantation |
|
Rehabilitation after a heart attack
After suffering myocardial infarction, cardiologists recommend the following:
- Avoid work that involves moving heavy objects.
- It is imperative to pay attention to physiotherapy exercises. Walking and cycling will be useful. Swimming and dancing are allowed.
- You must forget about bad habits forever. Coffee consumption should be kept to a minimum.
- A prerequisite is diet. The diet should include fiber and vegetables, fruits and dairy products, and fish.
- It is important to constantly measure your blood pressure while keeping an eye on your sugar content.
- You can't stay in the sun for a long time.
- If you have extra pounds, you must try to bring the weight back to normal.
Forecast for life
With regard to forecasts, they directly depend on the volume of damage to the heart muscle, as well as on the timeliness and quality of emergency care. Even if there are no serious complications after an acute heart attack, absolute recovery cannot be guaranteed. If the area of myocardial damage is large, it will not be able to fully recover.
In the future, a person will suffer from problems of the cardiovascular system. This requires constant monitoring by a cardiologist. According to statistics, within a year after an attack, a relapse occurs in 20-40% of cases. To avoid this, you must carefully follow all the established recommendations of a specialist.
Prophylaxis
Preventive measures aimed at preventing myocardial infarction include eliminating risk factors, adjusting diet and physical activity.
Typically, prevention includes the following stages:
- Exclusion from the diet of foods with a high content of salt, semi-finished products, canned food, sausages. Fatty foods, fried foods are excluded.
- Increased physical activity. It improves oxygen transport throughout the body, preventing oxygen starvation and tissue necrosis.
- Quitting bad habits: complete cessation of smoking and alcohol consumption.
- Adding fresh fruits and vegetables, cereals, foods high in fiber to the diet. Preference should be given to steamed or baked products.
The consequences of a heart attack for humans
The consequences of myocardial infarction always negatively affect the state of the whole organism. Of course, this depends on how extensive the myocardial damage is.
It is extremely rare that such a formidable disease passes without a trace, in most cases the consequences of a heart attack, in the form of complications, significantly reduce life expectancy.
The most common complications are:
- cardiogenic shock;
- acute cardiovascular failure;
- heartbreak;
- aneurysm of the heart;
- heart rhythm disturbances;
- early postinfarction angina pectoris;
Mortality in cardiac infarction is 10-12%, while other statisticians note that only half of the victims reach the medical facility, but even if the person survives, a scar remains at the site of the death of the heart tissue for the rest of his life. Therefore, it is not surprising that many people who have suffered a heart attack become disabled.
Be healthy and monitor your well-being constantly. In case of deviation and the appearance of unpleasant symptoms, be sure to contact a cardiologist for a diagnosis!
This is all about myocardial infarction: what is the history of the disease, its first signs and main symptoms in women and men, especially the treatment.
Which is accompanied by a significant insufficiency of coronary blood flow and death (necrosis) of one or another part of the heart muscle. This pathology is much more common in men over 60 years of age, but after reaching 55-60 years of age, it is equally likely to develop in women. Such changes in the myocardium lead not only to significant disturbances in the work of the heart, but also in 10-12% of cases threaten the patient's life. In our article, we will acquaint you with the main causes and symptoms of this serious cardiac pathology, and such knowledge will allow you to "recognize the enemy by sight" in time.
Statistics. General information
According to statistics, over the past 20 years, the mortality rate from this disease has increased by more than 60%, and it has become significantly younger. If earlier this acute condition was found among people of 60-70 years of age, now few people are surprised by the detection of myocardial infarction in 20-30 years old. It should be noted that this pathology often leads to disability of the patient, which makes significant negative adjustments to his lifestyle.
In case of myocardial infarction, it is extremely important to immediately seek medical help, since any delay significantly aggravates the consequences of a heart attack and can cause irreparable damage to the state of health.
Causes and predisposing factors
In 90% of cases, myocardial infarction is caused by coronary artery thrombosis, which is provoked by atherosclerosis. Blockage of this artery with a fragment of an atherosclerotic plaque causes a cessation of blood supply to the area of the heart muscle, against the background of which oxygen starvation of tissues develops, insufficient supply of nutrients to the muscle and, as a result, necrosis of the myocardial area. Such changes in the structure of the muscle tissue of the heart occur 3-7 hours after the cessation of blood flow to the muscle site. After 7-14 days, the area of necrosis is overgrown with connective tissue, and after 1-2 months a scar is formed on it.
In other cases, the following pathologies become the cause of the development of myocardial infarction:
- spasm of the coronary vessels;
- thrombosis of the coronary vessels;
- heart trauma;
An important role in the occurrence of myocardial infarction is played by predisposing factors (conditions and diseases that contribute to the violation of coronary circulation). The following factors significantly increase the risk of developing such an acute condition:
- a history of myocardial infarction;
- smoking;
- weakness;
- obesity;
- increased levels of "bad" cholesterol (LDL) in the blood;
- postmenopausal age in women;
- diabetes;
- frequent stress;
- excessive physical and emotional stress;
- blood clotting disorders;
- alcoholism.
Classification
In myocardial infarction, areas of muscle tissue of various sizes can undergo necrosis, and, depending on the size of the lesion, cardiologists distinguish the following forms of this pathology:
- small focal;
- large focal.
Also, myocardial infarction can be classified depending on the depth of damage to the heart wall:
- transmural - the entire thickness of the muscle layer undergoes necrosis;
- intramural - necrosis is located deep in the heart muscle;
- subepicardial - necrosis is located in the areas where the heart muscle adheres to the epicardium;
- subendocardial - necrosis is located in the area of contact of the myocardium with the endocardium.
Depending on the location of the affected areas of the coronary vessels, the following types of infarction are distinguished:
- right ventricular;
- left ventricular.
By the frequency of occurrence, this heart pathology can be:
- primary - observed for the first time;
- recurrent - a new area of necrosis appears within 8 weeks after the primary;
- repeated - a new area of necrosis appears after 8 weeks after the previous heart attack.
According to clinical manifestations, cardiologists distinguish the following variants of myocardial infarction:
- typical;
- atypical.
Signs of myocardial infarction
The following manifestations of this heart pathology become characteristic signs of myocardial infarction:
- Long-term intensive, which lasts more than half an hour and is not eliminated even after repeated administration of nitroglycerin or other vasodilators.
- Most patients characterize pain as burning, dagger, tearing, etc. In contrast to an attack of angina pectoris, they do not subside at rest.
- Burning and squeezing sensations in the region of the heart.
- Pain often appears after physical or strong emotional stress, but it can also begin during sleep or at rest.
- The pain radiates (gives) to the left arm (in rare cases - to the right), scapula, interscapular region, lower jaw or neck.
- The pain is accompanied by intense anxiety and feelings of unwarranted fear. Many patients characterize such anxiety as "fear of death."
- The pain may be accompanied by dizziness, fainting, pallor, acrocyanosis, increased sweating (cold and clammy sweat), nausea, or vomiting.
- In most cases, the rhythm of heart contractions is disturbed, which can be noticed by the rapid and arrhythmic pulse of the patient.
- Many patients report shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
Remember! In 20% of patients, myocardial infarction occurs in an atypical form (for example, pain is localized in the abdomen) or is not accompanied by pain.
With any suspicion of myocardial infarction, you should immediately call an ambulance and start taking first aid measures!
Symptoms of a Typical Myocardial Infarction
The severity of symptoms in myocardial infarction depends on the stage of the disease. During its course, the following periods are observed:
- preinfarction - not observed in all patients, proceeds in the form of an exacerbation and increased frequency of angina attacks and can last from several hours or days to several weeks;
- the most acute - accompanied by the development of myocardial ischemia and the formation of a site of necrosis, lasts from 20 minutes to 3 hours;
- acute - begins with the formation of a necrosis focus on the myocardium and ends after the enzymatic melting of dead muscle, lasts about 2-14 days;
- subacute - accompanied by the formation of scar tissue, lasts about 4-8 weeks;
- postinfarction - accompanied by the formation of a scar and adaptation of the myocardium to the consequences of changes in the structure of the heart muscle.
The sharpest period with a typical course of myocardial infarction, it manifests itself as pronounced and characteristic symptoms that cannot go unnoticed. The main symptom of this acute condition is severe pain of a burning or dagger character, which, in most cases, appears after physical exertion or significant emotional stress. It is accompanied by severe anxiety, fear of death, severe weakness, and even fainting. Patients note that the pain radiates to the left arm (sometimes to the right), the region of the neck, shoulder blades or lower jaw.
Unlike pain in angina pectoris, such cardialgia differs in its duration (more than 30 minutes) and is not eliminated even by repeated administration of nitroglycerin or other vasodilating drugs. That is why most doctors recommend calling an ambulance immediately if the pain in the heart lasts more than 15 minutes and is not eliminated by taking the usual medicines.
Relatives of the patient may notice:
- increased heart rate;
- (pulse becomes irregular);
- sharp pallor;
- acrocyanosis;
- the appearance of cold clammy sweat;
- temperature rise up to 38 degrees (in some cases);
- an increase in blood pressure, followed by a sharp decrease.
V acute period in the patient, cardialgia disappears (pain is present only in the case of development of inflammation of the pericardium or in the presence of severe insufficiency of blood supply to the near-infarction zone of the myocardium). Due to the formation of a site of necrosis and inflammation of the heart tissue, the body temperature rises, and the fever can last for about 3-10 days (sometimes more). The patient retains and increases signs of cardiovascular failure. Blood pressure remains elevated
Subacute period the heart attack proceeds against the background of the absence of heart pain and fever. The patient's condition is normalized, blood pressure and pulse rates are gradually approaching normal, and the manifestations of cardiovascular failure are significantly weakened.
V postinfarction period all symptoms disappear completely, and laboratory parameters gradually stabilize and return to normal.
Symptoms for atypical forms of heart attack
In some patients, myocardial infarction begins with acute abdominal pain. The atypicality of the symptoms of myocardial infarction is insidious in that it can cause significant difficulties in making a diagnosis, and with its painless version, the patient can literally carry it on his feet. Typical atypical symptoms in such cases are observed only in the acute period, then the infarction proceeds typically.
Among atypical forms, the following options for symptoms can be observed:
- Peripheral with an atypical site of pain localization: with this option, the pain makes itself felt not behind the sternum or in the precordial region, but in the left upper limb or in the tip of the left little finger, in the lower jaw or neck, in the scapula or in the cervicothoracic region spinal column. The rest of the symptoms remain the same as in the typical clinical picture of this heart pathology: arrhythmias, weakness, sweating, etc.
- Gastric - with this form of heart attack, the pain is localized in the stomach area and may resemble an attack of acute gastritis. During the examination of the patient, the doctor may reveal tension in the muscles of the abdominal wall, and additional research methods may be needed to establish a definitive diagnosis.
- Arrhythmic - with this variant of a heart attack, the patient has atrioventricular blockade of varying intensity or arrhythmia (, paroxysmal tachycardia,). Such irregularities in the heart rhythm can significantly complicate the diagnosis, even after an ECG.
- Asthmatic - this form of this acute cardiac pathology in its onset resembles an asthma attack and is more often observed in the presence of cardiosclerosis or repeated heart attacks. Pain in the heart with it is expressed slightly or completely absent. The patient develops a dry cough, suffocation increases and develops. Occasionally, the cough may be accompanied by frothy phlegm. In severe cases, it develops. When examining a patient, the doctor determines the signs of arrhythmia, a decrease in blood pressure, wheezing in the bronchi and lungs.
- Collaptoid - with this form of heart attack, the patient develops cardiogenic shock, in which there is a complete absence of pain, a sharp drop in blood pressure, dizziness, cold sweat and darkening in the eyes.
- Edematous - with this form of heart attack, the patient complains of shortness of breath, severe weakness, the rapid appearance of edema (up to ascites). Examination of the patient reveals an enlarged liver.
- Cerebral - this form of heart attack is accompanied by impaired cerebral circulation, which is manifested by clouding of consciousness, speech disorders, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, paresis of the limbs, etc.
- Painless - this form of heart attack occurs against a background of chest discomfort, increased sweating and weakness. In most cases, the patient does not pay attention to such signs, and this greatly aggravates the course of this acute condition.
In some cases, myocardial infarction occurs with a combination of several atypical forms. This condition aggravates the pathology and significantly complicates the further prognosis for recovery.
The danger of myocardial infarction also lies in the fact that already in the first days after necrosis of the area of the heart muscle, the patient may develop various severe complications:
- atrial fibrillation;
- sinus or paroxysmal tachycardia;
- extrasystole;
- fibrillation of the ventricles;
- cardiac tamponade;
- pulmonary thromboembolism;
- acute aneurysm of the heart;
- thromboendocarditis, etc.
Most deaths after myocardial infarction occur precisely in the first hours and days after the development of this acute form of coronary heart disease. The risk of death largely depends on the extent of myocardial tissue damage, the presence of complications, the patient's age, timeliness and concomitant diseases.
How the human heart works. Myocardial infarction.
Myocardial infarction
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death. Myocardial infarction is the most dangerous in this group: it often occurs and develops suddenly, and in almost 20% of cases leads to rapid death. The first hour after an attack is especially critical - death occurs with almost one hundred percent probability if a person does not receive first aid.
But even if a person has experienced an attack, he is in danger for at least a week, when his risk of death is several times higher. Any slight overstrain - physical or emotional - can be a trigger. Therefore, it is important to recognize this disease in time and provide the patient with quality treatment and rehabilitation.
In fact, this process is a complication of coronary heart disease. It occurs against the background of existing cardiac pathologies and almost never occurs in people with a healthy heart.
Acute myocardial infarction develops when the lumen of an artery is blocked by a thrombus, a cholesterol plaque. The heart muscle does not receive enough blood, as a result of which tissue necrosis begins.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood and transports it to other organs. At the same time, it itself needs a large amount of oxygen. And with its lack, the cells of the heart muscle cease to function. As in the case of oxygen starvation of the brain, in this situation a few minutes are enough for irreversible changes and tissue death to begin.
The human body is a complex system that is tuned to survive in any conditions. Therefore, the heart muscle has its own supply of substances necessary for normal functioning, primarily glucose and ATP. When blood access to it is limited, this resource is activated. But, alas, its supply is only enough for 20-30 minutes. If during this period no resuscitation measures are taken and the blood supply to the heart muscle is not restored, the cells will begin to die off.
Types of infarction
Several variants of the course of the disease are hidden under one name. Depending on the localization, the speed of the course and a number of other factors, the patient's condition and the ability to save him depend.
There are several classifications of myocardial infarction:
- At the site of localization - right ventricular and left ventricular. The latter is divided into several more subspecies: infarction of the interventricular wall, anterior, posterior and lateral walls.
- By the depth of muscle damage - external, internal, damage to the entire wall or part of it.
- Depending on the scale of the affected area - small-focal and large-focal.
Depending on the set of symptoms, it happens:
- Cerebral form, which is accompanied by neurological disorders, dizziness, confusion;
- Abdominal - has symptoms of acute inflammation of the digestive system - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. Unknowingly, it is easy to confuse it with acute pancreatitis;
- Asymptomatic - when the patient does not feel particularly pronounced manifestations of the disease. This form is often found in diabetics. This course complicates the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction;
- Asthmatic, when the clinical picture of an attack of a heart attack resembles asthmatic, which is accompanied by suffocation and pulmonary edema.
Who is at risk?
A history of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris significantly increases the risk of heart attack. The decisive role is played by atherosclerosis of the blood vessels - in almost 90% of cases it leads to this outcome.
In addition, those who:
- Moves a little;
- Overweight;
- Is a chronic hypertensive patient;
- Constantly exposed to stress;
- Smokes or uses drugs - this several times increases the risk of a sharp vasospasm;
- Has a hereditary predisposition to atherosclerosis and heart attack.
Also at risk are men over 45 and women over 65 - they have a heart attack may be the result of age-related changes. To prevent this, you need to regularly do an electrocardiogram and, when the first signs appear, monitor the dynamics of the ECG.
What causes a heart attack?
Surely everyone has heard the phrase "bring to a heart attack." There is a rational grain in it - with a strong nervous shock, a sharp spasm of the blood vessels can develop, which will lead to an interruption in the blood supply to the heart muscle. In acute myocardial infarction, there are 3 reasons:
- Blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot that could have formed in any organ.
- Spasm of the coronary vessels (often caused by stress).
- Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease characterized by a decrease in the elasticity of the walls, a narrowing of their lumen.
These reasons arise as a result of the constant and cumulative impact of risk factors, including an improper lifestyle, obesity, insufficient physical activity, the presence of other diseases, hormonal imbalances, etc.
How to recognize a heart attack?
It can be easily confused with a common attack of angina or asthma, stroke, and even pancreatitis. But it can still be distinguished by some essential, characteristic only features.
In acute myocardial infarction, the symptoms are as follows:
- Severe chest pain that can come back in the neck, arm, abdomen, back. The intensity is much stronger than with an attack of angina pectoris, and does not go away when a person stops physical activity.
- Heavy sweating;
- The limbs are cold to the touch, the patient may not feel them;
- Severe shortness of breath, respiratory arrest.
Heart pain does not improve after taking nitroglycerin. This is an alarming fact and a reason to urgently call an ambulance. For a person to survive, first aid for acute myocardial infarction should be provided in the first 20 minutes from the onset of the attack.
Stages of a heart attack
Statistics on mortality from a heart attack indicate that each attack proceeds in a different way: someone dies in the first minutes, someone can hold out for an hour or more before the arrival of a medical team. In addition, long before the attack, you can notice changes in the ECG and some blood parameters. Therefore, with regular thorough examination of patients from the risk zone, you can minimize the likelihood of an attack by prescribing prophylactic drugs.
The main stages in the development of an attack:
- The most acute period of a heart attack lasts from half an hour to two hours. This is the period when tissue ischemia begins, smoothly turning into necrosis.
- The acute period lasts from two days or more. It is characterized by the formation of a dead muscle area. Frequent complications of the acute period are rupture of the heart muscle, pulmonary edema, vein thrombosis of the extremities, which leads to tissue death, and others. It is better to treat a patient during this period in a hospital in order to track the slightest changes in his condition.
- The subacute period of myocardial infarction lasts about a month - until the time a scar begins to form on the heart muscle. On the ECG, the signs of its formation can be well traced: under the positive electrode there is an enlarged Q wave, under the negative one - symmetrical to the first T wave. A decrease in the T wave over time indicates a decrease in the ischemic area. The subacute stage of myocardial infarction can last up to 2 months
- The post-infarction period lasts up to 5 months after the attack. At this time, a scar is finally formed, the heart gets used to functioning in new conditions. This phase is not yet safe: constant medical supervision and administration of all prescribed medications is required.
Examination and diagnostics
A single glance at the patient is not enough for the doctor to establish a definitive diagnosis. To confirm it and prescribe adequate treatment, you need to carry out:
- Thorough external examination;
- Collecting a detailed anamnesis, including finding out whether relatives have had a heart attack;
- A blood test that will identify markers that indicate this diagnosis. Usually, patients have an increase in the level of leukocytes and ESR, a lack of iron. In parallel with the general, a biochemical analysis is performed, which will identify complications;
- Analysis of urine;
- ECG and EchoCG - they will help to assess the extent of the damage to the heart muscle. An ECG is done for acute myocardial infarction, and then changes are monitored. For the most complete picture, all results should be in the patient's chart;
- Coronary angiography - a study of the state of the coronary vessels;
- Chest x-ray to monitor changes in the lungs.
Other tests may also be prescribed as needed.
The consequences of a heart attack
Complications from an attack do not always appear immediately. Violations in the work of the heart itself and other organs may appear after a while. The most dangerous for the patient is the first year - during this period, about 30% of patients die from complications.
The most common consequences of myocardial infarction:
- Heart failure;
- Heart rhythm disorders;
- Aneurysm (bulging of a wall or area of scar tissue);
- Pulmonary embolism, which in turn can lead to respiratory failure and pulmonary infarction;
- Thromboendocarditis is the formation of a blood clot inside the heart. Cutting it off can cut off the blood supply to the kidneys and intestines and lead to their necrosis;
- Pleurisy, pericarditis and others.
What to do with a heart attack
The sooner first aid is provided and therapy for acute myocardial infarction is started, the more the patient has a chance to survive and the lower the risk of complications.
First aid during an attack
During this period, it is important not to panic and do everything to buy time before the ambulance arrives. The patient needs to be provided with peace and access to fresh air, give sedative drops and a nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue to drink. If there are no serious contraindications, you need to take an aspirin tablet after chewing it. To reduce pain, you can give nonsteroidal pain medications - analgin.
It is imperative to measure the pulse rate and pressure, if necessary, give a drug to increase or decrease the pressure.
If the patient is unconscious, the pulse cannot be felt - it is necessary to carry out indirect heart massage and artificial respiration before the arrival of doctors.
Further therapy
Treatment of acute myocardial infarction is carried out in a hospital, where the patient is prescribed drugs that improve vascular permeability and accelerate the recovery of the heart muscle.
For pulmonary edema, defoaming and mechanical ventilation may be required. After removing the patient from an acute condition, constant monitoring of indicators and restorative treatment is carried out.
Also, drugs are prescribed that thin the blood and prevent the formation of blood clots.
Life after a heart attack: features of rehabilitation
Some people manage to fully recover from a heart attack and return to normal life. But most patients still have to limit themselves to physical activity, regularly take medications and adhere to proper nutrition in order to prolong life and minimize the risk of a second attack.
Rehabilitation lasts from six months to a year. It includes:
- Physiotherapy exercises, at first with minimal stress, which gradually increases. Its purpose is to normalize blood circulation, improve ventilation of the lungs, and prevent stagnation. Simple exercises are also used as a method for assessing the dynamics of recovery: if a few weeks after an attack the patient can climb the stairs 3-4 without shortness of breath, it means that he is on the mend.
- Physiotherapy procedures.
- Diet therapy. After a heart attack, it is worth significantly reducing the consumption of fatty, fried, smoked foods - foods that increase blood viscosity and cholesterol levels. It is worth increasing the amount of fiber and foods rich in vitamins and minerals. Especially necessary at this time are iron (contained in the liver), potassium and magnesium, which improve the condition of the heart muscle - they can be "gleaned" and fresh and dried fruits, nuts. Symptoms of the gastralgic form of myocardial infarction (GIM)
Myocardial infarction(infarctus myocardii) is an acute disease characterized by the formation of a necrotic focus in the heart muscle due to absolute or relative insufficiency of coronary blood flow. Myocardial infarction occurs mainly in men over 50 years of age. In recent years, the number of diseases among young men (30-40 years old) has significantly increased. The classic description of the clinical picture of myocardial infarction was given in 1909 by the largest Russian clinicians V.P. Obraztsov and ND Strazhesko.
Etiology and pathogenesis. V the vast majority of cases (97-98%) the main cause of myocardial infarction is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, complicated by thrombosis. Much less often, myocardial infarction can occur due to functional disorders caused by spasm of the coronary arteries. This is rarely observed in stressful situations that lead to a violation of hormonal regulation of the function of the heart and coronary arteries, to changes in the blood coagulation system, manifested by a decrease in heparin in the blood and a decrease in its fibrinolytic activity. Of great importance in the development of myocardial infarction are such risk factors as obesity, lipid metabolism disorders, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, genetic predisposition.
Pathological picture. With a sudden cessation of blood flow to a site of the heart muscle, its ischemia occurs, and then necrosis. Later, around the focus of necrosis, inflammatory changes are formed with the development of loose connective (such as granulation) tissue. Necrotic masses are absorbed and replaced by scar tissue. In the area of necrosis, a rupture of the heart muscle with hemorrhages in the pericardial cavity (cardiac tamponade) can occur. With extensive infarction, the layer of scar tissue can be so thin that it protrudes with the formation of a heart aneurysm. Myocardial infarction in most cases develops in the left ventricle. Necrosis involves either the layer of the heart muscle located under the endocardium (subendocardial form), or, in severe cases, the entire thickness of the muscle layer (transmural infarction), and fibrinous pericarditis usually occurs. Sometimes fibrin is deposited on the inner lining of the heart in areas corresponding to myocardial necrosis - there is parietal thromboendocarditis. Thrombotic masses can break off and enter the general blood flow, causing embolism of the vessels of the brain, lungs, abdominal organs, etc. and small focal myocardial infarction.
The clinical picture. The clinical manifestation of the disease depends on the location and size of the heart muscle necrosis focus. The main clinical manifestation of myocardial infarction is most often an attack of severe chest pain (status anginosus). The pains are localized behind the sternum, in the precordial region, sometimes the pain covers the entire antero-lateral surface of the chest. Pain usually radiates to the left arm, shoulder, collarbone, neck, lower jaw, interscapular space. The pain is constricting, pressing, bursting, or burning. In some patients, there is a wave-like increase and decrease in pain. Unlike pain in angina pectoris, pain in myocardial infarction, as a rule, is not stopped by nitroglycerin and is very long (from 20-30 minutes to several hours). General weakness, feeling of shortness of breath, sweating occur. At the beginning of an attack, blood pressure may increase, and then arterial hypotension develops due to reflex vascular insufficiency and a decrease in the contractile function of the left ventricle.
At objective examination pallor of the skin is noted. Tachycardia is detected, heart sounds become muffled, and sometimes a gallop rhythm appears. Quite often, various disturbances in rhythm and conduction are noted. The second important manifestation of acute myocardial infarction is the signs of acute cardiovascular failure.
Severe cardiovascular failure in the first hours of myocardial infarction is referred to as cardiogenic shock. Its occurrence is associated with a violation of the contractile function of the left ventricle, leading to a decrease in the stroke and minute volume of the heart. At the same time, the decrease in minute volume is so significant that it is not compensated by an increase in peripheral vascular resistance, and this leads to a decrease in blood pressure. The development of cardiogenic shock is indicated by the characteristic appearance of the patient. He becomes adynamic, weakly reacts to the environment. The skin is cold, covered with sticky sweat. The skin takes on a cyanotic pale color. The maximum blood pressure drops below 80 mm Hg. Art. pulse pressure less than 30 mm Hg. Art. the pulse is frequent, threadlike, and sometimes not palpable. Some patients during this period may develop heart failure in the form of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema.
The first hours of myocardial infarction are designated as the most acute period. Then comes acute period illness. It is characterized by the final formation of a necrosis focus. During this period, the pain usually disappears. They persist when the pericardium is involved in the process - episthenocardial pericarditis, an objective sign of which is the appearance of pericardial friction noise. After a few hours, fever occurs due to the development of myomalacia and necrosis, as well as perifocal inflammation of the heart muscle. The larger the zone of necrosis, the higher and longer the rise in body temperature. The fever lasts 3-5 days, but sometimes it lasts 10 days or more. During this period, the symptoms of heart failure and arterial hypotension in one category of patients persist, in another they only appear. The acute period lasts 2-10 days. In the future, the patient's condition begins to improve, the body temperature becomes normal, decreases, and in some cases, signs of circulatory failure disappear. This state corresponds to a decrease in the focus of necrosis and its replacement with granulation tissue. This period of illness is designated as subacute, its duration is 4-8 weeks. Subsequently, the so-called postinfarction period(2-6 months) the heart adapts to new working conditions.
In the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, it is of great importance electrocardiographic examination. With the help of an ECG, it is possible not only to establish the presence of myocardial infarction, but also to clarify a number of important details - the localization, depth and extent of the lesion of the heart muscle (Fig. 97). In the first hours of the development of the disease, a segment change occurs ST and prong T. Descending prong knee R, without reaching the isoelectric line, it goes into the segment ST, which, rising above it, forms an arc, convex facing upwards and merging directly with the tooth T. A so-called monophase curve is formed. These changes usually last 3-5 days. Then degment ST gradually decreases to the isoelectric line, and the G wave becomes negative, deep. A deep prong appears Q, prong R becomes low or completely disappears, and then a complex is formed QS. The appearance of a prong Q typical for transmural infarction. Depending on the localization of the infarction, changes in the ventricular complex are observed in the corresponding leads (Fig. 98 and 99). In the phase of scarring of a heart attack, the original form of the ECG, which was observed before its development, can be restored, or the changes are stabilized for life.
In cases where electrocardiographic diagnostics are difficult Ventricular complex changes
Myocardial infarction
11/22/2009 / abstract, abstract text
Myocardial infarction as a limited necrosis of the heart muscle, the prerequisites for its occurrence, stages of development and the degree of danger to human life and health. Clinical manifestations of the disease and its atypical forms. Diagnosis and treatment scheme.
06/11/2009 / case history
Diagnosis of acute transmural anterolateral myocardial infarction on the basis of patient complaints and tests performed, the procedure for substantiating the clinical diagnosis. Necessary tests and general examination, treatment prescription.
26.03.2010 / case history
Objective study of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, urinary, endocrine and nervous systems. Signs of the subacute stage of macrofocal inferior-lateral myocardial infarction. Biochemical examination of the patient.
11.08.2007 / term paper
Problems of persons who have had myocardial infarction. Measures of medical and social rehabilitation, adaptation, psychological relief and protection. Features of medical and social assistance to persons with myocardial infarction.
09/10/2010 / thesis, PhD
Consideration of clinical manifestations and diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Description of the pharmacological action of the drug Aktilizey indications for its use. Algorithm for providing medical care to patients with acute myocardial infarction at the prehospital stage.
06/11/2009 / case history
The condition of the patient admitted to the clinic. Inability to record the patient's complaints due to loss of speech. Results of additional examination methods. MRI picture of ischemic stroke of the left frontotemporal-parietal region of the brain, encephalopathy.
06/20/2009 / term paper
Myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, collapse and hypertensive crisis. Pain in heart disease. Chronic vascular insufficiency. Causes of myocardial infarction. The concept of clinical and biological death. Basic principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
02.22.2010 / presentation
Myocardial infarction is a necrosis of the heart muscle caused by its prolonged ischemia due to spasm or thrombosis of the coronary arteries. Causes of myocardial infarction, classification of patients according to the severity of the disease. The tasks of rehabilitation, sanatorium treatment.
12.12.2010 / presentation
Myocardial infarction as one of the clinical forms of ischemic heart disease, occurring with the development of necrosis of the myocardial area, due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of its blood supply. The causes of hypertension.
03/26/2009 / abstract, abstract text
Causes of chest pain. Angina pectoris (angina pectoris). Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetalla). Unstable (increasing or preinfarction) angina. Acute myocardial infarction. Aortic dissection. Pericarditis. Pulmonary embolism. Mediastinitis.
COMPLICATIONS
The clinical course of myocardial infarction is extremely often aggravated by various complications / table 12 /, which largely determine its course and prognosis.
Sudden death usually occurs in the first minutes or hours of the development of myocardial infarction, accounting for 30 to 60% of all deaths in this disease. The most common cause of sudden death is acute heart rhythm disturbance in the form of ventricular fibrillation or asystole. It is clinically manifested by loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, lack of pulse in large vessels. In some cases, convulsions develop, and the pupils dilate 30-60 seconds after cardiac arrest. On the ECG during fibrillation, instead of ventricular complexes, random waves of various sizes and shapes are recorded, following one after one without any intervals.
Table 12
conduction / sinus bradycardia and heart block /
- Acute heart failure / varying degrees
severity /
- Rupture of the heart / free wall or interventricular
- Thrombosis and embolism
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal paresis
- Violation of urination
- Mental disorders
- Dressler's syndrome
- Chronic heart aneurysm
- Chronic heart failure
Cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances are the most common complications of myocardial infarction, occurring in about 90% of patients in the acute period. Particularly frequent and dangerous are ventricular arrhythmias, which are one of the main causes of death / ventricular extrasystole occurs in about 70-80%, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia - in 10%, and fibrillation - in 6-7% of cases /. Sinus rhythm disturbances / sinus tachycardia - in about 50% of patients /, atrial premature beats / 20-30% of all cases / and atrial fibrillation are less dangerous and easier to correct. More rarely / mainly with posterior diaphragmatic infarctions / complete transverse blockade develops / about 5% of all patients /.
Acute cardiovascular failure often occurs with myocardial infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and manifests itself in the form of cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock.
All over the world, the most widespread classification of acute heart failure according to Killip / 1967 /, presented in table 13.
Table 13
CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE CARDIAC
INSUFFICIENCY IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Heart Rate Mortality
inadequacies
1.Clinical signs
heart failure
Acute myocardial infarction - necrosis of cardiac tissue due to the cessation of blood supply to the organ.
Symptoms of acute myocardial infarction are rather vague, but preliminary self-diagnosis is vital for timely seeking medical help.
Stages
Myocardial infarction is divided into several progressive stages, which indicate the onset of an attack. You need to be able to distinguish between them for a more accurate determination of the degree of danger.
- All information on the site is for informational purposes only and DOES NOT ARE a guide to action!
- Provide an EXACT DIAGNOSIS you can only a DOCTOR!
- We kindly ask you NOT to self-medicate, but make an appointment with a specialist!
- Health to you and your loved ones!
So, there are five stages of development:
| Preinfarction stage |
|
| The most acute stage |
|
|
|
|
|
| Postinfarction stage |
|
The main symptoms of acute myocardial infarction
The main signs of a heart attack include sternum pain, it is similar to, but more pronounced. Patients may develop other symptoms of acute myocardial infarction.
They depend on the degree of disturbances in the pumping function of the heart, on the size and localization of the focus. It is believed that the general picture of the symptoms of the disease is very unusual and often a heart attack is confused with other problems in the body.
During a typical myocardial infarction, there are such manifestations and symptoms of the disease:
| Dyspnea |
|
| Fear of death |
|
| Loss of consciousness |
|
| Pain |
|
| Increased sweating |
|
| Pallor of the skin |
|
Atypical manifestations
It is much more difficult to identify atypical signs of a heart attack.
Symptoms often indicate diseases of a different kind, seemingly not foreshadowing heart problems, and pain sensations either completely stop or become less pronounced.
In such a situation, it is very difficult to identify a cardiac problem and predict the diagnosis. Symptoms of an atypical nature are observed in elderly people over 60 years old, and in patients with chronic diseases.
All symptoms of acute myocardial infarction are grouped into syndromes:
| Atypical pain syndrome | It is observed during the localization of pain in other organs not related to the heart. It can be located in the neck and throat, lower jaw, simulate toothache and ear pain, as well as in the left shoulder blade. A heart attack copies diseases:
|
| Formed during an infarction of the posterior wall, the middle layer - the myocardium. Pain in the abdomen, between the shoulder blades is expressed, flatulence and bloating are noted, nausea and vomiting reflexes, belching and digestive problems appear. Occasionally, bleeding in the digestive organs can be caused, in such cases, vomiting of a brown color occurs and decreases. Diseases under which a heart attack is masked:
|
|
| Asthmatic form | It manifests itself when the pumping of blood flow falls, while blood stagnation occurs in the lungs. Shortness of breath, suffocation appear, sputum is released in the form of pink foam, the skin turns pale and cold sweating occurs. Diseases with similar symptoms:
|
| Collaptoid |
|
| Edematous | It is found during the development of heart failure in both ventricles. It can develop due to an extensive heart attack with a visible disturbance of the heartbeat. Manifested by shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness, swelling of the legs or lower back. Diseases with similar symptoms:
|
| Arrhythmic |
|
| It is characteristic of people in old age with impaired blood flow to the cerebral vessels. The main symptoms are: the appearance of tinnitus, dizziness, loss of consciousness, nausea and weakness. May indicate problems:
|
|
| Erased form |
|
So, myocardial infarction disease has numerous symptoms and signs. In this regard, diagnosis is carried out only in a hospital, excluding a general examination and patient complaints.
You should pay attention to all the symptoms, because it is possible that a heart attack is starting right now. If the condition does not improve, you should immediately consult a doctor for a diagnosis.
Loading ...