Participial turnover A phrase consisting of a gerund and dependent words. From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(Korolenko). The participial phrase indicates an action related to the subject of the sentence. Deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of influence vernacular... Having the right to choose a weapon, his life was in my hands(Pushkin). Passing a familiar birch grove on the way back in the spring for the first time, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat with vague sweet anticipation.(Turgenev), a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person. His house was always full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements(Pushkin); b) if it refers to a participle or gerund, denoting an action, the subject of which does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. She did not answer him, thoughtfully watching the play of the waves running up the shore, rocking the heavy longboat.(Bitter). But Klim saw that Lida, listening to her father’s stories with her lips pursed, did not believe them(Bitter); c) if used in impersonal offer at in-fiaitiv. It would be nice now to lie naked, covering your head with an overcoat, and think about the village and about your(Kuprin). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the latter is presented in the form of a dative subject, but there is no infinitive in the sentence to which the participial phrase could be attributed, then its use violates the norm (“Come to the forest, I felt cold”). Such constructions among writers have an individual character. Convinced that he could not understand this, he became bored(L. Tolstoy). Having read the story carefully, I think that there are no editorial amendments in it(Bitter). Participial phrases are mainly part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage compared to their parallel adverbial adverbial clauses lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in knitting fiction.. This feature of adverbial constructions is visible from the following example. Writer D. I. Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls that his essay “Petersburg Organ Grinders” earned the approval of F. M. Dostoevsky, but the latter did not like one place in the chapter “The Organ Grinder’s Public.” “For me,” writes Grigorovich, “it was written like this: When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it turns out much more picturesque, it completes the movement...”
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a “participial phrase” is in other dictionaries:
participial turnover- s. In syntactic stylistics: semi-predicative isolated phrase with the main member of the gerund. Formally, grammatically, the gerund is adjacent to the predicate (usually the conjugated form of the verb), and in meaning it also refers to the subject,... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
participial turnover- 1) A syntactic construction containing a gerund and words dependent on it. 2) One of the stylistic devices used in book styles of speech, in particular, in scientific speech. For example: Moreover, knowing this, you can also compose... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Turns, m. 1. Full circle of rotation, circular turn. Wheel revolution. The shaft makes 20 revolutions per minute. || Moving back and forth, returning to the starting place. Speed up the turnover of wagons. 2. A separate stage, a completed process in a sequential... ... Dictionary Ushakova
Same as design. Participial turnover. Infinitive phrase. Participial … Dictionary of linguistic terms
TURNOVER, ah, husband. 1. see wrap, sya, turn, turn, turn, sya. 2. Consumption, use. Let into o. commemorative coin. Entered about. new word. 3. A separate part, a separate link, what stage. activities, development of what n... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
turnover- A; m. see also. negotiable, turnover 1) a) Full circle of rotation; circular turn. Revolution/t of wheel. Number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns... Dictionary of many expressions
A; m. 1. Full circle of rotation; circular turn. O. wheels. Number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns. // Special Turning from one side to the other, reverse. Plowing with formation turnover. // plural: revolutions, ov. Specialist. decomposition ABOUT… … encyclopedic Dictionary
participial- see participle; oh, oh. Participial phrase (adverbial expression expressed by a participle with words dependent on it) ... Dictionary of many expressions
Special circumstances
Special circumstances- 1. The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looking at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy, entering one... A reference book on spelling and style
Books
- Set of tables. Russian language. Morphology. 15 tables, . Educational album of 15 sheets. Art. 5-8681-015. Morphological analysis words as parts of speech. Selection morphological characteristics nouns and adjectives by comparison...
As many people know, the participial phrase has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated and separated by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the participial phrase does not need to be isolated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.
1. Participial phrase(most often this is a turn with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action) does not denote an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.
He stood with his neck slightly craned, sad and thoughtful(the main thing is that he didn’t just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched).
She usually read with her head bowed and the tip of her tongue sticking out.(the point is how she read, not what she read at all).
This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(the point is exactly how this exercise is performed).
2. The participial phrase is a phraseological unit.
The boy hurried headlong to call the rescuers for help.
The printer worked tirelessly.
After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.
Here are some of these phraseological units: carelessly, barely taking a breath, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, sit with bated breath, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, listen with your ears hanging open, etc.
Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.
To be honest, the exercise could have been done much better.
Apparently, you can already hit the road.
3. When there is an intensifying particle I before the participial phrase.
It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.
A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.
You can go home without waiting for the exam result.
4. If the participial phrase is broken by the word included in the subordinate clause or in the composition simple sentence. This usually applies to subordinate clauses definitive proposals With union word which. Also, similar cases can be found in some poetic texts.
There was a door to the left, through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.
Jim Jarmusch's new film was released yesterday, and after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.
Raven, perched on the spruce tree, was just about ready to have breakfast, but became thoughtful... (I. A. Krylov).
But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A.K. Tolstoy).
5. A gerund may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.
The post office is located not far from Vosstaniya Square.
Universities have been accepting applicants under new rules since the end of last year
You can start the task starting tomorrow(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).
However, if the turn with the word beginning is not associated with the concept of time or serves to clarify, clarify, then it is isolated.
Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation
The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations except Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).
Revolutions based And depending on in most cases they are not included in the participial construction and are not isolated.
The task is compiled based on your wishes.
We will act according to the circumstances.
6. The participial phrase appears together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the participial phrase is not separated by commas.
We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.
The boy ran quickly and without looking back.
The second lieutenant answered in
without embarrassment.
However, in in this case isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.
A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.
In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow droplets of stars appeared (M. Gorky).
As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in adverbial phrases, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something remains not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!
Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!
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Like participial phrases, participial phrases are the property of book speech. Their undoubted advantage over the synonymous adverbial clauses of a complex sentence is brevity and dynamism. Wed: When the dog sensed the beast, it rushed to follow its trail. “Sensing the beast, the dog rushed to run in its wake.
IN At the same time, it should be borne in mind that by using an adverbial construction instead of an adverbial subordinate clause, we introduce some semantic changes into the sentence, in particular, we lose the shades of meaning inherent in subordinating conjunctions. So, subordinate clauses when he read the letter – after he read the letter – as soon as he read the letter – as soon as he read the letter have different shades, but are replaced by the same parallel syntactic construction - after reading the letter. In these cases, the loss of the conjunction should be compensated for by lexical means: Having read the letter, he immediately (immediately, immediately) ...
The loss of the union is even more noticeable when the subordinate clauses of reason, condition, concession are replaced by the adverbial phrase: Having stayed in sa natorium an extra month , he noticeably improved his health(after I stayed or because I stayed?); Feeling bad , he didn't apply anywhere else(because I felt bad or although I felt bad?). And in this case, when using an adverbial phrase, you should clarify the statement with the help lexical means: Feeling bad, he That's why (yet and so on.) I didn’t apply anywhere else.
2. Some combinations can also be synonymous with adverbial constructions. For example, sat, crossed his arms on his chest may have as its equivalent a construction with a passive participle and a noun in the instrumental case with a preposition: sat with his arms crossed over his chest. Instead of lay wrapped in a warm blanket you can say: lay wrapped in a warm blanket(with the replacement of the gerund participle by the participle). Wed: At night I lay in the cart,covered with an overcoat, throwing his arms above his head (Sh.). – At night I lay in the cart,covered with an overcoat , with arms thrown above head (replacing both participial phrases synonymous constructions).
Considering that gerunds often also act as a secondary predicate, we can talk about the parallelism of the following constructions:
gerund = conjugated form of a verb: entering room, stopped = has entered into the room and stopped;
adverbial clause = adverbial clause of a complex sentence: reading a book, I doextracts = when I read a book, I make extracts; was in a hurry afraid to be late = was in a hurrybecause I was afraid of being late; having free time, there's a lot you can do = if you have free time, there's a lot you can do; seeing the danger still bold walked forward = although they saw the danger, nevertheless they boldly walked forward;
gerund = prepositional-nominal combination:hopingfor success =In hopefor success;anticipatingsomething bad =in anticipationsomething unkind; flying,spread outwings = flywith them spread outwings;
participial phrase = participial phrase: I arrived, xo well prepared for exams = I arrivedwell prepared for exams.
3. When using an adverbial phrase, it must be remembered that, as a rule, the action it denotes indicates the action of the subject. Therefore the sentence is constructed incorrectly: Jumping off the tram, my galosh came off- here we are talking about the actions of two objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - about me (I jumped) and about the galosh (she flew off). It is easy to verify the incorrectness of the construction by rearranging the adverbial phrase, which is usually freely located in the sentence ( My galosh fell off after jumping off the tram's footboard).
Deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of the influence of the popular language: ... Having the right to choose a weapon, his life was in my hands (P.); Passing a familiar birch grove on the way back for the first time in spring, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat with vague sweet anticipation (T.).
The use of phrases with words does not violate the rules based, not related to the subject, since it may not form an adverbial construction: The calculation is being madebased on average production rates .
Archaic is the direct combination of an adverbial phrase with a subject that arose under the influence of the popular language (the inclusion of the subject in the composition of the phrase): On spruce crowhaving perched herself, she was just about ready to have breakfast(Kr.); Arriving he is a straight poet, he went to wander with his lorgnette alone over the sea(P.); But slavish fidelity Shibanovkeeping it, he gives his horse to the governor(ACT.).
In a number of cases, the participial phrase does not express the action of the subject, and at the same time stylistic norms are not violated. Thus, an adverbial phrase can refer to an infinitive denoting the action of another person: His house was always full of guests, readyamusehis lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements (P.).
The participle phrase is found in participial or adverbial forms denoting an action, the subject of which coincides or does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate: She did not answer him, thoughtfully watching the play of the waves,running upTo the shore, rocking heavy longboat (M. G.); But Klim saw that Lidalisteningfather's storiespursing my lips doesn't believe them(M.G.).
In an impersonal sentence, it is possible to use an adverbial phrase with the infinitive: When editing a manuscript, you need considernot only the content of the work, but also its general stylistic orientation; Summing up the work for the year , you can noteundoubted progress in solving a number of complex problems; It would be good nowreapundressed, covering one's head with an overcoat , and think about the village and about their(Cupr.). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the logical subject is represented by the form of the indirect case, but there is no infinitive to which the participial phrase could relate (Returning home, I felt sad), then the sentence is constructed incorrectly. In the modern Russian literary language one no longer finds sentences similar to the following: ... Convinced that he cannot understand this. he got bored(L. T.); After reading the story carefully, I think, that there are no editorial corrections in it(M.G.).
It is allowed to use the adverbial phrase in the short form of the adjective: Varvara Vasilievna wasrights, offended by his long silence upon arrival in Pe Terburg (Chern).
But the adverbial phrase should not be classified as a passive participle, i.e., use it in a passive construction (Having run away from home, the boy was soon found by his parents), since in this case the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the gerund do not coincide. Sentences found in fiction with an adverbial turn with a passive participle are usually characterized by the fact that the subject in them is not the object of the action indicated by the participle: Next day, early in the morning, the Foolovites wereamazed, hearing the rhythmic ringing of a bell, calling residents to matins(S.-Sch.). Wed, however: After walking through several rooms, I was met by the Count himself, trembling and pale, like a canvas(L.).
It is also undesirable to use the participial phrase in cases where the predicate in a passive construction is expressed by a reflexive verb with a passive meaning: The idea of building a tunnel under the English Channel has been discussed by experts since 1880, without, however, leading to concrete solutions for a long time.
The place of the adverbial phrase in a sentence is relatively free, but depending on its syntactic function and semantic meaning, the phrase either precedes the predicate (preposition) or follows it (postposition).
The adverbial phrase is usually prepositive, denoting an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate: Togyes Kuzma Kuzmich,taking a fresh candle out of his pocket , lit it and sat down next to Dasha(A.T.).
The same position is usually occupied by the adverbial phrase with the meaning of cause or condition, which corresponds to the real state of affairs, since cause and condition always precede the effect: Frightened by an unknown noise , pack hardgot dressedabove the water(Prim.); However,chatting with you , mushroomov Notyou'll dial(P.). The participle phrase with the meaning of concession also always precedes the predicate: Berestov,etc recognizing some extravagance in his neighbor , however notdeniedit has many excellent advantages(P.).
However, in the conditions of a specific text, deviations from this rule are allowed: Vasily Andreich also drove him away several times, but then againtook, valuing his honesty, love for animals and, most importantly, his cheapness (L.T.); I know- With the sun has dimmed b, seeing our souls gold placers (M.).
An adverbial phrase with the meaning of an adverbial manner of action usually follows the predicate: Several wounded officerssaton the benchpicking up crutches (L.); Trezorranahead,wagging his tail (BUT.).
The adverbial phrase with the meaning of subsequent action is also postpositive: Chichikovagreedcompletely with this,adding that nothing could be more pleasant than living in solitude(G.); Under Ignatovfellhorse,crushing his leg(L. T.); Somewhere closehitthunder,scaring everyonex (M.G.); The door of the shack suddenly opened, andhas enteredbig manmomentarily obscuring the stars(Cat).
5. Participles (usually the perfect form with the meaning of a state as the result of a previous action) in the function of adverbial manner of action can be combined as homogeneous members of a sentence with other adverbials that perform the same function: The goose sat in the same position,with mouth agape and wings outstretched (H); The lady was sitting downV armchairsometimes sideways, sometimes with legs crossed (A.T.).
In the function of definition, an adverbial phrase can, together with a definition expressed by an adjective or participle, form a number of homogeneous members of a sentence: ...The cook moved along the corridor wall like a shadow,holding a cap in his hand and all white , definitely dead(M.G.); Pechorin,wrapped up V overcoat and hat pulled down over his eyes, tried to get throughTo doors(L.); Stepan Arkadievich,washed , combed and beaming with a smile, walked out his door(L.T.). However, the combination of a gerund and a predicate verb as homogeneous members of a sentence has an outdated character: Cavalry Guardsgalloped , But moreholding horses (L.T.).
Exercise 17. Indicate the features of using adverbial constructions. Find out the possibility of synonymous substitutions.
1. The violet, hiding in the shadows, calls to itself an unknown talent. (Elm.) 2. The coachman, who was sleeping, leaning on his elbow, began to five horses. (Gonch.) 3. “My God,” said the doctor, “do you know who I saw on my way here?” (Hertz.) 4. ...When returning home, it was necessary to ford Podkumok. (L.) 5. After reading this letter, the landowner was in deep amazement. (Adv.) 6 . Under the tree, with his belly up and his fist under his head, a huge man was sleeping. (S.-Sch.) 7. Suddenly, writing most seriously, I see that my handkerchief seems to be moving and suddenly falls to the floor. (Leek.) 8. Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal was to resurrect the form of life that existed under his grandfather. (L.T.) 9. Accepting a request from us, at least would flared up... like an asp. (Writing) 10. Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. (Ch.) 11. But he didn’t seem to notice me, motionless, arms crossed over his chest, surrounded by an invisible cloud of boredom. (M.G.) 12. At noon, while crossing the rails to the station, he was stunned by the unexpected whistle of a steam locomotive. (Cupr.) 13. The cavalrymen had to spur their horses, keeping up with him. (A.T.) 14. The difficult news spread across the shelves, making everyone despondent. (Form.)
Exercise 18. Correct the sentences. Indicate the nature of the stylistic error.
1. The use of these expressions and phrases can be understood through illustrative examples, taking examples of fiction as illustrations. 2. Approaching the river, we stopped the horses, jumped to the ground and, quickly undressing, rushed into the water. 3. Previously, the machine was stopped to measure the part, while now, using a special system bracket, the size is determined in one step while the machine is running. 4. Having gone up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the piers of Yaroslavl. 5. Science requires such advice that, if applied, would have a great effect in practical work. 6. Having read the manuscript a second time, I think that it needs serious revision. 7. It would be necessary to specifically indicate who exactly improperly organized the construction work, where and when the unfinished construction of the facility was accepted, thereby violating the government regulation. 8. Then Sergeev is appointed head of the motor depot, working in this position for a year and a half. 9. All presentation in the book is made extremely briefly, taking into account the time budget of a practicing doctor.
Exercise 19. Correct the sentences, explain the mistakes.
1. The novel reveals the full depth of social inequality prevailing in society. 2. The task we perform does not cause any particular difficulties. 3. The writer spoke about the changes in the book that he is preparing for republication. 4. Will be shown soon new production, created by the entire theater team. 5. Our regularly published newspaper provides interesting information about the life of the city. 6. Daredevils who attempt to climb to the top of this mountain in winter conditions will pay with their lives. 7. Students who write a weak homework essay will have to redo it. 8. Every student who would like to participate in the work scientific society, must submit an application to the dean's office. 9. The lecture given to students on the use of atomic energy aroused great interest. 10. A few days after the quarrel, Dubrovsky caught Troyekurov’s peasants stealing firewood in their forests.
Exercise 20. Replace subordinate attributive clauses with participial phrases; if this cannot be done, indicate the reason for the impossibility of replacement.
1. Chelkash was pleased with his luck, with himself and with this guy, who was so scared of him and turned into his slave. 2. Grushnitsky is one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions. 3. The author had to be present at the scene with the landowner Penochkin, which will remain in his memory for a long time.
- child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
- strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing
- the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
- playing calmly in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults
A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and a participial phrase is a participle with dependent words!
Participial phrase: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.
He listened to the music coming from the receiver.
Participial phrase: I looked at rising Sun without taking his eyes off.
The goose, seeing the children, flew away.
A participle phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a modifier because it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.
In Russian, a participle phrase is usually called a participle with a dependent word.
The participial phrase is separated by commas if it appears in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, it is not separated by commas.
Grandfather, who came to us, was very ill.
Grandfather came to us and went to rest.
We call a participle a sign of a verb, and a participial phrase is a participle combined with a word dependent on it. In sentences, the participial phrase is always separated by commas, no matter where it is found.
Having described a circle, the paper airplane crashed behind a woodpile..
Mother walked through the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..
The participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Bees flying out of the hive hover over the flowering willows, collecting golden pollen. In this sentence, the adverbial phrase is separated by commas. And the participial phrase is a participle with dependent words, that is, verb + adjective. The participle answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? what is he doing? what did he do? For example: flying, crazy.
A participial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun that comes before or after it. The participial phrase is set off with commas only if it comes after the noun being defined; if before, it is not set off with commas.
For example:
There was a boy standing on the shore waiting for the ship.
An adverbial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase in the sentence acts as an adverbial circumstance. Always separated by commas.
For example:
Masha walked home, singing the song.
To remember the rules and practice identifying one from the other, there are many tests for both home use, and online. I bring to your attention a few:
Russian language test by Zakharyina
Questions may arise
And on this portal you can read in more detail about syntactic traps, in which cases the participial phrase cannot be used at all and why.
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. A participle is a part of speech that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It can be found using schematic clue words: doing-doing (for active participles), done-done (for the passive).
If the participial phrase is before the main word, it is not highlighted in the text with commas; if after it, it is highlighted:
Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the transporter.
Passengers, waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.
Both the participle and the participle phrase as a whole in a sentence always serve as a definition.
The participle answers the questions: What are you doing? or Having done what? Both a single gerund and a participial phrase are separated in writing by commas and are circumstances.
Exceptions are cases when the gerund becomes an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.
In Russian syntax participial is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.
Wolves avoid roads laid by man.
Participial phrase standing after the word being defined is always isolated.
But there are cases of highlighting this phrase even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:
Across the sky driven by the wind, ran ragged, gloomy clouds.
If the participial phrase has adverbial meaning causes or concessions, even if it is before the defined noun, it is separated by commas, for example:
Frightened by the crackle of firecrackers, the puppy hid under the bench.
Tired of exam anxiety, the boy quickly fell asleep.
Participial turnover constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.
Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.
This phrase always stands out in a sentence, except for some special occasions, for example, if the participial phrase is a homogeneous circumstance along with the adverb and there is a conjunction between them And:
He said lazy And slightly stretching out the words.
In order to understand the phrases, you need to remember what a participle and a gerund are.
The participle denotes the attribute of the subject, and the gerund denotes the attribute of the verb.
The participle answers the question: Which? which?, and the gerund: what to do, what to do?
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.
Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle phrase.
The participial phrase in a sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.
Examples of participles: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.
Example of a participial phrase: Young woman, sitting by the fire, looked attractive.
Sitting by the fire - this is a participial phrase.
Since it is in the middle of the sentence, it must be separated by commas on both sides.
If the participial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence, then there is no need to separate it with a comma.
If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.
For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.
The girl looked stunning wearing a red coat.
Examples of participles: learning, reading, unlocking, reading.
The participial phrase is always separated by a comma.
Yes, from a point of view parsing sentences, the participial phrase always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which/which/which/which? and is a sign).
For example:
While the participial phrase will appear in the sentence in the syntactic role of an adverbial adverbial and answer the question how?:
In a sentence? In this article we will analyze these questions, and also answer questions about when it is necessary to isolate such structures, and when this should not be done. Of course, during the article we will analyze relevant examples.
Introduction
Participial phrases and punctuation marks for participial phrases have long become an integral part of studying the Russian language program, which people begin to take as early as high school. So, what is an adverbial phrase?
A participial phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. This expression can also be expressed
As you know, the Russian language has both independent parts of speech and service ones. So, the first group includes precisely the gerund, from which the participial phrase is made up. Punctuation marks in adverbial usage are regulated by the use of appropriate rules, which we will consider in the following paragraphs.
In general, this part of speech essentially means an additional action. Moreover, it refers to the main action described in a specific piece of text. And one more thing: punctuation marks for participial and participial phrases are placed the same way.
What does a gerund combine?
It combines the characteristics of two parts of speech at once: a verb and an adverb.
What does the participle contain from each named part of speech?
From the verb, the gerund “got” such features as aspect and voice, reflexivity. And from the adverb, the gerund “inherited” immutability, which is also characteristic of the circumstance.
What questions does the participle answer?
This part of speech answers the following questions: “Doing what?”, “Having done what?”
Introduction to participial phrases
We have already found out what a solitary participle is in Russian. But what is the whole structure? Punctuation marks in adverbial phrases can be placed in different positions, according to the rules.
The construction is a system of a single gerund and dependent words that come with it. The remaining parameters of the phrase remain the same as for a single gerund. We are talking primarily about the questions it answers, as well as its role in the sentence. Punctuation marks in sentences with participles can appear in several positions.
Let's assume that the sentence contains this part of speech. Then in the same sentence there must be a predicate expressed by a verb. It will denote the main action taking place, while the gerund or participial phrase will supplement this action with some, if you like, explanations or clarifications.
Participial turnover. Punctuation marks for adverbial verbs
It should be said right away that the placement of punctuation marks will have some nuances. There are some algorithms that will allow you to understand most cases. However, sometimes the rules become powerless in the case of those sentences where, it would seem, there should be a comma, but in fact there is not. Only intuition can help here, because such cases are not explained by the rules. But we’ll deal with this later, and now let’s talk about something else.
When using an adverbial phrase, a person must clearly realize that the main action (expressed by a verb whose role is the predicate) and the additional action (expressed by our favorite participial phrase) relate to the same person.
It is worth noting the fact that such constructions often occur in one-part sentences of a definite personal type. In this case, the predicate in such a sentence can be expressed by a verb in imperative mood. This, by the way, means that the subject of the sentence will be quite easy to find.
One more nuance: you can also use participial phrases in impersonal sentences. In this case, it will have a connection with the infinitive verb.
Examples of participial phrases in sentences
1) Quietly, almost crouching down to the ground, he walked past, without taking his eyes off the object of his observation.
2) They swore for a long time, using sharp words that did not have the most good meaning, and then she left, slamming the door goodbye.
3) And who would have thought that, having finally decided to put his room in order, he would find what he had been missing for so long, what he had almost forgotten?
4) Seeing a pack of dogs, the cat not only climbed the tree - she almost flew up it.
5) Having released the clouds from under the wheels, the tires sharply scratched the asphalt and, with a long roar, made a quick leap forward.
Punctuation
Punctuation marks in adverbial phrases are placed in various cases. Their use is subject to rules and exceptions. They usually depend on where the adverbial phrase is in the sentence. Punctuation marks for adverbial phrases can be placed on one side (if the phrase is located at the very beginning or end of the sentence), on both sides (if the phrase is located in the middle of the sentence), or may not be placed at all (if there is an exception to the rule).
In general, many sources say that turnover is always isolated, in any position. This is incorrect, since there are exceptions, as well as some clauses that prohibit the use of punctuation marks in adverbial phrases. There are few of them, no doubt, but they still exist. Let's try to further understand what these cases are.
When is an adverbial phrase not isolated?
The placement of punctuation marks in an adverbial phrase does not take place if the phrase itself merges in meaning with the main action. And when should it not be used?
Firstly, if the main and additional actions relate to different words. Example: “Having run the distance the fastest, the finisher’s shoes became unusable.” Such a sentence, or rather, the use of this participial phrase in such a sentence would be a violation of syntactic norms. Compare this sentence with the following: “Having run the distance the fastest, the finisher soon celebrated his triumph.”
You cannot use gerunds and participial phrases if there is no infinitive in the impersonal sentence. That is, in this case, the structure simply will not be attributed to anything. At the same time, such a sentence may contain a combination made up of a pronoun or noun, playing the role of an object and a predicate verb. Example: “Looking at the weather outside the window, I immediately felt sad.” This is also a violation of syntactic norms. It would be correct in this case: “Looking at the weather outside the window, I immediately became sad.”
It is prohibited to use a construction if it refers to passive participles. It turns out that the subject of the action, which is indicated by the gerund, and the subject of the action, which is expressed by the predicate, do not coincide with each other. Example: “The ball, having flown out of the stadium, was nevertheless caught.” The mistake here is that one turn refers to the ball flying away, and the second turn refers to the people who caught it.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out during this article? Firstly, punctuation marks in sentences with participial phrases can be placed differently, depending on its location in the sentence. That is, they can stand on one side (if the turn is located at the beginning/end of the sentence), or they can stand on both sides at once (if the turn is located in the middle of the sentence). Secondly, punctuation marks for gerunds and participles are placed the same way. Thirdly, the placement of punctuation marks is regulated by syntactic norms. Fourthly, I would like to finally note the similarity of the placement that punctuation marks have in participial and participial phrases.
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